Relevant bibliographies by topics / Social change – europe

Academic literature on the topic 'Social change – europe'

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Published: 27 July 2024
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Social change – europe"

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Ronge, Volker. "Social Change in Eastern Europe." Journal of European Social Policy 1, no. 1 (February 1991): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892879100100105.

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Boucher, Gerard, and Yunas Samad. "Introduction: social cohesion and social change in Europe." Patterns of Prejudice 47, no. 3 (July 2013): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322x.2013.814870.

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Room, Graham. "Social policy in Europe: paradigms of change." Journal of European Social Policy 18, no. 4 (November 2008): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928708094891.

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Graziano, Paolo, and Miriam Hartlapp. "The end of social Europe? Understanding EU social policy change." Journal of European Public Policy 26, no. 10 (October 26, 2018): 1484–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1531911.

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Pérez, Margarita Delgado, and M. Kirk. "Demographic and Social Change in Europe: 1975-2000." Reis, no. 32 (1985): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40183182.

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Buchmann, Marlis, Savvas Katsikides, Mike Campbell, and Josef Hochgerner. "Patterns of Social and Technological Change in Europe." Contemporary Sociology 24, no. 2 (March 1995): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076907.

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Haughton, Tim. "Central and Eastern Europe: Europeanisation and social change." Perspectives on European Politics and Society 12, no. 1 (April 2011): 112–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15705854.2011.546152.

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Berthoud, Richard, and C. Katharina Spiess. "Analysing the Dynamics of Social Change in Europe." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 122, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.122.1.1.

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Starling, N. J. "Social change in the Later Neolithic of Central Europe." Antiquity 59, no. 225 (March 1985): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00056568.

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Profound changes occurred in central and northern Europe towards the end of the 3rd millennium bcX, when a uniform pattern of settlement, burial and material culture-the Corded Ware complexreplaced the diversity of the middle neolithic groups of the TRB (or Funnel Beaker Culture). Collective graves and large settlement sites gave way to individual burials in a largely dispersed pattern of settlement based on small sites. This was accompanied by a spread of sites into hitherto uncolonized areas, and a greater variety of locations used for settlement. This major change might at first seem to indicate a complete collapse of the earlier system, with an undifferentiated pattern replacing the apparent beginnings of hierarchies indicated by the Middle Neolithic. Kristiansen ( I 982) has recently suggested for Denmark that the middle neolithic system disintegrated, fitting a model of cyclical tribal development. It is suggested here, however, that the transformation of the middle neolithic pattern is better seen as a changed structure, which does not involve concepts such as disintegration or collapse, but marks an important shift in the organization of neolithic societies.
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Dragomir, Cristina-Ioana, Andrew Ryder, Marius Taba, and Nidhi Trehan. "Romani Communities and Transformative Change; A New Social Europe." Human Rights Review 23, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-022-00658-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social change – europe"

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FERNANDES, Daniel. "Governments, public opinion, and social policy : change in Western Europe." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/75046.

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Defence date: 21 November 2022
Examining Board: Prof. Ellen Immergut (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Anton Hemerijck (EUI); Prof. Christoffer Green-Pedersen (Aarhus University); Prof. Evelyne Hübscher (Central European University)
This dissertation investigates how public opinion and government partisanship affect social policy. It brings an innovative perspective that links the idea of democratic representation to debates about the welfare state. The general claim made here is that social policy is a function of public and government preferences. This claim hinges on two critical premises. The first relates to the general mechanisms that underlie government representation. Politicians have electoral incentives to align their actions with what citizens want. They may respond to public opinion indirectly by updating their party agendas, which can serve as the basis for social policy decisions in case they get elected. They may also respond directly by introducing welfare reforms that react to shifts in public opinion during their mandates. The second premise concerns how citizens and politicians structure their preferences over welfare. These preferences fall alongside two dimensions. First, general attitudes about how much should the state intervene in the economy to reduce inequality and promote economic well-being (how much policy). Second, the specific preferences about which social programmes should get better funding (what kind of policy). The empirical analysis is split into three empirical chapters. Each explores different aspects of government representation in Western European welfare states. The first empirical chapter (Chapter 4) asks how governments shape social policy when facing severe pressures to decrease spending. It argues that governments strategically reduce spending on programmes that offer less visible and indirect benefits, as they are less likely to trigger an electoral backlash. The experience of the Great Recession is consistent with this claim. Countries that faced the most challenging financial constraints cut down social investment and services. Except for Greece, they all preserved consumption schemes. The second empirical chapter (Chapter 5) explores how public opinion affects government spending priorities in different welfare programmes. It expects government responsiveness to depend on public mood for more or less government activity and the most salient social issues at the time. Empirical evidence from old-age, healthcare and education issue-policy areas supports these claims. Higher policy mood and issue saliency is positively associated with increasing spending efforts. Public opinion does not appear to affect unemployment policies. vii The third empirical chapter (Chapter 6) examines how party preferences affect spending priorities in unemployment programmes. It claims that preferences on economic intervention in the economy and welfare recalibration affect different components of unemployment policy. Evidence from the past 20 years bodes well with these expectations. The generosity of compensatory schemes depends on economic preferences. The left invests more than the right. The funding of active labour-market policies depends on both preference dimensions. Among conventional parties, their funding follows the same patterns as compensatory schemes. Among recalibration parties, parties across the economic spectrum present comparable spending patterns.
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Escalona, Fabien. "La reconversion partisane de la social-démocratie européenne : du régime social-démocrate keynésien au régime social-démocrate du marché." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH029.

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La thèse porte sur la "reconversion partisane" de la social-démocratie en Europe. Elle propose une explication au paradoxe apparent entre d’une part l'existence de travaux décrivant la crise voire la mort du régime social-démocrate d’après-guerre, et d’autre part la conservation par cette famille de partis de son statut de grande alternative de gouvernement. La reconversion partisane est définie comme une modalité particulière de changement partisan, qui seule pouvait permettre à la social-démocratie de surmonter l’obsolescence (plus ou moins avancée) de son projet, de sa coalition électorale et de son modèle organisationnel. M’inscrivant dans la tradition de l’institutionnalisme historique, je propose une étude macrosociologique et comparée de quatre processus de reconversion, analysés de manière systématique au Royaume-Uni, en France, en Suède et en Allemagne. Leurs similarités et leurs différences sont ensuite expliquées, notamment à l’aide de plusieurs variables susceptibles de peser sur la forme et la temporalité des reconversions. Mon travail s’achève sur une appréciation provisoire de la mise à l’épreuve des reconversions par la grande crise économique en cours depuis 2008. Au-delà de l’éclairage nouveau qu’elle projette sur la trajectoire historique de cette famille politique, la thèse est une contribution à la littérature sur le changement partisan, sur la "cartellisation" des grands partis de gouvernement, et sur l’adaptation de ces derniers aux mutations de la structure des clivages politiques en Europe. Elle illustre aussi comment une approche "intégrée" des partis (sur plusieurs niveaux d’analyse) peut entrer dans un dialogue fécond avec les travaux sur les recompositions contemporaines de l’Etat moderne et du capitalisme
The thesis deals with the "partisan conversion" of social democracy in Europe. It aims to resolve the apparent paradox between the existence of many publications describing the crisis or even the death of social democracy on one hand, and the fact that this political family has remained one of the major party alternatives on the other hand. We define the partisan conversion as a singular type of party change, which was the only one that could help the Social democrats to overcome the obsolescence of their project, electoral support and organizational model. My analysis is methodologically anchored in the historical institutionalism paradigm. It offers a macrosociological comparison of four processes of partisan conversion in the United Kingdom, France, Sweden and Germany. The similarities and differences between these processes are then explained, partly through a set of variables weighing on the structure and the temporality of conversions. My work ends with an appreciation of how theses conversions have been put under stress by the 2008 global crisis. The thesis thus provides a reconstructed picture of the historical path of social democracy, additional analytical tools to the literature in party change, and some insights to the reflections about the contemporary cleavage structures. Our intention is also to prove the usefulness of an investigation nurtured by the most recent works on global capitalism and the modern state
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Adams, Jonathan. "Ships, innovation and social change : aspects of carvel shipbuilding in northern Europe 1450-1850." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Humanistiska fakulteten, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-93655.

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Adams, Jonathan. "Ships, innovation & social change : aspects of carvel shipbuilding in northern Europe 1450-1850 /." Stockholm : Stockholm university, Department of archaeology, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39918145j.

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Hildermeier, Julia. "How Ideas Change Markets : Social and Semantic Construction(s) of Automobility in 21st century Europe." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DENS0022.

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Cette thèse cherche à comprendre et développer comment les trajectoires institutionnelles émergent, tant empiriquement que théoriquement. Sur la base d’une étude de cas de l’industrie et la culture automobile, elle identifie les trajectoires de PATH DEPENDENCY, historiquement (chap.1) et théoriquement (chap.2). Dans une approche méthodologique qualitative, les chapitres 4 et 5 identifient les effets des conflits environnementaux dans l’industrie que remettent en cause la justification de sa structure même. L’analyse empirique de différents conflits autour des standards des émissions des voitures, les innovations technologiques comme le moteur électrique montrent que l’automobilité de demain, et le secteur, vont évoluer de manière plus pluraliste et hétérogène qu’avant. Si parmi les deux scenarios de développement une trajectoire institutionnelle stable émerge, elle dépend de si un narratif cohérent peut émerger, qui rend compréhensible et évident les relations entre offre, demande et réglementation pour les acteurs. La conclusion (ch.6) identifie les conditions d’émergence de nouvelles trajectoires institutionnelles : dans les conflits où un narratif alternatif est déjà présent, mais sous-jacent, des nouvelles structures organisationnelles et sémantiques peuvent émerger
This PhD thesis seeks to understand how institutional paths emerge, theoretically and empirically. Taking the case of the European automobile industry and culture it revisits how path dependency can emerge historically (chapter 1) and theoretical patterns of path production (chapter 2). Based on qualitative research design (chapter 3), the case study identifies possibilities of path rupture through environmental conflicts in automobile history (chapter 4 and 5). It shows that through path ruptures and the emergence of new paths following new environmental requirements, 21st century automobility builds pluralistic and more heterogeneous semantic and organizational structures. Geographic and local conditions such as city planning and infrastructure matter in shaping vehicle use and culture in the future, as well does the distribution of decision making power on different political levels. Chapter 6summarize s and reflects the results of my micro-analytical study as parts of an emerging theory of path creation. If the analyzed trajectories of scenarios for the automobile sector become reality, either electrified automobility or electric multimodality, depends on whether they build a coherent narrative that ‘make sense’ of offer, demand and regulation in the sector. The case study showed that these coherent narratives can emerge when conflicts render visible already existing counter-narratives. These counter-narratives emerge in situations of crisis, such as when new environmental regulation determines technological development and behavioural adaptation in automobility. Once accepted, they create a new path – a new semantic and organizational structure in society
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Temple, Paul R. "Social capital and institutional change in higher education : the impact of international programmes in Eastern Europe." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10020464/.

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This thesis examines institutional change in higher education, through case studies of aspects of two broadly similar institutions in Poland and Romania. It finds that, during the 1990s, international programmes supported institutional change in these cases to a significant extent, although probably not with the results that the funding organisations anticipated. The case studies suggest that such programmes have been most effective in supporting change when they have encouraged relatively small-scale, academically-led initiatives, in contrast to national-level, externally-driven programmes. It is proposed that this difference in effectiveness in promoting sustainable organisational change relates to the extent to which international programmes have assisted in the formation of social capital within the institutions. Organisational social capital is formed through intense, local engagement in the activity concerned, leading to individual and institutional learning. Social capital created in one context may then be available to support other aspects of organisational development. Social capital theory thus provides insights into the process of organisational change, particularly in the complex structural and procedural circumstances of higher education. This thesis examines why social capital is an important, if often overlooked, factor in understanding change in these settings, particularly in Eastern Europe, where political arrangements before 1989 were not generally conducive to social capital formation. The particular organisational arrangements of the universities there are also important factors in understanding institutional change. A theoretical account of social capital formation and organisational change in higher education is offered, with proposals as to how this may be relevant to structural and operational matters in higher education institutions in transitional countries more widely. The thesis draws conclusions about how international projects in higher education might be designed so as to create social capital more effectively, and thereby to support sustainable institutional change.
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Altzinger, Wilfried, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, Bernhard Rumplmaier, Petra Sauer, and Alyssa Schneebaum. "Education and Social Mobility in Europe: Levelling the Playing Field for Europe's Children and Fuelling its Economy." European Commission, bmwfw, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4720/1/WWWforEurope_WPS_no080_MS19.pdf.

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The persistence of socioeconomic outcomes across generations acts as a barrier to a society's ability to exploit its resources efficiently. In order to derive policy measures which aim at accelerating intergenerational mobility, we review the existent body of research on the causes, effects and the measurement of intergenerational mobility. We also present recent empirical works which study intergenerational mobility in Europe, around the Globe, and its relevance for economic growth. We recommend four policy measures to reduce the negative impacts of intergenerational persistence in economic outcomes: universal and high-quality child care and pre-school programs; later school tracking and increased access to vocational training to reduce skill mismatch and facilitate technological development; integration programs for migrants; and simultaneous investment in schooling and later social security programs.
Series: WWWforEurope
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Wilkoszewski, Harald. "Germany's social policy challenge : public integenerational transfers in light of demographic change." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/886/.

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This dissertation addresses the question of to what extent growing numbers of older people who might have similar preferences regarding public intergenerational transfers (family and pension policies) will limit the scope of future social policy reforms in Germany. We are interested in to what extent the shift in the country's demography will trigger a so-called "gerontocracy." As a theoretical framework, we combine Mannheim's concept of political generations with a demographic life-course approach. According to Mannheim, growing numbers of a societal group, combine with unified preferences within the group, enhance the group's political power. To empirically test this hypothesis, we use three analytical steps: First, we analyse the future age composition of the German population, including familial characteristics, using a micro-simulation approach. The results suggest that the number of older people will grow substantially over the coming decades, particularly the share of older people who will remain childless and who will not be married. Second, we analyse preferences regarding redistributive social policies according to age, parity, and marital status, based on recent survey data. Generalised Linear Models and Generalised Additive Models are applied to examine what the effects of fdemographic indicators are on these preferences. Results show that older people are less in favour of transfers ot the younger generation than their younger counterparts. This is particularly true of childless interviewees. Third, we explore the extent to which these developments are likely to have an impact on the political sphere. How do policy makers perceive ageing and the preferences structures found? How do elderly interest groups define their roles in light of these results? In-depth interviews with these stakeholders provide a mixed picture: whereas most interviewees are convinced that older people have gained more power due to their bigger population share, there is little awareness of differences in policy preferences between various demographic groups. The biggest challenge for social policy makers is, therefore, to find ways to mediate between these two interesrs. if they fail to do so, a conflict of generations might become a realistic scenario for Germany.
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Carson, Marcus. "From common market to social Europe? : paradigm shift and institutional change in European Union policy on food, asbestos and chemicals, and gender equality /." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-174.

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Ou, Po-Hsiang. "Climate change v Eurozone crisis : social and economic views of risk in inter-expert risk communication." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f3619fc5-fd2a-483b-92b5-94aa90ce13d1.

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This DPhil thesis discusses how two divergent risk conceptions, a 'social view' and an 'economic view' of risk, are constructed through inter-expert risk communication. Different and sometimes contradictory concepts of risk are mobilised in regulatory practice, but the origins of these divergent risk conceptions are not extensively studied. This thesis seeks to unpack this divergence. Empirically, I analyse risk communication among experts in the European Union (EU) during the creation of two risk regulation standards. The two case studies, one related to the development of the two-degree target of EU climate policies (the climate case) and the other about the negotiation of the excessive deficit criteria of the Maastricht Treaty (the euro case), can shed light on the relations between risk conceptions and inter-expert risk communication. I argue that through risk communication, an initial 'view' of risk can be entrenched and developed into a paradigmatic 'risk conception'. My analysis uses historical and sociological institutionalism, by focusing on path dependence of risk communication and social construction risk conceptions among EU experts. Through the two case studies, I identify four analytical dimensions of inter-expert risk communication: networks (the institutional setting and relationships between different experts), cultures (the mentalities of experts in relation to discussing risks), dynamics (the actual processes of transmitting and receiving risk messages) and strategies (the rationales supporting the decisions of risk regulation standards). My thematic analysis reveals four key distinct 'features' of social/economic views of risk: expertise (the types of knowledge mobilised), normality (characterising risk as either 'special' or 'routine'), probability (considering risk as either uncertain or calculable) and impact (seeing risk as either negative or positive). I argue that these four features can help explain the construction of risk conceptions, and more broadly, provide an analytical framework for studying how views of risk evolve and interact over time.
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Books on the topic "Social change – europe"

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Rootes, C. Social Change And Political Transformation. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.

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Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations, and Social Affairs, ed. Office automation and social change in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1992.

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Weiner, Robert. Change in Eastern Europe. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1994.

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1948-, Rootes Chris, and Davis Howard H, eds. Social change and political transformation. London: UCL Press, 1994.

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Henry, Buller, and Black Richard 1964-, eds. Rural Europe: Identity and change. London: Edward Arnold, 1995.

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Anna, Kwak, and Dingwall Robert, eds. Social change, social policy, and social work in the new Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998.

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1936-, Marwick Arthur, ed. Total war and social change: Europe 1914-1955. : war and change in Europe, 1914-1955. Milton Keynes: Open University, 2001.

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Crouch, Colin. Society and Social Change in 21st Century Europe. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-27782-4.

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György, Enyedi, ed. Social change and urban restructuring in Central Europe. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1998.

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University, Open, ed. War peace and social change: Europe 1900-1955. Milton Keynes: Open University, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Social change – europe"

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Close, Paul. "Citizenship, Social Change and the Individual." In Citizenship, Europe and Change, 138–86. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23780-7_4.

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Knox, Paul L. "Demographic Change and Social Provision in Western Europe." In Planning for Population Change, 88–110. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003429128-4.

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Restivo, Sal. "Conflict, Social Change, and Mathematics in Europe." In Mathematics in Society and History, 61–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2944-2_7.

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Ennaji, Moha. "Migrants’ Contributions to Development and Social Change." In Muslim Moroccan Migrants in Europe, 145–56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137476494_10.

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Crouch, Colin. "The people of Europe." In Society and Social Change in 21st Century Europe, 28–56. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-27782-4_2.

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Plasser, Fritz, Peter A. Ulram, and Harald Waldrauch. "Social Consequences and Evaluations of Regime Change." In Democratic Consolidation in East-Central Europe, 183–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26816-0_11.

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Van Langenhove, Luk. "The Emergence of a Learning Society in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities." In Science, Technology, and Social Change, 257–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4706-4_17.

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Anderson, Michael. "Economic and Social Implications." In Population Change in North-Western Europe, 1750–1850, 76–82. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-06558-5_9.

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Večerník, Jiří. "Regime Change and Developments in the Main Dimensions of Social Structure." In Social Stratification in Central Europe, 11–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09458-3_2.

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Fihel, Agnieszka, and Marek Okólski. "Demographic change and challenge." In Social and Economic Development in Central and Eastern Europe, 101–32. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Regions and cities ; 137: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429450969-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Social change – europe"

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Holúbek, Ivan, Renata Skýpalová, Michal Ruschak, and Radovan Savov. "EU Taxonomy in the Context of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Ratings." In Liberec Economic Forum 2023. Technical University of Liberec, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15240/tul/009/lef-2023-30.

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The effects of climate change will have a significant economic impact on the global economy in the future. In some cases, these will be gradual changes, while others will be more dramatic. These occur at a higher frequency of extreme weather events. The impacts caused by the effects of climate change, which are already taking place on a large scale and are visible, are costing billions of dollars. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted at the 2015 New York Summit, includes 17 global sustainable development goals (SDGs). The aim is to universally manage the development of contemporary society on a global and local level. The European Green Deal is the European Commission's plan for the ecological and societal transformation of the European Union's economy for a sustainable future. The main objective of the European Green Deal is to make Europe a climate-neutral continent by 2050. An ecological transformation of companies' business models in the EU will be inevitable and a prerequisite for the path towards a sustainability model. In order to meet the above objectives, the European Commission has developed an evaluation base (EU taxonomy) that will allow transparent decision-making towards sustainability. Companies will have to disclose their economic activities in a transparent and comparable way, which will contribute to a rapid and green transformation of the economy.
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Vakulenko, Svitlana, and Tetyana Yakovenko. "PRIVATE LIFE ORGANIZATION FORMS CHANGE IN THE SOCIAL INSTITUTE OF FAMILY TRANSFORMATION CONTEXT." In Relevant Trends of Scientific Research in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-002-5-36.

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GEMMA, Sergejs, and Zane VĪTOLIŅA. "EUROPE 2020 TARGETS: THE PROGRESS OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF RIS3." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.056.

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The Europe 2020 strategy was proposed by the European Commission with an aim to improve European Union (EU) competitiveness and promote economic growth. For the successful achievement of economic growth using the Smart Specialization Strategy (RIS3) in the EU, the European Commission has set out five interrelated headline targets to be achieved by 2020 in the areas of employment, research and development, climate change and energy, education and poverty and social exclusion. The targets are translated into national targets for each EU Member State; at the same time, they are common goals for all the EU Member States to be achieved through a mix of national and EU actions. The authors of the research used statistical data on the Europe 2020 targets to detect progress or regress in achieving these targets, the accuracy of target value detection and the implementation of RIS3 in the EU. The aim of the research is to evaluate RIS3 progress based on the Europe 2020 targets. The following tasks were set: 1) To calculate progress on each Europe 2020 target for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania using Eurostat statistical data; 2) To evaluate the calculated data and compare the data with those for the other Baltic States and the EU average; 3) To forecast RIS3 development for the year 2020 in the Baltic States. The research employed the monographic and descriptive methods as well as analysis, synthesis, the graphic method, the data grouping method and forecasting. All the three Baltic States have exceeded their target values on employment and education. Low indicators – just half of the target value – the Baltic States have on the share of the EU’s GDP invested in Research and Development. Other positions such as green energy, poverty and social exclusion mostly show a need for more active and effective action for achieving the Europe 2020 targets.
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Chițiga, Georgiana. "The environment in a sustainable Europe." In The 5th Economic International Conference “Competitiveness and sustainable development“. Technical University of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2023.11.

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The paper aims to analyze the major necessity to find ways to achieve that development that ensures a stable balance between economic, social and environmental considerations, so that European Union must have an important place in the transition to a healthy environment in a sustainable Europe, in a sustainable world. As a starting point, we have the reality that the European Union is facing persistent environmental challenges and an unprecedented urgency in terms of biodiversity, resource use, climate change and environmental risks to health and well-being, requiring a robust understanding and effective interventions. Measures must be established to reverse current trends, urgent systemic solutions must be found. The analysis carried out demonstrates that the achievement of the objectives of sustainable development cannot be achieved without effective environmental protection policies, which also depend on the existence of a correct taxation in the environmental field. The recent global economic crisis, recording continuous and irreversible damage to the environment, with negative effects, including on human subjects, have demonstrated the capacity and the reduced limits of reaction of the economic system to the instability of the environment. Analyse performed proves, that the solutions we offer to the current must be different from those supported until now, requiring a rethinking of the attention given to them.
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Důbravová, Kateřina, Michaela Neumannová, and Josef Kunc. "Vliv textilního průmyslu na populační vývoj ve vybraných evropských městech." In XXVI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0311-2023-32.

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The paper analyses and discusses development trajectories of the textile industry in selected European cities where textiles have played a decisive role in influencing socio-economic and urban development as well as population changes. The British city of Manchester is recognized as the birthplace of cotton manufacturing in Europe and served as an example for building textile factories in other European cities that were later also called ʻManchesterʼ. The research paper identifies key moments of textile industry development in Manchester, Łódź and Brno. Case studies are linked by historical context, appropriate location, the importance of textile production in city development and population growth followed by depopulation of the core city. The results show that the textile industry has had a very significant impact on the cities analysed in terms of the economy, social environment and population changes. Both Manchester and Brno were identified as relatively successful in transition to modern post-industrial cities. In contrast, Łódź as a city almost completely dependent on a single industry is beginning to cope with the textile industry decline through brownfield regeneration and urban change, but very robust shrinkage in the cityʼs population size, which is also reflected in economic development, is still a major problem.
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Vermillion, Joshua, and Alberto de Salvatierra. "Physical Computing, Prototyping, and Participatory Pedagogies Make-a-thon as interdisciplinary catalyst for bottom-up social change." In 37 Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe and XXIII Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Joint Conference (N. 1). São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/proceedings-ecaadesigradi2019_593.

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Smits, Aletta, Annette Schenk, and Lizet Van Ewijk. "Stealing their beer time: turning studying for medical progress tests into a social game." In CARPE Conference 2019: Horizon Europe and beyond. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carpe2019.2019.10189.

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Because of the specific requirements of the medical profession, it is imperative that doctors-to-be have a wide range of knowledge at their fingertips. In order to facilitate this, most medical programmes employ some kind of overall ready-knowledge test: a test that is not connected to one specific course, but contains questions on all the facts and figures from all the courses in the entire curriculum. The test is generally administered four times a year to all students participating in the program. First year students are required to answer the same questions as fourth year students. However, for first year students the thresh hold for passing the exam is at a lower level.The aim of this progress test is threefold: (1) testing if the knowledge of students is up to par; (2) making sure that students understand that being a medical professional means continuing to have all the knowledge readily available at all times; and (3) changing the way students prepare for a test: not a big cramming session for one test the night before the test happens and then forget about it, but continuously working on keeping knowledge at an acceptable level. This last goal has, however, not been achieved. While students appreciate the test because of the sense of progress it provides them, in a Dutch study into its effects, students widely report that also for this test, they still prepare in cramming sessions. The result is still that the retention level of the ready knowledge is not at the level it should be.Since studies have extensively shown that students enjoy studying in a gamified process more, that they more easily get into 'a flow', and that the retention rates of knowledge acquired during a flow are higher, we propose to attempt to change the way the student prepare for the test by gamifying the process. Gamifying the process neatly matches a feeling of progress that facilitates the control students feel over their studying process and over mastering the material. Rather than losing points for not having questions correct, a student gains levels/XP/avatar strength whenever he/she masters a specific topic, or nails a series of questions on different topics within a specific time frame (‘challenge’), etc. The game mechanics and the design of the gaming world will be two important aspects of this project. A third important aspect will be the distribution of knowledge in the game and the way topics are brought up again, practiced again, or combined with other topics. The algorithm that lie at the basis of that need to be smart, adaptive and non-repetitive. A final important aspect of this process concerns the question of how to make playing this game part of the social life of students (battles on Friday afternoon for instance, or leader boards in the hallway).As mentioned above: Research indicates that gamification has a positive effect on retention and on commitment. If we then also manage to embed the game in a social setting, it can be truly called a “stealing their beer time”-type of intervention: moments that they would normally chill out and have a beer with their peers have now turned into moments where they still chill out, maybe still have a beer, but also study.We would like to share our ideas and invite partners of other programs (not necessarily medical) to join in our quest to build an overall knowledge assessment game in a modular way.
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Bazan-Krzywoszanska, Anna, Maria Mrówczynska, Marta Skiba, and Małgorzata Sztubecka. "Sustainable Urban Development on the Example of the Housing Deveopment of Zielona Góra (Poland), as a Response to the Climate Policy of the European Union." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.119.

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In the world, in Europe, and also in Poland the use of energy is growing rapidly, causing concern about the difficulty of supply, a depletion of non-renewable energy resources and the increase in negative impacts on the environment (ozone depletion, global warming, climate change, etc. caused by increased emissions of CO2) (Balaras et al. 2005). Political or economic attempts to enforce climate change, through the increase in the price of fossil fuels, lead to exclusion and growth of energy poverty therefore they cause social effects (fossil fuels become so expensive that a large part of the population cannot afford their combustion). The ideal solution would be a combination of activities aimed at the energy modernization of cities with sustainable strategies of their rebuilding. The purpose of the article is a search for the optimal way of spatial policies at the local level that enable implementation of the objectives of the energy policy of the European Union. Factors affecting changes in the pollutant emissions associated with the combustion of fossil fuels, depending on the energy efficiency of selected buildings were modelled with a use of deduction based on radial neural networks. The observations presented in this article may be relevant for other regions that are interested in reducing polutant emission and energy consumption of buildings, housing estates and cities. Taking the geographical context into account, it is especially important for those regions which benefit from financial support of the European Union.
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Gielen, Eric, Yaiza Pérez Alonso, José Sergio Palencia Jiménez, and Asenet Sosa Espinosa. "Urban sprawl and citizen participation. A case study in the municipality of La Pobla de Vallbona (Valencia)." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6154.

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The accelerated urban growth of the last decades in Europe has caused, especially in the Spanish Mediterranean coast, a paradigm shift in much cities, moving from a mostly compact urban form to a more diffuse one. The concept of city has changed so much that even in a lot of dispersed municipalities, it becomes difficult to define its limits. This change implies not only ecological and economic impacts, but also, social effects. Urban sprawl makes difficult social interaction and reduces the community feeling, and therefore, social cohesion and identity. This produces also changes in the relations of citizens between them and with the city council. The research propounds a discussion about the challenges that the urban sprawl causes for the application of participative models in the decision making, understanding them as basic criterion of good government. We analyze a case study to extract the complexity of articulating processes of citizen participation in territory with high dispersion based on a project carried out in the municipality of La Pobla de Vallbona (Valencia) on participatory budgets. It analyzes the results of the process carried out in relation to the urban model, the morphology of their urban pieces and spatial structure, and the demographic and social characteristics of the municipality. The question is identifying the problematic for the articulation of participative processes in territories with this idiosyncrasy. Finally, the article suggests a series of strategic lines as starting points to achieve participatory processes in the city characterized by urban sprawl.
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Lupu, Aurel, and Raluca Ivan. "Non-Financial Reporting In Emerging Economies Central and South-East Europe." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/8.

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The research currently presented is related to non-financial reporting and the prevailing reporting practices employed by enterprises posing risks to the environment. The worldwide economy is in a continuous change and the companies must face all the new challenges to assure a good development of their business. One of the most pressing challenge is related to the reporting of information in an integrate form. It is considered that the traditional model of financial reporting does not represent a comprehensive image to assess the previous and future performance of a company. According to the Directive 2014/95/EU regulations, reporting of non-financial information encompasses three major areas: environmental, social, and labour. Each is equally important, though environmental issues seem of particular significance in enterprises posing risks to the environment. The natural environment and its protection are important from the viewpoint of future generations. The transition from voluntary disclosure of non-financial information to mandatory regulation in the EU has taken place due to continuous increasing needs to have more transparency and rigor of information disclosed by companies. Indeed, voluntary reporting of CSR has many aspects of weakness, it is difficult to compare the information of different companies; it is a tool to avoid regulation; lack of execution and accountability; and leads to rhetoric, as corporations continue to create many problems for society.
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Reports on the topic "Social change – europe"

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Desmidt, Sophie. Climate change and security in North Africa. European Centre for Development Policy Management, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc008.

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In this paper, we apply the concept of ‘cascading climate risks’ to explain how climate change has spillover effects across different sectors and policy domains. We have identified three sets of climate-related security and development risks for Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. These include: 1. risks related to the decreasing natural resources and in particular water, 2. risks for the loss of (rural) livelihoods and rising inequalities, and 3. risks related to the unintended (negative) consequences of incoherent (climate change) policies. In this paper, we apply the concept of ‘cascading climate risks’ to explain how climate change has spillover effects across different sectors and policy domains. We have identified three sets of climate-related security and development risks for Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. These include: 1. risks related to the decreasing natural resources and in particular water, 2. risks for the loss of (rural) livelihoods and rising inequalities, and 3. risks related to the unintended (negative) consequences of incoherent (climate change) policies. In a context of existing socio-political and economic grievances, the pressures caused by global warming, alongside current weaknesses in governance structures and the absence of effective regional cooperation, can potentially lead to further fractures in the already fragile social contract between governments and citizens in North Africa. The cascading risks and challenges that North African governments and citizens face due to the climate emergency require the attention from European policymakers, given the strong trade, social and financial relations and ties between North Africa and Europe. Cascading climate risks mean that adaptation strategies will have an impact both within and outside Europe and North Africa. Hence, there will be the need to ensure policy coherence between environmental, trade and socio-economic concerns and a much needed, long-term and inherently political effort to tackle climate change in the next decades.
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van den Hurk, Bart, Ilona M. Otto, Christopher P. O. Reyer, Jeroen Aerts, Magnus Benzie, Emanuele Campiglio, Timothy R. Carter, et al. What can Covid-19 teach us about preparing for climate risks in Europe? Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc006.

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- The COVID-19 pandemic is affecting many areas of decision-making and policy planning. Lockdowns, economic shocks and public recovery packages are affecting the way we plan for the future, and have shifted societal values and perceptions of risk. Societies across the world have rapidly developed a “new normal”, whilst coping mechanisms and levels of cooperation vastly differ across the globe, significantly affecting impacts and costs. This context should be taken as a new starting point when planning for future crises. - Climate change impacts have the same potential for amplification through system interconnectivity, political responses, and social vulnerability. - Like COVID-19, climate change impacts have the potential to disrupt society via interconnected global networks. Governments, businesses and large organizations trying to anticipate future disruption must take a “systemic” perspective when designing policies to reduce and manage these risks. This approach will have significant implications for how risks are mapped, assessed and managed. - It is essential to understand how to respond to other high impact events in order to reduce risks and increase the overall system resilience and preparedness. These events are likely to occur more frequently in a world that is warming and increasing in connectivity and interdependence. - Responses to the pandemic and the pandemic itself – as with climate change – have had the most detrimental effects on the most vulnerable groups. The ongoing fallout from COVID-19 demonstrates the need for greater multilateral and regional attention to resilience, particularly in terms of trade, fiscal stimulus policies and social safety-nets. But it is important to think of resilience as a process of evolution: current reforms and measures must lead to better preparation for not only future pandemics, but also for a range of events and compound events induced by a changing climate. - Actions to approach climate change as a systemic rather than a localized risk include collaborative ways to identify and visualize direct and indirect impact cascades that cross economic sectors and regional boundaries, and redefine the goals of climate adaptation plans to address system-wide resilience. - Scenario tools and social simulation techniques are useful tools to support stakeholders’ preparedness and contingency planning. These tools should be deployed more widely to foster system-wide risk mitigation and management strategies.
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Detges, Adrien, and Adrian Foong. Foreign Policy Implications of Climate Change in Focus Regions of European External Action. Adelphi research gemeinnützige GmbH, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc020.

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In a globalised world, the effects of climate change are likely to cascade across borders. Climate impacts in one location may have far reaching consequences in other places by affecting trade, migration, investments, and foreign policy objectives. Whether such cascading effects are likely to materialise depends in turn on a number of social, economic, and political factors that reinforce or attenuate the effects of climate change on economic development, migration, political stability, etc. These moderating conditions are crucial when considering possible challenges in connection with climate change, and opportunities for addressing them. In this report, we discuss the possible effects of climate change on issues at the core of European foreign, security, and development policy – namely, the impacts of climate change on livelihoods, food security, migration, and political stability in regions with close ties to Europe, where those impacts may affect European foreign policy objectives in a significant way. Across regions, we identify a number of challenges and opportunities in different scenarios, which assume either more or less favourable moderating conditions (i.e., with regard to technology and physical infrastructure; resource and conflict management; economic opportunities; trade and access to markets; governance and state-citizen relations; and social and diplomatic relations). Despite important challenges and mounting climatic pressures in all considered regions, our results leave some room for optimism. Depending on their ability to build strong and inclusive institutions, promote sustainable development, and strengthen social and diplomatic ties, affected countries and their partners might be able to reduce the risk of adverse cascading effects in connection with a warming world. Climate change will become increasingly challenging in the coming years, yet its effects are ultimately determined by social, economic, and political factors. Studying what makes societies susceptible to be adversely affected by climate change and how such conditions evolve over time then gives an indication of where to direct adaptation efforts. The moderating conditions presented in this report offer as many “levers” for preparing against the adverse effects of climate change.
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Schöner, Wolfgang, Jorrit van der Schot, Peter Schweitzer, Sophie Elixhauser, and Anna Burdenski. Snow to Rain: From phase transition of precipitation to changing local livelihoods, emotions and affects in East Greenland. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/ess-snow2rain.

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Snow2Rain investigated the impacts and perception of climate change in East Greenland through a holistic approach that includes natural science methods of time series analysis and statistical climatology on the one hand, and social science approaches of social anthropology on the other. In addition, this interdisciplinary approach was based in a transdisciplinary framework by involving the local people in Tasiilaq (East Greenland) and their knowledge. Based on the intention to study the effects of climate close to the everyday life of the locals, snow was chosen as one such interdisciplinary indicator of climate change. In addition, Greenland, as the study site of Snow2Rain, is a region in the Arctic and thus affected by Arctic amplification (implying a temperature increase of about three times the global average). With this in mind, Snow2Rain examined changes in snow characteristics in East Greenland and their underlying mechanisms, and placed these changes in the context of social and cultural as well as socioeconomic impacts for local people. From the main results of Snow2Rain, it can be concluded that (i) Arctic amplification is less pronounced compared to other regions in the Arctic and therefore climate change impacts (e.g., changes in snowpack, transition from snowfall to rain) are less pronounced and co-determined by precipitation changes. The strongest signals for the transition from snow to rain were found for the summer season. In addition, the most important climate change events currently discussed by locals in Tasiilaq are the storm winds known as piteraqs and icequakes (earthquakes triggered by calving glaciers). There is considerable interest in scientific information about meteorological and climate conditions as well as changes in the community of Tasiilaq, even though the topic of climate change is not the most pressing issue within the community. It also became clear that local knowledge holders from Tasiilaq hold relevant knowledge about past snow and environmental conditions (e.g. stories about snow conditions along dogsledding routes), but several challenges exist that make it a complex task to make this knowledge usable for climate scientists. To give a few examples of the existing knowledge, there is a lot of relevant knowledge about changes in wind direction and wind speed, and particularly a lot of memories exist in relation to extreme wind events (piteraqs and other storm winds). Overall, the perception of climate change in Greenland is different than in Europe (the recent signing of the Paris Agreement seems to be a clear reflection of this). People from Tasiilaq region are very sensitive in observing changes of their environment including the climate. Snow is only one of those changes observed (wind/storms and earthquakes are currently widely discussed by the locals). However, they speculate much less about future changes and are cautious about the human influence on climate change.
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Szołtysek, Mikołaj, Siegfried Gruber, Rembrandt D. Scholz, and Barbara Zuber Goldstein. Social change and family change in a Central European urban context: Rostock 1819-1867. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2009-039.

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Szołtysek, Mikołaj, Siegfried Gruber, Rembrandt D. Scholz, and Barbara Zuber Goldstein. Social change and family change in a Central European urban context: Rostock 1819-1867. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/wp-2009-039.

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Szałańska, Justyna, Justyna Gać, Ewa Jastrzębska, Paweł Kubicki, Paulina Legutko-Kobus, Marta Pachocka, Joanna Zuzanna Popławska, and Dominik Wach. Country report: Poland. Welcoming spaces in relation to social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability in shrinking regions. Welcoming Spaces Consortium, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/welcoming_spaces_2022.

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This report aims to present findings of the research conducted in Poland within the Work Package 1 of the Welcoming Spaces project, namely “Welcoming spaces” in relation to economic viability, social wellbeing and political stability in shrinking regions. The main aim of the mentioned research was to examine how welcoming initiatives are organised and implemented in the selected shrinking localities in Poland. In particular, the creation of welcoming initiatives concerning social wellbeing, economic viability and political stability was assessed. To accomplish this objective, five localities were selected purposefully, namely Łomża (city with powiat status) and Zambrów (urban commune) in Podlaskie Voivodeship and Łuków (town), Wohyń (rural commune) and Zalesie (rural commune) in Lubelskie Voivodeship. Within these localities, 23 welcoming initiatives were identified, out of which 12 were chosen for in-depth research. The field research was conducted in all five localities between March and December 2021. During this period, the SGH Warsaw School of Economics team conducted 43 interviews with institutional stakeholders (representatives of local governments, schools, non-governmental organisations – NGOs, religious organisations and private companies) and individuals (both migrant newcomers and native residents). In addition, local government representatives were surveyed to compare their policies, measures and stances toward migrant inhabitants and local development. The research was also complemented with the literature review, policy documents analysis, and local media outlets discourse analysis. Until February 2022 and the outbreak of war in Ukraine, welcoming spaces in Poland were scarce and spatially limited to the big cities like Warsaw, Cracow, Wrocław, Gdańsk, Lublin or Białystok, governed by liberal mayors and city councils open to accept migrants and treat them as a valuable human asset of the city community. However, in smaller cities, towns and rural areas, especially in shrinking regions, welcoming spaces have been highly conditioned by welcoming initiatives carried out mainly by civil society organisations (CSOs). It is very likely that the war in Ukraine will completely change the situation we write about in this country report. However, this crisis and its consequences were not the subjects of our desk research and fieldwork in Poland, which ended in December 2021. As of late July 2022, the number of border crossings from Ukraine to Poland is almost 5 million and the number of forced migrants registered for temporary protection or similar national protection scheme concern 1.3 million people (UNHCR 2022). However, the number of those who have decided to stay in Poland is estimated at around 1.5 million (Duszczyk and Kaczmarczyk 2022). Such a large influx of forced migrants from Ukraine within five months already affects the demographic situation in the country and access to public services, mainly in large and medium-size cities1 . Depending on the development of events in Ukraine and the number of migrants who will decide to stay in Poland in the following months, the functioning of the domestic labour market, education, health service, and social assistance may significantly change. The following months may also bring new changes in the law relating to foreigners, aimed at their easier integration in the country. Access to housing in cities is already a considerable challenge, which may result in measures to encourage foreigners to settle in smaller towns and rural areas. Given these dynamic changes in the migration situation of the country, as well as in the area of admission and integration activities, Poland seems to be slowly becoming one great welcoming space. It is worth mentioning that the main institutional actors in this area have been NGOs and local governments since the beginning of the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. An important supporting and coordinating role has also been played by international organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which launched its inter-agency Regional Refugee Response Plan (RRRP) in early spring to address the most urgent needs of the population of forced migrants and their host countries in this part of Europe (UNHCR 2022a; UNHCR 2022b; UNHCR 2022c). Based on the number of newly emerged welcoming initiatives and the pace of this emergence, they will soon become an everyday reality for every municipality in Poland. Therefore, it is difficult to find more up-todate circumstances for the “Welcoming Spaces” project objective, which is “to rethink ways forward in creating inclusive space in such a way that it will contribute firstly to the successful integration of migrants in demographically and economically shrinking areas and simultaneously to the revitalization of these places”. Furthermore, the initiatives we selected as case studies for our research should be widely promoted and treated as a model of migrants’ inclusion into the new communities. On the other hand, we need to emphasize here that the empirical material was collected between March and December 2021, before the outbreak of war in Ukraine. As such, it does not reflect the new reality in Poland
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Philipov, Dimiter. Fertility in times of discontinuous societal change: the case of Central and Eastern Europe. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2002-024.

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Hernández, Beatriz. Modernising the EU-Chile Association Agreement: strengthening an alliance for social inclusion and environmental sustainability. Fundación Carolina, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff05en.

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This research paper analyzes the results of the Association Agreement (AA) between the European Union and Chile, which entered into force in 2003, up to the present time when its modernization is being negotiated. After 19 years of the agreement, the international context has changed both in its political and economic dimensions, so it is important to analyze what role these agreements can have in the face of the challenges of the post-pandemic recovery and the objectives of both regions in terms of strategic autonomy, in the geopolitical field, and in the transition towards new development models that respond to shared challenges such as climate change, ecological transition, digitalization, social inclusion or the revitalization of multilateralism.
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Merrien, François X. Reforming Higher Education in Europe: From State Regulation Towards New Managerialism? Inter-American Development Bank, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010752.

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The present study describes the changes in the traditional European model of higher education, its successes as well as failures. The remarkable expansion of higher education in Europe during the postwar period was the result of a shared belief in the virtue of higher education per se. The traditional model of higher education assumes a stable relationship of fair exchange between the State and the academics: the State gives power to the academics in the belief that in this way it will receive in return the forms of knowledge, basic research, and advanced education that will be of most value to itself. In Europe-as was the case in Latin America-the policy of developing the higher education sector was supported by the elite and by the middle classes, both of whom considered higher education to be a means for training professional workers and a way to enhance economic development and social mobility. The 1980s marked the beginning of some radical changes on the two continents in terms of higher education. This evolution can be associated with a shift from a more interventionist, Keynesian welfare state to a more neoliberal and supervisory State. This shift meant diminution of the belief that bureaucratic institutions could respond correctly to society's needs and increased currency of the belief in the virtues of markets or quasi-markets. The aim of the study is not to compare trends in Europe with those in Latin America. Nevertheless, it is interesting to note that from the beginning of the 1970s radical changes were also introduced into the Latin American systems of higher education, partially for economic and political reasons.
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