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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Goethals, George R. "Social Comparison Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, no. 3 (September 1986): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286123001.

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2

Wills, Thomas Ashby. "Discussion Remarks on Social Comparison Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, no. 3 (September 1986): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286123003.

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3

Dijkstra, Pieternel, Hans Kuyper, Greetje van der Werf, Abraham P. Buunk, and Yvonne G. van der Zee. "Social Comparison in the Classroom: A Review." Review of Educational Research 78, no. 4 (December 2008): 828–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321210.

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This article reviews research conducted on social comparison processes in the classroom since Festinger proposed his theory of social comparison. It covers the theoretical framework of social comparison theory, and it is organized around the following themes: motives for social comparison, dimensions of social comparison, direction of social comparison, and consequences of social comparison. The overall picture is an emerging one in which pupils prefer to compare their performances upward—specifically, with pupils who perform better than themselves but who resemble themselves on related and unrelated attributes. Although the magnitude of the effects of social comparison in the classroom is not examined, the review suggests that such upward comparisons not only lead pupils to perform better but evoke negative affect and lower academic self-concept. Topics discussed include inconsistencies (especially with regard to the direction of comparison and the motives underlying social comparison in the classroom), practical implications, and directions for future research.
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4

Foley, Sharon, Hang-yue Ngo, and Raymond Loi. "Antecedents and consequences of upward and downward social comparisons." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 24, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-02-2014-0743.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend and test a theory of uncertainty and directional social comparisons. Prior studies have posited that uncertainty leads to increased upward and downward social comparisons. The authors ' view is that uncertainty affects upward and downward comparisons differentially. They test their theory in the Chinese workplace, and focus specifically on employees’ comparisons of career progress. Workplace consequences of social comparisons are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The authors achieve their objectives by collecting data from respondents in China that measure uncertainty, directional social comparisons, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. They use a longitudinal design to assess causality. Findings – This paper found that perceived organizational support, an antecedent that lowers uncertainty in the workplace, is related to upward social comparison, whereas psychological entitlement, an uncertainty-raising antecedent, is related to downward social comparison. Upward social comparison positively affected organizational commitment, whereas downward social comparison positively impacted job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – The data collection relied on self-reports and hence the findings may be adversely affected by common method bias. Another limitation involves the generalizability of results, given that the respondents were drawn from three large firms in China. Originality/value – This paper indicates that directional social comparison processes serve as an important mechanism for understanding how employees’ work attitudes are developed. It also demonstrates the applicability of social comparison theory to the study of organizational behavior in China.
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5

Tosun, Leman Pinar, Ahu Öztürk, and Gamze Özdemir. "Mother to mother: Mothers’ social comparison-based emotions on social networking sites." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i4.2159.

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Social networking sites (SNSs) are platforms where people make social comparisons very frequently, and because of those comparisons, they have the potential for evoking a wide range of emotions. According to typology of social comparison-based emotions, the emotions felt after social comparisons may vary according to the direction of comparison (upward vs. downward) as well as the internal process that triggered by those comparisons (assimilation vs. contrast). The current study aims to examine the mothers' emotions they felt after social comparisons they make with other mothers on the SNSs, and search out the usefulness of using the typology of social comparison-based emotions in examining those emotions. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted on 42 mothers between the ages of 20 and 48, who have been a member of SNSs for at least six months. Mothers responses to two open-ended questions; one is about the emotions they feel after upward comparisons, and the other is about the ones that they felt after downward comparison they made with other mothers on SNSs, were examined through thematic analyses. The results pointed out that the emotion classification offered in Smith’s theory might be useful in examining the social comparisons on SNSs made by mothers, with the addition of some new categories. Specifically, it was found that some mothers feel doubts about the credibility of information in other mothers’ posts, and some others denied they are emotionally influenced by social comparisons. Another interesting finding was that mothers reported to feel assimilative and contrastive emotions simultaneously.
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Bong-Jin Ko. "The historical meaning of social contract theory - Comparison of social contract theory of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau -." 법과정책 20, no. 1 (March 2014): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36727/jjlpr.20.1.201403.003.

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7

Rofé, Yacov, and Isaac Lewin. "SOCIAL COMPARISON OR UTILITY: AN EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1988.16.1.5.

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Emotional comparison theory was contrasted with the utility theory (Rote, 1984) in an analysis of effects of stress on affiliation in a laboratory setting. The former theory argues that subjects tend to affiliate with others at a similar level of fear since this permits satisfaction of the emotional comparison need. Utility theory, however, suggests that affiliation tendency should decrease when this is likely to increase feelings of embarrassment and negative emotional contagion. In an attempt to examine this hypothesis, three experimental manipulations were designed. The first situation was a replication of the main features of Schachter's study, while the second and third were intended to decrease the utility value of affiliation, and, at the same time to maintain or even increase the opportunity for social comparison. In these two new experimental conditions subjects were told that the shocks would be given immediately rather than deferred. In the third condition subjects were also told that their physiological reactions would be projected on a screen, so that they could be publicly compared with others. Consistent with the utility theory, results showed that these two latter fear conditions resulted in a marked decrease in the affiliation tendency for males but not females.
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8

Mingers, John. "A comparison of maturana's autopoietic social theory and giddens' theory of structuration." Systems Research 13, no. 4 (December 1996): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1735(199612)13:4<469::aid-sres81>3.0.co;2-i.

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9

Gerber, J. P., Ladd Wheeler, and Jerry Suls. "A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on." Psychological Bulletin 144, no. 2 (February 2018): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000127.

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10

Sherrard, Carol A. "Elderly Wellbeing and the Psychology of Social Comparison." Ageing and Society 14, no. 3 (September 1994): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001628.

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ABSTRACTTwenty-two elderly retired people were interviewed for their beliefs about the sources of wellbeing in old age. Manual and Professional social class responses were compared, controlling for age, gender and health status. Respondents' free discourse was characterised by spontaneous social comparisons of the self with other people. In Social Comparison Theory, these serve as a means of self-assessment or wellbeing-enhance-ment. The comparison statements were analysed by Direction, Target, Dimension, and Wellbeing Yield. Significant class differences were apparent. Both groups compared Downward with others on the Dimensions of ageing, longevity, keeping active, security, and money. The Manual group derived less wellbeing from their Downward comparisons, many of which focused on entitlement to money benefits. The Professional group made more Upward comparisons, focusing on the younger self as Target, and yielding neutral or negative wellbeing. The predominant Upward Dimensions were perceived cognitive and physical condition. The Professionals tended to rationalise cognitive decline, but neither group showed psychological defence against physical decline, using social comparison as a means to objective self-assessment rather than self-enhancement.
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11

Li, Jia, Xuan Liu, Ling Ma, and Weiqiang Zhang. "Users’ intention to continue using social fitness-tracking apps: expectation confirmation theory and social comparison theory perspective." Informatics for Health and Social Care 44, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 298–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538157.2018.1434179.

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12

Herachwati, Nuri, Jovi Sulistiawan, Zainiyah Alfirdaus, and Mario Gonzales B. N. "The effects of perceived organizational support and social comparison on work attitudes." Problems and Perspectives in Management 16, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.16(1).2018.02.

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This study is based on the results of a survey research conducted by JobStreet Indonesia on its members, which has surprisingly found that more than 70% of employees lack clarity on the goals of their career. Drawing from the social exchange theory, employees tend to show positive work attitudes when they perceive that their organization paid attention to them. The objective of this study is to assess how significant the influence of Perceived Organizational Support (POS) is on career satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. Besides organizational perspective, as stated by the social comparison theory, the way individuals perform both upward and downward comparisons could be expected to affect career satisfaction. Also, this research uses career commitment as a moderator variable that can strengthen or weaken the influence among variables, which is the employee’s commitment towards their organization and competitiveness within their respective work group. The research has found some interesting results. It was shown that there is no significant relationship between POS and career satisfaction, career satisfaction and turnover intention, organizational support and turnover intention, and both upward and downward social comparison and turnover intention. The moderating effects of career commitment were not proven. In comparison, all of the moderating effects of a competitive work group were proven together with the relationship between upward social comparison and turnover intention.
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13

Shipley, Andrew. "Social Comparison and prosocial behavior: An applied study of social identity theory in community food drives." Psychological Reports 102, no. 2 (April 2008): 425–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.2.425-434.

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Social Identity Theory and the concept of social comparison have inspired research on individuals, addressing effects of personal and environmental factors in directing social attention. The theory's conceptual origins, however, suggest that social comparison may have behavioral implications as well. Such behaviors may include attempts by an individual to enhance the relative status of his ingroup on a salient dimension of comparison. Such behavior is referred to as “social competition.” In two studies, the effects of social comparison and social competition were measured in the real-world environment of community food drives. Participants were aggregated by household; 600 households in upper middle-class neighborhoods in Eugene and Salem, Oregon, were contacted. In Study 1 of 300 households, it was hypothesized that inclusion of a social competition cue in requests for donation would significantly increase the likelihood of donation. This hypothesis was supported. Study 2 was done to clarify the possible role in a social comparison of perceived ingroup inferiority in the prior observed increase in donations. The inclusion of a social comparison cue in the donation request significantly increased donations in households of the second study. The findings suggest that researchers should expand study of the theory's behavioral implications, including the role of social comparison in prosocial behavior.
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14

Zhang, Jianxin, Hong Liu, Yan Li, Xin Qin, and Shouna Wang. "Video-driven group behavior simulation based on social comparison theory." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 512 (December 2018): 620–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.08.046.

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15

Sheeran, Paschal, Dominic Abrams, and Sheina Orbell. "Unemployment, Self-Esteem, and Depression: A Social Comparison Theory Approach." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17, no. 1 (August 1, 1995): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1701&2_4.

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Sheeran, Paschal, Dominic Abrams, and Sheina Orbell. "Unemployment, Self-Esteem, and Depression: A Social Comparison Theory Approach." Basic and Applied Social Psychology 17, no. 1-2 (August 1995): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.1995.9646132.

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17

Bonifield, Carolyn, and Catherine A. Cole. "Better him than me: social comparison theory and service recovery." Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 36, no. 4 (August 7, 2008): 565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11747-008-0109-x.

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18

Wolff, Fabian, Friederike Helm, and Jens Möller. "Testing the dimensional comparison theory: When do students prefer dimensional comparisons to social and temporal comparisons?" Social Psychology of Education 21, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 875–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-018-9441-2.

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Suls, Jerry, René Martin, and Ladd Wheeler. "Three Kinds of Opinion Comparison: The Triadic Model." Personality and Social Psychology Review 4, no. 3 (August 2000): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0403_2.

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This article introduces the triadic model, which proposes that the social comparison of opinion is best considered in terms of 3 different evaluative questions: preference assessment (i.e., “Do I like X?”), belief assessment (i.e., “Is X correct?”), and preference prediction (i.e., “Will I like X?”). Each evaluative question is associated with a different comparison dynamic. The triadic model proposes that comparisons with persons similar in related attributes have special importance for preference assessment. For belief assessment, comparisons with persons of more advantaged status (or “expert”) are most meaningful, although comparison targets also should hold certain basic values in common (the “similar expert”). Finally, in preference prediction, the most meaningful comparisons are with a person who has already experienced X (a proxy) and who exhibits either consistency (but not necessarily similarity) in related attributes or past preferences. Prior research and 4 new studies are described that support the theory.
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20

JASSO, GUILLERMINA. "Choice and Emotion in Comparison Theory." Rationality and Society 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 231–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043463193005002006.

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21

Gibbons, Frederick X., David J. Lane, Meg Gerrard, Monica Reis-Bergan, Carrie L. Lautrup, Nancy A. Pexa, and Hart Blanton. "Comparison-level preferences after performance: Is downward comparison theory still useful?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83, no. 4 (2002): 865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.865.

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22

Li, Yongzhan. "Upward social comparison and depression in social network settings." Internet Research 29, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2017-0358.

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Purpose Previous research has linked upward social comparison on social network sites (SNSs) to depressive symptoms; however, the mechanism underlying this relationship remains unclear. The purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of envy and self-efficacy in the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms. Design/methodology/approach Based on the social comparison theory and previous related literature, a moderated mediation model integrating upward social comparison on SNSs, depressive symptoms, envy and self-efficacy was developed and empirically examined based on the data collected from 934 Chinese high school students. Findings The structural equation modeling analysis shows that envy partially mediates the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms, whereas self-efficacy moderated both the direct effect of upward social comparison on SNSs on depressive symptoms and the mediating effect of envy in the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms. Practical implications The findings offer interesting implications for guiding adolescents to use SNSs properly. This study found that envy and self-efficacy act as a mediator and moderator, respectively, between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms, indicating that reducing envy and enhancing self-efficacy should be feasible to alleviate the negative effect of SNSs use. Social implications In order to alleviate the negative effect of SNSs use, parents and educators should direct adolescents to view others’ achievements and happiness properly and manage to improve self-efficacy among adolescents with poor self-efficacy through effective training. Originality/value Through building and examining a moderated mediation model integrating envy and self-efficacy into the relationship between upward social comparison on SNSs and depressive symptoms, the present study advances our understanding of how and when upward social comparison on SNSs augments the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents.
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Resch, Robert Paul. "Modernism, Postmodernism, and Social Theory: A Comparison of Althusser and Foucault." Poetics Today 10, no. 3 (1989): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1772903.

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Krayer, A., D. K. Ingledew, and R. Iphofen. "Social comparison and body image in adolescence: a grounded theory approach." Health Education Research 23, no. 5 (November 17, 2007): 892–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cym076.

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Arrowood, A. John. "Comments on "Social Comparison Theory: Psychology from the Lost and Found"." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, no. 3 (September 1986): 279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286123002.

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Hogg, Michael A., Deborah J. Terry, and Katherine M. White. "A Tale of Two Theories: A Critical Comparison of Identity Theory with Social Identity Theory." Social Psychology Quarterly 58, no. 4 (December 1995): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2787127.

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Chatterjee, Swetarupa, Naman Sreen, and Pradip Sadarangani. "Eco-Friendly Products Purchase Intention: Comparison of Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory." International Journal of Economics and Business Research 1, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijebr.2021.10032701.

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Tylka, Tracy L., and Natalie J. Sabik. "Integrating Social Comparison Theory and Self-Esteem within Objectification Theory to Predict Women’s Disordered Eating." Sex Roles 63, no. 1-2 (April 25, 2010): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9785-3.

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29

Freedman, Joshua. "Status insecurity and temporality in world politics." European Journal of International Relations 22, no. 4 (July 24, 2016): 797–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066115603781.

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International Relations scholars concerned with explaining status-seeking behavior in the international system draw heavily from social comparison theory and its observations that individuals judge their worth, and accordingly derive self-esteem, through social comparisons with others. According to this logic, states become status seekers because, like individuals, they have an innate desire for favorable social status comparisons relative to their peers. Thus, the great power status literature is often framed in the language of accommodation, and adjustment, which presupposes that status insecurities develop from unfavorable social comparisons and can be resolved through relative social improvements. This article challenges these assumptions by noting, as psychology has acknowledged for some time, that individuals use both social and temporal forms of comparison when engaging in self-evaluation. Where social comparisons cause actors to ask “How do I rank relative to my peers?” temporal comparisons cause actors to evaluate how they have improved or declined over time. This article advances a temporal comparison theory of status-seeking behavior, suggesting that many of the signaling problems associated with status insecurity emerge from basic differences in how states evaluate their status, and whether they privilege temporal over social comparisons. The implications are explored through China’s contemporary struggle for status recognition, situating this struggle within the context of China’s civilizational past and ongoing dispute over Taiwan.
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Luk, Chung-Leung, Wendy W. N. Wan, and Julian C. L. Lai. "Consistency in Choice of Social Referent." Psychological Reports 86, no. 3 (June 2000): 925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3.925.

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Similarity has been an important but ill-defined concept in social comparison theory. For social comparisons of competence, similarity should be defined within the same evaluative social context, for example, the same school for students or the same workplace for workers. 104 postsecondary school students, 96 full-time university students, and 81 part-time mature university students were recruited to participate in this study. They filled out a questionnaire to indicate whether they compared themselves with each of 11 categories of social referent in each of 10 domains of competence. Comparers preferred to choose those in the same evaluative social context as referents for social comparisons in domains of competence, and their comparisons with dissimilar others were rare. This preference was consistent across the three different samples.
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Heo, Misook, Natalie Toomey, and Jung Sook Song. "Self-evaluation of knowledge sharing through the lens of social comparison theory." VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems 50, no. 2 (November 17, 2019): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-04-2019-0056.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how different types of contribution awareness information influence knowledge sharing motivation and contribution persistence. Design/methodology/approach The independent variable of this experimental study was contribution awareness information with four levels: self-contribution, absolute social-comparison, relative social-comparison and control. The dependent variables were self-rated knowledge sharing motivation measured on a six-point Likert scale and contribution persistence measured by number of contributions. A total of 182 knowledge workers voluntarily completed online participation. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four intervention groups. Findings The study found that the self-contribution group outperformed the other groups in both knowledge sharing motivation and contribution persistence; this observation was significant compared with the absolute social-comparison and control groups. The impact of self-contribution frequency information was stronger for contribution persistence than for self-evaluated knowledge sharing motivation, highlighting the gap between perception and behavior. It is also noteworthy that comparative information negatively influenced knowledge sharing motivation and contribution persistence, implying that social comparison played a role in priming individuals to focus on dissimilarities between the comparison target and themselves. Originality/value This study provides behavior-based evidence supporting social comparison theory and the selective accessibility model in the field of knowledge sharing outside of an organizational context. This study also offers the practical advice that participants’ knowledge sharing motivation and contribution persistence, especially newly joining members, can be increased by the inclusion of self-contribution information and conversely decreased by comparative information.
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Sidanius, Jim, Erik Devereux, and Felicia Pratto. "A Comparison of Symbolic Racism Theory and Social Dominance Theory as Explanations for Racial Policy Attitudes." Journal of Social Psychology 132, no. 3 (June 1, 1992): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1992.9924713.

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Margolis, Jaclyn A., and Scott B. Dust. "It’s All Relative: A Team-Based Social Comparison Model for Self-Evaluations of Effectiveness." Group & Organization Management 44, no. 2 (December 19, 2016): 361–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601116682901.

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We apply social comparison theory (SCT) to the organizational context and develop a model explicating the social comparison process that occurs within organizational teams. In doing so, we highlight how individual, team, and managerial factors influence this process. First, we discuss how task-related (e.g., functional background and experience) and demographic-related (e.g., age, gender, and race) team characteristics affect social comparison target selection (i.e., the team as a whole, a subgroup, or a specific individual) and further explain the impact of metacognitive capacities on this referent selection process. Next, we explore how team norms of collaboration versus competition affect whether employees assimilate or contrast, respectively, during social comparisons. Subsequently, we highlight how managers influence the proposed social comparison process. Finally, we discuss how social comparisons can be productive or unproductive for team members’ organization-based self-esteem (OBSE). We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of our model and offering avenues for future research.
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Michinov, Nicolas. "WHEN DOWNWARD COMPARISON PRODUCES NEGATIVE AFFECT: THE SENSE OF CONTROL AS A MODERATOR." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 5 (January 1, 2001): 427–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.5.427.

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It has been assumed that engaging in upward or downward comparison can either improve or deteriorate affect, depending on the amount of control individuals feel they have over the comparison dimension. The main goal of the present study was to determine whether an individual difference factor such as the sense of control can moderate the relationship between social comparison and affect. The results showed that for downward comparison, the lower the participants scored on the sense of control, the higher the negative affect they experienced. Unexpectedly, the sense of control was unrelated to affect in upward comparison. Additional results indicated that identification with the comparison targets had an impact on negative affect. This study provides evidence that the sense of control may be useful in understanding affective reactions to social comparisons. The theoretical implications in downward comparison theory are discussed.
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Ferreira, Mateus, Felipe Zambaldi, and Diego de Sousa Guerra. "Consumer engagement in social media: scale comparison analysis." Journal of Product & Brand Management 29, no. 4 (January 2, 2020): 491–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-10-2018-2095.

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Purpose Engagement is a construct that varies according to the subject, object and context; this has been used to justify the coexistence of a variety of construct definitions and scales. Instead of proposing a new scale, this paper aims to create a procedure for comparing scales and to use it to evaluate brand engagement measures in social media. Design/methodology/approach This study first defines a procedure for the selection, standardization and comparison of scales; this procedure considers both the classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT). The authors apply the procedure in a survey of 233 respondents to compare three scales for measuring consumer engagement with brands in social media. Findings The establishment of a procedure for scale comparison is useful in assisting researchers to choose specific measures. Results showed that the three scales have similar characteristics, but Vivek et al.’s (2014) scale is recommended when better discrimination between construct dimensions is required, Hollebeek et al.’s (2014) scale could be used as a one-dimensional scale and Dessart et al.’s (2016) reduced scale has better ability to capture information for the affective and cognitive dimensions. None of the scales were very efficient in discriminating weakly and strongly engaged individuals. Originality/value This study makes a substantive contribution by proposing a procedure for scale comparison that considers CTT and IRT and shows the advantages, limitations and recommendations for using three different scales of consumer engagement.
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Yoo, Taehan. "Exploring the Theory of Social Welfare Philosophy Based on Social Justice: Comparison of Rawls and Sandel." Social Welfare Policy 46, no. 2 (June 2019): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15855/swp.2019.46.2.5.

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Sreen, Naman, Swetarupa Chatterjee, and Pradip Sadarangani. "Eco-friendly products purchase intention: a comparison of theory of planned behaviour and social cognitive theory." International Journal of Economics and Business Research 22, no. 2/3 (2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijebr.2021.116324.

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Vargas-Salfate, Salvador, Dario Paez, James H. Liu, Felicia Pratto, and Homero Gil de Zúñiga. "A Comparison of Social Dominance Theory and System Justification: The Role of Social Status in 19 Nations." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 7 (March 15, 2018): 1060–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757455.

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This study tests specific competing hypotheses from social dominance theory/realistic conflict theory (RCT) versus system justification theory about the role of social status. In particular, it examines whether system justification belief and effects are stronger among people with low socioeconomic status, and in less socially developed and unequal nations than among better-off people and countries. A cross-national survey was carried out in 19 nations from the Americas, Western and Eastern Europe, Asia, and Oceania using representative online samples ( N = 14,936, 50.15% women, Mage = 41.61 years). At the individual level, system justification beliefs, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, national identification, sociopolitical conservatism, sex, age, and social status were measured. At the national level, the human development index and the Gini index were used. Multilevel analyses performed indicated that results fit better with the social dominance/RCT approach, as system justification was higher in high-status and developed nations; further, associations between legitimizing ideologies and system justification were stronger among high-status people.
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Garcia, Stephen M., Poonam Arora, Zachary A. Reese, and Michael J. Shain. "Free agency and organizational rankings: A social comparison perspective on signaling theory." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 89 (December 2020): 101576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2020.101576.

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Combs, Gwendolyn, Steven Michael Sommer, and Shovna Crystal Tripathy. "Social Comparison and Contact Theory: Career Development Implications for African American Manager." Academy of Management Proceedings 2019, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 14393. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2019.14393abstract.

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41

Argo, Jennifer J., Katherine White, and Darren W. Dahl. "Social Comparison Theory and Deception in the Interpersonal Exchange of Consumption Information." Journal of Consumer Research 33, no. 1 (June 2006): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504140.

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42

Hazer, John T., Stanley R. Aeschleman, and Rebecca B. Robertson. "Decreasing junk food consumption: A comparison of self-perception theory and reinforcement theory." Motivation and Emotion 9, no. 1 (March 1985): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00991552.

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43

Retolaza, José Luis, Leire San-José, and Maite Ruiz Roqueñi. "Monetarizing the social value: theory and evidence." CIRIEC-España, revista de economía pública, social y cooperativa, no. 83 (February 26, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/ciriec-e.83.13418.

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Over the last decade important efforts were made to integrate economic and social value in organizations within a unic report. This is significant because it reflects greater interest and demands in society concerning not just economic but social responsibilities of organizations.However, social organizations are finding problems to give value to their social contribution, mainly due to the prominence of financial economic indicators; which curiously only have instrumental value in this type of entities.The aim of this paper is to develop a social accounting model that allows incorporating the social value, in its monetized form, employing accounting standards; with the economic one. It is not possible to monetize full social value with this model, although it does show economic value with social impact, socio-economic return and specific social value.Application of this model makes possible the quantitative and monetized comparison of integrated value between companies, which would involve more efficient decision-making based on symmetry and more complete information (private organizations), more efficiency in consumption or investment decisions (private individuals) and efficient indicators for establishing public policies (public administration). Overall, it could prove to be a basic and valuable component of business reputation.
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44

Martin, Luther. "COMPARATIVISM AND SOCIOBIOLOGICAL THEORY." Numen 48, no. 3 (2001): 290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852701752245587.

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AbstractWhile the "academic study of religion" is often considered to be synonymous with "comparative religion," little attention has been given by scholars of religion to theories of comparison. When scholars of religion turn to the social sciences, as they often do in matters of theory, they find the situation with respect to comparison is little better. Recent attention to such theoretical reflections on comparative methods among some social scientists have, however, reopened the question of "human universals," themes familiar to scholars of religion from the phenomenology of religions but increasingly eschewed by them as ahistorical, at best, and theologically shaped, at worst. If, however, comparative studies are to avoid metaphysical musings and ethnocentric excesses, they might best proceed on the theoretical basis of natural, species-specific characteristics of human beings and demonstrate the relationships among the biological and cognitive constraints on human beings, on the one hand, and their social and historical constructions, on the other. Whatever else "religion" may be, it is a social fact and human sociality seems to be one "universal" characteristic of human beings about which there seems to be some consensus among representatives of the various sciences. This paper looks at some of the biological and cognitive explanations proposed for human sociality, outlines a social - and parallel religious - typology based on such explanations, and suggests in a preliminary way a "test" for this typological hypothesis against ethnographic/historical data from two ancient but disparate cultures, China and Greece.
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45

Smith, John, and Chris Jenks. "Reshaping social theory from complexity and ecological perspectives." Thesis Eleven 114, no. 1 (February 2013): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513612460032.

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This article argues that Durkheim’s founding insight – uniquely social phenomena – presents us with both a foundation for the discipline of sociology and the risk that the discipline will become isolated. This, we argue, has happened. Our contention is that the emergent social phenomena need to be understood in relation to, but not reduced to, their biological and psychological substrates. Similarly, there are a number of other characteristics, notably of self-organization, which are distinguishing properties of social phenomena but also of quite different phenomena. The comparison is instructive. We therefore argue for an ecological approach to sociological theory, which has important relationships to the general theories and philosophy of ecology and biology. We explore a number of terminological and conceptual parallels that may inform our understanding of the relation of social theory to these and other disciplines.
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46

Gomes, Daniel T., and Lígia Henriques-Rodrigues. "Swimming performance index based on extreme value theory." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 14, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118808068.

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The International Swimming Federation has developed a points system that allows comparisons of results between different events. Such system is important for several reasons, since it is used as a criterion to rank swimmers in awards and selection procedures of national teams. The points system is based entirely on the world record of the correspondent event. Since it is based on only one observation, this work aims to suggest a new system, based on the probability distribution of the best performances in each event. Using extreme value theory, such distribution, under certain conditions, converges to a generalized Pareto distribution. The new performance index, based on the peaks over threshold methodology, is obtained based on the exceedance probabilities correspondent to the swimmers’ times that exceed a given threshold. We work with 17 officially recognized events in 50 m pool, for each women and men, and considered all-time rankings for all events until 31 December 2016. A study on the adequacy of the proposed generalized Pareto distribution index and a comparison between the performances of Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps are also conducted.
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Guclu, Idris. "Social Change and Development: A Critical Comparison of Classical with Contemporary Sociological Theory." Studies in Asian Social Science 6, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/sass.v6n2p66.

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This study re-examines the prevalent view of classical social theorist, Auguste Comte and contemporary social theorist,Gerhard Lenski. Both social theorists are important figures in terms of social change and social development.Therefore, within context, the notion of social change theories, its relations and cause of social change are discussed,followed by an outline of the concepts of both theorists. Next, it deals with what the two perspectives share in commonand compares the differences between them. The study revealed that the two perspectives are fundamentally differentbecause Comte focused on the development of human thought while Lenski focused on social change and developmentas a result of technology. In this respect, the determinants of social change and development emerge from withinsociety itself; the deepest and the most important disagreement lies between those who see the mental or spiritualevolution of society as the main driving force of history and those who see the role of technology as its root cause.
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Kramer, Sam L., and Benjamin F. Rodriguez. "A Comparison of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Measures: Unique Associations With Social Interaction Anxiety and Social Observation Anxiety." Assessment 25, no. 5 (June 24, 2016): 627–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116654003.

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Evidence suggests that the behavior inhibition system (BIS) and fight-flight-freeze system play a role in the individual differences seen in social anxiety disorder; however, findings concerning the role of the behavior approach system (BAS) have been mixed. To date, the role of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) subsystems underlying social anxiety has been measured with scales designed for the original RST. This study examined how the BIS, BAS, and fight, flight, freeze components of the fight-flight-freeze system uniquely relate to social interaction anxiety and social observation anxiety using both a measure specifically designed for the revised RST and a commonly used original RST measure. Comparison of regression analyses with the Jackson-5 and the commonly used BIS/BAS Scales revealed important differences in the relationships between RST subsystems and social anxiety depending on how RST was assessed. Limitations and future directions for revised RST measurement are discussed.
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Schrage, Dominik. "The Domestication of Luxury in Social Theory." Social Change Review 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scr-2013-0017.

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Abstract During the establishment of modern society, luxury consumption played an important role as a symbolic reference for status comparison across class boundaries. But luxury has lost in contemporary sociology the theoretical importance it had in classical sociology. This article develops a historicosociological explanation for this situation. In a first section, it debates on luxury in the 18th century, in which changing evaluations are interpreted in the context of broader semantic changes reflecting the ‘de-traditionalisation’ of social structure. Then selected conceptualisations of luxury in classical sociological approaches, including that of Sombart, Simmel, and Veblen are discussed. These classical accounts are the main reference for common sociological concepts of luxury. They also provide a context for understanding the differences between European and US American social structure and semantics. In the last two sections, the argument that the consumer behaviour of elite members lost the key social function it had in 18th and 19th centuries because of the advent of mass consumption, mass media, and the cultural dominance of middle class consumer habits which were observed first in the US. As a result, then, the attention of sociological research now lies on the more subtle distinctions within the highly differentiated stratum of the middle class. At the same time, material and behavioural patterns of luxury are displayed not by concrete members of a group of the super-rich, but virtually in a mass media based celebrity system, leaving the rich more and more out of the sight of sociological observation.
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50

Harvey, Michael, Miriam Moeller, and Ruth McPhail. "Mentoring Female Global Managers: A Social Comparison Perspective." South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management 4, no. 1 (May 18, 2017): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2322093717705027.

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The global business environment is new, complex and not well understood by many of the managers having to “learn by doing.” This “on-the-run” learning experience is particularly difficult for female global managers in the South Asian region who may not have the input or support of others as to how to prepare for relocating overseas. The lack of assistance is further exacerbated by the growing importance of large emerging markets. Given limited history with these key emerging markets, some means of accelerating learning and transferring knowledge to the next generation of (global) managers is a necessity. This article examines one means of addressing the need to learn from others more experienced in global business through mentoring. Social comparison theory is used as the theoretical lens by which to examine the mentoring process for global female managers, a type of managerial talent particularly void of organizational structural support. A means for developing a mentoring programme for global female managers is also developed.
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