Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social comparison theory

Academic literature on the topic 'Social comparison theory'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Social comparison theory"

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Goethals, George R. "Social Comparison Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, no. 3 (September 1986): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286123001.

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Wills, Thomas Ashby. "Discussion Remarks on Social Comparison Theory." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12, no. 3 (September 1986): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167286123003.

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Dijkstra, Pieternel, Hans Kuyper, Greetje van der Werf, Abraham P. Buunk, and Yvonne G. van der Zee. "Social Comparison in the Classroom: A Review." Review of Educational Research 78, no. 4 (December 2008): 828–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321210.

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This article reviews research conducted on social comparison processes in the classroom since Festinger proposed his theory of social comparison. It covers the theoretical framework of social comparison theory, and it is organized around the following themes: motives for social comparison, dimensions of social comparison, direction of social comparison, and consequences of social comparison. The overall picture is an emerging one in which pupils prefer to compare their performances upward—specifically, with pupils who perform better than themselves but who resemble themselves on related and unrelated attributes. Although the magnitude of the effects of social comparison in the classroom is not examined, the review suggests that such upward comparisons not only lead pupils to perform better but evoke negative affect and lower academic self-concept. Topics discussed include inconsistencies (especially with regard to the direction of comparison and the motives underlying social comparison in the classroom), practical implications, and directions for future research.
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Foley, Sharon, Hang-yue Ngo, and Raymond Loi. "Antecedents and consequences of upward and downward social comparisons." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 24, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-02-2014-0743.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend and test a theory of uncertainty and directional social comparisons. Prior studies have posited that uncertainty leads to increased upward and downward social comparisons. The authors ' view is that uncertainty affects upward and downward comparisons differentially. They test their theory in the Chinese workplace, and focus specifically on employees’ comparisons of career progress. Workplace consequences of social comparisons are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The authors achieve their objectives by collecting data from respondents in China that measure uncertainty, directional social comparisons, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. They use a longitudinal design to assess causality. Findings – This paper found that perceived organizational support, an antecedent that lowers uncertainty in the workplace, is related to upward social comparison, whereas psychological entitlement, an uncertainty-raising antecedent, is related to downward social comparison. Upward social comparison positively affected organizational commitment, whereas downward social comparison positively impacted job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – The data collection relied on self-reports and hence the findings may be adversely affected by common method bias. Another limitation involves the generalizability of results, given that the respondents were drawn from three large firms in China. Originality/value – This paper indicates that directional social comparison processes serve as an important mechanism for understanding how employees’ work attitudes are developed. It also demonstrates the applicability of social comparison theory to the study of organizational behavior in China.
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Tosun, Leman Pinar, Ahu Öztürk, and Gamze Özdemir. "Mother to mother: Mothers’ social comparison-based emotions on social networking sites." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i4.2159.

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Social networking sites (SNSs) are platforms where people make social comparisons very frequently, and because of those comparisons, they have the potential for evoking a wide range of emotions. According to typology of social comparison-based emotions, the emotions felt after social comparisons may vary according to the direction of comparison (upward vs. downward) as well as the internal process that triggered by those comparisons (assimilation vs. contrast). The current study aims to examine the mothers' emotions they felt after social comparisons they make with other mothers on the SNSs, and search out the usefulness of using the typology of social comparison-based emotions in examining those emotions. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted on 42 mothers between the ages of 20 and 48, who have been a member of SNSs for at least six months. Mothers responses to two open-ended questions; one is about the emotions they feel after upward comparisons, and the other is about the ones that they felt after downward comparison they made with other mothers on SNSs, were examined through thematic analyses. The results pointed out that the emotion classification offered in Smith’s theory might be useful in examining the social comparisons on SNSs made by mothers, with the addition of some new categories. Specifically, it was found that some mothers feel doubts about the credibility of information in other mothers’ posts, and some others denied they are emotionally influenced by social comparisons. Another interesting finding was that mothers reported to feel assimilative and contrastive emotions simultaneously.
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Bong-Jin Ko. "The historical meaning of social contract theory - Comparison of social contract theory of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau -." 법과정책 20, no. 1 (March 2014): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36727/jjlpr.20.1.201403.003.

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Rofé, Yacov, and Isaac Lewin. "SOCIAL COMPARISON OR UTILITY: AN EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1988.16.1.5.

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Emotional comparison theory was contrasted with the utility theory (Rote, 1984) in an analysis of effects of stress on affiliation in a laboratory setting. The former theory argues that subjects tend to affiliate with others at a similar level of fear since this permits satisfaction of the emotional comparison need. Utility theory, however, suggests that affiliation tendency should decrease when this is likely to increase feelings of embarrassment and negative emotional contagion. In an attempt to examine this hypothesis, three experimental manipulations were designed. The first situation was a replication of the main features of Schachter's study, while the second and third were intended to decrease the utility value of affiliation, and, at the same time to maintain or even increase the opportunity for social comparison. In these two new experimental conditions subjects were told that the shocks would be given immediately rather than deferred. In the third condition subjects were also told that their physiological reactions would be projected on a screen, so that they could be publicly compared with others. Consistent with the utility theory, results showed that these two latter fear conditions resulted in a marked decrease in the affiliation tendency for males but not females.
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Mingers, John. "A comparison of maturana's autopoietic social theory and giddens' theory of structuration." Systems Research 13, no. 4 (December 1996): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1735(199612)13:4<469::aid-sres81>3.0.co;2-i.

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Gerber, J. P., Ladd Wheeler, and Jerry Suls. "A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years on." Psychological Bulletin 144, no. 2 (February 2018): 177–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000127.

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Sherrard, Carol A. "Elderly Wellbeing and the Psychology of Social Comparison." Ageing and Society 14, no. 3 (September 1994): 341–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00001628.

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ABSTRACTTwenty-two elderly retired people were interviewed for their beliefs about the sources of wellbeing in old age. Manual and Professional social class responses were compared, controlling for age, gender and health status. Respondents' free discourse was characterised by spontaneous social comparisons of the self with other people. In Social Comparison Theory, these serve as a means of self-assessment or wellbeing-enhance-ment. The comparison statements were analysed by Direction, Target, Dimension, and Wellbeing Yield. Significant class differences were apparent. Both groups compared Downward with others on the Dimensions of ageing, longevity, keeping active, security, and money. The Manual group derived less wellbeing from their Downward comparisons, many of which focused on entitlement to money benefits. The Professional group made more Upward comparisons, focusing on the younger self as Target, and yielding neutral or negative wellbeing. The predominant Upward Dimensions were perceived cognitive and physical condition. The Professionals tended to rationalise cognitive decline, but neither group showed psychological defence against physical decline, using social comparison as a means to objective self-assessment rather than self-enhancement.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social comparison theory"

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Bruchmann, Kathryn Irene Gaetz. "Exploring the implications of construal level for social comparison theory." Diss., University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1555.

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This dissertation examines the relationship between two social psychological theories: Social Comparison Theory (Festinger, 1954) and Construal Level Theory (Liberman & Trope, 1998). More specifically, this research assesses how a person's level of mental abstraction (i.e., construal level) might influence the way social comparison information from individuals or aggregates is used to form self-evaluations. Typically, comparison information from individuals (versus information about aggregates) is given disproportionate weight when forming self-evaluations; in other words, there is a "local" (i.e., individual) dominance effect in the utilization of social comparison information (e.g., Zell & Alicke, 2010). It is predicted that with greater mental abstraction (i.e., higher construal level), this tendency will be reversed, and instead comparison information from aggregates will be relied upon more when evaluating the self. In other words, abstract mindsets (versus concrete mindsets) should result in a "global" (i.e., aggregate) dominance effect in the weighting of social comparison information. Six studies examine the influence of construal level on the use of aggregate versus individual social comparison information. Two pilot studies provide initial evidence that abstract mindsets lead to a global dominance effect. The generalizability of these effects is tested by providing comparison feedback on different tasks (Study 1 and Study 4), testing the influence of different construal mindset manipulations (Study 2), as well as manipulating the psychological distance (an antecedent of construal level; e.g., Trope and Liberman, 2003) of social comparison targets (Studies 3 - 4). Additionally, the relative weighting of individual versus aggregate comparison targets is directly tested by comparing self-evaluations with only aggregate comparison information, and with both aggregate and individual comparison information (Study 2 and Study 4). Results across all studies indicate that while social comparisons with better off or worse off targets typically result in robust effects, evidence of local dominance and effects of construal manipulations are much more subtle. Theoretical implications for Social Comparison Theory and Construal Level Theory and practical implications are discussed.
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Farsides, Thomas Lycan. "Self-esteem, social comparison and discrimination : a reappraisal and development of Tajfel's social identity theory." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/82/.

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Six main empirical studies are reported. Study 1 employed the "thinkaloud" procedure in the minimal group paradigm (MGP) and concludes that social categorization is insufficient to cause social identity or intergroup discrimination, and that no theoretical explanation of minimal group behaviour is adequate to explain the variety of strategies employed within that paradigm. Study 2 employed both "Tajfel matrices" and new "allocation grids" in the MGP and concludes that two distinct forms of intergroup discrimination need to be distinguished: one which maximizes in-group profit consistent with positive in-group distinctiveness, and another which maximizes positive in-group distinctiveness by accompanying in-group profit with out-group derogation. In Study 3 subjects completed three sets of Tajfel matrices in the MGP: individually, in "sub-groups" , then again individually. Mean intergroup discriminatory behaviour polarized and mean intergroup equitable behaviour depolarized between the first and the latter two conditions. The best account of the results was concluded to be a normative one. Study 4 demonstrated that the self-esteem hypothesis within social identity theory (SIT) is best tested using a state measure of specific social identity contingent self-esteem and concludes that this hypothesis has to date been both inadequately formulated and inadequately tested. Study 5 compared predictions from SIT with those from Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model concerning the consequences of social comparison outcomes and concludes that a modified version of the former theory is best able to account for the results obtained at both group and individual levels of comparison. Study 6 investigated a host of issues within SIT and concludes that the theory is too simplistic in respect of many of its key notions and propositions. A general discussion argues that a modified version of SIT can be developed which improves on Tajfel's "original" social identity theory by more adequately specifying the processes by which group phenomena are manifest.
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Betz, Andrew L. "Memory comparison theory : some preliminary evidence for the social distortion of memory /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487779439848882.

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Aldridge, Fiona Jane Psychology Faculty of Science UNSW. "The role of idealised image features in determining post-exposure body image and social comparisons." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Psychology, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41373.

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This research examined the role that idealised image characteristics have in determining post-exposure body image and amount of self-reported social comparisons. This was tested by exposing female undergraduate students to media-portrayed idealised images that varied in their level of relevance, salience, or attainability. A negative impact of these images was indicated by greater post-exposure body dissatisfaction and body size estimation inaccuracy. In contrast, a positive impact was considered to have occurred when body dissatisfaction decreased and body size estimation was more accurate. If the images had a neutral impact on body image, one would expect little difference between groups or over time. A further aim was to determine whether a higher level of trait tendency to compare was related to more negative responding at post-exposure. In addition, thin ideal internalisation and restraint were examined as possible moderators. Studies 1, 2a, 2b, and 3 indicated that idealised image relevance and salience had little differential impact on post-exposure body image. That is, exposure to thin idealised images, irrespective of the salience and relevance manipulations, resulted in similar post-exposure body dissatisfaction and body size estimation. In contrast to this, the attainability of the image seemed to influence post-exposure responding, at least in terms of body size estimation (Study 4). Higher trait tendency to compare was associated with a greater amount of self-reported comparison with the images, but had little impact on body image. Surprisingly, these results were not moderated by thin ideal internalisation or restraint. The role of individual differences was explored with additional analyses in Study 5, which revealed that, when the power is sufficient, thin ideal internalisation, restraint, and self-reported comparisons with the images predicted post-exposure body dissatisfaction, but not body size estimation. Overall, this program of research suggests that idealised image features do not play a vital differential role in determining post-exposure body image, unless it is the body itself that is being manipulated. Results from this research support the idea that the mere presence of an idealised body is sufficient to activate negative responses, and there was little, if any, evidence for the occurrence of positive responses. These findings are discussed in terms of social comparison and schema theory, and in terms of their practical implications.
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Howard, Dawn. "Supported employment versus day centre attendance : a comparison of the impact on the self-concept of people with learning disabilities." Thesis, Open University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390668.

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Roca, Gina-Maria. "Through the Lens of Objectification Theory: Social Media Use and Women's Behavioral Health." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7707.

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Background: Objectification theory considers how gender and culture intersect to position women at a greater risk of developing eating disorders, depression, and sexual dysfunction. Self-objectification is defined as the internalization of a third person perspective to view one’s own body, which then leads to mental health consequences of anxiety, body shame, insensitivity to internal drives, and decreased peak motivational states. Body surveillance, the habitual and constant monitoring of the body, denotes the behavioral manifestation of self-objectification. Altogether, the accumulation of objectifying experiences and mental health consequences heighten women’s risks of developing the aforementioned mental disorders. Rationale: Extant experimental and correlational research supports objectification theory, in particular regarding eating disorders and depression. Research into the effects of social media on mental health is a relatively new frontier, thus gaps exist in the current body of literature. This study endeavored to contribute to the existing research base by employing qualitative methods to impart women’s personal descriptions of the experience of self-objectification and its proposed consequences in relation to social media use. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of the study was to explore how women’s social media consumption contributes to self-objectification, body surveillance, appearance comparison, body shame, and appearance-based self-worth. Also, the study sought to understand if women perceived themselves differently when they were not using social media platforms. Methods: Fifteen women completed the Social Media Use and Activities Questionnaire and the in-depth, semi-structured interview. The questionnaire assessed women’s active social media accounts, frequency of social media use, and social media behaviors. The interview protocol contained questions designed to extract explanations of constructs from objectification theory such as self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame. A multilevel thematic data analysis was performed. Results: All of the individuals interviewed were heavy social media users based on the frequency of use (66.7% visit platforms several times daily), as well as the number of accounts operated (minimum of 4). Indicative of self-objectification and body surveillance, women emphasized the importance of how their physical appearance and body attributes are portrayed on social media sites. Also consistent with the definition of self-objectification, women expressed concerns about perceptions, reactions, and disapproval from others on social media regarding their physical appearance. Three additional modalities of body surveillance surfaced including: (1) using filters to enhance or modify the appearance of skin in pictures; (2) posing to accentuate facial features, hairstyles, and body attributes; and (3) women’s personal criteria regarding uploading and “tagging” of appearance-based pictures shared on social media. Findings strongly suggest women compare their physical appearances, features, and bodies to other women. Beauty ideals are determined by evaluating the number of individuals associated with other women’s social media accounts, as well as the distribution of ‘likes’ and positive comments written by people on their appearance-focused content. Five women recollected comparing their appearances and bodies to others, engaging in body surveillance, and feeling as if their own body and appearance failed to comply with beauty ideals, which then led to the experience of feeling body shame. Low self-esteem, depression, disordered eating, compulsive exercise, or bulimia nervosa were cited as reasons for deletion, temporary deactivation, or taking breaks from social media. Refraining from using social media was associated with feeling less pressured, engaging in less comparisons overall, being more mindful of the present moment, and relaxing standards for personal appearances. Conclusions: This study generated contextually rich, in-depth descriptions which illustrated women’s experiences with self-objectification, body surveillance, appearance comparisons, body shame, and appearance-based self-worth in the virtual world of social media. Based on results from this study, objectification theory is clearly applicable to women’s social media use and there is definitive need for future research to address the effects of social media consumption on mental health, particularly among younger generations. Meanwhile, primary prevention initiatives should educate people about the process of self-objectification and its associated consequences, as well as teach resistance strategies. Learning how to deconstruct media content, critically analyze others' online portrayals, and build self-esteem and self-worth may impede self-objectification and its negative mental health effects. Furthermore, public health campaigns should build upon the momentum of the body positivity movement. Known to young women as “BoPo,” this movement encourages women to see themselves as more than their bodies, inspires self-acceptance, and empowers them to be unapologetic and celebrate their body in its current form without adhering to societal beauty norms. These messages are instrumental to dismantling beauty ideals, exhibiting inclusivity of all body types, and mitigating the effects of sexual objectification of the female body.
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Kirst, Maritt. "The social construction of 'bad girls' as a social problem: A comparison of the claims-making activity of social problems experts and print journalists." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0002/MQ36708.pdf.

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Sterling, Christopher M. "A TALE OF TWO ENVYS: A SOCIAL NETWORK PERSPECTIVE ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF WORKPLACE SOCIAL COMPARISON." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/management_etds/5.

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My dissertation examines how individuals respond to workplace social comparisons. I measure the explicit set of referent others that individuals compare themselves against in order to evaluate their own level of performance. I examine how the social context of these comparisons impact discretionary performance related behaviors by examining how an individual’s position within a social network and the structural characteristics of an individual’s reference group influences the experience of discrete emotions. Specifically, I examine how malicious envy and benign envy mediate the relationship between social comparison and workplace behavior in a field setting. Results indicate that social network structure plays a significant role in motivating both productive and counterproductive responses to social comparison. Whether or not an employee responds to upward social comparisons by increasing their own work effort or engaging in deviant behavior is influenced by the experience of benign and malicious envy, which is in turn influencedby the network structure of reference groups. Furthermore, social network position plays a moderating role in the occurrence of workplace deviance by either enhancing or limiting the opportunities an employee has to engage in deviant behavior.
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Molnar, Amy. "Differences in Social, Teaching, and Cognitive presence: a comparison of two discussion formats in an online course." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429885926.

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Kibbe, Mackenzie R. "Factors Influencing the Relationship Between Instagram Use and Female Body Image Concern: An Extension of Objectification Theory." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu150048751624449.

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Books on the topic "Social comparison theory"

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Rationalities in history: A Weberian essay in comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Cultural and linguistic influence on developmental neural basis of theory of mind: Whorfian hypothesis revisited. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2009.

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The ability to mourn: Disillusionment and the social origins of psychoanalysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

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1958-, Fischer Agneta, and Manstead A. S. R, eds. Emotion in social relations: Cultural, group, and interpersonal processes. New York: Psychology Press, 2005.

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Information theory: Structural models for qualitative data. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1986.

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Information theory: Structural models for qualitative data. Beverly Hills, Calif: Sage Publications, 1986.

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Setola, Nicoletta, ed. Research tools for design. Spatial layout and patterns of users' behaviour. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-027-3.

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The publication proposes a critical reading of the results emerging from the Seminar organised in January 2010 by the Department of Architectural and Design Technology on research tools for the architectural project. The spatial layout of buildings and urban spaces influences behaviour and the relations of the users, and in this displays the social nature of the architectural function in comparison to other spheres of design. Space Syntax (theory, methodology and techniques for the analysis of complex systems) takes this theory as the basis for its research. The seminar, attended by leading academic and professional figures, offered the opportunity for exchange between its own research and the experiences carried forward by the Space Syntax research and consultancy group.
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Dondi, Cristina. Printing R-Evolution and Society 1450-1500. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-332-8.

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The volume contains a reassessment of the economic and social impact of the printing revolution on the development of early modern European society, using 15th-century printed books, which still survive today in their thousands, as historical sources. Papers on production, trade, the cost of books in comparison with the cost of living, literacy, the transmission of texts in print, and the use and circulation of books and illustration are the result of several years of international, collaborative, and multidisciplinary research coordinated by the 15cBOOKTRADE project funded by an ERC Consolidator grant (2014-2019) and supported by the Consortium of European Research Libraries.
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Teratologies: A cultural study of cancer. London: Routledge, 1997.

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Zhukova, Galina. Mathematical methods for management decisions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1084987.

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The purpose of this manual is to help students to master basic concepts and research methods used in the theory of optimal control. The foundations of mathematical modeling. Systematic mathematical methods for managerial decision-making in linear, nonlinear and dynamic problems of optimal socio-economic processes. Each section contains numerous examples of the application of these methods to solve applied problems. Much attention is paid to comparison of the proposed methods, a proper choice of study design problems, case studies and analysis of complex situations that arise in the study of these topics theory of decision-making, methods of optimal control. It is recommended that teachers, students and graduate students studying advanced mathematics.
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Book chapters on the topic "Social comparison theory"

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Gerber, J. P. "Social Comparison Theory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 5004–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1182.

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Gerber, J. P. "Social Comparison Theory." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1182-1.

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Powdthavee, Nattavudh. "Social Comparison Theory." In Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 6028–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2740.

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Buunk, Bram P., and Frederick X. Gibbons. "Toward an Enlightenment in Social Comparison Theory." In Handbook of Social Comparison, 487–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_22.

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Suls, Jerry, and Ladd Wheeler. "A Selective History of Classic and Neo-Social Comparison Theory." In Handbook of Social Comparison, 3–19. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_1.

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Hayashi, Takashi. "Welfare Comparison and Fairness." In Microeconomic Theory for the Social Sciences, 459–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3541-0_30.

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Betsinger, Tracy K., Sharon N. DeWitte, Hedy M. Justus, and Amanda M. Agnew. "Frailty, Survivorship, and Stress in Medieval Poland: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Populations." In Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, 223–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53417-2_9.

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De Stefano, Domenico. "Spectral Graph Theory Tools for Social Network Comparison." In Classification and Multivariate Analysis for Complex Data Structures, 145–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13312-1_14.

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Goethals, George R., and John M. Darley. "Social Comparison Theory: Self-Evaluation and Group Life." In Theories of Group Behavior, 21–47. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_2.

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Kraemer, Justin, and Chao C. Chen. "Cultural Differences in Resource Exchange at the Workplace: A Sino-US Comparison." In Handbook of Social Resource Theory, 283–300. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4175-5_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social comparison theory"

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Yang, Wen-Chi, Yuh-Huey Lee, and Kuo-Shih Yang. "Modeling the Impact of Social Comparison on Student Engagement by the Equity Theory." In The 2020 Conference on Artificial Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00343.

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Grissa, Karim. "How the 'uses and gratifications' theory explains the usage of professional networking sites: comparison between individual members and companies members." In 2017 International Conference On Social Media, Wearable And Web Analytics (Social Media). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/socialmedia.2017.8057359.

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Kim, Dan J., Brandon Phillps, and Young U. Ryu. "Impact of Perceived Risk, Perceived Controllability, and Security Self-Efficacy on Secure Intention from Social Comparison Theory Perspective." In 2018 National Cyber Summit (NCS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ncs.2018.00014.

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"Between China and West: Comparison of Liang Qichao and Cai Yuanpei's Educational Thoughts——Take "Xinmin Theory" and "Five Education Simultaneous Development" as examples." In 2020 International Conference on Social Science and Education Research. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0001699.

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Greineder, Michael, and Niklas Leicht. "Agile leadership - a comparison of agile leadership styles." In Enabling Technology for a Sustainable Society. University of Maribor Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-362-3.19.

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Leadership has been the focus of research in the social sciences since the early 1930s. However, no generally valid theory exists to date. In recent years, theories relating to agile leadership have also increasingly emerged. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current state of research on agile leadership. For this purpose, a systematic literature analysis is conducted. The different terms used in the context of agile leadership are restricted by means of selection criteria. Furthermore, characteristics of agile leadership will be analyzed and consolidated. This results in a catalogue of criteria with which the selected leadership styles. The evaluation shows that there are overlaps in the styles, which also can be identified in the research.
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Grossi, Davide, Wiebe van der Hoek, and Louwe B. Kuijer. "Logics of Preference when There Is No Best." In 17th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2020}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2020/46.

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Well-behaved preferences (e.g., total pre-orders) are a cornerstone of several areas in artificial intelligence, from knowledge representation, where preferences typically encode likelihood comparisons, to both game and decision theories, where preferences typically encode utility comparisons. Yet weaker (e.g., cyclical) structures of comparison have proven important in a number of areas, from argumentation theory to tournaments and social choice theory. In this paper we provide logical foundations for reasoning about this type of preference structures where no obvious best elements may exist. Concretely, we compare and axiomatize a number of ways in which the concepts of maximality and optimality can be generalized in this general class of preferences. We thereby expand the scope of the long-standing tradition of the logical analysis of preference.
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Song, Feng, Yang Meng, and Miao Zeng. "The Shaping Process of Urban Form Under a Socialist System: Townscape Diversity and its Formation in Sanlitun, Beijing." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5690.

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The difference between socio-economic systems is an important factor in the diversity of urban form. M. R. G. Conzen (1960) established a framework for urban morphology in the context of a British social system and culture. It was suggested that this did not necessarily apply to cities affected by revolutionary planning measures. China, which is markedly different in social system and culture from Britain by most standards qualifies as revolutionary, at least in the post-war period. Sanlitun in Beijing, China, is an interesting case for comparison with British cities. It was a site containing few buildings during the initial stage of new China, but subsequently became the ‘Second Embassy District’ where many embassies gathered. Now it has become a commercial core district and cultural meeting place of Westerners and Chinese. The townscape of Sanlitun, which has experienced a number of socialist construction periods reveals the process of changing urban form under a socialist system. Identifying morphological periods, the changing process of townscape development in Sanlitun is articulated. Morphological units are delimited. They clarify the variations in Sanlitun’s landscapes and their formation. Based on these, this paper reflects on the shaping process of townscape under different socio-cultural systems, and further considers the universality, applicability and particularities of Conzenian theory.
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Nikolić, Nataša. "THE EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT OF THE FAMILY FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF TALCOTT PARSONS` STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY IN COMPARISON WITH SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERN FAMILY." In SCIENCE AND TEACHING IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT. FACULTY OF EDUCATION IN UŽICE, UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/stec20.231n.

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Today, there are numerous theories about the family and each of these theories approaches the basic issues of the family in a specific way. This paper deals specifically with the structural functionalistic view of the family, and since Talcott Parsons was one of its most important representatives, attention is focused on his approach to the family. The aim of our paper is to try to give a critical review of how Parsons saw the family, its functions, structure, roles, relationships between its members, the values ​​it aspired to, i.e. to look at the whole educational context of such a family. Also, we will try to compare the basic assumptions of his theory with some dominant characteristics of the functioning of a modern, i.e. to assess whether the so-called. ideological familism continues to sustain in the manner and functioning of the family of Western society. We came to the conclusion that despite the general social aspirations for the family to be based on democratic relations, much of what was characteristic of the family in the middle of the last century remains unchanged in practice, and some things are even intensified. The construct of intensive parenting was noticed as a big problem because it creates unrealistic demands for both parents and children.
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Ross, Rachel, Katherine Rouen, and Jesse Austin-Breneman. "Extending Lead User Theory to Participatory Co-Design: A Case Study in a Base of the Pyramid Context." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86009.

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New product development (NPD) presents a number of challenges to engineering teams designing for the base of the economic pyramid (BoP). Existing design methods may not be appropriate for the unique operating context. In response to these differences, product design teams and researchers have turned to participatory design as an approach to designing with people in emerging communities to address the main failure mode identified in past BoP projects, namely the misidentification of user needs. Past research and experience has demonstrated that identifying users to engage in participatory co-design is challenging and effectively selecting the right user is critical for a successful project. This study examines whether Urban and Von Hippel’s Lead User Theory could be effective in NPD processes for BoP markets. This work explores extending Lead User Theory to participatory co-design projects in a BoP context using a case study of an improved cook stove design in Gujarat, India. A comparison of themes drawn from qualitative analysis of stakeholder interviews to Von Hippel’s Lead User Theory illustrates possible changes to the lead user concept to account for the BoP context. Results suggest that being “ahead of trend” is not critical to participatory co-design success. An extended model which includes an expanded definition of expected benefit, design communication skills, and access to user preferences through a social network could help identify “lead users” for participatory co-design projects in BoP contexts.
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"Autoethnography of the Cultural Competence Exhibited at an African American Weekly Newspaper Organization." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4187.

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[This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the 2019 issue of the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, Volume 16] Aim/Purpose: Little is known of the cultural competence or leadership styles of a minority owned newspaper. This autoethnography serves to benchmark one early 1990s example. Background: I focused on a series of flashbacks to observe an African American weekly newspaper editor-in-chief for whom I reported to 25 years ago. In my reflections I sought to answer these questions: How do minorities in entrepreneurial organizations view their own identity, their cultural competence? What degree of this perception is conveyed fairly and equitably in the community they serve? Methodology: Autoethnography using both flashbacks and article artifacts applied to the leadership of an early 1990s African American weekly newspaper. Contribution: Since a literature gap of minority newspaper cultural competence examples is apparent, this observation can serve as a benchmark to springboard off older studies like that of Barbarin (1978) and that by examining the leadership styles and editorial authenticity as noted by The Chicago School of Media Theory (2018), these results can be used for comparison to other such minority owned publications. Findings: By bringing people together, mixing them up, and conducting business any other way than routine helped the Afro-American Gazette, Grand Rapids, proudly display a confidence sense of cultural competence. The result was a potentiating leadership style, and this style positively changed the perception of culture, a social theory change example. Recommendations for Practitioners: For the minority leaders of such publications, this example demonstrates effective use of potentiating leadership to positively change the perception of the quality of such minority owned newspapers. Recommendations for Researchers: Such an autoethnography could be used by others to help document other examples of cultural competence in other minority owned newspapers. Impact on Society: The overall impact shows that leadership at such minority owned publications can influence the community into a positive social change example. Future Research: Research in the areas of culture competence, leadership, within minority owned newspapers as well as other minority alternative publications and websites can be observed with a focus on what works right as well as examples that might show little social change model influence. The suggestion is to conduct the research while employed if possible, instead of relying on flashbacks.
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Reports on the topic "Social comparison theory"

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Markova, Ivana, and Cristina Azocar. Fashion Magazines and Social Media. Do they work together or against each other to influence body image and social comparison in men? Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1925.

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Martínez, Déborah, Cristina Parilli, Carlos Scartascini, and Alberto Simpser. Let's (Not) Get Together!: The Role of Social Norms in Social Distancing during COVID-19. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003044.

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While effective preventive measures against COVID-19 are now widely known, many individuals fail to adopt them. This paper provides experimental evidence about one potentially important driver of compliance with social distancing: social norms. We asked each of 23,000 survey respondents in Mexico to predict how a fictional person would behave when faced with the choice about whether or not to attend a friend's birthday gathering. Every respondent was randomly assigned to one of four social norms conditions. Expecting that other people would attend the gathering and/or believing that other people approved of attending the gathering both increased the predicted probability that the fictional character would attend the gathering by 25% in comparison with a scenario where other people were not expected to attend nor to approve of attending. Our results speak to the potential effects of communication campaigns and media coverage of, compliance with, and normative views about COVID-19 preventive measures. They also suggest that policies aimed at modifying social norms or making existing ones salient could impact compliance.
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Crawford, Claire, and Ellen Greaves. A comparison of commonly used socio-economic indicators: their relationship to educational disadvantage and relevance to Teach First. Institute for Fiscal Studies, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2013.0079.

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Clark, Andrew E. Demography and well-being. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.deb02.

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Demography studies the characteristics of populations. One such characteristic is well-being: this was the subject of the 2019 Wittgenstein Conference. Here, I discuss how objective well-being domains can be summarised to produce an overall well-being score, and how taking self-reported (subjective) well-being into account may help in this effort. But given that there is more than one type of subjective well-being score, we would want to know which one is “best”. We would also need to decide whose well-being counts, or counts more than that of others. Finally, I briefly mention the potential role of adaptation and social comparisons in the calculation of societal well-being.
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Kud, A. A. Figures and Tables. Reprinted from “Comprehensive сlassification of virtual assets”, A. A. Kud, 2021, International Journal of Education and Science, 4(1), 52–75. KRPOCH, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26697/reprint.ijes.2021.1.6.a.kud.

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Figure. Distributed Ledger Token Accounting System. Figure. Subjects of Social Relations Based on the Decentralized Information Platform. Figure. Derivativeness of a Digital Asset. Figure. Semantic Features of the Concept of a “Digital Asset” in Economic and Legal Aspects. Figure. Derivativeness of Polyassets and Monoassets. Figure. Types of Tokenized Assets Derived from Property. Figure. Visual Representation of the Methods of Financial and Management Accounting of Property Using Various Types of Tokenized Assets. Figure. Visual Representation of the Classification of Virtual Assets Based on the Complexity of Their Nature. Table. Comparison of Properties of Various Types of Virtual Assets of the Distributed Ledger Derivative of the Original Asset. Table. Main Properties and Parameters of Types of Tokenized Assets. Table. Classification of Virtual Assets as Tools for Implementing the Methods of Financial and Management Accounting of Property.
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Erulkar, Annabel, and Erica Chong. Evaluation of a savings and micro-credit program for vulnerable young women in Nairobi. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1010.

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Tap and Reposition Youth (TRY) was a four-year initiative undertaken by the Population Council and K-Rep Development Agency to reduce adolescents’ vulnerabilities to adverse social and reproductive health outcomes by improving livelihoods options. The project targeted out-of-school adolescent girls and young women aged 16–22 residing in low-income and slum areas of Nairobi. TRY used a modified group-based micro-finance model to extend integrated savings, credit, business support, and mentoring to out-of-school adolescents and young women. A longitudinal study of participants was conducted with a matched comparison group identified through cross-sectional community-based studies, undertaken at baseline and endline to enable an assessment of changes associated with the project. This report states that 326 participants and their controls were interviewed at baseline and 222 pairs were interviewed at endline. The results suggest that rigorous micro-finance models may be appropriate for a subset of girls, especially those who are older and less vulnerable. The impact on noneconomic indicators is less clear. Additional experimentation and adaptation is required to develop livelihoods models that acknowledge and respond to the particular situation of adolescent girls.
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Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0074.

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South Africa is a country with significant socio-economic development challenges, with the majority of South Africans having limited or non-existent access to basic infrastructure, services, housing and socio-economic opportunities etc. The urban housing backlog currently exceeds 2.4 million houses, with many families living in informal settlements. The Breaking New Grounds Policy, 2014 for the creation of sustainable human settlements, acknowledges the challenges facing human settlements, such as, decreasing human settlements grants allocation, increasing housing backlog, mushrooming of informal settlements and urbanisation. The White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), 2019 notes that South Africa has not yet fully benefited from the potential of STI in addressing the socio-economic challenges and seeks to support the circular economy principles which entail a systematic change of moving to a zero or low waste resource-efficient society. Further to this, the Science and Technology Roadmap’s intention is to unlock the potential of South Africa’s human settlements for a decent standard of living through the smart uptake of science, technology and innovation. One such novel technology is the Three-Dimensional (3D) printing technology, which has produced numerous incredible structures around the world. 3D printing is a computer-controlled industrial manufacturing process which encompasses additive means of production to create 3D shapes. The effects of such a technology have a potential to change the world we live in and could subsequently pave the roadmap to improve on housing delivery and reduce the negative effects of conventional construction methods on the environment. To this end, the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), in partnership with the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI) and the University of Johannesburg (UJ) hosted the second virtual IID seminar titled: Exploring the Prospects of Using 3D Printing Technology in the South African Human Settlements, on 01 March 2021 to explore the potential use of 3D printing technology in human settlements. The webinar presented preliminary findings from a study conducted by UJ, addressing the following topics: 1. The viability of 3D printing technology 2. Cost comparison of 3D printed house to conventional construction 3. Preliminary perceptions on 3D printing of houses Speakers included: Dr Jennifer Mirembe (NDoHS), Dr Jeffrey Mahachi, Mr Refilwe Lediga, Mr Khululekani Ntakana and Dr Luxien Ariyan, all from UJ. There was a unanimous consensus that collaborative efforts from all stakeholders are key to take advantage of this niche technology. @ASSAf_Official; @dsigovza; @go2uj; @The_DHS; #SA 3D_Printing; #3D Print_Housing; #IID
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Monetary Policy Report - October 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr4.-2020.

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Recent data suggest that the technical staff’s appraisals of the condition and development of economic activity, inflation and the labor market have been in line with current trends, marked by a decline in demand and the persistence of ample excess productive capacity. A significant projected fall in output materialized in the second quarter, contributing to a decline in inflation below the 3% target and reflected in a significant deterioration of the labor market. A slow recovery in output and employment is expected to continue for the remainder of 2020 and into next year, alongside growing inflation that should remain below the target. The Colombian economy is likely to undergo a significant recession in 2020 (GDP contraction of 7.6%), though this may be less severe than projected in the previous report (-8.5%). Output is expected to have begun a slow recovery in the second half of this year, though it is not projected to return to pre-pandemic levels in 2021 amid significant global uncertainty. The output decline in the first half of 2020 was less severe than anticipated, thanks to an upward revision in first-quarter GDP and a smaller contraction in the second quarter (-15.5%) than had been projected (-16.5%). Available economic indicators suggest an annual decline in GDP in the third quarter of around 9%. No significant acceleration of COVID-19 cases that would imply a tightening of social distancing measures is presumed for the remainder of this year or in 2021. In that context, a gradual opening of the economy would be expected to continue, with supply in sectors that have been most affected by the pandemic recovering slowly as restrictions on economic activity continue to be relaxed. On the spending side, an improvement in consumer confidence, suppressed demand for goods and services, low interest rates, and higher expected levels of foreign demand should contribute to a recovery in output. A low base of comparison would also help explain the expected increase in GDP in 2021. Based on the conditions laid out above, economic growth in 2020 is expected to be between -9% and -6.5%, with a central value of -7.6%. Growth in 2021 is projected to be between 3% and 7%, with a central value of 4.6% (Graph 1.1). Upward revisions compared to the July report take into account a lower-than-expected fall in first-semester growth and a somewhat faster recovery in the third quarter in some sectors. The forecast intervals for 2020 and 2021 growth tightened somewhat but continue to reflect a high degree of uncertainty over theevolution of the pandemic, the easures required to deal with it, and their effects on global and domestic economic activity.
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