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Journal articles on the topic 'Social comparison'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2024

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1

DÜNDAR, Mahire Armağan, and Fırat TUFAN. "Sosyal Ağ Sitelerinde Sosyal Karşılaştırma Davranışı: Instagram- Twitter Karşılaştırması." Yeni Medya Dergisi 2022, no. 12 (June 30, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1051044.

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The purpose of this study is to examine social comparison behavior on social networking sites (SNS). Quantitative research method based on the closed-ended questionnaire technique was used in the study in which social comparison behavior was examined on image-based SNS, Instagram and text-based SNS, Twitter. Findings show that; individuals make social comparisons more in physical environments than on SNS. The level of social comparison is higher on Instagram compared to Twitter. Individuals are more frequently engaged in upward comparisons than downward comparisons on both Instagram and Twitter. Wealth is the domain in which individuals make comparisons the most on Instagram while the prominent comparison domain on Twitter is success. Inspiration is an emotion experienced most by individuals towards upward comparisons, whereas sympathy is the most experienced emotion by individuals towards downward comparisons on both Instagram and Twitter. There is no relation between social comparison level and frequency of SNS use.

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2

Kim, Hyunji, Richard Schlicht, Marlit Schardt, and Arnd Florack. "The contributions of social comparison to social network site addiction." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 28, 2021): e0257795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257795.

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Excessive use of social network sites (SNSs) can often lead to negative consequences of frequent upward social comparisons despite having the social network platform to present users in a favorable light. However, the existing literature gives little evidence to social comparison related antecedents and consequents of uncontrollable use of SNSs. The present study aimed to investigate the contributions of social comparison to SNS addiction. In Study 1, using a convenient sample in Austria (n = 103), we showed that the tendency to engage in social comparisons of ability (but not of opinion) predicted self-reported SNS addiction over and above the feelings of relative deprivation on social support and status. SNS addiction mediated the relations between social comparison of ability and stress, but not self-esteem. In Study 2, using a broad sample of participants in Austria (n = 500), we replicated the findings observed in Study 1 and showed that contrastive upward social comparison emotions (i.e., envy, depression) mediated the relation between SNS addiction and lower self-esteem whereas the contrastive downward social comparison emotion (i.e., contentment) mediated the relation between SNS addiction and higher self-esteem. Our findings suggest that SNS addiction closely relates to psychological constructs relevant to social comparison, mediates the link between social comparison of ability and detrimental consequences (i.e., stress, well-being) and demonstrate how social comparison emotions relate to both positive and negative associations between SNS addiction and self-esteem.

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Tosun, Leman Pinar, Ahu Öztürk, and Gamze Özdemir. "Mother to mother: Mothers’ social comparison-based emotions on social networking sites." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i4.2159.

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Social networking sites (SNSs) are platforms where people make social comparisons very frequently, and because of those comparisons, they have the potential for evoking a wide range of emotions. According to typology of social comparison-based emotions, the emotions felt after social comparisons may vary according to the direction of comparison (upward vs. downward) as well as the internal process that triggered by those comparisons (assimilation vs. contrast). The current study aims to examine the mothers' emotions they felt after social comparisons they make with other mothers on the SNSs, and search out the usefulness of using the typology of social comparison-based emotions in examining those emotions. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted on 42 mothers between the ages of 20 and 48, who have been a member of SNSs for at least six months. Mothers responses to two open-ended questions; one is about the emotions they feel after upward comparisons, and the other is about the ones that they felt after downward comparison they made with other mothers on SNSs, were examined through thematic analyses. The results pointed out that the emotion classification offered in Smith’s theory might be useful in examining the social comparisons on SNSs made by mothers, with the addition of some new categories. Specifically, it was found that some mothers feel doubts about the credibility of information in other mothers’ posts, and some others denied they are emotionally influenced by social comparisons. Another interesting finding was that mothers reported to feel assimilative and contrastive emotions simultaneously.

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4

Goethals, George R. "Social Comparison Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, no. 3 (September 1986): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286123001.

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5

Poeschl, Gabrielle. "Social comparison and differentiation strategies in social representations of intelligence." Swiss Journal of Psychology 60, no. 1 (March 2001): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.60.1.15.

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The two studies presented here analyse the effect of conditions of social comparison on the organisation of social representations of intelligence. In order to induce the comparisons, participants were asked successively to describe either the intelligence of humans and that of animals (Study 1), or the intelligence of men and that of women (Study 2). Results indicate that a comparison between species leads to maximising the differences between the two forms of intelligence, by increasing the relevance of the categories' most typical dimensions in the descriptions of their respective forms of intelligence. The induction of a comparison between male intelligence and female intelligence produces effects that differ according to participants' own sex. Whereas male participants are led to accentuate the differences between the two forms of intelligence, female participants seem to look for similarity rather than for difference. The differentiations produced suggest, moreover, that the structure of the representations resulting from a comparison between two categories of unequal status tends to legitimate their respective positions in the social structure.

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6

Bylsma, Wayne H., and Brenda Major. "Social Comparisons and Contentment." Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, no. 2 (June 1994): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00453.x.

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This study explored the role of social comparison processes in fostering contentment among those who are objectively disadvantaged. We focus on how comparisons can produce gender differences in personal entitlement, perceptions of one's own performance, and pay satisfaction. We hypothesized that individuals would base judgments of entitlement, performance, and pay satisfaction more on comparisons with ingroup (same-sex) than outgroup (cross-sex) others, even when both types of comparison information were equally available, unavoidable, and made clear the disadvantaged status of the ingroup. As predicted, the amount students felt they were entitled to be paid, how well they thought they had performed (women only), and how satisfied they were with their pay were all influenced more by same-sex than cross-sex comparison information. The implications of these results for the tolerance of injustice among disadvantaged groups are discussed.

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7

Lin, Chien-Huang, and Chia-Ching Tsai. "COMPARISON CONDITIONS, COMPARISON PATTERNS AND MODELS OF COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 6 (January 1, 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.6.761.

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The conditions that cause subjects to make comparisons and the comparison patterns that influence the results of comparisons were investigated. People make social or temporal-past or temporal-future comparisons when facing a condition of decision. The impact of self-esteem on the choices of comparison patterns was also investigated. Unlike past research, three comparison patterns were investigated and three comparative models that lead to self-perception and affects are proposed.

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8

Earle, Walter B. "The Social Context of Social Comparison." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, no. 2 (June 1986): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286122002.

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9

Antony, Martin M., Karen Rowa, Andrea Liss, Stephen R. Swallow, and Richard P. Swinson. "Social comparison processes in social phobia." Behavior Therapy 36, no. 1 (2005): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80055-3.

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10

Verduyn, Philippe, Nino Gugushvili, Karlijn Massar, Karin Täht, and Ethan Kross. "Social comparison on social networking sites." Current Opinion in Psychology 36 (December 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.002.

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11

Yadin, Aharon. "Social Comparison as a Motivational Agent among Students." International Journal of Information and Education Technology 5, no. 7 (2015): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijiet.2015.v5.559.

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12

F. Piko, Bettina, Hedvig Kiss, Alice Hartmann, Csaba Hamvai, and Kevin M. Fitzpatrick. "The Role of Social Comparison and Online Social Support in Social Media Addiction Mediated by Self-Esteem and Loneliness." European Journal of Mental Health 19 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5708/ejmh.19.2024.0019.

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Introduction: The diversity of information on social media provides a ubiquitous possibility for social comparison. Online social comparisons have both detrimental and beneficial effects; besides lowering one’s self-esteem, heightening loneliness and addiction, they also bring together people with similar interests which may offer a form of social support. Aims: This study examines a path model for understanding the link between social comparison and social media addiction while examining online social support, loneliness, and self-esteem. Methods: Hungarian university students (N = 201, 70.6% women, aged between 18 and 30 years, SD = 2.77) completed an online survey in the spring of 2022. Results: The final path model suggests that social comparison can directly contribute to social media addiction. This link was mediated by loneliness and self-esteem, resulting in a path with different outcomes: a) social comparison may strengthen loneliness (β = .22, p < .001) which can lead to lower self-esteem (β = .60, p < .001), and b) social comparison may have a negative effect on self-esteem (β = -.22, p < .001) which can reduce social media addiction (β = -.26, p < .001). In addition, social comparison may help obtain online social support (β = .15, p < .050) which can reduce loneliness (β = -.41, p < .001) but increase the likelihood of addiction (β = .26, p < .001). Conclusions: These findings draw attention to the double-edged sword of social comparison and online social support: we need to learn to consciously manage online social comparison tendencies.

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13

Dijkstra, Pieternel, Hans Kuyper, Greetje van der Werf, Abraham P. Buunk, and Yvonne G. van der Zee. "Social Comparison in the Classroom: A Review." Review of Educational Research 78, no. 4 (December 2008): 828–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321210.

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This article reviews research conducted on social comparison processes in the classroom since Festinger proposed his theory of social comparison. It covers the theoretical framework of social comparison theory, and it is organized around the following themes: motives for social comparison, dimensions of social comparison, direction of social comparison, and consequences of social comparison. The overall picture is an emerging one in which pupils prefer to compare their performances upward—specifically, with pupils who perform better than themselves but who resemble themselves on related and unrelated attributes. Although the magnitude of the effects of social comparison in the classroom is not examined, the review suggests that such upward comparisons not only lead pupils to perform better but evoke negative affect and lower academic self-concept. Topics discussed include inconsistencies (especially with regard to the direction of comparison and the motives underlying social comparison in the classroom), practical implications, and directions for future research.

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14

Foley, Sharon, Hang-yue Ngo, and Raymond Loi. "Antecedents and consequences of upward and downward social comparisons." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 24, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-02-2014-0743.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend and test a theory of uncertainty and directional social comparisons. Prior studies have posited that uncertainty leads to increased upward and downward social comparisons. The authors ' view is that uncertainty affects upward and downward comparisons differentially. They test their theory in the Chinese workplace, and focus specifically on employees’ comparisons of career progress. Workplace consequences of social comparisons are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The authors achieve their objectives by collecting data from respondents in China that measure uncertainty, directional social comparisons, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. They use a longitudinal design to assess causality. Findings – This paper found that perceived organizational support, an antecedent that lowers uncertainty in the workplace, is related to upward social comparison, whereas psychological entitlement, an uncertainty-raising antecedent, is related to downward social comparison. Upward social comparison positively affected organizational commitment, whereas downward social comparison positively impacted job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – The data collection relied on self-reports and hence the findings may be adversely affected by common method bias. Another limitation involves the generalizability of results, given that the respondents were drawn from three large firms in China. Originality/value – This paper indicates that directional social comparison processes serve as an important mechanism for understanding how employees’ work attitudes are developed. It also demonstrates the applicability of social comparison theory to the study of organizational behavior in China.

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15

Van Lange, Paul A. M., and Serge Guimond. "Social Comparison Is Basic to Social Psychology." American Journal of Psychology 121, no. 1 (April 1, 2008): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20445451.

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16

Vogel, Erin A., Jason P. Rose, Lindsay R. Roberts, and Katheryn Eckles. "Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem." Psychology of Popular Media Culture 3, no. 4 (October 2014): 206–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000047.

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17

Orive, Ruben. "Social projection and social comparison of opinions." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54, no. 6 (1988): 953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.953.

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18

Todd, Andrew R., Dong-Heon Seok, Norbert L. Kerr, and Lawrence A. Messé. "Social Compensation: Fact or Social-Comparison Artifact?" Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 9, no. 3 (July 2006): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430206064643.

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19

Sherrard, Carol A. "Elderly Wellbeing and the Psychology of Social Comparison." Ageing and Society 14, no. 3 (September 1994): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001628.

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ABSTRACTTwenty-two elderly retired people were interviewed for their beliefs about the sources of wellbeing in old age. Manual and Professional social class responses were compared, controlling for age, gender and health status. Respondents' free discourse was characterised by spontaneous social comparisons of the self with other people. In Social Comparison Theory, these serve as a means of self-assessment or wellbeing-enhance-ment. The comparison statements were analysed by Direction, Target, Dimension, and Wellbeing Yield. Significant class differences were apparent. Both groups compared Downward with others on the Dimensions of ageing, longevity, keeping active, security, and money. The Manual group derived less wellbeing from their Downward comparisons, many of which focused on entitlement to money benefits. The Professional group made more Upward comparisons, focusing on the younger self as Target, and yielding neutral or negative wellbeing. The predominant Upward Dimensions were perceived cognitive and physical condition. The Professionals tended to rationalise cognitive decline, but neither group showed psychological defence against physical decline, using social comparison as a means to objective self-assessment rather than self-enhancement.

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20

Furnham, Adrian, and Chris R. Brewin. "Social Comparison and Depression." Journal of Genetic Psychology 149, no. 2 (June 1988): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1988.10532152.

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21

Helgeson, Vicki S., and Kristin D. Mickelson. "Motives for Social Comparison." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21, no. 11 (November 1995): 1200–1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01461672952111008.

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22

Morry, Marian M., and Tamara A. Sucharyna. "Relationship social comparisons in dating and marital relationships: Adding relationship social comparison interpretations." Journal of Social Psychology 159, no. 4 (July 30, 2018): 398–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2018.1498826.

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23

n, n., and n. n. "A Comparison of Social Etiquette in China and Myanmar." Asia Social Science Academy 11, no. 1 (August 31, 2023): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2023.11.1.115.

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Social etiquette has become an essential aspect of our lives, and being well-versed in it is essential to our success. In today's highly globalized world, transnational communication is growing along with the economic division of labor and the cooperative field. As such, social etiquette plays an increasingly important role in international communication for both countries and nations. China and Myanmar share a tight relationship, and the Belt and Road Initiative has brought the two nations closer together in terms of political, economic, and cultural interactions. The two peoples have also developed a close affinity. A thorough grasp of the social etiquette variations and similarities between China and Myanmar can help prevent cultural conflicts, lessen misunderstandings, contradictions, and barriers brought on by regional and cultural differences, establish a strong basis for communication between the two peoples, and foster friendship that will last a lifetime. Simultaneously, it fosters all-around economic, political, and cultural exchanges between the two nations; furthermore, it has the potential to elevate these exchanges to a higher degree of win-win cooperation and move them toward greater openness, inclusivity, universality, balance, and win-win outcomes.

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24

Brandstätter, Eduard. "Affective Reactions to Social Income Comparisons." Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 32, no. 3 (September 2001): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0044-3514.32.3.142.

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Summary: The article investigates specific affective reactions to social comparison outcomes within the framework of the contrast-empathy model ( Brandstätter, 1998 , 2000 ). One hundred and one participants received vignettes that described social income comparisons between a target person and a comparison other. In these vignettes comparison direction, relationship quality and relevance were varied. Participants (1) freely expressed the target person's likely emotions and (2) rated the hedonic intensities of various emotions mentioned. Results support the predictions derived from the contrast-empathy model, corroborate a stronger impact of pity compared to empathetic joy, and suggest practical implications relevant for economic psychology.

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Huguet, Pascal, Michèle Carlier, Conor V. Dolan, Eco J. de Geus, and Dorret I. Boomsma. "Social Comparison Orientation in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins." Twin Research and Human Genetics 20, no. 6 (November 10, 2017): 550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2017.61.

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Twin research has offered evidence that monozygotic (MZ) twins are more socially close than dizygotic (DZ) twins, but has not paid much attention to the way twins compare themselves with their co-twin. The few studies in this area suggest that ‘horizontal comparisons’ (social comparison motivated by solidarity or communion with others) matter more for MZ twins than for DZ twins, at least when the co-twin is the social comparison standard. Consistent with this view, we predicted higher interest in MZ twins relative to DZ twins to select their co-twin rather than other people in general as the social comparison standard. The Social Comparison Orientation (SCO) scale, which measures the inclination to compare with others in a horizontal rather than vertical mode (comparing either upward or downward), was administered in 90 MZ pairs and 57 same-sex DZ pairs (63% female; average age 18.06 years) from the Netherlands Twin Register. MZ twin pairs showed significantly higher SCO scores than DZ twin pairs (with a large effect size) on the co-twin SCO, whereas the two groups did not differ from each other on the general SCO excluding the co-twin as social comparison standard. In MZ twin pairs, anxiety was associated with social comparison with others in general, not with their co-twin. For both scales, twin resemblance was explained by additive genetic variance. The present findings provide direct evidence that horizontal comparisons with the co-twin are of particular importance for MZ twins.

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26

Zell, Ethan, and Jason E. Strickhouser. "Comparisons Across Dimensions, People, and Time: On the Primacy of Social Comparison in Self-Evaluations." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 6 (February 4, 2020): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619884564.

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People often consider how their performance in one domain compares to their performance in other domains, the performance of other people, and their past performance (i.e., dimensional, social, and temporal comparison). The present research is the first to test whether social comparisons have a significantly larger effect on self-evaluations than dimensional and temporal comparisons. Study 1 participants received downward versus upward dimensional, social, and temporal comparison feedback ( N = 393). Study 2 participants received downward versus upward comparison feedback for one type and lateral comparisons for the other two types ( N = 281). Dimensional and social comparison significantly influenced self-evaluations and affective reactions in both studies. As anticipated, however, social comparison had a significantly larger effect on self-evaluations and affective reactions than either dimensional or temporal comparison. These data provide novel, causal evidence for the primacy of social comparison when people receive three feedback types.

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Fylaktaki, Panagiota. "The Sound of Translation: Godot in a Translator's Anatomy." Σύγκριση 29 (November 8, 2020): 119–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/comparison.24487.

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An overview of one of the most translated Anglosaxon plays into Greek from a socio-political and cultural perspective and the way translation is a two-way reflection of the linguistic and social milieu of every era

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28

Gibbons, Frederick X., and Bram P. Buunk. "Individual differences in social comparison: Development of a scale of social comparison orientation." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, no. 1 (1999): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.129.

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29

Noon, Edward John. "Research in brief: Social network sites, social comparison, and adolescent identity development: A small-scale quantitative study." PsyPag Quarterly 1, no. 109 (December 2018): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpspag.2018.1.109.21.

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Whilst social network sites provide users with unprecedented opportunities for social comparison, we know very little about the extent to which social network site social comparisons are associated with adolescent identity development. Drawing upon neo-Eriksonian theories of identity development, this paper reports on the findings of a small-scale study which sought to investigate the relationship between social network sites, social comparison, and adolescent identity development. Sixty-eight adolescents (Mean age = 14.9; 55.9% Male) were surveyed in Spring 2018. It was found that social comparison of ability and social comparison of opinion were both positively correlated with in-depth exploration, but not reconsideration of commitment.

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30

Hoorens, Vera, and Carolien Van Damme. "What Do People Infer from Social Comparisons? Bridges between Social Comparison and Person Perception." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 6, no. 8 (August 2012): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2012.00451.x.

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31

Cheng, Justin, Moira Burke, and Bethany de Gant. "Country Differences in Social Comparison on Social Media." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 4, CSCW3 (January 5, 2021): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3434179.

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32

Buunk, Abraham P., Hinke A. K. Groothof, and Frans W. Siero. "Social comparison and satisfaction with one's social life." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 24, no. 2 (April 2007): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407507075410.

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33

Lewin, Kaitlin M., Morgan E. Ellithorpe, and Dar Meshi. "Social comparison and problematic social media use: Relationships between five different social media platforms and three different social comparison constructs." Personality and Individual Differences 199 (December 2022): 111865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111865.

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34

Li, Yongzhan. "Upward social comparison and depression in social network settings." Internet Research 29, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2017-0358.

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Purpose Previous research has linked upward social comparison on social network sites (SNSs) to depressive symptoms; however, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of envy and self-efficacy in the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms. Design/methodology/approach Based on the social comparison theory and previous related literature, a moderated mediation model integrating upward social comparison on SNSs, depressive symptoms, envy and self-efficacy was developed and empirically examined based on the data collected from 934 Chinese high school students. Findings The structural equation modeling analysis shows that envy partially mediates the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms, whereas self-efficacy moderated both the direct effect of upward social comparison on SNSs on depressive symptoms and the mediating effect of envy in the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms. Practical implications The findings offer interesting implications for guiding adolescents to use SNSs properly. This study found that envy and self-efficacy act as a mediator and moderator, respectively, between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms, indicating that reducing envy and enhancing self-efficacy should be feasible to alleviate the negative effect of SNSs use. Social implications In order to alleviate the negative effect of SNSs use, parents and educators should direct adolescents to view others’ achievements and happiness properly and manage to improve self-efficacy among adolescents with poor self-efficacy through effective training. Originality/value Through building and examining a moderated mediation model integrating envy and self-efficacy into the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms, the present study advances our understanding of how and when upward social comparison on SNSs augments the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents.

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35

Roazzi, Antonio, and Peter Bryant. "Explicitness and Conservation: Social Class Differences." International Journal of Behavioral Development 21, no. 1 (July 1997): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597384983.

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The performance of 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-year-old children in liquid conservation tasks was studied in four conditions. In the first two conditions (Standard and Incidental) the initial comparison in the task was made perceptually. In the other two conditions (Quantity and Money) the child was not allowed to make a direct perceptual comparison and the initial comparison was made by measurement. The children did much better when they measured the quantities than when they simply made perceptual comparisons, and this effect was stronger with working class children than with middle class children. Contrary to previous reports, there was no difference between the Standard and the Incidental conditions. We conclude that children in general, and working class children in particular, are helped when the nature of the task is made more explicit.

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36

Zheng, Xiaoying, Ernest Baskin, and Siqing Peng. "The spillover effect of incidental social comparison on materialistic pursuits." European Journal of Marketing 52, no. 5/6 (May 14, 2018): 1107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2016-0208.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine whether social comparison in a prior, nonconsumption circumstance (e.g. in an academic setting) affects consumers’ materialism and subsequent spending propensity, and explores the incidental feeling of envy as the underlying mechanism. Design/methodology/approach Four experiments have been conducted to test these hypotheses. Study 1 manipulated social comparison in an academic domain, and measured undergraduate students’ materialism after they compared themselves to a superior student or to an inferior student. Study 2 used a recall task to manipulate social comparison and examine the mediating role of envy. Study 3 examined which of the two types of envy (benign or malicious) affected materialism. Study 4 examined the downstream consequences on spending propensity in both public and private consumption contexts. Findings The results suggest that consumers place greater importance on material goods and are more likely to spend money on publicly visible products after making upward social comparisons than after making downward social comparisons or no comparisons. Furthermore, envy acts as the mediator for the observed effect of incidental social comparison on materialism. Originality/value First, this study improves our understanding of the consequences of social comparison and envy by demonstrating that incidental envy (both benign and malicious) experienced in a prior, unrelated social comparison can motivate materialistic pursuits. Second, the present research contributes to the compensatory consumption literature by revealing that, in a social comparison context, envy is the affective underpinning that gives rise to the motivation to engage in compensatory consumer behavior. Third, the findings also enrich materialism research by exploring an important situational antecedent in driving materialistic orientation.

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Άνθης, Μιχάλης Κ. "ΜΙΧΑΛΗΣ Κ. ΑΝΘΗΣ, Κώδικες έμφυλης αναπαράστασης στο εικαστικό έργο του Νίκου Εγγονόπουλου. Διακειμενική προσέγγιση." Σύγκριση 31 (December 28, 2022): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/comparison.31273.

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Decoding gender representations in some paintings of Nikos Engonopoulos. An intertextual approach This paper approaches the narrative codes Nikos Engonopoulos used to present, in some of his paintings, the theme of gender representation with the conflicting extensions at an ideological and social level. His surrealist view is potentially a form of denouncement and subversion of dominant stereotypes and traditional meanings of the gender roles of his heroes or heroines. The paintings, which are selectively presented in this paper, reveal Engonopoulos's consistency towards the ethical, ideological, and social principles and ideals of surrealism as well as his sensitivity toward issues related to gender relations. A starting point originating from ancient Greek mythology that stimulates his imagination is the concept of metamorphosis which is dominant in Greek myths. From the cycle of Ovid's Metamorphoses, Engonopoulos selects two myths and creates his surrealistic narrative. The first painting is entitled “Io” (1942) and the second is “Nestor” (1958). Ηorned “Io” (Selene) in Engonopoulos's painting, through its Ovidian origins, incorporates amatory, social (gender violence), aesthetic and psychoanalytic symbolism. Engonopoulos also chooses and paints in the second painting the figure of Nestor mediated, however, by the poetic writing of Ovid. In reality, Eggonopoulos tells the story of Caeneus, originally a woman named Caenis, which has all the characteristics of paradox, and irrationality, and is the story of the transformation of a woman into a man. The visual narrative through which Engonopoulos deconstructs gender stereotypes is analyzed in two more of his works. The first bears the misleading title “Chalkis” (1955). In this painting, Engonopoulos depicts Lykophron, a poet from Chalkis but in reality, he is talking about his work entitled “Alexandra” (Kassandra), a poem with cryptic references. Based on relevant allusions to the latest Greek literature, the codes of gender representation are finally identified in Engonopoulos's work entitled “La fanciulla di Zante” (1952), which is a reference to the lyrical poem “He Pharmakomeni” by Dionysios Solomos. Conclusively, the paintings analyzed in this paper, in addition to the scope of Engonopoulos's reading literacy, also reveal his multi-layered visual discourse.

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Ye, Yinghua, Weihui Mei, Yaoyao Liu, and Xiuming Li. "Effect of Academic Comparisons on the Subjective Well-Being of Chinese Secondary School Students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 8 (September 1, 2012): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.8.1233.

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We studied the effect of academic comparisons on the subjective well-being (SWB) of 330 students from 3 Chinese secondary schools. The results showed that the SWB of Chinese secondary school students (a) is relatively low; (b) is affected primarily by 4 demographic factors, namely, grade, gender, academic achievements, and family financial background; and (c) is significantly affected by academic comparisons in that self-comparison, upward comparison, and parallel comparison have a positive impact on SWB, and downward comparison has a negative impact on SWB. Both parents and teachers should guide students to draw appropriate academic comparisons.

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Lewis, Nicky, and Andrew J. Weaver. "Emotional Responses to Social Comparisons in Reality Television Programming." Journal of Media Psychology 28, no. 2 (April 2016): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000151.

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Abstract. In recent years, the viewing of reality television has become increasingly prevalent among television audiences. However, little is known about the psychological processes at work when viewing these programs. This study examined how social comparisons to cast members influenced emotional responses to reality television programming. Participants (N = 231) were cued with a specific comparison target group and placed in a situation of self-image enhancement or threat. Afterwards, participants watched a clip from a reality television program and then reported their emotional reactions to it. The manipulations of comparison target group and self-image affected both the direction of social comparisons made and their associated emotional responses. Participant gender also influenced social comparisons to the cast members and resulting emotional responses to the content. Although we were unable to compare the social comparison-related emotional responses to reality programs with those of scripted programs, the results of this study bring to bear the associations between specific emotional responses and the types of social comparisons that take place when watching reality television programming.

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Vavrejnová, Marie, and Karl Wörister. "Social expenditures (czech - austrian comparison)." Prague Economic Papers 11, no. 4 (January 1, 2002): 318–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.pep.200.

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Košarac, Biserka. "Comparison of two social activities." Socioloski pregled 53, no. 4 (2019): 1742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/socpreg53-24398.

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Schmitt, Bernd H. "Social Comparison in Romantic Jealousy." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14, no. 2 (June 1988): 374–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167288142015.

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Taylor, Shelley E., Bram P. Buunk, and Lisa G. Aspinwall. "Social Comparison, Stress, and Coping." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16, no. 1 (March 1990): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167290161006.

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Kedia, Gayannée, Michael Lindner, Thomas Mussweiler, Niklas Ihssen, and David E. J. Linden. "Brain networks of social comparison." NeuroReport 24, no. 5 (March 2013): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32835f2069.

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Wheeler, Ladd, and Kunitate Miyake. "Social comparison in everyday life." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62, no. 5 (1992): 760–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.5.760.

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Stapel, Diederik A., and Abraham Tesser. "Self-activation increases social comparison." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 4 (2001): 742–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.742.

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Baldwin, Matthew, and Thomas Mussweiler. "The culture of social comparison." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 39 (September 10, 2018): E9067—E9074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721555115.

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Social comparison is one of the most ubiquitous features of human social life. This fundamental human tendency to look to others for information about how to think, feel, and behave has provided us with the ability to thrive in a highly complex and interconnected modern social world. Despite its prominent role, however, a detailed understanding of the cultural foundations of social comparison is lacking. The current research aims to fill this gap by showing that two prominent cultural dimensions, tightness–looseness and individualism–collectivism, uniquely explain variation in social-comparison proclivity across individuals, situations, and cultures. We first demonstrate the yet-undocumented link between cultural tightness and comparison proclivity across individuals, and further show that perceptions of ambient tightness and interdependence are uniquely associated with stronger social-comparison tendencies. Next, we show that these associations arise across social settings and can be attributed to properties of the settings themselves, not solely to individual differences. Finally, we show that both tight and collectivistic US states show a propensity to engage in Google searches related to specific social-comparison emotions, but that the tightness–comparison link arises from a unique psychological mechanism. Altogether, these findings show that social comparison—a fundamental aspect of human cognition—is linked to cultural practices based both in prevalence and strength of social norms as well as the tendency to construe the self in relation to others.

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Greenberg, Jerald, Claire E. Ashton-James, and Neal M. Ashkanasy. "Social comparison processes in organizations." Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 102, no. 1 (January 2007): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.09.006.

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Chambres, Patrick. "Social comparison and knowledge construction." Learning and Instruction 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-4752(09)80003-0.

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Linde, Jona, and Joep Sonnemans. "Social comparison and risky choices." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 44, no. 1 (November 30, 2011): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11166-011-9135-z.

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