Journal articles on the topic 'Social Cognitive Domain Theory'
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1
Heyes, C. M. "Theory of mind and other domain-specific hypotheses." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 6 (December 2001): 1143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01270149.
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The commentators do not contest the target article's claim that there is no compelling evidence of theory of mind in primates, and recent empirical studies further support this view. If primates lack theory of mind, they may still have other behavior control mechanisms that are adaptive in complex social environments. The Somatic Marker Mechanism (SMM) is a candidate, but the SMM hypothesis postulates a much weaker effect of natural selection on social cognition than the theory of mind hypothesis (on inputs to cognitive mechanisms, not on the mechanisms themselves), and there is currently no evidence that it is specific to social stimuli or to primates. “Two Guesser” training would make the goggles test too chauvinistic, and in its current form the goggles problem could not be solved by physical matching because, while wearing goggles, an individual cannot see itself seeing.
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Lee, Sara-Ann, Keane Lim, Max Lam, and Jimmy Lee. "M67. UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL COGNITION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA THROUGH THE LENS OF SCHIZOTYPY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S160—S161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.379.
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Abstract Background Social cognitive deficits are common, detectable across a wide range of tasks and appear to play a key role in influencing poor functioning in schizophrenia. Despite its importance as a treatment target, the factors that underlie social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia remains elusive. Schizotypy appears to be one such factor that can explain the variability in social cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. The study’s primary aim was to provide a more comprehensive understanding of social cognitive functioning and its relationship to schizotypy. Methods 108 patients and 70 healthy controls completed nine tasks across 4 social cognitive domains based on the SCOPE study. In addition, all participants completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. Clinical symptoms were also rated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Results Theory of Mind, social perception, emotion processing and attribution bias were measured in patients with schizophrenia (n = 108) and healthy controls (n = 70). A social cognition composite score was calculated using principal components analysis. Cluster analysis on the derived factor scores revealed 3 clusters. Multiple univariate ANOVAS with Bonferroni correction were used to examine differences between the 3 clusters on each of the 4 social cognition domain scores, which indicated that higher social cognitive performance was related to lower schizotypy. In addition, results indicated that despite differences in the social cognitive performance among patients in the 3 clusters, they did not differ in clinical outcome measures. Discussion The primary aim of the study was to address gaps in the current literature by examining the relationship between social cognition and schizotypy. This study built upon past studies which had the tendency to focus on single, discrete domains by comparing the social cognitive performance of patients and controls using an extensive battery of tests, indexing four social cognitive domains. The significant differences on total SPQ score and the SPQ domain scores between the various clusters, coupled with the significant correlations between schizotypy and social cognition, reinforces the utility of schizotypy in refining our understanding of the variation in the degree of social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. In conclusion, this study substantiates the importance of understanding the relationship between social cognition and schizotypy. This could support and pave the way for the development and implementation of targeted social cognitive interventions catered to the patients’ level of deficit.
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Smith, Allison, and Amy Milson. "Social Cognitive Career Theory and Adults with Psychiatric Disabilities: Bringing Theory to Practice." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.42.3.20.
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Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is an appropriate framework for conceptualizing career development among adults with psychiatric disabilities, but few practical ideas have been provided in professional literature for intervening within this framework. In order to translate client interests into realistic goals, vocational rehabilitation counselors should explore both the work-related self-efficacy beliefs and the perceived employment barriers experienced by these individuals. Research supports the use of interventions and assessments that target the population of interest and the specific task or domain of interest. Examples of interventions specific to individuals with psychiatric disabilities will illustrate the practical application of SCCT within appropriate context and population considerations by integrating aspects of the theory.
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Chalah, Moussa A., and Samar S. Ayache. "Deficits in Social Cognition: An Unveiled Signature of Multiple Sclerosis." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 266–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617716001156.
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AbstractBackground and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, representing the primary cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults. Cognitive dysfunction can affect patients at any time during the disease process and might alter the six core functional domains. Social cognition is a multi-component construct that includes the theory of mind, empathy and social perception of emotions from facial, bodily and vocal cues. Deficits in this cognitive faculty might have a drastic impact on interpersonal relationships and quality of life (QoL). Although exhaustive data exist for non-social cognitive functions in MS, only a little attention has been paid for social cognition. The objectives of the present work are to reappraise the definition and anatomy of social cognition and evaluate the integrity of this domain across MS studies. We will put special emphasis on neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies concerning social cognitive performance in MS. Methods:Studies were selected in conformity with PRISMA guidelines. We looked for computerized databases (PubMed, Medline, and Scopus) that index peer-reviewed journals to identify published reports in English and French languages that mention social cognition and multiple sclerosis, regardless of publication year. We combined keywords as follows: (facial emotion or facial expression or emotional facial expressions or theory of mind or social cognition or empathy or affective prosody) AND multiple sclerosis AND (MRI or functional MRI or positron emission tomography or functional imaging or structural imaging). We also scanned references from articles aiming to get additional relevant studies. Results: In total, 26 studies matched the abovementioned criteria (26 neuropsychological studies including five neuroimaging studies). Available data support the presence of social cognitive deficits even at early stages of MS. The increase in disease burden along with the “multiple disconnection syndrome” resulting from gray and white matters pathology might exceed the “threshold for cerebral tolerance” and can manifest as deficits in social cognition. Admitting the impact of the latter on patients’ social functioning, a thorough screening for such deficits is crucial to improving patients’ QoL. (JINS, 2017, 23, 266–286)
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BOYER, PASCAL, and MICHAEL BANG PETERSEN. "The naturalness of (many) social institutions: evolved cognition as their foundation." Journal of Institutional Economics 8, no. 1 (June 21, 2011): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137411000300.
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Abstract:Most standard social science accounts only offer limited explanations of institutional design, i.e. why institutions have common features observed in many different human groups. Here we suggest that these features are best explained as the outcome of evolved human cognition, in such domains as mating, moral judgment and social exchange. As empirical illustrations, we show how this evolved psychology makes marriage systems, legal norms and commons management systems intuitively obvious and compelling, thereby ensuring their occurrence and cultural stability. We extend this to propose under what conditions institutions can become ‘natural’, compelling and legitimate, and outline probable paths for institutional change given human cognitive dispositions. Explaining institutions in terms of these exogenous factors also suggests that a general theory of institutions as such is neither necessary nor in fact possible. What are required are domain-specific accounts of institutional design in different domains of evolved cognition.
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Tesser, Abraham. "On the Confluence of Self-Esteem Maintenance Mechanisms." Personality and Social Psychology Review 4, no. 4 (November 2000): 290–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_1.
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A case is made for the substitutability of self-esteem regulation mechanisms such as cognitive dissonance reduction, self-affirmation, and social comparison. For example, a threat to self via cognitive dissonance might be reduced by a favorable social comparison outcome. To explain substitution, it is suggested that self-esteem regulation mechanisms inevitably produce affect and that affect mediates the completion of various self-esteem regulation processes. Substitution can be understood in terms of the transfer of affect from the initial mechanism to the substitute mechanism. To be effective, this transfer must take place without awareness. Also discussed is the substitution of self-esteem regulation mechanisms across different self-domains versus within a single self-domain. Current theory suggests that substitution might be more effective within domain; that is, it is better to bolster the aspect of self that has been threatened. It is suggested here, however, that substitution across self-domain might be relatively resilient and easier to accomplish.
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Thenmozhi, C. "Models of Metacognition." Shanlax International Journal of Education 7, no. 2 (March 17, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/education.v7i2.303.
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Thinking is a common process. Cognitive ability includes knowledge, memory and metacognition. Knowledge requires memory. These two are inextricably linked. Parents and teachers need to encourage children to take an active role in their learning and show them how to use what they know to the best advantage. Cognition is primarily a mental process. A successful theory of cognition would answer both the epistemological and biological questions. The purpose is to put forward a theory of cognition, that should provide an epistemological insight into the phenomenon of cognition. The concept of metacognition involves knowledge and control of self and control of the process. A metacognitive process consists of planning, strategies, knowledge, monitoring, evaluating and terminating. The Automation of Cognitive and Metacognitive Processes, Social and Emotional aspects of Metacognition, Domain General Versus domain specific Metacognitive Skills. Mata cognition, Intelligence and adaptive behaviour, Ann Brown distinguished between knowledge about cognition and regulation of cognition, Private Speech and Development of Metacognition is the models of metacognition.
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Wakabayashi, Akio, Junko Sasaki, and Youji Ogawa. "Sex Differences in Two Fundamental Cognitive Domains." Journal of Individual Differences 33, no. 1 (January 2012): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000058.
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Prior research indicates that, on average, females are superior at tasks concerned with the social cognitive domain, whereas males are superior at tasks concerned with physical cognitive domains. The empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory explains these differences by proposing two independent cognitive drives: empathizing and systemizing. The present study explores sex differences and the relationship between these cognitive domains. Participants were 267 elementary school children (mean age = 9.8) and 102 university students (mean age = 20.7) who performed two tasks: the Eyes test and the intuitive physics test. Results showed that females scored higher than males on the Eyes test in both participant groups, whereas no marked sex differences appeared in the intuitive physics test. Distributions of cognitive styles, derived from performance differences in the two tasks, showed marked sex differences, and correlations between performances in the two tasks were near zero in both groups, were consistent with E-S theory.
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Parke, Elyse M., Megan L. Becker, Stacey J. Graves, Abigail R. Baily, Michelle G. Paul, Andrew J. Freeman, and Daniel N. Allen. "Social Cognition in Children With ADHD." Journal of Attention Disorders 25, no. 4 (December 13, 2018): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054718816157.
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Objective: Despite evidence of social skill deficits in children with ADHD, there is no consensus regarding a social cognitive profile and whether these skills predict behavior. Therefore, a comprehensive battery was used to investigate the relationship between social cognition and behavioral functioning. Method: Children ages 7 to 13 with ADHD ( n = 25) and controls ( n = 25) completed tests assessing social cognitive domains (affect recognition and theory of mind [ToM]). Parents completed measures of social cognition (pragmatic language ability and empathy), behavioral symptoms, and adaptive functioning. Results: Children with ADHD performed significantly worse on measures of cognitive ToM and affect recognition and received lower ratings of pragmatic language and cognitive empathy than typically developing peers. These domains, particularly pragmatic language, predicted parent ratings of problematic and adaptive behaviors. Conclusion: Results establish a relationship between specific social cognitive abilities and daily functioning, which has implications for treatment.
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Charlton, Bruce G. "Theory of mind and the “somatic marker mechanism” (SMM)." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 6 (December 2001): 1141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01250146.
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The “somatic marker mechanism” (SMM; Damasio 1994) is proposed as the cognitive and neural basis of the theory of mind mechanism. The SMM evolved for evaluating the intentions, dispositions, and relationships of conspecifics; hence, it is adaptive in the social domain. It is predicted that chimpanzees will indeed have theory of mind (ToM) ability, but that this will be socially domain-specific. Domain-general ToM will be found only in primates with abstract, symbolic language (adult humans). Putative ToM tests require revision in the light of these distinctions.
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Bechi, M., M. Bosia, M. Spangaro, M. Buonocore, F. Cocchi, A. Pigoni, M. Piantanida, et al. "Combined social cognitive and neurocognitive rehabilitation strategies in schizophrenia: neuropsychological and psychopathological influences on Theory of Mind improvement." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 15 (June 11, 2015): 3147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001129.
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BackgroundNeurocognitive and social cognitive impairments represent important treatment targets in schizophrenia, as they are significant predictors of functional outcome. Different rehabilitative interventions have recently been developed, addressing both cognitive and psychosocial domains. Although promising, results are still heterogeneous and predictors of treatment outcome are not yet identified. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of two newly developed social cognitive interventions, respectively based on the use of videotaped material and comic strips, combined with domain-specific Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT). We also analysed possible predictors of training outcome, including basal neurocognitive performance, the degree of cognitive improvement after CRT and psychopathological variables.MethodSeventy-five patients with schizophrenia treated with CRT, were randomly assigned to: social cognitive training (SCT) group, Theory of Mind Intervention (ToMI) group, and active control group (ACG).ResultsANOVAs showed that SCT and ToMI groups improved significantly in ToM measures, whereas the ACG did not. We reported no influences of neuropsychological measures and improvement after CRT on changes in ToM. Both paranoid and non-paranoid subjects improved significantly after ToMI and SCT, without differences between groups, despite the better performance in basal ToM found among paranoid patients. In the ACG only non-paranoid patients showed an improvement in non-verbal ToM.ConclusionResults showed that both ToMI and SCT are effective in improving ToM in schizophrenia with no influence of neuropsychological domains. Our data also suggest that paranoid symptoms may discriminate between different types of ToM difficulties in schizophrenia.
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Nelson, Katherine. "The name game updated." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 6 (December 2001): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01330133.
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Bloom's domain general theory remains strictly cognitive and individualistic. By ignoring the contribution of social interaction and collective construction of concepts, he fails to solve the word learning problem.
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Thibaudeau, Élisabeth, William Pothier, Andréanne Lavoie, Mélissa Turcotte, Amélie M. Achim, Chantal Vallières, Marc-André Roy, and Caroline Cellard. "M59. THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN THEORY OF MIND AND NEUROCOGNITION IN RECENT ONSET PSYCHOSIS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.371.
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Abstract Background Deficits in theory of mind (ToM), the ability to infer the mental states of others, are common in psychotic disorders and are associated with functioning difficulties. While ToM is a social cognitive process, several neurocognitive processes are involved when inferring the mental states of others. A better understanding of the associations between ToM and neurocognitive domains could help better target treatment for ToM in schizophrenia. A recent meta-analysis has revealed that all neurocognitive domains are moderately associated with ToM in schizophrenia, but very few studies have looked at these associations in recent onset psychosis. These studies showed associations between ToM and speed of processing, episodic memory and executive functions although few neurocognitive domains have been assessed in each study. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between ToM and the key neurocognitive domains in recent onset psychosis. Methods These results are part of a larger study that aimed to determine the cognitive predictors of return to work or school in recent onset psychosis. Twenty-seven recent onset psychosis patients were recruited for this study, with a mean age of 24.9 years. The clinical assessment included the Combined Stories Test for ToM and the Matrics Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) for neurocognition. The MCCB assesses the key cognitive domains relevant for schizophrenia, including attention/vigilance, speed of processing, working memory, verbal learning, visual learning, reasoning/problem solving and social cognition. Pearson correlations were conducted between the ToM scores of the Combined Stories Test and each neurocognitive domain of the MCCB. Results Correlations revealed a moderate to strong association between ToM and working memory (r = 0.443, p = 0.021), visual learning (r = 0.493, p = 0.009) and verbal learning (r = 0.443, p = 0.021). The correlations between ToM and attention/vigilance, speed of processing and reasoning/problem solving were not significant (p > 0.05). Discussion This is the first study that has assessed the associations between ToM and the neurocognitive domains of the MCCB in recent onset psychosis. This study did not show association between ToM and speed of processing nor executive functions, but rather with working memory and learning. These contradictory results could be explained by the large heterogeneity of tasks used across studies, particularly ToM tasks that often present with psychometric limitations such as ceiling effect. Learning processes highlighted here should be considered in the understanding of the therapeutic response following a cognitive remediation therapy for ToM in recent onset psychosis.
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Papsuev, O., M. Minyaycheva, L. Movina, and I. Gurovich. "Social cognition across stages and forms of schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): s260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.664.
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IntroductionSocial cognition is considered as a main predictor of functional outcomes and a candidate for endophenotype of schizophrenia. We hypothesize that social cognition capacities follow the course of schizophrenia as a progredient disorder.ObjectiveTo investigate social cognition across different groups of patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.AimsTo evaluate social cognitive impairments in patients with first episode psychoses (FEP), chronic schizophrenia (CS) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD).MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 71 patients with FEP, CS and SSD were assessed with a battery of clinical and social cognitive tests. Three key social cognitive domains were assessed: emotion perception, Theory of Mind and attributional style.ResultsPatients with schizoaffective disorder and schizotypal disorder showed better scores in Hinting task (mean ranks: 47.0 and 39.9 respectively) than patients with less favourable forms of schizophrenia (mean ranks: 24.7 and 30.2 respectively) (P = 0.003). Patients with FEP showed better results in Hinting task (18.1 ± 2.4) versus CS patients (17.4 ± 2.0) (P < 0.05). No differences in emotion perception (Ekman-60 task) among FEP and CS patients were detected. Patients with schizoaffective disorder showed better scores in emotional processing comparing to all forms of schizophrenia patients (mean ranks 49.1 vs. 30.1, 34.5, 28.0, P < 0.05). No significant differences in attributional style were registered.ConclusionsEmotion perception and Theory of Mind domains show different level of impairment across FEP and CS patients and across forms of schizophrenia. Further longitudinal studies to establish how social cognition domains mirror the course and severity of schizophrenia and SSD are needed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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MacDonald, Kevin. "An Integrative Evolutionary Perspective on Ethnicity." Politics and the Life Sciences 20, no. 1 (March 2001): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400005189.
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This paper integrates several different but mutually consistent evolutionary approaches to ethnicity: genetic similarity theory, social identity theory, individualism/collectivism, an evolved racial/ethnic human kinds module, and rational choice mechanisms relying on domain general cognitive mechanisms. These theories are consistent with each other, and together they illustrate the interplay of evolved cognitive and motivational systems with mechanisms of rational choice that are able to choose adaptive strategies in uncertain, novel environments.
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Annoni, Jean-Marie, Hannelore Lee-Jahnke, and Annegret Sturm. "Neurocognitive Aspects of Translation." La traduction : formation, compétences, recherches 57, no. 1 (October 10, 2012): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1012743ar.
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Translation is at the centre of many cognitive domains such as pedagogy, linguistic, pragmatic, neurosciences, and social cognition. This multi-domain aspect is reflected in the current models of translation. Recently, cognitive neurosciences have unraveled some brain mechanisms in the bilingualism domain, and it is quite logical to transfer such knowledge to the field of translation as well as the learning of translation. One interesting question is which non-linguistic cognitive and communicative processes are particularly involved in translation. Particularly, in translation, the author’s intentions have to be interpreted although they may not be explicitly stated in the text. These intentions have to be considered while rendering the text for the target public, a process for which it is also important to anticipate the target public’s prior knowledge of the subject and the extent to which the author’s aims and intentions have to be adapted in order to be correctly communicated in the other language. In neuroscience, being able to imagine another person’s mental state is known as having a Theory of Mind (ToM). This skill seems dissociated from the group of executive functions – though it is very dependent on the latter – and seems to rely on a large but individualized brain network. While translation is a widely investigated phenomenon at the micro-level, there is scarcely any research about the process of interpretation going on at the macro-level of text interpretation and rendering. Preliminary neuroscience experiments on the translations paradigm suggest that neurosciences can bring interesting data not only to linguistic but also to cognitive and social mechanisms of translation strategies.
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Rossetto, Federica, Francesca Baglio, Davide Massaro, Margherita Alberoni, Raffaello Nemni, Antonella Marchetti, and Ilaria Castelli. "Social Cognition in Rehabilitation Context: Different Evolution of Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind in Mild Cognitive Impairment." Behavioural Neurology 2020 (January 4, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5204927.
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Maintaining social skills such as Theory of Mind (ToM) competences is important to counteract the conversion into dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Multidimensional nonpharmacological interventions demonstrated their potential in improving cognitive and behavioral abilities; however, little is known about the long-term effect of such interventions on social skills in people with MCI. The aim of this longitudinal study was to monitor ToM competences considering both cognitive and affective domains in an amnestic MCI (aMCI) sample involved in a home-based multistimulation treatment (MST@H). 30 aMCI subjects (M:F=15:15; mean age±SD=77.00±4.60) were enrolled, and three steps of evaluation with neuropsychological tests and ToM tasks have been implemented. 21 healthy controls (HC) were also included (M:F=9:12; mean age±SD=74.95±3.88) to characterize the aMCI sample regarding differences in ToM performance compared to HC at the baseline evaluation. Our results show that the aMCI group statistically significantly underperformed the HC group only in the advanced ToM tasks, confirming an initial decline of high-level ToM competences in this population. The longitudinal evaluation revealed time changes not only in some subcognitive domains of MoCA (memory and executive functions) but also in cognitive and affective ToM dimensions in aMCI subjects. Our findings suggest that cognitive and affective ToM can be considered useful outcome measures to test the long-term effect of treatment over time.
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Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando, Omid Khatin-Zadeh, Babak Yazdani-Fazlabadi, Carlos Tirado, and Eyal Sagi. "Embodied concept mapping." Pragmatics and Cognition 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 164–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.17013.mar.
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Abstract Metaphors are cognitive and linguistic tools that allow reasoning. They enable the understanding of abstract domains via elements borrowed from concrete ones. The underlying mechanism in metaphorical mapping is the manipulation of concepts. This article proposes another view on what concepts are and their role in metaphor and reasoning. That is, based on current neuroscientific and behavioural evidence, it is argued that concepts are grounded in perceptual and motor experience with physical and social environments. This definition of concepts is then embedded in the Structure-Mapping Theory (SMT), a model for metaphorical processing and reasoning. The blended view of structure-mapping and embodied cognition offers an insight into the processes through which the target domain of a metaphor is embodied or realised in terms of its base domain. The implications of the proposed embodied SMT model are then discussed and future topics of investigation are outlined.
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Canino, Silvia, Simona Raimo, Maddalena Boccia, Antonella Di Vita, and Liana Palermo. "On the Embodiment of Social Cognition Skills: The Inner and Outer Body Processing Differently Contributes to the Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind." Brain Sciences 12, no. 11 (October 23, 2022): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111423.
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A specific interpretation of embodiment assigns a central role to the body representations (BR) in cognition. In the social cognition domain, BR could be pivotal in representing others’ actions and states. However, empirical evidence on the relationship between different BR and social cognition, in terms of Theory of Mind (ToM), in the same sample of participants is missing. Here, this relationship was explored considering individual differences in the action-oriented BR (aBR), nonaction-oriented BR (NaBR), and subjective predisposition toward internal bodily sensations (interoceptive sensibility, ISe). Eighty-two healthy adults were given behavioral measures probing aBR, NaBR, ISe, and affective/cognitive ToM. The results suggest that NaBR, which mainly relies on exteroceptive signals, predicts individual differences in cognitive ToM, possibly because it can allow differentiating between the self and others. Instead, the negative association between affective ToM and ISe suggests that an alteration of the internal body state representation (i.e., over-reporting interoceptive sensations) can affect emotional processing in social contexts. The finding that distinct aspects of the body processing from within (ISe) and from the outside (NaBR) differently contribute to ToM provides empirical support to the BR role in social cognition and can be relevant for developing interventions in clinical settings.
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Mingers, John. "Can Social Systems Be Autopoietic? Assessing Luhmann's Social Theory." Sociological Review 50, no. 2 (May 2002): 278–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00367.
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The theory of autopoiesis, that is systems that are self-producing or self-constructing, was originally developed to explain the particular nature of living as opposed to non-living entities. It was subsequently enlarged to encompass cognition and language leading to what is known as second-order cybernetics. However, as with earlier biological theories, many authors have tried to extend the domain of the theory to encompass social systems, the most notable being Luhmann. The purpose of this article is to consider critically the extent to which the theory of autopoiesis, as originally defined, can be applied to social systems – that is, whether social systems are autopoietic. And, if it cannot, whether some weaker version might be appropriate.
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Brown, Steven D., and Robert W. Lent. "Social Cognitive Career Theory at 25: Progress in Studying the Domain Satisfaction and Career Self-Management Models." Journal of Career Assessment 27, no. 4 (June 6, 2019): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072719852736.
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Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) was introduced 25 years ago. The theory originally included three interrelated models of (a) career and academic interest development, (b) choice-making, and (c) performance. It was later expanded to include two additional models, one focusing on educational and occupational satisfaction, or well-being, and the other emphasizing the process of career self-management over the life span. On this, the silver anniversary of SCCT, we consider the progress made in studying these two most recent models. In addition to reviewing existing findings, we cite promising directions for future research and application. Examples include additional study of model combinations that may shed greater light on choice persistence, possibilities for using the self-management model to study aspects of career development that are relevant to other theories, and the importance of theory-guided applications to aid preparation for, and coping with, uncertainties in the future world of work.
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Weiblen, Ronja, Melanie Jonas, Sören Krach, and Ulrike M. Krämer. "Social Cognition in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000272.
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Abstract. Research on the neural mechanisms underlying Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) has mostly concentrated on abnormalities in basal ganglia circuits. Recent alternative accounts, however, focused more on social and affective aspects. Individuals with GTS show peculiarities in their social and affective domain, including echophenomena, coprolalia, and nonobscene socially inappropriate behavior. This article reviews the experimental and theoretical work done on the social symptoms of GTS. We discuss the role of different social cognitive and affective functions and associated brain networks, namely, the social-decision-making system, theory-of-mind functions, and the so-called “mirror-neuron” system. Although GTS affects social interactions in many ways, and although the syndrome includes aberrant social behavior, the underlying cognitive, affective, and neural processes remain to be investigated.
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Takács, Ádám. "Intentionality and objectification: Husserl and Simmel on the cognitive and social conditions of experience." Filozofija i drustvo 25, no. 2 (2014): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1402042t.
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Husserl?s transcendental turn can be best regarded as a turn in his phenomenological models of intentionality. While in the Logical Investigations, he maintains a conception according to which intentionality is a structure of cognitive directedness in which objectification plays a formative role, in his later works the intentional relation is considered as a structure of consciousness founded on a sphere of purely subjective interiority. This paper 42 argues that if Husserl had extended the scope of his early phenomenological research to the problems of object formation in the domain of historical and cultural sciences (Geisteswissenschaften), the radical subjectively oriented transformation of his theory of intentionality would have been much more difficult, if not impossible. We also argue that in Simmel?s theory of historical cognition and culture one can detect the elements of a theory of intentionality that can account for what is missing in Husserl, namely the attention devoted to the specific constitution of social and cultural objects. It is precisely the objective mediation through exteriorization and symbolization deployed in social and cultural values, and in historical time that constitutes the specificity of these objects which also conditions subjective experiencing, rather than remains dependent on it.
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Beheshti, Amin, Shahpar Yakhchi, Salman Mousaeirad, Seyed Mohssen Ghafari, Srinivasa Reddy Goluguri, and Mohammad Amin Edrisi. "Towards Cognitive Recommender Systems." Algorithms 13, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a13080176.
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Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience and use domain experts’ knowledge to adapt to new situations. In this context, an intelligent Recommender System should be able to learn from domain experts’ knowledge and experience, as it is vital to know the domain that the items will be recommended. Traditionally, Recommender Systems have been recognized as playlist generators for video/music services (e.g., Netflix and Spotify), e-commerce product recommenders (e.g., Amazon and eBay), or social content recommenders (e.g., Facebook and Twitter). However, Recommender Systems in modern enterprises are highly data-/knowledge-driven and may rely on users’ cognitive aspects such as personality, behavior, and attitude. In this paper, we survey and summarize previously published studies on Recommender Systems to help readers understand our method’s contributions to the field in this context. We discuss the current limitations of the state of the art approaches in Recommender Systems and the need for our new approach: A vision and a general framework for a new type of data-driven, knowledge-driven, and cognition-driven Recommender Systems, namely, Cognitive Recommender Systems. Cognitive Recommender Systems will be the new type of intelligent Recommender Systems that understand the user’s preferences, detect changes in user preferences over time, predict user’s unknown favorites, and explore adaptive mechanisms to enable intelligent actions within the compound and changing environments. We present a motivating scenario in banking and argue that existing Recommender Systems: (i) do not use domain experts’ knowledge to adapt to new situations; (ii) may not be able to predict the ratings or preferences a customer would give to a product (e.g., loan, deposit, or trust service); and (iii) do not support data capture and analytics around customers’ cognitive activities and use it to provide intelligent and time-aware recommendations.
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Marchiori, Patricia Zeni, Andre Luiz Appel, Eduardo Michellotti Bettoni, Denise Fukumi Tsunoda, and Frank Coelho de Alcântara. "Elements of social representation theory incollaborative tagging systems." Transinformação 26, no. 1 (April 2014): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-37862014000100004.
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This article discusses the information representation process based on the Moscovici's Social Representation Theory and domain analysis in Information Science. The aim was to identify mechanisms and constituent dimensions of social representation in collaborative tagging systems/social bookmarking systems. Scientific knowledge was defined as the object/phenomenon of representation in these systems; and the tag as the shareable structure of meaning that connects participants and resources. The empirical research involved descriptive statistical techniques applied to a corpora of tags available in CiteULike, which is a social tagging system developed for the academic community. The data analysis, performed in a sample of groups derived from the dataset, showed that the users' reuse of their own tags resembles the anchorage mechanism. The reuse of tags by other participants - in the same group - reveals some evidence of the objectification mechanism. Some speculation arose about the cognitive effort made by the individual, under group influence, with regard to the tagging activity, user's choice of resources, and sharing styles. Further studies on social bookmarking systems depend both on a "gain scale" of users and items tagged, requiring techniques and procedures redesigned by Information Science, Statistics, Network Analysis, Linguistics/Sociolinguistics and Social Psychology.
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Mohnke, Margaux, Claudia Bach, and Daniela Roesch-Ely. "Proverb Comprehension Deficits in Patients with Schizophrenia." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000243.
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Abstract. Patients suffering from schizophrenia typically show difficulty comprehending proverbs. This deficit has been linked to social and neurocognitive domains, such as theory of mind (TOM) and, more recently, working memory (WM). It is still unclear which cognitive deficits underlie proverb comprehension. We analyzed possible associations of proverb comprehension to neurocognitive and social cognitive dysfunctions in 64 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, by combining tests measuring executive functions (inhibition, cognitive flexibility, planning), WM (verbal and visuo-spatial), and social cognition (TOM). A hierarchical regression demonstrated that WM and executive dysfunction best predicted proverb comprehension, which in turn supports the conceptual integration model. Social cognition showed no additional predictive value. The ability to comprehend figurative language might depend more on neurocognitive than on social cognitive abilities.
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Middleton, Lyndsey, Hazel Hall, and Robert Raeside. "Applications and applicability of Social Cognitive Theory in information science research." Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 51, no. 4 (May 13, 2018): 927–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961000618769985.
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Social Cognitive Theory is a theory that derives from Psychology yet has been adopted in other interdisciplinary subject areas, including information science. The origins and key concepts of Social Cognitive Theory are presented, and the value of its contributions to information science research analysed, with particular reference to research into information-seeking behaviour and use and knowledge sharing. Prior applications of Social Cognitive Theory in information science research are related to a study of employee-led workplace learning and innovative work behaviour that has been designed to create new insight on: (1) workplace information literacy; (2) knowledge management; and (3) the relationship between information behaviours and innovation processes. It is anticipated that this research will also extend understandings of Social Cognitive Theory as a valuable tool for theory development across a range of domains that focus on learning processes.
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Genova, Helen M., and Skye McDonald. "Social Cognition in Individuals with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study Using TASIT-S." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, no. 5 (January 17, 2020): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617719001371.
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AbstractObjective:Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) can have difficulty on tasks requiring social cognition, including Theory of Mind (ToM) and facial affect recognition. However, most research on social cognition in MS has focused on Relapsing–Remitting MS; less is known about deficits in individuals with progressive MS. This pilot study examined the social cognitive abilities of individuals with progressive MS on a dynamic social cognition task: The Awareness of Social Inference Test – Short Form (TASIT-S).Methods:Fifteen individuals with progressive MS and 17 healthy controls performed TASIT-S, which includes 3 subtests assessing facial affect recognition and ToM.Results:The MS group was impaired on all subtests of TASIT-S, including Emotion Evaluation, Social Inference – Minimal, and Social Inference – Enriched, which examine facial affect recognition and ToM. Deficits on TASIT-S were significantly correlated with several cognitive abilities including working memory, learning memory, and verbal IQ.Conclusions:Our findings suggest individuals with progressive MS were impaired across multiple social cognition domains as assessed by the TASIT-S. Furthermore, social cognitive abilities were related to cognitive abilities such as visuospatial memory and executive abilities. Results are discussed in terms of social cognition deficits in MS and how they relate to cognitive abilities.
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Scheuermann, Taneisha S., David M. Tokar, and Rosalie J. Hall. "An investigation of African-American women's prestige domain interests and choice goals using Social Cognitive Career Theory." Journal of Vocational Behavior 84, no. 3 (June 2014): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.01.010.
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Kynast, Jana, Leonie Lampe, Tobias Luck, Stefan Frisch, Katrin Arelin, Karl-Titus Hoffmann, Markus Loeffler, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller, Arno Villringer, and Matthias L. Schroeter. "White matter hyperintensities associated with small vessel disease impair social cognition beside attention and memory." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 38, no. 6 (July 7, 2017): 996–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17719380.
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Age-related white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a manifestation of white matter damage seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They are related to vascular risk factors and cognitive impairment. This study investigated the cognitive profile at different stages of WMH in a large community-dwelling sample; 849 subjects aged 21 to 79 years were classified on the 4-stage Fazekas scale according to hyperintense lesions seen on individual T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI scans. The evaluation of cognitive functioning included seven domains of cognitive performance and five domains of subjective impairment, as proposed by the DSM-5. For the first time, the impact of age-related WMH on Theory of Mind was investigated. Differences between Fazekas groups were analyzed non-parametrically and effect sizes were computed. Effect sizes revealed a slight overall cognitive decline in Fazekas groups 1 and 2 relative to healthy subjects. Fazekas group 3 presented substantial decline in social cognition, attention and memory, although characterized by a high inter-individual variability. WMH groups reported subjective cognitive decline. We demonstrate that extensive WMH are associated with specific impairment in attention, memory, social cognition, and subjective cognitive performance. The detailed neuropsychological characterization of WMH offers new therapeutic possibilities for those affected by vascular cognitive decline.
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Contreras, Antonio, and Juan Antonio García-Madruga. "The relationship of counterfactual reasoning and false belief understanding: the role of prediction and explanation tasks." Psicológica Journal 41, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 127–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2020-0007.
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AbstractThe relation between the prediction and explanation of the false belief task (FBT) with counterfactual reasoning (CFR) was explored. Fifty eight 3-5 year-olds received a prediction or an explanation FBT, a belief attribution task and some counterfactual questions of increasing difficulty. Linguistic comprehension was also controlled. CFR highly predicted FBT in the explanation version but not in the prediction one. Additionally, results in the explanation version indicate that CFR underlies achievements prior to the understanding of the representational mind and stimulates the explicitness of the mental domain. This study identifies the conditions under which CFR becomes a fundamental cognitive tool for social cognition. The results obtained contribute to the dialog between the two major theoretical approaches: theory-theory and simulation theory.
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Charernboon, Thammanard, and Jayanton Patumanond. "Social cognition in schizophrenia." Mental Illness 9, no. 1 (March 22, 2017): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mi.2017.7054.
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Impairments in social cognitions in schizophrenia are increasingly reported in the last decade but only a few studies have come from Asia. The objective of the study was to evaluated emotion perception, theory of mind and social knowledge in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Participants were 36 clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia and 36 normal controls with comparable age and level of education. We administered general neurocognition test (the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination), emotion perception (the Faces Test), theory of mind (the Eyes Test) and social knowledge (the Situational Features Recognition Test; SFRT). Schizophrenia patients displayed obvious impairment in all three social cognition domains i.e. the Faces Test [13.7 (2.9) vs 15.7 (1.9), P=0.001], the Eyes Test [18.9 (4.4) vs 23.5 (4.4), P<0.001] and SFRT [0.85 (0.09) vs 0.9 (0.05), P=0.002]. The performances on three social cognition tests did not correlate with positive symptoms. Only the Faces Test seemed to be related to negative symptoms. The results demonstrated that there are deficits of social cognitions in schizophrenia even in a clinically stable population.
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Evans, Jenna M., G. Ross Baker, Whitney Berta, and Jan Barnsley. "Culture and cognition in health systems change." Journal of Health Organization and Management 29, no. 7 (November 16, 2015): 874–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2014-0101.
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Purpose – Large-scale change involves modifying not only the structures and functions of multiple organizations, but also the mindsets and behaviours of diverse stakeholders. This paper focuses on the latter: the informal, less visible, and often neglected psychological and social factors implicated in change efforts. The purpose of this paper is to differentiate between the concepts of organizational culture and mental models, to argue for the value of applying a shared mental models (SMM) framework to large-scale change, and to suggest directions for future research. Design/methodology/approach – The authors provide an overview of SMM theory and use it to explore the dynamic relationship between culture and cognition. The contributions and limitations of the theory to change efforts are also discussed. Findings – Culture and cognition are complementary perspectives, providing insight into two different levels of the change process. SMM theory draws attention to important questions that add value to existing perspectives on large-scale change. The authors outline these questions for future research and argue that research and practice in this domain may be best served by focusing less on the potentially narrow goal of “achieving consensus” and more on identifying, understanding, and managing cognitive convergences and divergences as part of broader research and change management programmes. Originality/value – Drawing from both cultural and cognitive paradigms can provide researchers with a more complete picture of the processes by which coordinated action are achieved in complex change initiatives in the healthcare domain.
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Gurovich, I., O. Papsuev, A. Shmukler, L. Movina, and Y. Storozhakova. "From clinical cases to clinical research: Neurocognition and social cognition in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1335.
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IntroductionNeurocognition and social cognition are the core deficits influencing social outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. These deficits are present in prodromal phase and throughout the illness, in first-degree relatives and are considered in the framework of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative models.MethodFour clinical cases with patients reflecting different cognitive profiles were chosen to demonstrate heterogeneity of cognitive biases and their influence on the social function en vivo. The patients have undergone a number of neurocognitive and social cognitive measures.ResultsIn these four patients, we would like to highlight the dissociation of neurocognitive deficits, clinical manifestations and social functioning. Social cognitive measures revealed heterogeneity of biases in different domains. As a result of our observation, we can hypothesize that better social functioning was achieved by patients with better abilities to discriminate negative emotions and states of mind in others.ConclusionDespite certain limitations of case-report studies, it is hard not to point out heterogeneity and incoherence of social and neurocognition. We assume that intact domains of Processing of Emotions and Theory of Mind predispose to better social functioning, while it's hard to trace this connection to neurocognition. This result needs to be challenged on large samples in future research, concerning emotionality in Theory of Mind and capacity for empathy and its’ role in social functioning.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Cotter, Jack, Cali Bartholomeusz, Alicia Papas, Kelly Allott, Barnaby Nelson, Alison R. Yung, and Andrew Thompson. "Examining the association between social cognition and functioning in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 1 (July 19, 2016): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867415622691.
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Objective: Social and role functioning are compromised for the majority of individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis, and it is important to identify factors that contribute to this functional decline. This study aimed to investigate social cognitive abilities, which have previously been linked to functioning in schizophrenia, as potential factors that impact social, role and global functioning in ultra-high risk patients. Method: A total of 30 ultra-high risk patients were recruited from an established at-risk clinical service in Melbourne, Australia, and completed a battery of social cognitive, neurocognitive, clinical and functioning measures. We examined the relationships between all four core domains of social cognition (emotion recognition, theory of mind, social perception and attributional style), neurocognitive, clinical and demographic variables with three measures of functioning (the Global Functioning Social and Role scales and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale) using correlational and multiple regression analyses. Results: Performance on a visual theory of mind task (visual jokes task) was significantly correlated with both concurrent role ( r = 0.425, p = 0.019) and global functioning ( r = 0.540, p = 0.002). In multivariate analyses, it also accounted for unique variance in global, but not role functioning after adjusting for negative symptoms and stress. Social functioning was not associated with performance on any of the social cognition tasks. Conclusion: Among specific social cognitive abilities, only a test of theory of mind was associated with functioning in our ultra-high risk sample. Further longitudinal research is needed to examine the impact of social cognitive deficits on long-term functional outcome in the ultra-high risk group. Identifying social cognitive abilities that significantly impact functioning is important to inform the development of targeted intervention programmes for ultra-high risk individuals.
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Smillie, Luke D., Valeria Varsavsky, Rachel E. Avery, and Ryan Perry. "Trait Intellect Predicts Cognitive Engagement: Evidence from a Resource Allocation Perspective." European Journal of Personality 30, no. 3 (May 2016): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2059.
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Trait Intellect, one of the two ‘aspects’ of the broader Openness/Intellect ‘domain’, predicts performance on a range of cognitive tasks including tests of intelligence and working memory. This has been explained in terms of the tendency for high–Intellect individuals to explore, or engage more effortfully with, abstract information. This theoretical perspective can be framed in the language of Resource Allocation Theory, in terms of high–Intellect individuals allocating more of their available cognitive resources to abstract cognitive tasks. In two experiments (total N = 160), we examined the relation between Intellect and cognitive engagement during a primary word–search task under conditions of both high and low secondary cognitive load. Both experiments revealed that high–Intellect individuals were more vulnerable to the impact of the secondary cognitive load on primary task performance. This suggests that, under low secondary load, such individuals were indeed allocating more of their available cognitive resources to the primary task. These results held after controlling for trait Openness, trait Industriousness (an aspect of Conscientiousness) and a measure of working memory capacity (N–back task). Our findings provide novel support for the cognitive mechanisms proposed to underlie trait Intellect. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Minyaycheva, M., K. Kiselnikova, and O. Papsuev. "Battery of scales for comprehensive assessment of social cognition, neurocognition and motivation in patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S581—S582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2158.
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IntroductionThere has been a special interest in roles of neurocognition, social cognition and motivation impairments in patients with schizophrenia and possible approaches to remediating these deficits. Clinical practice lacks a comprehensive tool to measure those deficits.ObjectiveTo build a comprehensive assessment battery to measure neurocognitive, social cognitive and motivational deficits in order to form targets for remediation programs and assess their efficiency.AimsTranslation and adaptation for Russian speaking subjects (if needed) of identified assessments upon authors’ agreement.MethodsBy consensus decision of 5 professionals in the field of clinical psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience a number of assessments were selected with the following criteria: 1. Relevance to domain assessed, 2. Appropriateness for Russian social context, 3. Reference rates in scientific papers, 4. Time consumed by each assessment.ResultsSix measures reflecting main domains (neurocognition, Theory of Mind, attributional style, social perception, emotion processing, motivation) were selected: 1. BACS (Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia) (R.S. Keefe et al., 2008), 2. Hinting Task (R. Corcoran 1995), 3. AIHQ (Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire) (D.R. Combs et al., 2007), 4. RAD–15 (Relationships Across Domains) (M. Sergi et al., 2004), 5. Ekman–60 (P. Ekman et al., 1976), 6. AES (Apathy Evaluation Scale) (R.S. Marin et al., 1991).ConclusionsThe battery built encompasses all targeted domains of neurocognition, social cognition and motivation. Time consumed by the battery estimates 130 ± 15 minutes, which is appropriate for clinical practice in a rehabilitation centre. Future research will focus on patients profiling and shaping of rehabilitation programs accordingly.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Lee, Hang-Shim, and Lisa Y. Flores. "Testing a Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being With Women Engineers." Journal of Career Assessment 27, no. 2 (December 27, 2017): 246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072717748668.
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The present study tests the utility of the Social Cognitive Model of Well-Being (SCWB) in the context of work, with a sample of 348 women engineers. Using structural equation modeling, we examined the relations of positive affect, self-efficacy, work conditions, goal progress, and environmental supports and barriers that were assumed to account for job satisfaction and life satisfaction of women engineers. Overall, the model provided a good fit to the data, and SCWB predictors accounted for a significant amount of variance in job satisfaction (63%) and life satisfaction (54%) with our sample of women engineers. As expected, most paths of the SCWB model were significant; however, we also found nonsignificant relations among variables in the model. In particular, goal progress did not play a critical role in the present study. In addition, we examined the indirect effects of environmental variables (e.g., supports and barriers) on job satisfaction via sociocognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy and perceived work conditions) in the engineering work domain. Implications for practice, theory, and future vocational and organizational research in engineering are discussed.
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Ivantchev, Boyan Christov. "Postmoney theory: value function in the domain of postmoney." foresight 20, no. 5 (September 10, 2018): 554–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fs-06-2018-0069.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to research the latest quantitative and qualitative transformations of money and its interaction with the market economy and societies in terms of their influence on the inner nature of money and its transformation from a simple tool to an aim per se, i.e. postmoney. Transforming the perception of the intrinsic value and “soul” of the money into the postmoney, influenced by the rising longevity and wide expectation for the ability to scientifically prolong the human life, will be discussed. This transformation will be confirmed by analysing the results from a national representative sociological survey (panel study with sample size n = 1,000). Design/methodology/approach The author uses the following philosophical methodological approaches – comparative-constructive, phenomenological, cognitive and deconstructive analysis. Findings The objective and qualitative reasons offered by the postmoney theory (PMT) for the transformation of money into postmoney, are related to the being of temporality, as well as to technologization and the sixth factor of production, scientific exponentiality and mental changes in the human being. A current postmoney survey gives a strong base to believe that the perception of an intrinsic value of postmoney changes the shape of a value function – from logarithmic to linear or even stochastic. This is the reason to believe that increasing of a postmoney quantity will lead to a qualitative transformation and psychological increase of postmoney sensitivity. Research limitations/implications The author intends to expand the postmoney survey on the international level so to confirm local findings. Practical implications Postmoney survey might be used as a powerful tool in creating and legalizing non-monistic money based on blockchain technologies and philosophical and socio-economic research of the postmoney issue. Social implications The future of money is of great importance for the exponentiality of the socio-economic environment and societies. Social impact of the money will be inevitably rising in the domain of postmoney perception. Originality/value The author of the current paper coined for the first-time notion of postmoney and now is expanding research developing PMT. As per the best knowledge of the author, shape of the curve of value function was not questioned and believes it might be of help to better understand the money phenomenon.
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Trompeta, Clara, Beatriz Fernández Rodríguez, and Carmen Gasca-Salas. "What Do We Know about Theory of Mind Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease?" Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs11100130.
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Theory of mind (ToM) is a social cognitive skill that involves the ability to attribute mental states to self and others (what they think (cognitive ToM) and feel (affective ToM)). We aim to provide an overview of previous knowledge of ToM in Parkinson’s disease (PD). In the last few years more attention has been paid to the study of this construct as a non-motor manifestation of PD. In advanced stages, both components of ToM (cognitive and affective) are commonly impaired, although in early PD results remain controversial. Executive dysfunction correlates with ToM deficits and other cognitive domains such as language and visuospatial function have also been related to ToM. Recent studies have demonstrated that PD patients with mild cognitive impairment show ToM deficits more frequently in comparison with cognitively normal PD patients. In addition to the heterogeneity of ToM tests administered in different studies, depression and dopaminergic medication may also be acting as confounding factors, but there are still insufficient data to support this. Neuroimaging studies conducted to understand the underlying networks of cognitive and affective ToM deficits in PD are lacking. The study of ToM deficit in PD continues to be important, as this may worsen quality of life and favor social stigma. Future studies should be considered, including assessment of the patients’ cognitive state, associated mood disorders, and the role of dopaminergic deficit.
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Khodadady, Ebrahim, and Sholeh Bagheri. "Development and Validation of “Divorcing the Self-Incompatible Scale” (DSIS)." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 10, no. 4 (February 28, 2022): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/230.
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Background: Divorce has become an individualistic as well as collective problem in all societies requiring a sound theory and statistics to address it explanatorily and empirically. Objective: Almost all studies in various fields of knowledge have addressed divorce categorically. The present study was, however, designed to explore it as a cognitive domain by resorting to psychiatry, psychology, and religion and schema theory. Methodology: Several male and female individuals who were divorcing or divorced were interviewed to develop the 30-item divorcing the self-incompatible scale (DSIS). The scale was then administered to 548 divorcing and/or divorced selves (DDS) and their responses were subjected to Principal Axis Factoring and Promax with Kaiser Normalization to specify what factors underlie the scale. Results: The 30 items comprising the DSIS loaded acceptably on eight factors representing the cognitive families of Having Various Conflicts, Prioritizing Personal Interests, Having No Principles, Having No Decency, Having Different Tastes, Social Media Addiction, No Marital Education, and Misunderstanding Married Life. The families correlated significantly not only with each other but also with the DSIS representing the domain of divorce. Conclusion: Divorce is a cognitive domain through which the DDS reveal their self-theistic, polytheistic or practicing monotheistic selves.
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Kreitler, Shulamith, and Hans Kreitler. "Cognitive orientation and physical disease or health." European Journal of Personality 5, no. 2 (April 1991): 109–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410050205.
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This paper deals with a new approach to physical disease and health based on the theory of cognitive orientation (CO) (Kreitler and Kreitler, 1976, 1982). It presents an outline of the theory which is a comprehensive cognitive‐motivational model of behaviour describing how cognitive contents and processes bring about the elicitation of behaviour. The theory generated a methodology for the prediction of behaviour that has been applied in different domains ofhealth psychology. Studies are described dealing with behaviours affecting health (quitting smoking, smoking, overeating, undergoing examinations for the early detection of breast cancer), behaviours of the individual in the role of sick person (hospitalization for safeguarding pregnancy, getting information on a cancer ward), aetiologies of physiopathologies (coronary heart disease, diabetes, vaginal infections) and disorders (menstrual and sexual disorders, and infertility in women), recovery and rehabilitation (from chronic pain, and following MI), and general health orientation. Finally, the outlines of an emergent CO model of physiopathology are presented, specifying how cognitions affect health, and in which sense the processes involved in physiopathology resemble and differ from those involved in the elicitation of overt behaviours.
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Darda, Kohinoor M., Emily E. Butler, and Richard Ramsey. "Functional Specificity and Sex Differences in the Neural Circuits Supporting the Inhibition of Automatic Imitation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 6 (June 2018): 914–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01261.
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Humans show an involuntary tendency to copy other people's actions. Although automatic imitation builds rapport and affiliation between individuals, we do not copy actions indiscriminately. Instead, copying behaviors are guided by a selection mechanism, which inhibits some actions and prioritizes others. To date, the neural underpinnings of the inhibition of automatic imitation and differences between the sexes in imitation control are not well understood. Previous studies involved small sample sizes and low statistical power, which produced mixed findings regarding the involvement of domain-general and domain-specific neural architectures. Here, we used data from Experiment 1 ( N = 28) to perform a power analysis to determine the sample size required for Experiment 2 ( N = 50; 80% power). Using independent functional localizers and an analysis pipeline that bolsters sensitivity, during imitation control we show clear engagement of the multiple-demand network (domain-general), but no sensitivity in the theory-of-mind network (domain-specific). Weaker effects were observed with regard to sex differences, suggesting that there are more similarities than differences between the sexes in terms of the neural systems engaged during imitation control. In summary, neurocognitive models of imitation require revision to reflect that the inhibition of imitation relies to a greater extent on a domain-general selection system rather than a domain-specific system that supports social cognition.
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Morikawa, Tomonori, James E. Hanley, and John Orbell. "Cognitive requirements for hawk-dove games: A functional analysis for evolutionary design." Politics and the Life Sciences 21, no. 1 (March 2002): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400005700.
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Like other social animals, humans play adaptively important games, and current evolutionary theory predicts special-purpose, domain-specific cognitive mechanisms for playing such games. We offer a functional analysis of the information requirements for successfully playing one important social game, the “hawk-dove” conflict-of-interest game, developing new graphic conventions for doing so. In particular, we address the orders of recognition necessary for successfully playing such games, showing that there are adaptive advantages of capacities for first, second, third, and fourth such orders, but no more. We suggest that first-order recognition is not only the most basic in analytic terms but is likely to have been the first to evolve, with subsequent orders added later in evolution.
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Lodewyk, Ken R., and Colin M. Pybus. "Investigating Factors in the Retention of Students in High School Physical Education." Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 32, no. 1 (January 2013): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.32.1.61.
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Several studies have reported declining student enrolment rates in optional physical education. This study—incorporating constructs from social cognitive, self-determination, and body image theory—investigated factors that might be influential to this trend. Surveys were administered to 227 tenth-grade students from five schools in one school district of Ontario, Canada. MANOVA results revealed a significant main effect difference in variables by gender and enrollment group but not by the interaction. Enrollees had statistically higher motivation (domain value, self-efficacy, perceived autonomy support, and autonomous regulation), PE grade, and weekly levels of exercise beyond physical education. Qualitatively, nonenrollees reported more social concerns, less domain value, and disliked activities like fitness training, health content, and competition. Females had statistically higher body size discrepancy and qualitatively more domain value and concern about the social setting and the type of activities. Implications for the retention of high school physical education students are discussed.
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Morris-Mathews, Hannah, Kristabel R. Stark, Nathan D. Jones, Mary T. Brownell, and Courtney A. Bell. "Danielson’s Framework for Teaching: Convergence and Divergence With Conceptions of Effectiveness in Special Education." Journal of Learning Disabilities 54, no. 1 (July 18, 2020): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219420941804.
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Danielson’s Framework for Teaching (FFT) is currently used in more than 20 states to inform teacher evaluation and professional learning. To investigate whether FFT promotes instruction that appropriately responds to the needs of students with learning disabilities, we conduct a systematic content analysis of the instructional approach emphasized in the FFT’s Instructional Domain (Domain 3) of Danielson’s FFT. We frame our study using cognitive load theory and research regarding effective instruction for students with disabilities. We end by discussing implications regarding the evaluation and development of effective teaching for students with learning disabilities.
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Verdaguer-Rodríguez, Marina, Raquel López-Carrilero, Marta Ferrer-Quintero, Helena García-Mieres, Luciana Díaz-Cutraro, Eva Grasa, Esther Pousa, et al. "Are There Gender Differences in Social Cognition in First-Episode Psychosis?" Women 1, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/women1040018.
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The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in social cognition in a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP). An observational descriptive study was performed with 191 individuals with FEP. Emotion perception was assessed using the Faces Test, theory of mind was assessed using the Hinting Task, and attributional style was assessed using the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire. No gender differences were found in any of the social cognitive domains. Our results suggest that men and women with FEP achieve similar performances in social cognition. Therefore, targeting specific needs in social cognition regarding gender may not be required in early interventions for psychosis.
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Iedema, Jurjen, Wim Meeus, and Martijn De Goede. "THE EFFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL AND RELATIONAL MENTAL INCONGRUITY ON IDENTITY FORMATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, no. 4 (January 1, 1996): 393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.4.393.
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We elaborated an integrated theoretical model of identity within Nurmi's general framework of adolescent life-planning by combining concepts of Tazelaar's mental incongruity theory and Marcia's identity model. Mental incongruity is what people experience when there is a discrepancy between how they think a situation should be (the standard) and how they experience the actual situation or their own behavior (the cognition). The mental incongruity theory is domain specific which connects well with Marcia's domain specific identity model. We studied the influence of adolescents' standards - how they would like their educational status to be or how they would like their social relations to be - and mental incongruity on the development of identity in the respective domains. By means of Lisrel, we tested hypotheses on a sample of 1230 Dutch adolescents, between the ages of 15 to 24. As expected, a higher standard led to more exploration and commitment and thus to a more developed identity, but also to more mental incongruity. More mental incongruity led in its turn to a less developed identity. Thus, a higher standard directly led to a more mature identity, but caused indirectly - via mental incongruity - a less mature identity. Furthermore, a low relational mental incongruity induced a low educational mental incongruity, and likewise a high relational identity somewhat increased the educational identity. Finally, the expected crisscross effects of the standard in one domain decreasing the mental incongruity in the other domain were found.
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Liu, Jianjin. "Chinese Adolescents’ Conceptions of Teacher’s Authority and Their Relations to Rule Violations in School." ETHICS IN PROGRESS 9, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/eip.2018.1.5.
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Based on the Social Cognitive Domain Theory, the paper explored the adolescents’ conceptions of teacher authority in different domains and their relations to rule violations in school. The main results are: 1) Adolescents viewed moral, conventional, and prudential issues as legitimately subject to teachers’ authority and personal issues as under personal jurisdiction, but they were equivocal about contextually conventional issues. 2) Seventh graders judged all acts as more legitimately subject to teachers’ authority, all rule violations as more negative than did older students. 3) Compared with adolescents from big cities, adolescents from rural area viewed moral, conventional, contextually conventional, and personal issues as more legitimately subject to teacher authority, and endorsed less personal jurisdiction over those issues; but there were no significant differences in moral domain. 4) Male subjects reported more violations in conventional and prudential domain. 5）Adolescents’ older age, less endorsement of legitimacy of teacher authority, and greater dislike for school predicted more teacher- and self-reported misconducts. Implications for moral education from these results were also discussed.
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Meyer, Meghan L., and Eleanor Collier. "Theory of minds: managing mental state inferences in working memory is associated with the dorsomedial subsystem of the default network and social integration." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 15, no. 1 (January 2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsaa022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We often interact with multiple people at a time and consider their various points of view to facilitate smooth social interaction. Yet, how our brains track multiple mental states at once, and whether skill in this domain links to social integration, remains underspecified. To fill this gap, we developed a novel social working memory paradigm in which participants manage two- or four-people’s mental states in working memory, as well as control trials in which they alphabetize two- or four-people’s names in working memory. In Study 1, we found that the dorsomedial subsystem of the default network shows relative increases in activity with more mental states managed in working memory. In contrast, this subsystem shows relative decreases in activity with more non-mental state information (the number of names alphabetized) managed in working memory. In Study 2, only individual differences in managing mental states in working memory, specifically on trials that posed the greatest mental state load to working memory, correlated with social integration. Collectively, these findings add further support to the hypothesis that social working memory relies on partially distinct brain systems and may be a key ingredient to success in a social world.