Academic literature on the topic 'Social change – Europe, Western'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social change – Europe, Western"
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ALLAN, GRAHAM, SHEILA HAWKER, and GRAHAM CROW. "Family Diversity and Change in Britain and Western Europe." Journal of Family Issues 22, no. 7 (October 2001): 819–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251301022007002.
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Eley, Geoff. "Culture, Britain, and Europe." Journal of British Studies 31, no. 4 (October 1992): 390–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386016.
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We are in the midst of a remarkable moment of historical change, in which the very meaning of “Europe” — as economic region, political entity, cultural construct, object of study—is being called dramatically into question, and with it the meanings of the national cultures that provide its parts. While perceptions have been overwhelmed by the political transformations in the east since the autumn of 1989, profound changes have also been afoot in the west, with the legislation aimed at producing a single European market in 1992. Moreover, these dramatic events — the democratic revolutions against Stalinism in Eastern Europe, the expansion and strengthening of the European Community (EC) — have presupposed a larger context of accumulating change. The breakthrough to reform under Yuri Andropov and Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, the Solidarity crisis in Poland, and the stealthful reorientations in Hungary have been matched by longer-run processes of change in Western Europe, resulting from the crisis of social democracy in its postwar Keynesian welfare-statist forms, capitalist restructuring, and the general trend toward transnational Western European economic integration.Taken as a whole, these developments in east and west make the years 1989-92 one of those few times when fundamental political and constitutional changes, in complex articulation with social and economic transformations, are occurring on a genuinely European-wide scale, making this one of the several great constitution-making periods of modern European history.
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Kamerman, Sheila B., and Alfred J. Kahn. "Single-parent, female-headed families in Western Europe: Social change and response." International Social Security Review 42, no. 1 (January 1989): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246x.1989.tb00232.x.
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Bódi, Ferenc, and Ralitsa Savova. "Sociocultural Change in Hungary." International Journal of Social Quality 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2020.100205.
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Although Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, it seems that it has not yet been able to catch up with its Western European neighbors socioeconomically. The reasons for this are numerous, including the fact that this former historical region (Kingdom of Hungary), today the sovereign state of Hungary, has a specific sociocultural image and attitude formed by various historical events. And the nature of these events can explain why Hungary’s economic development and overarching political narrative differ so markedly from Western Europe. The aim of this article is to present the unique location of Hungary in the context of Central and Eastern Europe, and to address such factors as urbanization and industrialization, migration, population, politics, economic development, and social values crisis. We argue that these factors, including the European status quo that emerged after 1945, have influenced the existing sociopolitical, socioeconomic, and sociocultural differences between Hungary and Western European EU states.
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Priemus, Hugo, and Frans Dieleman. "Social rented housing: Recent changes in Western Europe — introduction." Housing Studies 12, no. 4 (October 1997): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039708720907.
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Hoffmann, Stanley, and Dominik Geppert. "The Postwar Challenge: Cultural, Social, and Political Change in Western Europe, 1945-1958." Foreign Affairs 83, no. 6 (2004): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034175.
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Maier, Wendy A. "The Postwar Challenge: Cultural, Social, and Political Change in Western Europe, 1945–1958." History: Reviews of New Books 32, no. 4 (January 2004): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2004.10527427.
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Inglehart, Ronald, and Scott C. Flanagan. "Value Change in Industrial Societies." American Political Science Review 81, no. 4 (December 1987): 1289–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962590.
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Ronald Inglehart has argued that, while most of the major political parties in Western countries tend to be aligned along a social class–based axis, support for new political movements and new political parties largely reflects the tension between materialist and postmaterialist goals and values. This has presented something of a dilemma to the traditional parties, and helps account for the decline of social-class voting. Scott Flanagan takes issue with Inglehart's interpretation in several particulars. Although their views converge in many respects, Flanagan urges conceptual reorientations and adumbrates a different interpretation of post–World War II political development in Europe and Japan.
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Heyets, Valeriy. "Social Quality in a Transitive Society." International Journal of Social Quality 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2019.090103.
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Nearly 30 years of transformation of the sociopolitical and legal, socioeconomical and financial, sociocultural and welfare, and socioenvironmental dimensions in both Central and Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, has led to a change of the social quality of daily circumstances. On the one hand, the interconnection and reciprocity of these four relevant dimensions of societal life is the underlying cause of such changes, and on the other, the state as main actor of the sociopolitical and legal dimension is the initiator of those changes. Applying the social quality approach, I will reflect in this article on the consequences of these changes, especially in Ukraine. In comparison, the dominant Western interpretation of the “welfare state” will also be discussed.
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Michalak, Dorota. "A Comparative Analysis Of Initiatives And Adaptation Measures To Climate Change Undertaken In Poland And Western Europe." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0032.
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Climate change is one of the greatest contemporary threats to our planet's environmental, social and economic well-being, accompanied by major changes in life support systems on Earth, where the far-reaching effects will be felt in the coming decades. The Earth's climate is warming rapidly due to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The Stern Report predicts that in the long term, climate change could cut global gross domestic product (GDP) by 5 to 20% or more each year if it is not brought under control by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this paper is to compare the degree of influence of climate change on the economies of Western Europe and comparing national strategies for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland. The analysis of the main initiatives for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland relate to key issues mentioned in the strategic documents of the European Commission. In the United Kingdom the main emphasis is on the reduction of greenhouse gases as a form of preventive action, rather than adaptation to climate change. All strategies recognize the importance of raising public awareness about the negative effects of climate change and the importance of preparing adaptation measures, and stress the need to support the critical and most sensitive sectors of the European economy – forestry, agriculture and fisheries. The Polish strategy of adaptation to climate change does not deviate from the strategy of these countries of Western Europe, but it must be emphasized that this is only a document listing recommendations on the scope of operations of adaptation to climate change. Its realization is a separate issue.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social change – Europe, Western"
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FERNANDES, Daniel. "Governments, public opinion, and social policy : change in Western Europe." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/75046.
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Defence date: 21 November 2022Examining Board: Prof. Ellen Immergut (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerijck (EUI); Prof. Christoffer Green-Pedersen (Aarhus University); Prof. Evelyne Hübscher (Central European University)
This dissertation investigates how public opinion and government partisanship affect social policy. It brings an innovative perspective that links the idea of democratic representation to debates about the welfare state. The general claim made here is that social policy is a function of public and government preferences. This claim hinges on two critical premises. The first relates to the general mechanisms that underlie government representation. Politicians have electoral incentives to align their actions with what citizens want. They may respond to public opinion indirectly by updating their party agendas, which can serve as the basis for social policy decisions in case they get elected. They may also respond directly by introducing welfare reforms that react to shifts in public opinion during their mandates. The second premise concerns how citizens and politicians structure their preferences over welfare. These preferences fall alongside two dimensions. First, general attitudes about how much should the state intervene in the economy to reduce inequality and promote economic well-being (how much policy). Second, the specific preferences about which social programmes should get better funding (what kind of policy). The empirical analysis is split into three empirical chapters. Each explores different aspects of government representation in Western European welfare states. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) asks how governments shape social policy when facing severe pressures to decrease spending. It argues that governments strategically reduce spending on programmes that offer less visible and indirect benefits, as they are less likely to trigger an electoral backlash. The experience of the Great Recession is consistent with this claim. Countries that faced the most challenging financial constraints cut down social investment and services. Except for Greece, they all preserved consumption schemes. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) explores how public opinion affects government spending priorities in different welfare programmes. It expects government responsiveness to depend on public mood for more or less government activity and the most salient social issues at the time. Empirical evidence from old-age, healthcare and education issue-policy areas supports these claims. Higher policy mood and issue saliency is positively associated with increasing spending efforts. Public opinion does not appear to affect unemployment policies. vii The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) examines how party preferences affect spending priorities in unemployment programmes. It claims that preferences on economic intervention in the economy and welfare recalibration affect different components of unemployment policy. Evidence from the past 20 years bodes well with these expectations. The generosity of compensatory schemes depends on economic preferences. The left invests more than the right. The funding of active labour-market policies depends on both preference dimensions. Among conventional parties, their funding follows the same patterns as compensatory schemes. Among recalibration parties, parties across the economic spectrum present comparable spending patterns.
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Wendt, Christopher (Christopher Kenneth). "Migration, nativism, and party system change in Western Europe." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53081.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (p. 326-352).
This project explains the growth of the West European Radical Right in the late-1980s and early-1990s, using that explanation to model the growth of small, programmatically-focused ("niche") parties in previously stable party systems. I find that a key mechanism of niche party growth is the re-weighting of issue priorities or social identities generated by unanticipated, high impact events, such as a severe economic downturn, terror attack or ethnic riot. These "shocks" represent a perceived threat to the economic security, physical safety or group position of some individuals, increasing the attention (salience) they pay to a related issue or identity dimension, such as the economy, domestic security, or one's feelings of national or religious belonging. Niche parties grow when 1) the salience of the dimension they emphasizes increases and 2) the distribution of voter preferences gives them a comparative advantage if the relevant dimension is salient (the niche party is an "issue owner" on the relevant dimension). My analysis focuses on the growth of West European anti-immigrant ("nativist") parties, the major subset of the Radical Right, in the late-1980s and early- 1990s. Many countries in Western Europe were faced with unprecedented, unsolicited migration during this period, and immigration in these countries became a highly salient political issue. Nativist parties, with a popular stance on immigration, leveraged increased salience into significant electoral gains.
(cont.) The continued support for nativist parties, despite declines in immigration, represents a durable (though limited) political realignment along a new, ethnic dimension of political contestation, with nativist parties championing the demands of the "native" ethnic group. To generate my hypotheses and causal mechanisms, I conducted two years of research in Germany and Austria, including an analysis of past public opinion research, a content analysis of four regional newspapers (1960-2005), 185 elite interviews (50 with nativist elites), and an analysis of nativist party literature. To test competing hypotheses I constructed a cross-national dataset of nativist support in Western Europe (1973-2006), as well as state- and local-level datasets in Germany and Austria.
by Christopher Wendt.
Ph.D.
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Jörnmark, Jan. "Coal and steel in Western Europe 1945-1993 : innovative change and institutional adaptation /." Göteborg : Department of economic history, University of Göteborg, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35599961n.
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Watson, Jennifer Elizabeth. "Quantifying late glacial climate change in north western Europe using two insect proxies." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501615.
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Francis, Elizabeth. "Migration and social change in Koguta, Western Kenya." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333312.
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Morgans, Helen Sarah. "Early to middle Jurassic stratigraphic development, vegetation and climate change in north-western Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4b5cae3c-7562-45b9-b2a2-543b2649b24f.
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The aim of work presented in this thesis was to explore the inter-relationships of cyclic sedimentation, relative sea-level change, and palaeoclimate as inferred from plant megafossils. To this end, the investigation focused on the classic plant-bearing Middle Jurassic succession of Yorkshire. The Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bathonian) Ravenscar Group of the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire) comprises a predominantly fluvio-deltaic succession intercalated between thinner, laterally persistent marine units. There is a pronounced lateral facies change across the basin, from mainly alluvial sediments in the north to more marine deposits in the south. Although variable in character, the facies composing the sequence are described by four principal environments of deposition: alluvial, estuarine, lagoonal and marine. In an attempt to achieve a more accurate stratigraphic control on the succession, sequence-stratigraphic concepts are applied to outcrop exposures and subsurface cores. The identification of 'key surfaces' in the sequence resolves a series of lithological cycles which reflect relative sea-level fluctuations. Using this approach the Aalenian-Bathonian sequence can be subdivided into two large-scale (second-order) transgressive-regressive cycles onto which six medium-scale (thirdorder) cycles of transgression and regression are superimposed. The potential for correlating these lithological cycles regionally has been assessed by comparing coeval sections from southern Scandinavia. Plant-bearing fluvio-deltaic sequences from Bornholm and Scania were chosen as a means for appraising the lateral continuity of the cycles, and assessing what factors might have controlled their development. Study of floral remains from the Ravenscar Group within the context of this stratigraphic framework yields valuable palaeoclimatic information. Growth-ring analysis of fossil wood of Late Pliensbachian to Late Bathonian age indicates a distinctly seasonal climate with low to moderate interseasonal variation in tree growth. Significant intraseasonal influences on wood production are implicit in the abundance of false rings. Consideration of these results within a stratigraphic context suggests that conditions during the Bathonian were comparatively hostile: a finding which is interpreted to be due to more frequent and extended water shortages associated with a drier climate. These palaeoclimatic inferences are substantiated by evidence obtained from the examination of the flora using Correspondence Analysis (CA). This approach verifies the presence of a temporal fluctuation in the flora found by previous investigations and, furthermore, highlights physiognomic trends in the flora with time. The results from CA also indicate adverse growing conditions during the Bathonian, emphasized by the prevalence of xeromorphic taxa.
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Limonta, Marina <1993>. "REGIONAL DIVERGENCES IN WESTERN EUROPE. SKILL CONVERGENCE AND REGIONAL RESPONSES TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGE." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15300.
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The first section of the thesis provides a sequence of theories and models by regional economics come over the last fifty years. Locational theory, regional growth and local development theories, give us understanding to the role of “space”, that is included as an economic resource of the “territory” in which firms are situated and generate advantages. By the patent distribution analysis, it is evident that agglomeration economies are leading city regions through an exponential growth due to positive externalities, and it is causing an opposite direction for the less favoured regions which carried problems such as missing knowledge, income inequalities, less incentives to growth and networking. Evidences agreed that inequality among European Union’s regions has turned considerably up at the early 2000, after having fallen in the 1990s from the previously high-level period. The less favoured regions, such as small and medium-sized manufacturing cities and regions, have suffered employment and income. On the other hand, the more favoured regions, large metropolitan areas, are now up to the positive wave of good income and employment. Since the 2000s, complex technology has an important role in urban agglomeration, but does not take the place of some (tacit) knowledge embodied in social network. This concept explains the role of human capital, which due to complex economic and consequently growth economic. The second part of the thesis provides an empirical analysis concerning the differential evolution of skills migration by unit of metropolitan statistical area (MSA), which is ranked by high-skill workers over low-skill workers, in the period of time 2000-2010. The empirical study is inspired by a different in differences analysis by Giannone (2017). The analysis shows that both the relative price and supply of skill increased since 1980, suggesting an increase in relative demand for educated workers. The literature named Skill-Biased Technical Change (SBTC) this shift in demand, and researchers explain how SBTC led to rise in earning inequalities. These tendencies of development in favours geographical concentration of the best jobs and high skills, have confirmed the divergence through EU regions. On one side, metropolitan regions are the fundamental motors of European’s overall prosper. By the other side, periphery regions are on their way of declining prosperity and lack of real opportunity, which is not only economically inefficient, but also socially and politically dangerous. The third section of the thesis look at the “Great Divergence” (Moretti, 2012) in a way to observe the agglomeration and SBTC effects which leads to a spatial wage convergence decreased. Many cities and regions across Europe’s economic peripheries have been stuck in a low- development trap. As few researchers questioned, does it mean that policy should react and focus on equity instead of agglomeration? According to Rodríguez-Pose (2017), weak institutions and poor-quality government are crucial obstacle to development. Instead, the capability to generate prosperity and maximizing the territorial potential to generate and share positive externalities, is an attitude which differs trough regions and, even more, countries. Place-sensitive distributed development policies (PSDDP) refer to an innovative development policy approach which remain sensitive to the characteristics, features and conditions of every territory. Different development regions require different policy approaches.The study case takes into observation Italy, with focus on North/South regions behaviour, and Germany in a wide sense and with refer to later developed German Democratic Republic regions.To better understand the migration of high skill since their initial skill ratio, it is investigated which role institutions have in the process, especially in education system, with a focus on Italian central unit system and German autonomous regional system.
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Brackney, Noel C. "The origins of Slavonic : language contact and language change in ancient eastern Europe and western Eurasia." Thesis, Muenchen LINCOM Europa, 2004. http://d-nb.info/985960000/04.
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Hart, Sally. "The pattern-welded sword as an indicator of socio-economic change in western Europe : AD200-1000 /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arh3261.pdf.
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Yoko, James, and n/a. "Western education and social change in Papua New Guinea society." University of Canberra. Education, 1991. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061112.110812.
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Papua New Guinea, a society with diverse natural environments
(muddy swamps to soaring mountains, snake-shaped winding
rivers, open seas) and cultural environments (different languages,
customs, traditions) is undergoing massive and rapid social changes.
The occurrence of these social changes and social problems are due
to a combination of diverse exogenous and endogenous changes in
different areas such as politics, economic, cultural, bureaucratic
structure, technology and changes in other societies. These changes
are explicitly stipulated and reflected during the process of the
discussion and analysis.
The purpose of this paper is an attempt to analyze social change and
the emerging social problems in light of the colonisation process
right up to the post independence era. The social functions and
dysfunctions of the innovated Western type education system
during the contemporary modernisation and development process
are also examined. The theoretical frameworks used to analyze
social change are (1) the structural functionalism theory, (2)
modernisation theory, and (3) the theories of change and
development.
The rapid social changes, modernisation and other developments
occurring in Papua New Guinea are a new experience. Prior to this,
people have lived in Papua New Guinea for 50,000 years,
developing material and nonmaterial cultures such as the use of
simple technology including stone axes, digging sticks, dug out
canoes etc., houses made of sago or kunai grass, reciprocity or
gift-exchanges, interdependence, sharing, consensus, behaviour
controlled by established social norms, and the overall social,
political, economic and cultural structures and functions fused into a
single dynamic institution, predominantly through the family units
and kinship relationships. The destabilisation of this traditional
social structural system occurred as a consequence of the
introduction of profound changes and transformations when Great
Britain annexed Papua and Germany proclaimed New Guinea in
1884. Further developments that occurred during the colonisation
process are discussed in the paper.
Education, a powerful agent of social change, has and is playing a
crucial role during the modernisation and development process in
meeting such requirements as manpower needs of the country or
enabling political and economic development. Not only that but it is
maintaining the new social strata that are emerging in the society.
The top cream of the new social strata, called here the social,
political, and economic elite are enjoying the perks and privileges
associated with the positions they hold. They have been
emancipated from the hard rural life as far as Western schooling is
concerned.
Simultaneously, being a heterogeneous society, the dysfunctions of
education are also playing a role in which students are screened
using examinations as the criteria and a majority of them are
leaving school annually along the different levels of the education
system. This is contributing to the over-production of educated
people for the limited supply of jobs in both the government and
private sectors,'consequently leading to unemployment and an
upsurge in social problems. It is argued here that it would be
completely a false assumption if people believe that education is
wholly responsible for the social stratification, social inequality,
instability and unemployment related problems such as the break
down of law and order, disrespect for authority and established
social norms, or rascalism.
According to Etzioni and Etzioni, all efforts to explain societal
change, whether positive or negative, as originating in one single
factor have so utterly failed, thus, contemporary sociologists have
almost unanimously have adopted a multifactor approach (1964:7).
Etzioni and Etzioni also claim that social change may originate in any
institutional area, bringing about changes in other areas, which in
turn make for further adaptations in the initial sphere of change.
Technological, economic, political, religious, ideological, invention,
demographic and stratificational factors are all viewed as
potentially independent variables which influence each other, as
well as the course of society.
The current social situation in Papua New Guinea appears daunting
and pessimistic and for the masses of the people, the prospect is one
of rising inequalities, more intensive exploitation, chronic
unemployment and insecurity, misgovernment, social disruptions
and blighted opportunity during the modernisation and
development process. The paper suggests some ways in which the
national education system and the national government could
address some of these socio-economic problems to bring about
positive social changes in society. There is a need for strong genuine
political will, firm policy direction, diversification and
industrialisation of the economy, prudent planning, educational
reforms, constitutional reforms, increased training of skilled
manpower, coordinated integration, wise spending of available
resources and critical examination and analysis of wider social,
political, economic, and cultural issues and implications by those in
power. Perhaps these actions may help in some ways to bring about
equilibrium in the different components that make up the whole
social system, consequently creating a more just and stable society.
Social, political, and economic stability is vitally essential for
economic investment, modernisation and industrial growth.
Books on the topic "Social change – Europe, Western"
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Max-Stephan, Schulze, ed. Western Europe: Economic and social change since 1945. London: Addison Wesley Longman, 1998.
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Max-Stephan, Schulze, ed. Western Europe: Economic and social change since 1945. London: Addison Wesley Longman, 1999.
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Harding, Stephen. Contrasting values in Western Europe: Unity, diversity and change. Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with the European Value Systems Study Group, 1986.
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Harding, Stephen. Contrasting values in Western Europe: Unity, diversity and change. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan in association with the European Value Systems Study Group, 1986.
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Hanspeter, Kriesi, ed. New social movements in Western Europe: A comparative analysis. London: UCL Press, 1995.
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1970-, Geppert Dominik, and German Historical Institute in London., eds. The postwar challenge: Cultural, social, and political change in Western Europe, 1945-58. [London]: German Historical Institute London, 2003.
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1970-, Geppert Dominik, ed. The postwar challenge: Cultural, social, and political change in Western Europe, 1945-58. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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W, Isajiw Wsevolod, ed. Society in transition: Social change in Ukraine in western perspectives. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2003.
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Mark, Shucksmith, and Vergunst Jo Lee, eds. Comparing rural development: Continuity and change in the countryside of Western Europe. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Pub., 2008.
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Netherlands) Internationales Sachsensymposion (60th 2009 Maastricht. Transformations in North-Western Europe (AD 300-1000): Proceedings of the 60th Sachsensymposion, 19.-23. September 2009 Maastricht. Edited by Panhuysen, Titus A. S. M. and Ludowici Babette. Stuttgart: In Kommission bei Konrad Theiss Verlag, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Social change – Europe, Western"
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Knox, Paul L. "Demographic Change and Social Provision in Western Europe." In Planning for Population Change, 88–110. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003429128-4.
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Anderson, Michael. "Economic and Social Implications." In Population Change in North-Western Europe, 1750–1850, 76–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06558-5_9.
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Kaminska, Monika Ewa. "Variations on Bismarck: Translations of Social Health Insurance in Post-Communist Healthcare Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe—The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Interdependencies." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 449–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_35.
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AbstractIn the 1990s, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries (except for Latvia) moved away from tax-based financing of healthcare in favour of social health insurance (SHI). This paradigmatic change was domestically driven; the World Bank’s recommendations to retain tax-based healthcare financing were ignored. Yet, in defining the institutional set-up of the emerging SHI systems, CEE countries did rely on the expertise of international organisations as well as experts from Western Europe (mainly Germany and France). The external advisors tailored their recommendations to the diverse national contexts, which facilitated policy learning. Consequently, rather than strictly following the Bismarckian blueprint, CEE healthcare systems have developed into hybrids, combining Bismarckian, Beveridgean and private healthcare elements, thus diverging from Western European points of reference as well as among each other.
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Kraus, Blahoslav, Peter Ondrejkovič, Wojciech Krzysztof Świątkiewicz, Lolita Vilka, Ursula Rieke, Ilze Trapenciere, and Lyudmila Pankiv. "Characteristics of Family Lives in Central Europe." In Contemporary Family Lifestyles in Central and Western Europe, 21–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48299-2_2.
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AbstractIn this chapter, authors give a picture of families in individual countries, which participated in the survey, so from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Latvia. They pay attention mainly to the family changes after the year 1990. There is mainly demographic situation. Furthermore, there are features which present contemporary family such as an increase of democratization in family coexistence in connection with the shifts of roles and disintegration in a family life linked with overall individualism manifested by automation, where one creates his/her own way of life. The contemporary family is more likely affected in all countries by progressive social differentiation; in a different level of unemployment, certain isolation and changes are always seen in intergeneration relationships. The authors also pay attention to family social policy and housing situation when starting a family.
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Miconi, Andrea, and Stylianos Papathanassopoulos. "On Western and Eastern Media Systems: Continuities and Discontinuities." In Springer Studies in Media and Political Communication, 15–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32216-7_2.
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AbstractThis chapter aims to discuss the relevant literature related to Mancini and Hallin’s comparative media systems model, taking into account the case of the Eastern European media as well. It is tried to draw the main features of the so-called post-Socialist media markets. After a brief discussion on how media systems change across time and vary across space, the chapter explores to what extent we can add a “post-communist” cluster to the initial Hallin and Mancini’s classification. It is assumed that the post-Socialist transition has deeply changed the social and economic tissue of all ex-Eastern European countries. As the case of media in Eastern Europe reveals even in countries with a shared social political past, there is still ground for specificities to be flourished that eventually will lead to different paths of media market development. It is argued that even if we witness the triumph of certain general tendencies of what is described as the consolidation of media market globalization, this process could not be understood in its full potentials, without taking into consideration how the political, cultural, and economic “legacy” of each European member state.
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Malinar, Ante. "Anti-communist Backlash in the Croatian Healthcare System." In Global Dynamics of Social Policy, 239–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91088-4_8.
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AbstractThe chapter explains the process of reforming the financial dimension of the Croatian healthcare system during the 1990–1993 period. Process tracing and qualitative content analysis are used to establish the causal mechanisms that underpinned these policy changes. Three mechanisms—doctors enter politics, old system departure, seeking solutions abroad—form a complex mechanism of anti-communist backlash. It shows that domestic physicians were crucial actors in the reform process. Moreover, their prevailing dissatisfaction with the communist healthcare system pushed the reforms in a new direction and stimulated a horizontal policy transfer process in which policy makers drew positive and negative lessons from Western and Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries. The outcome was a hybrid healthcare system based on Bismarckian, Beveridgean and neoliberal principles.
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Tomka, Béla. "The Role of 1989: Dedramatization at Its Extreme?" In Globalization in State Socialist East Central Europe, 75–85. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63524-3_4.
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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role of the year 1989 in the globalization of East Central Europe, a pivotal theme in related debates. Contrary to claims in recent literature that refer to 1989 as a ‘de-globalizing moment’, this study provides evidence that regime changes played a crucial role in fostering globalization in the region. Globalization in East Central Europe progressed slowly after Stalinism, but 1989 marked a breakthrough in this respect, affecting most social, economic, and cultural spheres significantly. Following this watershed moment, both foreign direct investment and the activities of transnational corporations increased dramatically. The same clear pattern can be demonstrated regarding the region's integration into the global telecommunications network. Moreover, the regime changes catalysed a substantial surge in international travel to and from the region, including intercontinental journeys. East Central Europe emerged as an important hub and destination within the international migration network, even though in terms of migration, globalization in the region after the regime changes was significantly less dynamic, especially when compared to other aspects of globalization in the region, and the trajectory observed in Western European countries.
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Salvia, Agustín. "Changes in Economic Inequality in Europe and Latin America in the First Decades of the Twenty-First Century." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America, 265–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_9.
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AbstractThis chapter contains a comparative analysis of the changes in the inequality of family income distribution in the last two decades in Latin America and Europe. The study examines the degree to which the economic-productive factors—associated with the primary income distribution—or, on the contrary, the social policies—linked to the secondary distribution—reveal structural differences in economic inequality between regions in the 2000–2017 period. Based on a wide sample of countries, the evolution of inequality is compared within and between regions. The dissimilarity of these behaviours is examined as well as how valid certain economic-institutional factors are to give an account of the changes that occurred within each region.The chapter shows that, in the last two decades of the twenty-first century, Western Europe and Latin America have reduced their economic inequality gap, although following different paths: while inequality decreased in the majority of Latin American countries, an inverse process, although moderate, has been taking place in the majority of Europe. While both trends had national exceptions, the evidence presented helps us to deduce that it was simultaneously due to productive changes and to changes in the growth style, and to transformations in the redistributive efficiency of expenditure on social policies.
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Shevtsova, Maryna. "8. Eighty Dates around the World." In Migrant Academics’ Narratives of Precarity and Resilience in Europe, 71–82. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0331.08.
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This autoethnographic essay focuses on various dimensions of transnational academic mobility. It explores a hybrid identity of an early career researcher in Western academia dealing with internationalisation as a dominant policy discourse in the sector of higher education and with mobility as one of the key mechanisms through which internationalisation takes place. Questioning the ways in which one’s gender, ethnicity, sexuality, and institutional affiliation intersect, the chapter reflects on how identities are constructed and maintained and how uneven distribution of opportunity structures for mobility among geopolitical spaces and social groups impacts one’s self-identity and life chances.
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Moutselos, Michalis, and Georgia Mavrodi. "Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Greek Citizens Abroad." In IMISCOE Research Series, 227–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_13.
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Abstract The policies of the Greek state vis-à-vis Greek citizens residing abroad are better developed in some areas (pension, cultural/education policy), but very embryonic in others (social protection, family-related benefits). The institutions representing and aggregating the interests of the Greek diaspora, such as the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad and the World Council of Hellenes abroad of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, reflect earlier periods of Greek migration during the post-war period, but meet less adequately the needs of recent migrants, especially following the post-2010 Greek economic crisis. At the same time, political parties continue to play an active role in the relationship between diaspora and the homeland. The policies of the Greek state, especially when exercised informally or with regard to cultural and educational programs, are also characterized by an emphasis on blood, language and religious ties, and are offshoots of a long-standing history of migration to Western Europe, North America and Australia. Possible developments, such as the long-overdue implementation of the right to vote from abroad, an official registrar for Greek citizens residing abroad, new programs of social protection in Greece and new economic incentives for return might change the diaspora policies of the Greek state in the next decades.
Conference papers on the topic "Social change – Europe, Western"
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Reel, Yeşim. "Problems of Privatisation and Regulation in Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00956.
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In spite of difficulties, most transition economies in the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Eastern Europe now have private sectors whose relative size is comparable to the private sectors in Western European countries. The transition countries have had very different objectives, but most started privatisation more or less with the same policy, based on the experience of the United Kingdom, although this was soon to change. While most of the Eastern European countries were fast to adopt modern standards and regulations, some FSU countries have lagged behind. Along with a wide range of gains for producers and consumers, there have been drawbacks, such as social polarisation and forms of capture (of business, of the state). Unlike most analysis of transition, which considers major components, this paper looks at the microeconomics of transition, since this involves the creation of markets through the process of privatisation. In general, transition economies have to develop new institutions and polices to support the privatisation and restructuring. In addition to these, they require regulation, which has been under-developed and causes other, different problems, related to the development of new models. Therefore, the need for a new, third phase of transformation is highlighted. New initiatives on labour, capital and regulation issues become vital now in transition economies.
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Schneider-Skalska, Grażyna, and Paweł Tor. "Residential areas in the structure of the city: case studies from west europe and Krakow." In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8079.
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Once they adopted the sedentary lifestyle, humans set to building settlements which were to protect groups of families and give them the sense of belonging to a material and social community. The settlement unit which could be called a housing complex goes back thousands of years BC. The scale of problems related to housing environment grew considerably with the emergence and development of cities, yet truly distinctive quantitative and qualitative changes occurred in the early 20th century.
Implementation of the programmatic assumptions of the Athens Charter resulted in the emergence of spatial and functional structures based on hierarchic dependence of components. The initial projects reflected the pursuit of a human-scale environment and the structural division into neighbourhood units. Undoubtedly, the second part of the 20th century brought about a change in the trends of development in cities. Large housing estates were abandoned in favour of a much greater diversity of housing complex forms – the revived form of city street, urban block or the classic form of a residential complex with clearly delineated structure, services and – most frequently –some recreational areas. The 21st century draws from well-known patterns, complementing them with new elements and solutions imposed by the requirements of the principles of sustainable development. Due to the limited availability of land in highly urbanized central city parts, contemporary housing development occupies more peripheral areas, often at the border between urban and rural neighbourhoods. The development process involves numerous participants, often with opposing interests – public authorities, whose concern should be sustainable growth of the whole city, and developer firms and investors, whose motivation is to maximize profit. This situation has led in most Polish cities to the emergence of disconnected fenced-away residential ghettos with no spatial order.
Meanwhile, housing development in Western Europe continues to be built as planned urban complexes drawing from the experience of the past and satisfying the needs of the contemporary city dwellers.
The article presents several urban complexes with dominant housing development (Orestad in Copenhagen, Monte Laa and Nordbahnhof-Area in Vienna, Ijburg in Amsterdam and Riem in Munich) built relatively recently.It discusses their functional, spatial and social characteristics, which make them examples of good practice in contemporary urban planning. They demonstrate clearly that only comprehensive planning in a broader scale guarantees creation of high-quality urban spaces, where the welfare of resident communities is a priority.
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Poleganova, Dessislava, Desislava Varadzhakova, and Marina Raykova. "Spatial polarization and urban ghettoization of the Roma population in Bulgaria." In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cdr.v.2023.17.7.
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The current urban development in Europe faces many complex problems, mainly related to the deepening of socio-economic inequalities, spatial polarization and ghettoization, the increasing share of marginalized populations and those at risk of poverty, and school segregation. These issues are particularly acute in countries with a heterogeneous ethnic structure, and the Roma population has emerged as the most vulnerable group within Europe, particularly in Bulgaria. Roma ethnical group constituted 4.4% of the total Bulgarian population in 2021 and shows a high territorial concentration in several well-delineated areas, namely North-Western, North-Eastern, Maritsa, Trans-Balkan, and Burgas regions. In addition, more than half of them live in cities and possess the most favorable demographic features and the highest migration mobility compared to other ethnic groups. So far, despite the long-standing efforts of the Bulgarian state for Roma's successful integration, there are continuous and unfavorable trends of deepening processes of social exclusion, intolerance manifestations, spatial segregation, poor housing conditions, and lack of employment. The paper explores the current spatial polarization and urban ghettoization of the Roma population in Bulgaria. The spatial segregation of Roma urban communities is a significant issue in Bulgaria, and efforts to address their integration through national and regional strategies have not yet yielded substantial improvements. The extensive knowledge of the Roma population's cultural and other inherent peculiarities and the involvement of Roma stakeholders in policy discussions and implementations are crucial for achieving sustainable change in Bulgarian society.
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Roy, Sylvie. "Politics of French in Canada: Reminiscence of Past European History with a New Twist." In GLOCAL Conference on Mediterranean and European Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/comela22.6-2.
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Languages in Canada, especially French, continue to reflect the history and power domination of its European origins. French is one of the official languages of Canada, but is also a minority language for some of its communities outside of the province of Québec, which is situated in Eastern Canada. It is protected by strong ideological and political influence, and by law. In this paper, I would like to reflect on how historical, cultural, and social aspects of French are reproduced and also on how transnational fluidity and multilingual practices are deconstructing or unbounding the idea of how French is seen in one Canadian province: Alberta. This Western Province has a strong conservative base and still has issue with French being an official language, a reminiscence of the past. Drawing on my work (Roy 2020), I take a sociolinguistic for change perspective, where historical and social understandings allow for critical view of ideologies and social change. I also examine and investigate social processes (e.g., social categorization, marginalization, etc.), and how ideologies can impact as well as impede processes of social identity construction and socialization into language pedagogies. In addition, I employ Pennycook and Makoni’s (2020) idea that, as researchers, we will self-reflect and be open to adopt a dialectic and multiple perspectives on the data collected. My data arises from longitudinal and sociolinguistic ethnographic studies in Alberta over a period of 15 years. Here, I interviewed participants (students, parents, administrators, teachers) in schools, particularly French immersion schools, as well as outside schools, in order to locate discourses related to French, where those discourses come from, and the long-term effects of those discourses, particularly for those learning French. I also include new data collected with multilingual students learning French. By looking at new discourses from multilingual youth learning French, and by observing their repertoires, I can demonstrate how the ‘old’ can be unbounded by youth’s everyday practices.
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Nikolić, Nenad. "PROBLEM IDENTITETA NACIONALNE KNjIŽEVNOSTI U MEĐUNARODNOM KONTEKSTU." In IDENTITETSKE promene: srpski jezik i književnost u doba tranzicije. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Edaucatin in Jagodina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/zip21.025n.
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The paper analyses the global tendency of conceptualizing transnational and regional literature in order to suppress national literatures at first, and then to completely replace them. The analysis is based on History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries (Eds. M. Cornis-Pope and J. Neubauer, Vol. I 2004, Vol. II 2006, Vol. III 2007, Vol. IV 2010). The tendency to replace national literatures with the transnational one is depicted within the framework of broader cultural, social, and political circumstances. Based on the ideology of “Western liberalism, global capitalism, and George Soros” – which was stated as the core idea of the History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe by its editors – this tendency leads to a general weakening of traditional identities framework: from personal to national identity. Therefore, the suppression of national literature is simultaneous with the suppression of nationality in general, and with changing the notion of literature as it existed in the age of national states since that notion was correspondent with the personal identity which also undergoes through changes.
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Lisdero, Giulia. "THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION OF THE WESTERN BALKANS AND THE EU’S LACK OF COMMITMENT: THE CASE OF THE UNILATERAL EUROIZATION OF MONTENEGRO AND KOSOVO." In "Social Changes in the Global World". Универзитет „Гоце Делчев“ - Штип, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46763/scgw22079l.
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Schwartz, Shalom. "Causes of Culture: National Differences in Cultural Embeddedness." In International Association of Cross Cultural Psychology Congress. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4087/wxsh9817.
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What causes national differences in culture? Past attempts to answer this question take insufficient account of how slowly culture changes or of the fact that culture itself influences the social structural, political, and demographic variables identified as causes. Convincing causes of cultural differences must meet three criteria: They should reflect the formative historical experiences of societies, they should not be influenced reciprocally by culture, and theoretically plausible process should explain their impact on culture. I propose and explain causes of national differences in cultural embeddedness, a value orientation that calls upon people to find meaning in life through identifying with their in-group, participating in its shared way of life, and striving toward its shared goals. Analyses of data from 77 cultural groups (74 countries) demonstrate that cultural embeddedness is greater in ethnically heterogeneous societies, with a relatively short history of viable state institutions, whose historically dominant religion was Islam rather than Protestantism or Roman Catholicism. These causal findings are not due to diffusion of culture to nearby countries or colonies. They hold up even when predicting differences in cultural embeddedness among eight world regions or within Eastern and within Western Europe. This research can be a model for investigating causes of various cultural differences among nations and other groups.
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Grella, Catrina, and Prof dr christoph Meinel. "MOOCS AS A PROMOTER OF GENDER DIVERSITY IN STEM?" In eLSE 2016. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-16-164.
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A very high number of learners take part in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) anywhere and at any time. Some researchers give a broad overview about typical learners in MOOCs, but many questions about social, cultural and ethical dimensions of eLearning are not answered yet. Notwithstanding the above, there are a lot of worldwide initiatives for supporting girls and women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). Nevertheless in some countries, especially in Western Europe, we are still far away from gender parity in STEM. In line with these two aspects this paper focuses on 100.000 learners from more than 190 countries (data collected since 2012 and enhanced with survey data) who take part in MOOCs on computer sciences offered by the online learning platform "openHPI". Our primary interest concerns to the following research questions from a sociological point of view: Who takes part in STEM-MOOCs (selectivity)? Which factors influence the successful participation of men and women in STEM-MOOCs and under which conditions are MOOCs able to promote gender diversity in STEM (e. g. second-chance education and re-entry into the labour market)? The aim of this paper is to raise the potential of MOOCs to educate underrepresented groups in specific fields like women in STEM by analyzing the learning behavior of different kinds of people and giving recommendations for further MOOC offers. Therefore we analyze eLearning in MOOCs in regard of the following social, cultural and ethical dimensions: o age, gender, socio-demographic background, subject field, working experience, social interaction among students (in the forum and in learning groups) and between students and teachers/tutors; o country of residence, values, gender roles; o fairness (e. g. in behalf of peer assessment) and conformity with regulations (e.g. concerning the communication via the forum). We report new results of our multivariate statistics and give recommendations for attracting more women to take part in STEM-MOOCs, e. g. with regard to the role of teachers, course design, learning materials, examples and speech geared to a diverse target group and a suitable learning environment for a very heterogeneous group of learners.
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Couceiro, Marlene, and Cristina Carvalho. "Clothing and housing: Using materials with adaptable features can improve comfort and safety in emergency situations." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003644.
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In this paper, we intend to present adaptable solutions to improve the safety and comfort of users during or after natural catastrophes (earthquakes, eruptions, floods, hurricanes, droughts) or man-made disasters (conflicts and war). We will explore several suggestions, which I will list below: new applications of signage and innovative materials, which allow a more efficient communication in an emergency situation; garments that become shelters, to minimize the negative impact caused by the destruction and loss of the victims' houses; thermochromic materials, reflectors and color used as warning signs, model partitions, lightweight structures, etc. Those are some examples of the features that enable temporary installations to be created in order to relieve human suffering. Conclusions: In this study, we present some versatile, adaptable, and ecological structures, which reflect the environmental and social changes in our western society. We have put together a series of solutions to create temporary shelter. Projects which are a response to the needs of today's world: contemporary nomadism and struggles in renting or buying a house, due to the rising cost of essential goods and the cost of living. The recent past has been marked by a series of unpredictable events: a pandemic, man-made disasters (Russian-Ukrainian War) and natural catastrophes (a heat wave that hit Europe and increased the risk of fire, heavy and persistent rain that caused floods, falling trees and the recent earthquake in Turkey and Syria). Different occurrences that have left several people homeless. When working in extreme conditions and with limited resources, the provision of a shelter can reduce vulnerability in social and economic terms, physical integrity and well-being. It has been found that the development of this type of product has advantages in terms of comfort, mobility, and safety, as it allows for a rapid adaptation and recovery.
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Chilkina, Ksenia, and Natalia Dorodonova. "Catholic Social Doctrine and Economic Policy in Western Europe." In IX International Scientific and Practical Conference “Current Problems of Social and Labour Relations" (ISPC-CPSLR 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220208.076.
Full textReports on the topic "Social change – Europe, Western"
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Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.
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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).
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Hagenlocher, Michael, Sanae Okamoto, Nidhi Nagabhatla, Stephan Dietrich, Jonathan Hassel, Sophie van der Heijden, Soenke Kreft, et al. Building Climate Resilience: Lessons from the 2021 Floods in Western Europe. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/incs5390.
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In July 2021, the Rhine-Meuse region straddling Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands was affected by devastating floods that have led to the loss of more than 240 lives and damage worth billions of Euros. The event was closely watched by regional agencies that had to organize response and recovery, and also received noticeable global attention. Diverse sets of responses and reflections accumulated among researchers, local and regional governments, local and international media, development organizations, public offices and citizen groups, wherein links to climate change and gaps in our preparedness for unexpected, extreme events were a common element of the discourse. In response to the floods, and in recognition of the cross-border effects of climate change, the United Nations University institutes in Belgium (UNU-CRIS), Germany (UNU-EHS) and the Netherlands (UNU-MERIT) have launched the “UNU Climate Resilience Initiative” with the aim to share knowledge, shape policy and drive action – and ultimately shift the focus from risk to proactive adaptation, innovation and transformation. Within the context of this initiative, researchers from the three institutes have conducted research in the flood affected areas and organized the two-day “Flood Knowledge Summit 2022: From Risks to Resilience”, which took place from 7 to 8 July 2022 in Maastricht, the Netherlands. Complementing existing national initiatives and efforts in the three countries, the event aimed to connect different actors – including affected citizens, first responders, authorities, researchers and civil society – from the region, the European Union (EU) and the Global South to share experiences, engage in dialogue and facilitate learning regarding how to strengthen climate resilience for all. This summit served to map various efforts to understand the data, information, governance and knowledge gaps at national, subnational and regional levels in order to address growing risks of climate change, including how to adapt to not only climate-induced extreme events like floods but also other hazard events, and created a regional momentum to support multidimensional efforts towards building resilience. Drawing on our research and outcomes of the Flood Knowledge Summit 2022, the UNU Climate Resilience Initiative has identified five key areas in which further research and action is needed to tackle climate risks and facilitate pathways towards climate resilience.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Desmidt, Sophie. Climate change and security in North Africa. European Centre for Development Policy Management, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc008.
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In this paper, we apply the concept of ‘cascading climate risks’ to explain how climate change has spillover effects across different sectors and policy domains. We have identified three sets of climate-related security and development risks for Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. These include: 1. risks related to the decreasing natural resources and in particular water, 2. risks for the loss of (rural) livelihoods and rising inequalities, and 3. risks related to the unintended (negative) consequences of incoherent (climate change) policies. In this paper, we apply the concept of ‘cascading climate risks’ to explain how climate change has spillover effects across different sectors and policy domains. We have identified three sets of climate-related security and development risks for Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. These include: 1. risks related to the decreasing natural resources and in particular water, 2. risks for the loss of (rural) livelihoods and rising inequalities, and 3. risks related to the unintended (negative) consequences of incoherent (climate change) policies. In a context of existing socio-political and economic grievances, the pressures caused by global warming, alongside current weaknesses in governance structures and the absence of effective regional cooperation, can potentially lead to further fractures in the already fragile social contract between governments and citizens in North Africa. The cascading risks and challenges that North African governments and citizens face due to the climate emergency require the attention from European policymakers, given the strong trade, social and financial relations and ties between North Africa and Europe. Cascading climate risks mean that adaptation strategies will have an impact both within and outside Europe and North Africa. Hence, there will be the need to ensure policy coherence between environmental, trade and socio-economic concerns and a much needed, long-term and inherently political effort to tackle climate change in the next decades.
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van den Hurk, Bart, Ilona M. Otto, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Jeroen Aerts, Magnus Benzie, Emanuele Campiglio, Timothy R. Carter, et al. What can Covid-19 teach us about preparing for climate risks in Europe? Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc006.
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- The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting many areas of decision-making and policy planning. Lockdowns, economic shocks and public recovery packages are affecting the way we plan for the future, and have shifted societal values and perceptions of risk. Societies across the world have rapidly developed a “new normal”, whilst coping mechanisms and levels of cooperation vastly differ across the globe, significantly affecting impacts and costs. This context should be taken as a new starting point when planning for future crises. - Climate change impacts have the same potential for amplification through system interconnectivity, political responses, and social vulnerability. - Like COVID-19, climate change impacts have the potential to disrupt society via interconnected global networks. Governments, businesses and large organizations trying to anticipate future disruption must take a “systemic” perspective when designing policies to reduce and manage these risks. This approach will have significant implications for how risks are mapped, assessed and managed. - It is essential to understand how to respond to other high impact events in order to reduce risks and increase the overall system resilience and preparedness. These events are likely to occur more frequently in a world that is warming and increasing in connectivity and interdependence. - Responses to the pandemic and the pandemic itself – as with climate change – have had the most detrimental effects on the most vulnerable groups. The ongoing fallout from COVID-19 demonstrates the need for greater multilateral and regional attention to resilience, particularly in terms of trade, fiscal stimulus policies and social safety-nets. But it is important to think of resilience as a process of evolution: current reforms and measures must lead to better preparation for not only future pandemics, but also for a range of events and compound events induced by a changing climate. - Actions to approach climate change as a systemic rather than a localized risk include collaborative ways to identify and visualize direct and indirect impact cascades that cross economic sectors and regional boundaries, and redefine the goals of climate adaptation plans to address system-wide resilience. - Scenario tools and social simulation techniques are useful tools to support stakeholders’ preparedness and contingency planning. These tools should be deployed more widely to foster system-wide risk mitigation and management strategies.
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Wolfmaier, Susanne, Adrian Foong, and Christian König. Climate, conflict and COVID-19: How does the pandemic affect EU policies on climate-fragility? Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc018.
Full textAbstract:
The links between climate change and conflict have been well-documented in recent observations and academic literature: far from being causally direct, these links often depend on specific conditions and occur through certain pathways (Koubi, 2019). For example, conflicts have been found to be more likely in areas with poor access to infrastructure and facilities (Detges, 2016), or where government distrust and political bias are prevalent (Detges, 2017). As such, climate change has often been described as a ‘threat multiplier’, making it imperative for security and development actors to consider these fragility risks collectively in their policies and strategies. In addition to the expected impacts of climate change on the European Union (EU), such as increasing temperatures, extreme weather events or rising sea levels, climate change also has “direct and indirect international security impacts” for the EU’s foreign- and security policy (Council of the European Union, 2016). These affect for example migration, food security, access to resources and socio-economic factors that possibly contribute to disruptions (ibid.). The resulting fragility may affect the EU by contributing to changes in geopolitical power dynamics, whilst at the same time needs for support in neighbouring and partner countries could increase (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). The EU has increasingly acknowledged climate-fragility risks over the last years, as is evident from several key foreign policy strategies, agreements, and decisions. The European Green Deal, for example, aims to cushion climate and environmental impacts that may exacerbate instability (European Commission, 2019). At the regional level, individual policies underline the links between climate impacts and security in partner regions, such as for the Sahel (Council of the European Union, 2021a) and the Neighbourhood (EEAS, 2021a), stressing the importance in tackling those risks. To that end, the EU has been at the forefront in providing multilateral support for its partner regions, through its various instruments related to climate, environment, development, and security. According to official EU sources, EU funding for official development assistance (ODA) rose by 15% in nominal terms from 2019 to €66.8 billion in 2020 (European Commission, 2021a). Furthermore, the share dedicated to climate action is also growing: the EU initiative Global Climate Change Alliance Plus (GCCA+) received an additional €102.5 million for the period 2014-2020 compared to the previous phase 2004- 2014 (European Commission, n.d.). Looking ahead, the EU’s recently approved Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 is set to provide €110.6 billion in funding for external action and pre-accession assistance to its Neighbourhood and rest of the world (European Commission, 2021b). Despite the increased recognition of climate-related fragility risks in EU policies and the funding committed to climate action and international development, implementation of concrete measures to address these risks are lagging behind, with only a handful of EUfunded projects addressing climate-fragility risks (Brown, Le More & Raasteen, 2020). Compounding these challenges is the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the current vaccine rollout worldwide, and with some countries seeing a potential end to the health crisis, the pandemic has taken – and continues to take – its toll in many parts of the world. The unprecedented nature of COVID-19 could ultimately make it more difficult for the EU to address the impacts of climate change on fragility and security in its partner regions. In other words: How does the pandemic affect the EU’s ability to address climate-fragility risks in its neighbourhood? To answer this question, this paper will explore the implications of COVID-19 on relevant EU policies and strategies that address the climate security nexus, focusing on three regions: the Sahel, North Africa, and Western Balkans. These regions were chosen for geographical representativeness (i.e., being the EU’s southern and eastern neighbouring regions), as well as being priority regions for EU external action, and, in the case of the Western Balkans, for EU accession.1 The remainder of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 outlines, in general terms, the impacts of the pandemic on the political priorities and ability of the EU to address climate-fragility risks. Section 3 explores, for each focus region, how the pandemic affects key objectives of EU policies aiming at reducing climate-fragility risks in that region. Section 4 provides several recommendations on how the EU can better address the interlinking risks associated with climate-fragility and COVID-19.
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Detges, Adrien, and Adrian Foong. Foreign Policy Implications of Climate Change in Focus Regions of European External Action. Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc020.
Full textAbstract:
In a globalised world, the effects of climate change are likely to cascade across borders. Climate impacts in one location may have far reaching consequences in other places by affecting trade, migration, investments, and foreign policy objectives. Whether such cascading effects are likely to materialise depends in turn on a number of social, economic, and political factors that reinforce or attenuate the effects of climate change on economic development, migration, political stability, etc. These moderating conditions are crucial when considering possible challenges in connection with climate change, and opportunities for addressing them. In this report, we discuss the possible effects of climate change on issues at the core of European foreign, security, and development policy – namely, the impacts of climate change on livelihoods, food security, migration, and political stability in regions with close ties to Europe, where those impacts may affect European foreign policy objectives in a significant way. Across regions, we identify a number of challenges and opportunities in different scenarios, which assume either more or less favourable moderating conditions (i.e., with regard to technology and physical infrastructure; resource and conflict management; economic opportunities; trade and access to markets; governance and state-citizen relations; and social and diplomatic relations). Despite important challenges and mounting climatic pressures in all considered regions, our results leave some room for optimism. Depending on their ability to build strong and inclusive institutions, promote sustainable development, and strengthen social and diplomatic ties, affected countries and their partners might be able to reduce the risk of adverse cascading effects in connection with a warming world. Climate change will become increasingly challenging in the coming years, yet its effects are ultimately determined by social, economic, and political factors. Studying what makes societies susceptible to be adversely affected by climate change and how such conditions evolve over time then gives an indication of where to direct adaptation efforts. The moderating conditions presented in this report offer as many “levers” for preparing against the adverse effects of climate change.
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Canto, Patricia, ed. The New Complexity of Local Production and the Enlightened Role of Industrial Policy. Universidad de Deusto, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/xfkm3607.
Full textAbstract:
Within this specific contribution we focus on a group of structural transformations that take place within local production systems, namely clusters and districts. This change represents one of the responses of the western economies to the challenges put forth by the emerging powers (e.g. China and the likes). The central idea of this work revolves around the concept of ‘cluster’, which created a heated debate over the past two decades. In fact, some stressed the relevance of the width of the ‘interconnected activities and institutions’ that compose a specific cluster, whereas others tended to equate the concept of cluster with that of district in key aspects such as geographical reach and width of activities. Within this debate, this work offers two meaningful elements. First of all, we focus on new cluster formations that represent the new industrial complexity of local production systems across the western world (mainly Europe) that respond to new challenges set by globalization. In this way, we may thus verify whether former conceptualizations are definitive or may incorporate new features. Secondly and simultaneously, the relevance of a proactive regional policy approach is discussed as a means to build up such competitive response to globalization.
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Becker, Sascha O., Stephen Broadberry, Nicholas Crafts, Sayatan Ghosal, Sharun W. Mukand, and Vera E. Troeger. Reversals of Fortune? A Long-term Perspective on Global Economic Prospects. Edited by Sascha O. Becker. CAGE Research Centre, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/978-0-9576027-00.
Full textAbstract:
It is conventional wisdom that: Continued fast growth in the BRICS will result in a rapid catch-up to match and even surpass Western income levels in the next few decades The crisis in Europe will soon be over and normal growth will then resume as if nothing had happened The tax competition resulting from globalization means a race to the bottom in which corporate tax rates fall dramatically everywhere The best way to escape the poverty trap is to give the poor more money Losers from globalization can be ignored by politicians in western democracies because they do not matter for electoral outcomes The adjustment problems for developing countries arising from the crisis are quite minor and easy to deal with Actually, as Reversals of Fortune shows, all of these beliefs are highly questionable. The research findings reported here provide economic analysis and evidence that challenge these claims. In the report, Nicholas Crafts asks: "What Difference does the Crisis make to Long-term West European Growth?" Vera Troeger considers "The Impact of Globalisation and Global Economic Crises on Social Cohesion and Attitudes towards Welfare State Policies in Developed Western Democracies." Stephen Broadberry looks at "The BRICs: What does Economic History say about their Growth Prospects?" Sharun Mukand takes "The View from the Developing World: Institutions, Global Shocks and Economic Adjustment." Finally, Sayantan Ghosal has a new perspective on "The Design of Pro-poor Policies."
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Tulloch, Olivia, Tamara Roldan de Jong, and Kevin Bardosh. Data Synthesis: COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Africa: Social and Behavioural Science Data, March 2020-March 2021. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.030.
Full textAbstract:
Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.