Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Social construction'
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Sutherland, Suzanne M. "Pregnancy, a social construction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33455.pdf.
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Harding, Nancy H. "Social construction of management." Routledge, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3590.
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NoWhat is management and how do the people who become managers take on a managerial identity? How does text inform the manager's identity? From cultural studies we understand that the relationship between text and reader is not passive but that each works upon the other and that text is active in forming the identity of the reader. However, analysis of management textbooks published since the 1950s reveals that textboks construct a world in which chaos is kept at bay only by strong management and in which strong management is based upon the rationality of modernity. This book exposes and analyses such claims-to-truths and theorises their arguments using the work of Butler and Foucault, the sociology of scientific knowledge, crtical legal studies, art history and queer theory. By revealing the post-modern turn in these texts,The Social Construction of Managementis both a critical and empirical study that explores the constitution of managerial identities in the age of masseducation in management. An exciting contribution to the growing body of knowledge within critical management studies, this book challenges the way we think about organizations and their management, and about management education as a whole. This is thought provoking reading for anyone studying management or working int he managerial organization
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Szabo, Alexander Gregory. "The social construction of altruism and social work /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1990. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/1093831x.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University.Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Paul Byers. Dissertation Committee: Herve Varenne. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-162).
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Hodgetts, Katherine Susan. "The social construction of "giftedness" /." Adelaide, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsh689.pdf.
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Ruffin, Alexis Lora. "The Social Construction of Abortion." VCU Scholars Compass, 1992. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4714.
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The essential socio-political question abortion raises is twofold: within whose legitimate province is the abortion decision to be made and what are the salient factors in determining subsequent resolutions over access. The answers speak to perceptions of legitimate authority, which are fundamental to the social construction of abortion.
The disparate literature on abortion was examined to develop a typology of perspectives on abortion. Theories from feminist sociology and social psychology were employed to examine the impact abortion access and the subsequent negotiation over legitimate authority have on the social order. The underlying hypothesis of this research is that abortion is socially constructed through competing perspectives’ delineation of authority. Three perspectives on abortion were culled from the literature on abortion rights to create an index of attitudes: Feminist, Traditional, and Population Control. Coupling this index with a measure of attitudes toward access to legal abortion and a measure of the consignment of legitimate authority to women, an overall typology of abortion attitudes was hypothesized. The research questions at hand were: 1) Do attitudes concerning abortion access support an index of attitudes; Feminist, Traditional and Population Control; and, to further construct the typology, 2) where does each perspective locate the authority to make the abortion decision?
This study was designed to explore the definition of abortion, as delineated above, by men and women entering adulthood under liberalized abortion and contraceptive laws. In order to uncover the social construction of abortion, this study focused on the audience of the rhetorical debate over abortion, instead of the activists as is done in most of the literature on abortion attitudes. A seven page questionnaire was administered to a nonprobability sample consisting of 397 undergraduate students at a large public urban university in the Southeast and was used for exploration into the social construction of abortion.
The Feminist and Population Control dimensions were expected to resemble each other on the abortion attitudes measure, but differ with respect to legitimate authority. Conversely, the Traditional and Population Control dimensions were expected to perform similarly on the legitimate authority measure, but differ on attitudes about access to legal abortion. Additionally, it was postulated that personal experience with abortion has the effect of making one more empathetic, and, therefore, more supportive of legal abortion. The expected pattern of responses to the abortion attitudes and legitimate authority measures were confirmed for two of the three dimensions; Feminist and Traditional. The Population Control dimension failed to correlate with either dependent variable. Finally, it appears that this study was not able to capture any influence that experience with abortion might have on one’s attitudes toward abortion access.
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Le, Gresley Helen. "The social construction of fatherhood." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1020.
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The present research sought to explore the lived experience of fatherhood guided by a social constructionist perspective and Bronfenbrenner’s ecological framework (1977, 1989), by collaborating with seven Western Australian fathers on a series of multiple case conversational interviews. To ensure that the data generated from the interviews was manageable and the aims and objectives of research could be effectively facilitated by the researcher, only those fathers belonging to specific cohort, that is, fathers in an intact heterosexual, defacto or marital relationship, were sampled. The interviews were transcribed and a qualitative thematic analysis was conducted on the data. The multiple case conversational interview methodology, coupled with the use of critical participants and a running diary to allow reflection on the procedure and analysis, ensured that the research process and outcomes were auditable and rigours. The fathers identified two core discourses, which influenced their meaning making, the traditional and new father world views.
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Vogel, Sarah K. Vogel. "Constructing Life: The Resultative Construction and Social Cognition in Moral Argumentation." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1534242803827082.
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Sherratt, Felicity Sarah. "Constructing safety on sites : an exploration of the social construction of safety on large UK construction sites." Thesis, University of Bolton, 2012. http://ubir.bolton.ac.uk/593/.
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Significant attempts have been made by large contractors in the UK construction industry to improve safety on their sites. Safety management systems have been put in place, minimum training requirements have been established, and worker engagement initiatives implemented in the quest for a positive safety culture. However accidents and incidents still occur. Grounded in social constructionism, this study sought to explore how people construct safety in and through their interactions at work on the large construction sites of the UK. Data was collected from five UK construction projects, all over £20m in value, and included site safety signage, conversations discussing safety and various safety documents. Discourse analysis of the data revealed considerable variation in the contextual constructions of safety. Safety was found to be inconsistent, incomplete and incidental, relating to a variety of different realities in a variety of different contexts. Relatively straightforward constructs and discourses developed around safety, such as its polarisation, the construction of safety as PPE itself, and the development of safety as un-safety. However these were further developed by more complicated and interrelated discourses of safety as practice, enforcement and engagement. The variation within and between these master discourses has consequences for safety culture in terms of its construction, homogenisation and perpetuation on sites. The study makes recommendations for further academic research to examine the variation in the discourses of safety within the management hierarchy, who seek to develop a safe work environment through the safety culture programmes yet are challenged by the conflicts of safety as engagement and safety as enforcement. The study also suggests industry interventions to facilitate the improvement and development of practices to assist safety management on large UK construction sites.
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Eliasson, Tina, and Maria Olsson. "Social sustainability in the construction industry." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-144580.
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Byggbranschen står nu inför ett utmanande kliv i hållbarhetens riktning - att ta sig an och arbeta för en socialt hållbar samhällsutveckling. Intresset att arbeta med detta är stort hos både entreprenörer, beställare och samhället i stort. Detta bidrar till att offentliga beställare formulerar krav på socialt arbete i offentliga upphandlingar, då offentlig upphandling är ett verktyg med stor genomslagskraft som kan användas för att föra detta arbete framåt. Syftet med studien är att ta reda på vad begreppet sociala hänsyn innebär, att sammanställa vilka krav på sociala hänsyn som ställs och kommer att ställas i upphandlingar som offentliga beställare i Östergötland annonserar samt identifiera de områden som beställarna avser utveckla inom ämnet. Detta för att entreprenörföretagen ska kunna satsa på en utveckling av det område inom sociala hänsyn som kommer att vara mest aktuellt i regionen, nu och i kommande upphandlingar. Detta mynnar ut i frågeställningarna: Vad innebär begreppet sociala hänsyn? Vilka krav på sociala hänsyn ställer offentliga beställare vid upphandling? Vilka åtgärder bör entreprenörerna vidta för att leva upp till kraven på sociala hänsyn som offentliga beställare prioriterar? Genom intervjuer med beställare och entreprenörer i byggbranschen har en grund skapats för att kunna definiera begreppet sociala hänsyn som "en inkludering av alla individer i samhället oavsett kön, ålder, fysisk förmåga eller etnisk tillhörighet". Insamling av publicerade förfrågningsunderlag visar på att det fokusområde inom social hållbarhet som prioriteras idag är krav på sysselsättningsåtgärder, där fokus ligger på att inkludera individer som står utanför arbetsmarknaden. Slutsatsen är att entreprenörerna bör arbeta för att skapa fler platser i driftentreprenader och produktion, för att öka antalet sysselsatta, samt komplettera detta med bra utbildningar, handledning och stöttning. Det har även visat sig finnas förbättringsmöjligheter i beställarorganisationernas arbete med att ställa krav på sociala hänsyn, vilka, utöver svaren på frågeställningarna, presenteras i slutsatsen.
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Narcisse, Cathrena Primrose. "The social construction of Aboriginal suicide." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37599.pdf.
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Kwong, Har Man. "The knowledge construction of social work." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656304.
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The ever-expanding boundary of knowledge for social work practice confronts social work practitioners with a great variety of theories and approaches which are incommensurable with each other and esoteric that renders the relationship between social work knowledge and practice problematic. To resolve this epistemological issue, proponents of the 'scientific designer-practitioner model' advocate production of scientifically proven intervention approaches for social workers' application to practice. However, the adherents of 'heuristic perspective on social work' pinpoint that the actual social work practice situations are too complex and indefinite to be. covered by codified knowledge; instead, they maintain that social workers should think like a researcher to produce and use their own practice theory/wisdom (knowledge construction) through generating and testing hypotheses in the course of intervention. Through the 'practice perspective on social work', I criticize them of misplacing emphasis on practitioners' cognitive process as to knowledge construction within intervention and suggest to investigate the infrastructure of knowledge co-construction by both social workers and service users within intervention conversation. Through the lens of conversation analysis, six transcribed interviews between social workers and their service users have been closely examined. The core epistemic activities (episactivities), some elementary conversational actions (episgears) of knowledge co-construction and some of the strategies (epistechniques) employed by social workers to handle hurdles (episbottlenecks) arising in the process of knowledge co-construction are identified. These findings imply a new set of basic conversational skills for social work which may contribute to the resolution of the epistemological issue of social work. I term them 'epistemically informed intervention'.
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Pittaway, Luke Alan. "The social construction of entrepreneurial behaviour." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/190.
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The research examined the nature of behaviour in relation to the motivations and aspirations of small business owners. The work provides a more comprehensive understanding of business owners' behaviours and their reasons for being in business. The thesis analyses the philosophical assumptions underlying theories and previous ideas on entrepreneurship. It shows that such assumptions guide and/or restrict the process of knowledge construction in the subject. One contribution that the work provides is to develop theoretical frameworks, based on the principles of Social Constructionism, which are used to guide the methodology and field research. The field research, which involved benchmark case studies and critical incident interviews with restaurant business owners, explores and codes narrative data examining behaviours related to entrepreneurship. The results show that the interviewees' reasons for being in business have an important impact on their behavioural strategies. This affects the way they socially construct and relate to their external environment. The thesis is concluded by the presentation of an integrated typology that builds on and adds to existing knowledge in the subject area. The work thus provides a better understanding of small businesses and may better inform business support and enterprise policy.
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MacDonald, Malcolm. "The social construction of medical discourse." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3980/.
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The social construction of the discourse of medical institutions is analysed, drawing on both speech act and structural theories. Discourse is defined as a symbol system which has an ideological effect. This effect is linked to the maintenance of the interests of hegemonic social groups. Michel Foucault's archaeological method accords primacy to the relations which exist between institutional and social processes in the formation of discursive relations. Foucault's genealogical method also describes how the identity of the modern subject is constituted within the power nexus of coercive institutions. Medical discourse is paradigmatic of Basil Bernstein's model of pedagogic discourse. Pedagogic discourse is constructed according to the intrinsic grammar of the pedagogic device. This comprises distributive, recontextualizing and evaluative rules. These operate in three institutional contexts: the field of production, the field of reproduction and the recontextualizing field. M. A. K. Halliday's systemic linguistics defines three metafunctions of the text which operate in relation to its context of situation: the textual, ideational, and interpersonal. The textual characteristics of three principal modalities, or genres, of medical text are described in relation to their institutional contexts: the medical research report within the field of production, the medical interview within the field of reproduction and the medical textbook within the recontextualizing field. As a medical text shifts from the field of production to the recontextualizing field, certain transformations take place in the ideational options of tense, transitivity and process and the interpersonal options of modality. These syntactic transformations, organized by codes of the pedagogic device, symbolically authorize the recontextualized medical text.
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Robinson, K. S. M. "The social construction of health visiting." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379049.
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Brauer, Tony. "The equitable construction of social institutions." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262760.
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Parham, Antoinette D. "Drought: Construction of a Social Problem." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955027/.
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Drought is a complex subject that has varied definitions and perspectives. Although drought has historically been characterized as an environmental problem from both the meteorological and agricultural communities, it is not considered a sociological disaster despite its severe societal impacts. Utilizing the framework developed by Spector and Kitsuse (2011) and Stallings (1995), this research examines the process through which drought is defined as a social problem. An analysis of the data revealed drought was well covered
in Africa, India, China, Australia, and New Zealand, yet very little coverage
focused on the United States. There were less than 10 articles discussing
drought and drought impacts in the United States. The workshops/meetings examined also were lacking in the attention to drought, although their overall theme was focused on hazards and resilience. Six sessions in over 16 years of
meetings/workshops focused on the topic of drought, and one session was focused on the condition in Canada. The interviews uncovered five thematic areas demonstrating drought understanding and awareness: Use of outreach to get the message out; agricultures familiarity with drought; the role of drought in media; the variability of what drought is; and water conservation. Drought's claims-makers who are dedicated to providing outreach and education to impacted communities. Drought is often overlooked due to its slow onset and evolving development makes it difficult to determine when to engage in recovery efforts. Drought defined as a social problem also expands theoretical conversations regarding what events or issues should be included within the sociological disaster list of topics.
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Hickok, Suzanne E. "The social construction of pictorial space." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Shawver, Brenda G. "The social construction of workplace "diversity"." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000263.
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Venel, Justine. "La construction du droit des cotisants." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010329.
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En France, le régime général de sécurité sociale est principalement financé par des cotisations à la charge des employeurs et des salariés. Leur paiement repose sur un système déclaratif permettant, en contrepartie, aux Urssaf d'effectuer un contrôle de l'exactitude et de l'exhaustivité des déclarations des cotisants. L'efficience du recouvrement est essentielle au maintien du mécanisme d'assurance sociale établi. Il importe de concilier les nécessités du financement du régime général de sécurité sociale avec les droits des cotisants. Ces derniers doivent bénéficier, lors du contrôle, des garanties du principe de la contradiction, à savoir d'un droit à l'information et à la discussion avant qu'une décision soit prise à leur encontre. Plus généralement, en dehors du cadre précis des opérations de vérification, le droit positif s'attache à améliorer la sécurité juridique du cotisant et l'égalité devant les charges publiques. La construction du droit des cotisants se caractérise par la recherche d'un équilibre entre les deux impératifs qui s'avèrent parfois incompatibles. Aussi, elle est longue et prudente et se distingue parfois par l'inobservation partielle et ponctuelle des principes établis. Appréhendant la situation actuelle, cette étude formule également plusieurs propositions d'amélioration du droit des cotisants en gardant à l'esprit l'impératif financement de la sécurité socialeIn France, the general French social security scheme is mainly financed by contributions paid by employers and employees. Their payment is based on a declarative system which allows the social security authorities (Urssaf) to check the accuracy and completeness of the statements made by the contributors. The efficiency of the collection is essential to the preservation of the established mechanism of social insurance. It is important to reconcile the requirements of the financing of the general social security system with the rights of contributors. They have to benefit, during the control, from the guarantees of the adversarial principle, that is a right to be informed and a right to discuss before any decision is taken against them. More generally, outside the specific scope of the verification processes, the French positive law aims to improve the legal security of the contributors and the equality in relation to public burdens. The construction of the rights of the contributors is characterized by the search for a balance between these two imperatives which turn out sometimes incompatible. Also, it is long and careful and sometimes distinguished by the partial and ad-hoc non-compliance with the established principles. Taking into account the current situation, this study also formulates several proposals of improvement of the rights of the contributors keeping in mind the imperative of the financing of the French social security scheme
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Agadagba, Efeoghene. "Identity Construction on Social Network Sites : Facebook." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-6192.
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Spash, Clive L. "Policy analysis: Empiricism, social construction and realism." Österreichische Gesellschaft für Politikwissenschaft (ÖGPW), 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5783/1/Spash_2014_OZP_Policy%2Danalysis.pdf.
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In a recent article Ulrich Brand has discussed how best to perform policy analysis. I reflect upon the paper as an interdisciplinary researcher experienced in public policy problems and their analysis with a particular interest in the relationship between social, economic and environmental problems. At the centre of the paper is the contrast between two existing methodologies prevalent in political science and related disciplines. One is the rationalist approach, which takes on the character of a natural science, that believes in a fully knowable objective reality which can be observed by an independent investigator. The other is a strong social constructivist position called interpretative policy analysis (IPA), where knowledge and meaning become so intertwined as to make independence of the observer from the observed impossible and all knowledge highly subjective. Brand then offers his model as a way forward, but one that he closely associates with the latter. My contention is that policy analysis, and any way forward, needs to provide more of a transformative combination of elements from both approaches. Indeed I believe this is actually what Brand is doing.
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Walters, Diane. "The social construction of mother-daughter relationships." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0023/NQ38513.pdf.
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Sedorkin, Barbara. "The social construction of the wife beater /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars449.pdf.
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Salamandra, Christa. "The construction of social identity in Damascus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395698.
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Elmer, Paul. "The social construction of public relations labour." Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558832.
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This study develops a sociological understanding of public relations work and workers. Its original contribution to knowledge is an account that conjoins personal dispositions and occupations; the person we become, and the work we do. Set in the UK, the analysis re-examines the complexity of practices, relationships and repertoires of behaviour that emerge from this contemporary form of service labour, and the economic and cultural logics that accompany them in a market for skills and persons. The study develops detailed information at the level of the working life in order to explore the subjective dispositions that subjects engage as they work. This emphasises the importance of habituated, embodied and emotional routines in performances of the occupational self, evaluated in part through an auto- ethnographic engagement. These practices take place under a labour market within which occupational performances accrue both symbolic and economic values. Public relations emerges as a limited extemporisation, a dynamic and relational social performance that both enacts and reproduces cultural and economic forms; a style of person doing a style of work. Within a study that is pluralised with regard to analysis and exploratory with regard to method, Bourdieu's concepts of habitus, field and capitals are adopted as an explanatory framework in order to provide 'accounts of the ways that practitioners . , embody their labour, experience it as a competed act, and exchange cultural values for economic ones. The study engages reflexively with the object of study, offering to account for practices and develop experiential and observational knowledge. The conceptual model that emerges is integrative; it offers a relational and dynamic view of the occupation, provides direction for future study, and re-interprets practices in ways in ways that illuminate the long standing question of conduct, in this form of cultural labour.
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Bateson, G. "The social construction and reconstruction of community." Thesis, Birmingham City University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264345.
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Community is a complex term whose usage within sociology has ranged from being a key idea to being dismissed as irrelevant. At the same time as its virtual dismissal by sociology, community continued to have widespread usage within everyday language and as an adjunct to social policy. Its ubiquitous nature and the lasting power of the concept were evident at the outset of this research and created a number of contradictions that were considered worthy of further exploration. This thesis surveys sociological approaches to community and relates the career of the concept to changes in the political and economic context. A new approach is suggested which captures both the dynamic, kaleidoscopic nature of the concept at any one time and the layered, archaeological nature of its development over time. This provides a way out of the impasse of traditional sociological approaches to community. The approach proposes that different conceptualisations of community can be constructed through specific fragments of meaning being differentially articulated to produce various constellations of meaning. Partial fixations of meaning, within any one particular context, and the existence of common elements allow a description both of the uniqueness and generic nature of the concept. This provides a model for the conceptualisation of community and this has been applied to ideal type descriptions of community and to a number of well-known community studies. Empirical explorations of the conceptualisation of community were undertaken at CastleV ale, Birmingham. Conceptualisationso f community were recordedf rom the various perspectives of residents, local workers and local media. These were related to patterns of historical development and to recent political and economic restructurings. Different stakeholders' approaches to community were related to the time of the estate's construction (1960s), the time of settlement and adjustment (1970s), the time of reduction in state social intervention (1980s) and the time during which the estate took on Housing Action Trust status (1990s). Different and overlapping conceptualisations of community were explained using the approach already developed. From this it was possible to describe ways in which the wider context interacts with day-to-day lifestyle practices through representations and understandings of community. A loose typification of community at Castle Vale has been developed. Taking the discussion further allowed a device to be developed for the description of various conceptualisations of community, and allowed a framework to be developed within which different conceptualisations of community have been located. This work has allowed a reassessmenot f the position of community within sociology at the present time. It identifies those areas of momentum that are re-establishing community on the political and social agenda, suggests that the time is now right for sociology to reformulate a more adequate approach to community, and asserts that the approach developed aids moves towards new theoretically-informed ways of conveying the complexities of life at a local level within a more globalised context. It is a community study more appropriate for this age and is part of the enterprise of developing more sophisticated approaches to community.
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Busfield, Robert. "The social construction of domestic computer technology." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326739.
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Butt, Trevor. "The personal and social construction of meaning." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285591.
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This submission for a PhD comprises a collection of published work with a supportive analysis and commentary. It is an investigation of how meaning resides in the world, while still relying on personal and social construction. It provides a critique of both the individualism of personal construct theorists and the anti-humanism of the social constructionists. The project draws on clinical and experimental evidence, as well as on an analysis of the work of George Kelly, contemporary constructivists, social constructionists, and existential phenomenologists. Kelly's (1955) personal construct psychology (PCP) is extended as an existential phenomenology that privileges the interpersonal realm in construing. The fifteen papers in the collection are grouped around five themes: i) the problem of cognitivism in personal construct psychology ii) choice iii) the integrity of the self iv) the critique of social constructionism v) constructivism and existential phenomenology. Within these themes, a wide range of issues is focused on. This includes, firstly, a variety of phenomena which occur in everyday life, but stand out in relief in psychotherapy (for example, self-deception and 'neurotic' choices), which have generally been focused on by clinical personality theories. And secondly, personal experience said to be characteristic in post modernity (for example, individuals' sense of fragmentation and the proliferation of sexual preferences and identities), which have traditionally been the province of sociology, and more recently, of social constructionism. In conclusion, it is argued that PCP can viably be seen as a theory of social action when it is viewed as a type of existential phenomenology. Construing is seen as being located in action in interpersonal contexts, and not 'inside' individuals. In conferring meaning on events, individuals draw on surrounding social constructions, although they do not absorb them uncritically. Personal construction is also limited by the individual's experience as an embodied subject and to this extent, it is argued, meaning is both'made' and'found'.
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Brennan, Russell D. "Latrocinium Maritimus: The Social Construction of Piracy." Thesis, Griffith University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366388.
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Maritime piracy is analysed using social constructionist theories. Societal reactions toward behaviour historically labelled piracy have been influenced by coastal state social constructions of ocean-space. Contemporary state-societal reactions resulted in internationalised piracy law and reporting processes by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Maritime Bureau (IMB), and media, which show which types of particular maritime theft fall under the rubric of ‘piracy’. The reporting of this social problem by institutions shows them acting as moral entrepreneurs. Certain nations’ securitised reactions to piracy and private military companies’ commodification of anti-piracy solutions are explored. The International Transport Workers’ Federation’s reaction to piracy forms part of its moral crusade against flags of convenience (FOCs). It criticises these flags, which reportedly lack political will and insufficient infrastructure to counter piracy. Terrorist groups have also reportedly utilised FOCs. While piracy is mostly a problem for capital, however, FOCs remain purportedly, a problem for labour. Some radical unionists have used the term piracy to describe exploitative labour practices, (the theft of maritime labour) on FOC vessels. Charismatic environmental organisations have also used the term ‘piracy’, expanding the definition to refer to illegal fishing and whaling and highlighting a range of their activities using anti-piracy rhetoric. The dissertation examines why the environmental expansion of the definition of piracy has won greater acceptance than the Labourite construction of piracy in relation to FOCs. It concludes that there is a new postmodern stage of the global piracy prohibition regime.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts, Media and Culture
Arts, Education and Law
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Millar, Ewen Cameron. "The social construction of near-death experiences." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26825.
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In this thesis I argue that the category Near-Death Experience (NDE) emerged in the late-twentieth century, and is structured by the discourses of 'Medicine' and 'Science', and the wider discursive factors of the 'Spiritual Marketplace'. Within NDE literature, the experiences of people coming out of their bodies in Operating Theatres, and then travelling to other realms, are considered to have parallels in the accounts of mystics, shamans, and religious visionaries of other cultures and other times. Against this, I argue that the category of the NDE does not "articulate the same field of discourse" (Foucault, 1969:24-25) as these other religious accounts. NDE researchers sift through these accounts in search of a common thread, but miss the wider social fabric of the religious narratives they seek to excavate, as well as the discursive location that structures their own research. In order to reposition this debate within its own history of ideas, I argue that the category "NDE" is itself dependent on the Operating Theatre for its emergence and initial appeal, and it is the Operating Theatre that makes the discourse of NDEs possible. Within the last 120 years, there have been many attempts to intersect science with anomalous experiences on the fringes of human consciousness: Psychical Research categorised deathbed visions in a wider schemata that was interested in how the fringes of the subconscious mind might yield evidence of another reality; contemporary Parapsychology looked at third-person accounts of deathbed visions recounted to Nurses and Doctors across the globe. Neither of these iscourses had the crossover into the wider 'public sphere' that Raymond Moody's book Life After Life (1975) did, a book that recounts first-person accounts of normal people, caught in extreme medical emergencies, who come out of their bodies, witness the medical teams' attempt to resuscitate them, visit a heavenly realm, and return to tell people about it. What is unique about the NDE is not the vision of a world after death, but the context in which this vision occurs. In Chapter 2 I explore that context by arguing that Psychical Researchers' investigation of mediums, apparitions, and deathbed visions sought to prove that posthumous existence of the Other (that is, one's relatives or friends who had passed on to the other side), and indirectly the Self. (Conversely, NDE research, seeks to prove the existence of the Self, and indirectly, the Other.) In Chapter 3 I examine how Medicine and the Modern Hospice Movement shaped the conditions of emergence of the category 'NDE'. The removal of 'death' from the public sphere into the private sphere of the West meant that death became something exotic. The idea that death was a defeat for modern medicine lead to the emergence of the modern Hospice movement, which opened up a space for the visions of those close to death to be recounted in the public sphere. The recounting of such experiences encapsulates a narrative that includes the Surgeon's intervention, the technology used in the Operating Theatre, and of the everyday man or woman talking about their visions, all of which gives these experiences a cultural currency that sets them apart from other religious and/or New Age accounts. In chapter 4 I recognise that, for these experiences to have an appeal, they must have a market to appeal to. Thus, I examine the 'Spiritual Marketplace', and argue that the NDE researchers fundamentally misread the appeal of their life after death accounts. NDE researchers felt that they had uncovered publicly verifiable evidence for life after death, which they expected to shake the foundations of Western society. Instead, these accounts were read as a curio in the privacy of the spiritual consumer's home, an interesting account that suggested death might not be the end of existence, but little else. When their vision of a spiritual revolution failed to materialise, the founders of the NDE movement fell into a bitter war about the precise signification of the category NDE, thus giving an indication of the fundamental indeterminacy of the category. In chapter 5 I explore how NDE research intersects with the discourse of "Science". I therefore examine the construction of science, the function of science, and the limits of science in NDE literature. I begin by examining how the narratives of science permeate NDE literature, and how all sides implicitly reinforce a binary of Science/Religion that emphasises the former as objective and neutral, and the latter as irrational belief. I then argue that, ultimately, NDEs happen at the very limits of human experience in a realm far outside of what can be answered by direct scientific observation; the debate tells us more about the different metaphysical presumptions present than it does about whether or not science can answer the question 'is there life after death?" In chapter 6 I argue that, in the discourse surrounding NDEs, death and mysticism become entwined as the 'exotic other'. I therefore examine how the categories 'death' and 'mysticism' are themselves both bound up in a particular web of signification. The NDE secures its own identity against an understanding of death born in clinical medicine and, latterly, Freudian psychoanalysis: death becomes a point, after which there is an unknown. Similarly, the NDE inherits an understanding of Mysticism that can be traced back to William James. Nevertheless, the understanding of 'death' throughout history is not fixed but fluid, depending on a myriad of cultural and social discourses. Similarly, the modern psychological definition of 'mysticism' as an ineffable, subjective experience is extremely narrow in comparison to the accounts of mystics in the Middle Ages. When the understanding of these two categories changes, the emphasis upon securing 'evidence' for life after death evaporates. This point is missed in contemporary NDE research that assumes that its own desire to find evidence of life after death is reflective of a universal need for humans to believe in religion: whilst NDE researchers believe that they have finally uncovered a window on to another world, I have argued that this is, in fact, a mirror of their own particular predilections and desires.
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Cooper, Margaret. "The Social Construction of Rural Lesbian Identities." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/455.
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In this study, I interviewed twenty-seven women who possessed same-sex desires and lived in rural areas in Kentucky, Tennessee and Southern Illinois. The women in the study had constructed these desires with various labels including "gay," "lesbian," "queer," "bisexual," or preferred no label. Each of the participants talked about growing up rural areas of the Midsouth in communities which often were based on traditional, patriarchal families, fundamentalist Christianity, and conservative politics. The women told stories of how they not only realized their same-sex feelings within this social context, but how they acknowledged, managed and negotiated their feelings within the setting. In this study, I examine the women's concepts of sexual identity and gender identity constructions within the context of their regional identities. Religion, socioeconomic status and race and ethnicity also influenced these perceptions and are included in their discussions. Finally, this study focuses on the sociological concepts of cognitive dissonance and its resolution, identity salience and master status.
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Celik, T. "Developing a building construction associated social cost estimation system for Turkish construction industry." Thesis, University of Salford, 2014. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/34147/.
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Purpose - Construction projects, especially in the urban areas, generate serious environmental nuisances for the adjacent residents. Construction causative adverse impacts on the neighbouring communities are known as the social costs. The amount of social cost changes from country to country depending on the applied building code of practices and building permission regulations. If the relevant code of practice is mandatory or the regulations are strict, contractors inherently will pay more attention to obey them and the occurrence of the social cost is less likely. However, in many especially developing countries, like north Cyprus and Turkey, those rules are either not existing or loose and in this case high amount social costs are caused by the contactors. The presence of the social costs are broadly embraced in theory however, they are not predominantly applied yet during project initial cost estimation practices. One of the reasons for that is, the social costs are rather complicated to measure and quantify due to lack of a paradigm for practice that guides the professionals on how to classify and assess them in the most applicable way possible. Thus, this research aims to develop a generic a social cost estimation system for Turkey and North Cyprus construction industries which assists to identify the social cost drivers, to estimate the social costs on the basis of the identified drivers, to incorporate social cost into project initial cost and to compensate it for the third parties. In this system, the contractors will be enforced to minimize the nuisances of the people residing around a construction site. Otherwise, the contractors will be forced to compensate them through a bonding system. Design/Methodology/Approach – the research adopts a triangulation strategy adopting multi-method approach in tackling the social cost phenomenon through a rigorous research process. For example, through comprehensive literature review, the research identified the social cost impact types; social cost components are established by the focus group through brainstorming sessions, and observations and self-experience in case study projects either via site visits or participating in the case study projects; the enumeration of the qualitative components of the social costs are obtained via questionnaire based survey. Findings – The segmentation of the social costs are evaluated as the impacts on house, household and neighbourhood. A total of 17 perceivable nuisance criteria are defined for those segments. The enumeration of all perceivable nuisance criteria is implemented where the estimated total social cost can be generated by using them. Practical implications – It paves a solid foundation for the professionals in the Turkish construction industry to perform precise building construction associated social cost estimations. Originality/value – This research provides sound and sequential system to estimate and compensate social costs for building constructions in the residential areas of developing countries. Keywords – Social cost, construction adverse impacts, building construction nuisance criteria, Turkish construction industry, and quantification of the social costs.
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Laerdal, Kirsti. "Co-construction of hospitality culture : behaviour, encounters and social construction in English hotels." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2017. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/4938692b-934a-4cc9-b63b-753b17bf0cae.
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This research explores the dynamic process of co-construction of hospitality culture in two hotels in the southern part of England. For the purposes of this research, the coconstruction of hospitality culture is understood as hotel practices brought to everyday life in public space as a result of the interactions between diverse members in the hotel society. The relationship between behaviour and hospitality culture is a research area currently underexplored. Informed by anthropology’s focus on culture, this thesis addresses the need for a much deeper understanding of hospitality culture in hotels; specifically the cultural influences that come into being within what are essentially ephemeral encounters between people. Drawing on social constructionism as the philosophical position the qualitative methods employed for the fieldwork are participant observation together with open-ended and semi-structured conversational interviews. The fieldwork undertaken at the Hilton Hotel in Brighton and the Hydro Hotel in Eastbourne explores the socio-cultural environment of these hotels to gain a better understanding of how hospitality culture is co-constructed and performed through the interactions between people that work in or stay at these hotels. The contribution of this research to the hospitality theory is demonstrated through the case studies, which reveal two distinct forms of hospitality culture, one characterised as second home/extended family, and the second as corporate leisure. These cultures are coconstructed and performed through the social interactions of employees and guests and the many activities that combine to create the ‘everyday life’ of both hotels. These coconstructed performances foster and make visible the hospitality culture in these settings.
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Ho, Ching-ching Mary, and 何晶晶. "Socially responsible investment indices in Asian markets : merging stakeholder theories with social construction for improved index construction methodology." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193511.
Full textAbstract:
The growth of the managed investment industry brings with it the potential for institutional investors to exert their influence on boards of listed companies to deliver strong and sustainable growth. The concepts of socially responsible investment (SRI), responsible investment (RI) or ethical investment (EI) have become part of mainstream investment practices in many financial markets. While SRI is largely a qualitative concept, its survival and adoption by the mainstream investment community may, in part, be due to the formalising of its concepts into language that investors, asset managers and analysts can more readily understand: the benchmark index.
SRI indices may hold the key to attracting attention to ESG issues in listed corporates and to help bring about positive outcomes in sustainable development. Figures show SRI investments in emerging markets are minimal when compared to those in developed markets but emerging markets hold great potential for growth and development of these tools.
This research develops a tool for bringing together social construction theory and stakeholder theory in understanding the construction of SRI Indices and in development of new indices.
The core of this research is an analysis of SRI indices in three major emerging markets of Hong Kong, India and China, together with an analysis of different perspectives of SRI in Asia. The purpose is to identify opportunities to building SRI indices through a stakeholder engagement approach.
The research was conducted over several phases between October 2008 and August 2010 and can be defined by three different studies:
1. a comparative study on SRI indices and their ESG criteria;
2. a comparative study on SRI indices and their stakeholder engagement approach; and
3. an analysis on the feasibility of building SRI indices in Asian markets.
The findings from the three studies indicate three main arguments. First, ESG assessment and criteria of SRI indices does have an impact on the creditability and value of the SRI indices. Due to the lack of transparency on the ESG assessment and criteria, SRI investors and other stakeholder groups are deterred from adopting SRI indices as SRI tool.
Second, stakeholder engagement is essential for SRI indices. And lastly, SRI indices in emerging markets, especially in the three studied markets, are attractive to both global and local SRI investors; however, these SRI indices need to include local ESG contexts to reflect the actual ESG concerns of the societies and avoid blindly following developed markets’ SRI index model, which in the end become unrealistic and unpopular to investors and stakeholder groups.
We recommend that stakeholder engagement in index criteria and corporate assessment be widened and deepened; that governments and stock exchanges can play a pivotal role in SRI development and should take the lead. We also recommend that SRI indices strengthen the institution of corporate research to rely less on secondary data when making their corporate assessments.published_or_final_version
Kadoorie Institute
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Ha, Seung Yon. "Social Construction of Epistemic Cognition about Social Knowledge during Small-Group Discussions." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563370942277275.
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McKibben, Sherry Lynne. "The social construction of adulthood: Menarche and motherhood." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1645.
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Demographic and sociological theories usually do not incorporate biological variable into their explanations. This dissertation addresses this void by examining the influence of age at menarche on age at first birth, the event of a first birth, and the number of children ever born (CEB). I expand on Demographic Transition theory by incorporating biology as one of the effects of modernization that has an effect on reducing fertility. Age at menarche decreases as a society modernizes. I use data from the 1995 Survey of Family Growth, Cycle V for the U.S., and the 1997 China Survey of Population and Reproductive Health. I further stratify the data into five race/ethnic groups: Chinese Han, Chinese minorities, U.S. Non-Hispanic Whites, U.S. Non-Hispanic Blacks, and U.S. Hispanics of Mexican origin. I use four different statistical methods to model my dependent variables: Ordinary Least Squares Regression, Cox Proportional Hazard Analysis, Poisson Regression, and Negative Binominal Regression. My first major finding is that the younger a woman is when reaching menarche, the younger she will be when giving birth to her first child. Second, the younger a woman is when reaching menarche, the longer the duration to a first birth and the less likely she is to experience a first birth. These two results are consistent in all the groups I analyze. Third, the younger a woman when reaching menarche, the fewer children she will produce. The U.S. Mexican-Origin women are an exception in this final outcome. It is well known that as a society modernizes, age at menarche decreases. Analyses in my dissertation indicate that as womens ages at menarche decrease, their ages at giving birth to the first child also decrease, but their chances of having a first birth also decrease and their waiting time for having the first birth increases. Also, fertility will decline as age at menarche declines.
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Browne, Matthew. "Negotiating boundaries, the social construction of shared households." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24098.pdf.
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Haysom, Keith R. "Art and the social construction of the political." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24852.pdf.
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Zajcew, Orest W. "Rukh, the social construction of protest, 1988-1992." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0019/NQ45834.pdf.
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Byrne-Hoffmann, Jessie. "Open government : a social democratic critique and construction /." Title page and contents only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arb995.pdf.
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Martinez, Ruiz Barbara. "Private social capital and the construction of mastery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/23752.
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Based on the data of the General Social Survey GSS cycle 17 (GSS 17) carried out in 2003, this study tests the relationship between private social capital and the perceived level of mastery. Private social capital has been defined as social networks composed of relatives, friends and neighbors and the type of communication and level of reciprocity they have with the individual. Mastery is a psychological learned trait that gives individuals a sense of control over the positive and negative outcomes of their lives. The notions of empowerment, self efficacy, leadership and initiative are associated with mastery and are considered as valuable resources, with positive impact in fields like health, well being and happiness, for the individuals.
This study tests in particular four hypotheses that examine the relationship between private social capital and mastery. The four hypotheses propose the following: a) the larger the social network, the greater the mastery level b) the more frequent the contact, the greater the mastery level, c) the more favours received, the greater the mastery level and d) the more favours given, the higher the mastery level in the individual. The results indicate that frequency of contact, size of network, in particular network size of close members are significant and positively related to mastery; the numbers of favours given are all positively associated with mastery but no significant, finally favours received are not are significantly associated with mastery. This study suggests that increasing social interaction with our private social network of members than one’s feels close has a positive impact on the mastery level of individuals, despite the lack of reciprocity in the relationship.
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Thiel, Darren John. "Builders : the social organisation of a construction site." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1851/.
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This thesis is based on an ethnographic case study of a London building site. The social organisation of building work and building workers was framed by the city, and cross-cut by class, race and gender, the structures and processes of which are explored throughout. The fieldwork site was characterised by racial divides between subcontracted trade groups, which were organised around informal networks within ethnic communities. Those communities, in their turn, were bounded by patterns of gift-exchange, reciprocity and ensuing loyalties. Networked contacts, which were predominately ascribed by social, ethnic and regional origins, formed an aspect of the perpetuation of race and class structures. Strong notions of trust and loyalty fostered illegitimate activities because information concerning rule-breaking was kept within the communities and went undetected by agencies representing the formal law. Informal networks were also contrived and engineered by entrepreneurial subcontractors whose relationships with building contractors and consultants were characterised by gift-giving. This process shielded competition from rivals and closed down the competitiveness of the construction market. 'Embedded' economic relations excluded recent migrant groups and their subcontracted representatives by blocking access to jobs and contracts, despite the groups' ability to offer cheaper and harder-working labour. Contractual arrangements were informal and sometimes illicit, and this erected barriers to legal and regulatory power. Coupled with short-term and ephemeral working practices, a social order partly supported by the threat of violence was established. The masculinity expressed by builders was, in part, a consequence of this display of violence. The building industry was virtually a 'non-modern ' organisation whose social relations were marked by network morality, nepotism, reciprocity, gift relations and the threat of violence. Yet, violence underpinned forms of social power, which manufactured the imbalance of false reciprocities.
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Borrebach, Douglas S., and Norman G. FitzPatrick. "The social construction of gender in the Navy." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30825.
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This thesis explores the social construction of masculinity in the U.S. Navy and its implication for the successful integration of women. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews of 40 Naval Academy graduates were the major source of data.
The literature explores tile construction of masculinity and how the identity of men is developed through social interaction.
Constant comparative analysis of qualitative data yielded 15 major themes. The themes display
various ways in which masculinity is reproduced, transmitted, and enforced among the Naval Officers
interviewed. The conclusion provides recommended actions to foster the full integration of women in the Navy.
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Bradbury, Mary Annabel Irena. "The social construction of death : a London study." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319506.
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Mazhindu, Debbie. "Ideal nurses : the social construction of emotional labour." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250182.
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Dryden, Caroline. "Marriage and the social construction of gender inequality." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359616.
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Sparke, Sarah C. "The social construction of the meanings of price." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577731.
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The activity of translating something into a monetary amount – the price - is central to markets. Yet we know remarkably little about the practice of pricing beyond theories of economic rationale or market positioning and, as a construct, price has remained largely within the economists’ domain. This research pushes for and contributes towards the need for more substantive studies of pricing. With particular emphasis on money-meanings, this research applies prior socio-economic research in an examination of discourses of the pricing process in order to better understand pricing as a social and meaning-full activity. In its focus on pricers this research contributes to the call for more studies of supply-side meaning-making within markets, and addresses the consumer-focussed imbalance in previously published price research
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Ruane, Sally. "Adoption talk and the social construction of motherhood." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1183/.
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This study investigates what can be learnt about motherhood from the adoption process. In particular, it focuses upon the experiences of natural mothers who consider relinquishing newborn babies for adoption, and draws chiefly upon accounts given in semi -structured interviews by mothers and professionals involved in the adoption process. These accounts are analysed with a view to finding out what meanings individuals confer on pregnancy and motherhood in specific circumstances; what explanations and justifications are offered for decisions taken regarding the possible placement of the infant; what identity threats women experience as a result of pregnancy outside marriage and their involvement in the adoption process; what expectations exist regarding maternal behaviour and feeling in relation to the child; and how women conceive of themselves as mothers when they lose their children through adoption. The rhetorical and performative aspects of accounts offered, particularly in view of the significance of motherhood choices for women's respectability, are addressed in some detail. Gaining access to the field has proved difficult, in part because some professionals believe only social workers should carry out such research. The difficulty of obtaining access in the ways at first intended led to a modification of the original research design. In this way, methodological issues have become a more prominent part of the study. The research has identified various processes through which motherhood is socially constructed in the adoption process. Justifications of the decision taken make appeal to such values as the best interests of the child, maternal self-sacrifice, realism, the irreplaceability of the mother-child bond, and family integrity. Considerable variation is permitted regarding the behaviour of the mother to her child, but strong expectations exist concerning maternal feeling. Women believe they have a continuing obligation to their 'lost' children, particularly to agree to contact should the child so wish and to provide an account of the decision.
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Martin, Abigail Mariko. "Construction of a Developmental Social Privilege Integration Scale." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1631779060698832.
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Tancock, Susan M. "At-risk students : the social construction of status /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487757723997587.
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