Journal articles on the topic 'Social and personality psychology not elsewhere classified'
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1
Wiggins, Jerry S., and Ross Broughton. "A geometric taxonomy of personality scales." European Journal of Personality 5, no. 5 (December 1991): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410050503.
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Previous taxonomies of personality traits have been lexical in nature and have been concerned primarily with the meaning of adjectives in personality description. The taxonomy presented in this article employed personality scales as the units to be classified and was guided by theoretical, rather than lexical, considerations. A priori distinctions among different domains of trait‐descriptive terms identified a distinctive domain of interpersonal traits within which a preliminary conceptually‐based taxonomy was developed. The Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS) were constructed to provide geometrically precise semantic markers of that domain in the form of a circumplex model organized around the orthogonal coordinates of dominance and nurturance. In the course of a decade of research, some 172 personality scales were classified with reference to the IAS by computational procedures described in detail. Advantages and limitations of the current geometric taxonomy of personality scales are discussed, and future research directions are indicated.
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Schiraldi, Glenn R., and Kenneth H. Beck. "PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF THE JENKINS ACTIVITY SURVEY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 16, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1988.16.1.109.
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Over 700 college students were measured with the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) along with eleven other personality scales in an attempt to identify the personality correlates of this scale. These eleven personality variables were analyzed to determine their contribution to a discriminant solution between extreme high scores (supposedly true Type A's) and low scores (supposedly true Type B's) as measured by the JAS. The results revealed that relative to those subjects who were classified as Type B's, those classified as Type A's exhibited significantly greater status concern, less alexithymia, more misanthropy and greater life satisfaction. Self-esteem and related self-concepts did not differ significantly between these two groups. These findings challenge the validity of this instrument as a measure of Type A trait.
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Furnham, Adrian, and Melinda Bunyan. "Personality and art preferences." European Journal of Personality 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410020106.
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This study examined the relationship between sensation seeking and preference for paintings. Twenty paintings were classified into four categories: simple/complex and representational/abstract. It was hypothesized that total sensation seeking score and subscales scores would be positively correlated with preferences for simple and, especially complex, abstract art, and negatively correlated with simple, and, especially complex, representational art. Alpha coefficients demonstrated that satisfactory classification of the paintings into four groups. As hypothesized, high scores on total sensation seeking and subscales were positively correlated with abstract art preferences and negatively correlated with representational art preferences. The results are discussed in terms of the major determinants of preferences for art of different types.
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Szarota, Piotr, Michael C. Ashton, and Kibeom Lee. "Taxonomy and structure of the Polish personality lexicon." European Journal of Personality 21, no. 6 (October 2007): 823–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.635.
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We identified 1839 person‐descriptive adjectives from a Polish dictionary, and 10 judges classified those adjectives into five descriptive categories. Two hundred ninety adjectives (16 per cent) were classified by most judges as ‘Dispositions’ (i.e. relatively stable personality traits and abilities). We examined the structure of those 290 adjectives in self‐ratings from 350 respondents. In the five‐factor solution, two dimensions closely resembled Big Five Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, and two others represented rotated variants of Extraversion and Emotional Stability. The fifth factor was dominated by Intellect, containing little Imagination and no Unconventionality content. A six‐factor solution closely resembled the cross‐language HEXACO structure (but with ‘Intellect’ rather than ‘Openness to Experience’). Analyses of 369 peer ratings revealed five‐ and six‐factor solutions nearly identical to those of self‐ratings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Mlačić, Boris, and Fritz Ostendorf. "Taxonomy and structure of Croatian personality‐descriptive adjectives." European Journal of Personality 19, no. 2 (March 2005): 117–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.539.
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This paper describes the development of a comprehensive taxonomy of Croatian personality‐descriptive terms, organized in three studies. In the first study three judges searched through a standard dictionary of the Croatian language for person‐descriptive terms. In the second study, personality‐descriptive adjectives were classified by seven judges into 13 different categories of descriptors. In the third study, the 483 adjectives that the majority of judges in the second study classified as dispositions were rated for self‐descriptions by 515 University of Zagreb students and for peer‐descriptions by 513 students' best acquaintances. Self‐ and peer ratings were factor analysed separately and the Croatian emic lexical factors from both data sets were interpreted to be similar to the Big‐Five factors: Agreeableness, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Intellect, and Emotional Stability. The inspection of factor content of the Croatian emic factors and their relation to imported Big‐Five measures revealed high correspondences for all five Croatian factors although the relation between the Croatian and the imported factors of Emotional Stability and Agreeableness was somewhat more complex. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Li, Haiqing, and Fengyan Wang. "A three-dimensional model of the wise personality: A free classification approach." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, no. 11 (December 2, 2017): 1879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6691.
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We explored the psychological construction of the wise personality with 45 participants, who took part in a free classification task involving 80 common Chinese words related to wise personality. After we had applied hierarchical cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling, and social network analysis, the results revealed 3 factors, namely, virtue, competence, and achievement, of the wise personality. In comparison with virtue, competence and achievement were more likely to be classified into 1 category. Our findings contribute to the establishment of the structure of the wise personality, and will form the basis of future wisdom studies on a practical level.
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Hochwälder, Jacek. "Burnout among Torgersen's eight personality types." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.4.467.
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This study was an investigation with 659 nurses of the relationship between the combination of the Giant Three factors [neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), and conscientiousness (C)] and the three burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment). Following Torgersen's approach (1995), the scores on each personality factor were first median-split dichotomized [into low (−) vs. high (+) scores, giving −N vs. +N, −E vs. +E, −C vs. +C] and then participants were classified into one of eight types on the basis of their position on each of the dichotomized personality factors. The results indicated that the types scoring low on neuroticism (spectator, sceptic, hedonist, and entrepreneur) scored low on emotional exhaustion and the types scoring high on neuroticism (insecure, brooders, impulsive, and complicated) scored high on emotional exhaustion. The entrepreneur (−N+E+C) scored highest and the spectator (−N−E−C) and the insecure (+N−E−C) scored lowest on personal accomplishment.
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Jost, John T., Brian A. Nosek, and Samuel D. Gosling. "Ideology: Its Resurgence in Social, Personality, and Political Psychology." Perspectives on Psychological Science 3, no. 2 (March 2008): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00070.x.
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We trace the rise, fall, and resurgence of political ideology as a topic of research in social, personality, and political psychology. For over 200 years, political belief systems have been classified usefully according to a single left—right (or liberal-conservative) dimension that, we believe, possesses two core aspects: (a) advocating versus resisting social change and (b) rejecting versus accepting inequality. There have been many skeptics of the notion that most people are ideologically inclined, but recent psychological evidence suggests that left-right differences are pronounced in many life domains. Implicit as well as explicit preferences for tradition, conformity, order, stability, traditional values, and hierarchy—versus those for progress, rebelliousness, chaos, flexibility, feminism, and equality—are associated with conservatism and liberalism, respectively. Conservatives score consistently higher than liberals on measures of system justification. Furthermore, there are personality and lifestyle differences between liberals and conservatives as well as situational variables that induce either liberal or conservative shifts in political opinions. Our thesis is that ideological belief systems may be structured according to a left-right dimension for largely psychological reasons linked to variability in the needs to reduce uncertainty and threat.
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Mayer, John D., and Kevin M. Carlsmith. "Eminence Rankings of Personality Psychologists as a Reflection of the Field." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23, no. 7 (July 1997): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167297237004.
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The eminence of scholars within a given field can reveal which conceptual work and scientific methods in the field are most prized and valued. The authors follow procedures employed in other disciplines to calculate the eminence of personality psychologists for the first time. The top 60 individuals are classified according to rank, years of productivity, and type of research. The authors found two distinct rankings of eminent individuals depending on the type of textbook surveyed and found that the ranking of eminence overlaps clinical psychology more than social psychology. These and other results are used to discuss the nature of personality psychology today.
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Marjoribanks, Kevin. "Attitudes and Environments: Personality Group Differences." Psychological Reports 64, no. 1 (February 1989): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.1.99.
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Discriminant analysis was used to examine personality group differences in children's school-related attitudes and in their perceptions of school learning environments. Personality was assessed by administering The Children's Personality Questionnaire, Form A while scales were constructed to measure children's school-related attitudes and perceptions of their school learning environments. Data were collected from 500 12-yr.-old Australian children. In the analysis the children were classified into four personality groups that were labeled as extravert-adjusted, extravert-anxious, introvert-adjusted and introvert-anxious. The findings supported the general proposition that children of different personality groups construct variable social environments and have different attitudinal dispositions.
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Huang, Xishan, Xiao-lu Zhu, Juan Zheng, Lin Zhang, and Kunio Shiomi. "Relationships Among Androgyny, Self-Esteem, and Trait Coping Style of Chinese University Students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 6 (July 1, 2012): 1005–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.6.1005.
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Chinese university undergraduates' personality types were investigated from the perspective of androgyny as the ideal gender role type. Based on Bem's (1974) 4 gender role types, 434 undergraduates were classified as masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated. The relationships among personality type, trait coping style, and level of self-esteem were examined. Results showed that the students were mainly in 2 gender role types: androgynous and undifferentiated. Gender and grade had a significant impact on the distribution of gender role types. The androgynous group had the highest self-esteem level and tended to use positive coping strategies. Androgyny was assessed as an ideal gender role type, relative to the 3 other types.
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Ciani, Andrea Camperio, and Claudio Capiluppi. "Gene Flow by Selective Emigration as a Possible Cause for Personality Differences between Small Islands and Mainland Populations." European Journal of Personality 25, no. 1 (January 2011): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.774.
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Whether personality differences exist between populations is a controversial question. Even though such differences can be measured, it is still not clear whether they are due to individual phenotypic responses to the environment or whether they have a genetic influence. In a population survey we compared the personality traits of inhabitants of an Italian archipelago (the three Egadi islands; N = 622) with those of the closest mainland population (Trapani area; N = 106) and we found that personality differences between small populations can be detected. Islanders scored significantly lower on the personality traits of openness to experience and extraversion and higher on conscientiousness. We suggest that these personality trait differences could be an adaptive response to a confined socio–environmental niche, genetically produced by a strong, non–random gene flow in the last 20–25 generations, rather than the flexible response of islanders to environmental variables. To test this hypothesis, we compared subsets of the islander population classified by ancestry, birthplace, immigration and emigration and found that differences in extraversion can be accounted for by gene flow, while openness to experience and conscientiousness can also be accounted for by some gene–environment interactions. We propose a Personality Gene Flow hypothesis suggesting that, in small isolated communities, whenever there is strong, non–random emigration, paired with weak and random immigration, we can expect rapid genetic personality change within the population. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Zupančič, Maja, Anja Podlesek, and Tina Kavčič. "Personality types as derived from parental reports on 3‐year‐old." European Journal of Personality 20, no. 4 (June 2006): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.584.
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Three internally replicable clusters of personality were empirically derived in a sample of 3‐year‐old children who were assessed by mothers and fathers using the Inventory of Child Individual Differences (Halverson et al., 2003). The clusters were structurally consistent across the parental data sources and did not, except for resilients, fully overlap with the under‐ and overcontrolled types. The average children scored within less than half of a standard deviation from the mean across the ICID dimensions, while the wilful 3‐year‐old appeared extraverted and disagreeable. Child type membership was moderately consistent across the spouses and it predicted teacher‐reported child social behaviour. Compared to the dimensions, the predictive utility of the types was lower, but considerably improved with consistently classified children. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Hamid, Abdalla A. R. M. "PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF HEALTH OUTCOMES IN SUDANESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 32, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.4.321.
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Individual differences play a salient and vital role in the person's responses to different stressors. Hence, various individuals are expected to differ in health outcome resulting from encountering stressful situations. This study aimed at identifying personality traits in Sudanese university students and investigating the nature of the relationship between these traits and psychological disturbances measured by the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28-item version, Goldberg & Williams, 1988). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R, 48 items, Eysenck, Eysenck,& Barrett, 1985) was used to assess personality traits. One hundred psychology students (mean age 23.7) participated in the study. The majority (80%) of the students were females. The results revealed a strong positive relationship between neuroticism (N) on one hand and somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression on the other hand. Extraversion (E) was negatively related to anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and social dysfunction. No significant sex or age difference was found in psychological disturbances measured by the GHQ or in personality traits – apart from a positive association between E and age. Unlike studies carried out in other countries which showed females to be more anxious and more neurotic, the present study did not find sex differences in anxiety and neuroticism. When a cutoff point of 4 was used, 20% of the students were classified as psychiatric cases. This may indicate the widespread prevalence of psychological disorders amongst Sudanese university students.
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Rammstedt, Beatrice, Christoph J. Kemper, and Ingwer Borg. "Correcting Big Five Personality Measurements for Acquiescence: An 18–Country Cross–Cultural Study." European Journal of Personality 27, no. 1 (January 2013): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1894.
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For groups of persons with low or medium levels of education, Big Five personality scales typically yield scores that poorly replicate the idealized Big Five factor pattern. On the basis of representative samples of German adults, Rammstedt et al. have demonstrated that correcting each person's score for acquiescence eliminates this problem. In the present 18–country study using large samples representative of each country's adult population, we found that, in all cases, correcting for acquiescence did indeed improve the congruence of factor loadings with an idealized Big Five pattern. However, although this correction led to acceptably high correspondence levels in all countries classified as individualistic, this was not always true for non–individualistic countries. Possible reasons for this finding are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Murrone, Jeanne, and Malcolm D. Gynther. "Implicit Theories or Halo Effect? Conceptions about Children's Intelligence." Psychological Reports 65, no. 3_suppl2 (December 1989): 1187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3f.1187.
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Information about implicit conceptions of children's intelligence was obtained by having undergraduates, aged 20 yr. or older, rate behavioral descriptions for hypothetical children classified as having “Above Average,” “Average,” and “Below Average” intelligence. While sex of subject and sex of child rated did not significantly influence the ratings, a main effect for level of intelligence was obtained, that is, ratings of behaviors rationally classified as Verbal Abilities, Problem-solving Abilities, Social Competence, Character/Personality Traits, Interest in Learning and/or Culture, Other Intellectual (Nonverbal) Skills or Abilities were significantly influenced only by the broad level of intelligence by which the child was classified. Factor analysis gave a social competence and a problem-solving factor comparable to those in people's conceptions of adult intelligence but did not substantiate a verbal abilities factor.
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Loas, G., A. Seillier, and C. Fréville. "Psychoaffective Immaturity in Psychiatric Disorders." Psychological Reports 88, no. 1 (February 2001): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.1.111.
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This study investigated the prevalence of psychoaffective immaturity and tested the hypothesis that it associated with bad prognosis. For 135 psychiatric patients meeting criteria for personality, neurotic, affective, substance use, or psychotic disorders emotional immaturity was rated using the 1985 diagnostic criteria of Doutheau, Dubertret, Moutin, and Barrois. 58 subjects (42.96%, 95% Confidence Interval: 34.61–51.31) were classified as immature. Scores of the Nonimmature and Immature groups were compared for the Beck Depression Inventory and the Professional and Social Functioning Assessment Scale. Scores were, respectively, significantly higher and lower in those patients classified as Immature than those who were classified Nonimmature. When depression was controlled by a covariance analysis, the mean difference on the Professional and Social Functioning Assessment Scale remained significant. It appears that psychoaffective immaturity is a factor associated with severity of psychiatric disorders.
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Pearson, Claire, and Zaheer Hussain. "Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality." International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 5, no. 1 (January 2015): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2015010102.
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There are increasing numbers of people who are now using smartphones. Consequently, there is a risk of addiction to certain web applications such as social networking sites (SNSs) which are easily accessible via smartphones. There is also the risk of an increase in narcissism amongst users of SNSs. The present study set out to investigate the relationship between smartphone use, narcissistic tendencies and personality as predictors of smartphone addiction. The study also aimed to investigate the distinction between addiction specificity and co-occurrence in smartphone addiction via qualitative data and discover why people continue to use smartphones in banned areas. A self-selected sample of 256 smartphone users (Mean age = 29.2, SD = 9.49) completed an online survey. The results revealed that 13.3% of the sample was classified as addicted to smartphones. Higher narcissism scores and neuroticism levels were linked to addiction. Three themes of social relations, smartphone dependence and self-serving personalities emerged from the qualitative data. Interpretation of qualitative data supports addiction specificity of the smartphone. It is suggested smartphones encourage narcissism, even in non-narcissistic users. In turn, this increased use in banned areas. Future research needs to gather more in-depth qualitative data, addiction scale comparisons and comparison of use with and without SNS access. It is advised that prospective buyers of smartphones be pre-warned of the potential addictive properties of new technology.
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Montiel, Cristina Jayme, and Ma Elizabeth J. Macapagal. "Commentary: Nuancing the Meaning of Cultural Diversity." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 5, no. 2 (2011): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1834490900000052.
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The featured articles in the section on cultural diversity across the Pacific address important cultural issues in psychology as applied to psychopathology (Marsella & Yamada, 2011), intercultural relations and acculturation (Berry, 2011) and the phenomenon of culture shock (Furnham, 2011). We appreciate how the three articles offer a wide multidisciplinary lens and view mental problems from this broader vantage point. Beyond narratives of biology and individual personality dispositions, the authors include an anthropologists' eye to viewing mental illness (Marsella & Yamada, 2011), use sociological explanations of intergroup relations in a multicultural model of acculturation (Berry, 2011) and refer to demographic migration patterns to elucidate culture shock among foreign students (Furnham, 2011). The contribution of this set of writings lies in its insightful emphasis on how culture interfaces with one's subjective life. Our essay unpacks the cultural lens used in the psychological accounts, points out conceptual spaces that are largely unexplored in cross-cultural psychology (something that is observed and lamented by these authors in their articles here and elsewhere) and suggests avenues for future research about cultural diversity.
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Montiel, Cristina Jayme, and Ma Elizabeth J. Macapagal. "Commentary: Nuancing the Meaning of Cultural Diversity." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 5, no. 2 (December 2011): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1834490900000611.
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The featured articles in the section on cultural diversity across the Pacific address important cultural issues in psychology as applied to psychopathology (Marsella & Yamada, 2011), intercultural relations and acculturation (Berry, 2011) and the phenomenon of culture shock (Furnham, 2011). We appreciate how the three articles offer a wide multidisciplinary lens and view mental problems from this broader vantage point. Beyond narratives of biology and individual personality dispositions, the authors include an anthropologists' eye to viewing mental illness (Marsella & Yamada, 2011), use sociological explanations of intergroup relations in a multicultural model of acculturation (Berry, 2011) and refer to demographic migration patterns to elucidate culture shock among foreign students (Furnham, 2011). The contribution of this set of writings lies in its insightful emphasis on how culture interfaces with one's subjective life. Our essay unpacks the cultural lens used in the psychological accounts, points out conceptual spaces that are largely unexplored in cross-cultural psychology (something that is observed and lamented by these authors in their articles here and elsewhere) and suggests avenues for future research about cultural diversity.
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Valliant, Paul M., Derek Pottier, Tanya Gauthier, and Robert Kosmyna. "Moral Reasoning, Interpersonal Skills, and Cognition of Rapists, Child Molesters, and Incest Offenders." Psychological Reports 86, no. 1 (February 2000): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.1.67.
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54 inmates were subdivided into four groups and classified according to their index offense. The groups included Rapists ( n = 14), Incest Offenders ( n = 9), Child Molesters ( n = 11), General Offenders ( n = 20). Nonoffenders ( n = 20) were included as a control group. Psychometric tests including the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, the Defining Issues Test, Survey of Interpersonal Values, Porteus Maze, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were administered to all inmate and control groups. Analysis showed the rapists and child molesters scored higher on moral reasoning on the Defining Issues Test; also rapists' scores were more elevated on the Psychopathic Deviate and Paranoia scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory than those of other offender and control groups. These results imply that rapists and child molesters have the ability to understand moral issues; however, given their personality orientation, they ignore these interpersonal social values.
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Li, Cheng-Yu, Shiao-Yuan Lu, Bi-Kun Tsai, and Keh-Yuan Yu. "The Impact of Extraversion and Sensation Seeking on Tourist Role." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 1 (February 7, 2015): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.1.75.
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In recent years, personality variables, such as extraversion and sensation seeking, have been used to investigate tourist preferences and behaviors. For this study, we classified tourist roles into three types: the familiarized mass tourist, the organized mass tourist, and the independent tourist. We investigated the impact of extraversion and sensation seeking on tourist roles in a large-scale survey of Taiwanese citizens (N = 1,249) aged 20 years and older. Using logistic regression analysis, the results indicated that sensation seeking was a significant predictor of tourist role, but extraversion was not. Compared to familiarized mass tourists, people who are sensation-seeking are more likely to become independent tourists rather than organized mass tourists. We provide suggestions for tourism marketing.
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DUTTON, DONALD G., and ANDREW J. STARZOMSKI. "Psychological Differences Between Court-Referred and Self-Referred Wife Assaulters." Criminal Justice and Behavior 21, no. 2 (June 1994): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854894021002002.
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Assessed on a battery of psychopathology and personality measures were 40 court-referred and 40 self-referred men in treatment for wife assault. Although both groups exhibited high degrees of psychopathology and similar personality profiles, self-referred men scored significantly higher on borderline personality organization, marital conflict, anger, depression, and total trauma symptoms. The two groups exhibited distinct patterns of socially desirable responding. A discriminant function analysis of scores corrected for social desirability correctly classified 88% of the men into court-referred and self-referred groups. Implications of these findings for theory, assessment, and treatment are considered.
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Thalmayer, Amber Gayle, Gerard Saucier, and Julia S. Rotzinger. "Absolutism, Relativism, and Universalism in Personality Traits Across Cultures: The Case of the Big Five." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 53, no. 7-8 (August 2022): 935–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220221221111813.
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Personality is a broad concept used to organize the myriad ways that people differ psychologically from one another. There is evidence that such differences have been important to humans everywhere, in that personality-relevant terms appear in all known languages. Empirical attempts to identify the most useful individual differences and their structure have emphasized cross-cultural evidence, but rigid adherence to a Big Five model has sometimes meant ignoring heterogenous results. We start with a framework for more precisely defining the universality versus cultural-specificity of personality concepts and models in order to better assess cross-cultural evidence. As this 50th anniversary of the IACCP is also the 50th anniversary of the first large lexical study of personality and more or less of the Big Five model, we take the opportunity to explore both how personality has been studied across contexts using the lexical method, and in 100 articles on personality topics (most using questionnaires) that were identified in the pages of JCCP. Personality articles in JCCP, classified into three types based on their balance of emic and etic components, illustrate larger trends in personality psychology. With the benefit of hindsight, we reflect on what each type has to offer going forward, and we encourage cross-cultural personality psychologists to go beyond imposed etic studies that seek primarily to confirm Western models in other contexts. The kinds of insights that more integrative emic and etic approaches can bring to the study of psychology across cultures are highlighted, and a future research agenda is provided.
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Bouwens, Elke, Felix van Lier, Ellen V. Rouwet, Hence J. M. Verhagen, Robert Jan Stolker, and Sanne E. Hoeks. "Type D Personality and Health-Related Quality of Life in Vascular Surgery Patients." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 26, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12529-018-09762-3.
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Abstract Background This study evaluated the association of type D personality and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and assessed the stability of type D personality in vascular surgery patients during the year after surgery. Method In a prospective cohort study between 2008 and 2014, 294 patients were assessed with validated questionnaires preoperatively and at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Associations between type D personality, depression, and HRQoL were analyzed by generalized estimating equation models. Type D personality was analyzed in its standard dichotomous form as well as continuous (z) scores of its two components, negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI), and their interaction term. Results Prevalence of type D personality varied between 18% and 25%. However, only 9% of the complete responders were classified as type D personality at all four assessments, whereas one third changed between type D classifications. Continuous scores showed greater stability over time. Dichotomized type D personality measured over time was significantly associated with impaired HRQoL, but this was not the case if measured once at baseline, like in general use. The continuous NA score and depression were also significantly associated with impaired HRQoL over time. Conclusion Type D personality was not a stable trait over time. Preoperative assessment of type D personality did not predict improvement in HRQoL after vascular surgery. However, the study revealed associations between the NA component of type D personality, depression, and lower HRQoL. This indicates that measures of overall negative affect should be taken into account when assessing HRQoL patient-reported outcomes in vascular surgery patients.
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Körner, Anita, Sophie Moritz, and Roland Deutsch. "Dissecting Dispositionality: Distance Increases Stability of Attribution." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 4 (October 24, 2019): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619877856.
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Causes of behavior are often classified as either dispositional (e.g., personality) or situational (e.g., circumstances). However, the disposition–situation dichotomy confounds locus (internal vs. external) and stability (unstable vs. stable) of attribution, rendering it unclear whether locus or stability drives changes in dispositionality. In the present research, we examine the dispositional shift—that is, psychologically distant (vs. near) events are attributed to dispositional (vs. situational) causes. Using construal level theory, we hypothesize that the dispositional shift is caused by a change in stability (but not necessarily locus) of attribution. Two experiments support this hypothesis. In Experiment 1, distant (vs. near) future events were attributed to more stable causes. In Experiment 2, actions by a socially distant person (vs. oneself) were also attributed to more stable (but also more internal) causes. Thus, important psychological manipulations, here psychological distance, can influence causal dimensions selectively, supporting the independence of stability and locus of attribution.
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Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas, Patrick Fagan, and Adrian Furnham. "Personality and uses of music as predictors of preferences for music consensually classified as happy, sad, complex, and social." Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 4, no. 4 (November 2010): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019210.
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Billy Anthony Christian Martani and Erwin Budi Setiawan. "Naïve Bayes-Support Vector Machine Combined BERT to Classified Big Five Personality on Twitter." Jurnal RESTI (Rekayasa Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi) 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 1072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29207/resti.v6i6.4378.
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Twitter is one of the most popular social media used to interact online. Through Twitter, a person's personality can be determined based on that person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns. A person has five main personalities likes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. This study will make five personality predictions using the Naïve Bayes method – Support Vector Machine, Synthetic Minority Over Sampling Technique (SMOTE), Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC), and Bidirectional Encoder from Transformers Representations (BERT). A questionnaire was distributed to people who used Twitter to collect and become a dataset in this research. The dataset obtained will be processed into SMOTE to balance the data. Linguistic Inquiry Word Count is used as a linguistic feature and BERT will be used as a semantic approach. The Naïve Bayes method is used to perform the weighting and the Support Vector Machine is used to classify Big Five Personalities. To help improve accuracy, the Optuna Hyperparameter Tuning method will be added to the Naïve Bayes Support Vector Machine model. This study has an accuracy of 87.82% from the results of combining SMOTE, BERT, LIWC, and Tuning where the accuracy increases from the baseline.
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Shahar, Golan. "The Nature of the Beast: Commentary on “Can There Be a Recovery-Oriented Diagnostic Practice?”." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 59, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167818777653.
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Pavlo, Flanagam, Leither, and Davidson attempt to reconcile the recovery movement in mental health service with a formal diagnostic practice is as courageous as it is timely. Acknowledging this, I note several points of convergence and divergence with the authors’ views. Points of convergence include (1) the inevitability of a diagnostic system when working with (severe) mental illness, (2) the importance of going beyond signs and symptoms in capturing the unique characteristics of the person, (3) the focus on humanistic values, particularly the emphasis on a collaborative assessment and on human strengths, in the diagnostic process, and (4) the role of future-oriented thinking in diagnosis. Divergence with the authors concerns (1) my own reliance on descriptive psychiatry, with its focus on signs and symptoms, as a part and parcel of an effective diagnosis, (2) the potential benefits of psychological tests, for example, self-report questionnaires and projective procedures over and above the clinical interview, and (3) my emphasis on mental representations of self-with-others, termed here and elsewhere as “agents in relations,” as the building blocks of personality and psychopathology.
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Abdolmohammadi, Mohammad J., D. Gerald Searfoss, and James Shanteau. "An Investigation of the Attributes of Top Industry Audit Specialists." Behavioral Research in Accounting 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/bria.2004.16.1.1.
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Prior research in psychology and auditing has established that in addition to ability, experience, and knowledge, many other attributes such as confidence and communication skills are also important to expertise. The literature also suggests that the importance of various expert attributes differ by professional rank. This study extends this literature by providing evidence on an expanded list of attributes of top industry audit specialists (TIASs). Specifically, the study elicited data from 114 senior audit partners known to be TIASs by a Big 6 accounting firm. These subjects generated an extensive list of attributes of TIASs in an open-ended questionnaire and assessed their importance. They also assessed the importance of each attribute in a 25-item pre-defined list. Our findings confirm the importance of many attributes reported in the expertise literature that can be classified as judgment/technical expertise. Our study also identifies detailed attributes related to characteristics that can generally be classified as personality and social attributes. For example, we present evidence on the importance of many attributes that can be classified as leadership (e.g., “respected”), marketing (e.g., “marketing focus”), and accepted-as-authority (e.g., “recognition”) characteristics. The findings are robust and applicable to various industry specializations. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
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Biro, Miklos, Snezana Smederevac, and Zdenka Novovic. "Antisocial behavior: Dimension or category(ies)?" Psihologija 41, no. 3 (2008): 275–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0803275b.
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Classificatory systems (DSM-IV, ICD-10) use different criteria for defining a rather common antisocial disorder, traditionally referred as psychopathy. Most empirical studies of this phenomenon use Cleckley's operational definition that was applied and amended in Hare's revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R). In modern literature, the fact that there is less than a perfect correspondence between classificatory systems and Hare's PCL-R is often cited as an indication that antisocial behavior is not confined to a distinct category of people but is rather a continuous personality dimension. In order to further elucidate the nosology of antisocial behaviors, a Psychopathy Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) based on Cleckley - Hare's criteria and consisting of 40 binary items was administered to 339 men (135 prisoners and 204 members of the general population). Four distinct clusters of respondents were identified by means of hierarchical cluster analysis: Psychopathic type (characterized by high positive scores on dimension of Unemotionality; Antisocial type (characterized by high positive scores on Social deviance dimension); Adapted type (characterized by negative scores on all dimensions); and Hyper-controlled type (characterized by extremely negative scores on dimension Social deviance accompanied with positive scores on Unemotionality dimension). Additional comparison with MMPI profiles which classified prison sample in two groups ("Psychopathic profiles" and "Non- Psychopathic profiles") shows that there is no expected compatibility between MMPI and PAQ. We conclude that Antisocial type can be treated as a distinct category, while Psychopathic type displays characteristics of dimensional distribution.
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Weich, S., O. McBride, D. Hussey, D. Exeter, T. Brugha, and S. McManus. "Latent class analysis of co-morbidity in the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in England 2007: implications for DSM-5 and ICD-11." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 10 (March 4, 2011): 2201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000249.
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BackgroundPsychiatric co-morbidity is complex and ubiquitous. Our aim was to describe the extent, nature and patterning of psychiatric co-morbidity within a representative sample of the adult population of England, using latent class analysis.MethodData were used from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, a two-phase national household survey undertaken in 2007 comprising 7325 participants aged 16 years and older living in private households in England. The presence of 15 common mental health and behavioural problems was ascertained using standardized clinical and validated self-report measures, including three anxiety disorders, depressive episode, mixed anxiety depressive disorder, psychosis, antisocial and borderline personality disorders, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit disorder, alcohol and drug dependencies, problem gambling and attempted suicide.ResultsA four-class model provided the most parsimonious and informative explanation of the data. Most participants (81.6%) were assigned to a non-symptomatic or ‘Unaffected’ class. The remainder were classified into three qualitatively different symptomatic classes: ‘Co-thymia’ (12.4%), ‘Highly Co-morbid’ (5.0%) and ‘Addictions’ (1.0%). Classes differed in mean numbers of conditions and impairments in social functioning, and these dimensions were correlated.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that mental disorders typically co-occur and are concentrated in a relatively small number of individuals. Conditions associated with the highest levels of disability, mortality and cost – psychosis, suicidality and personality disorders – are often co-morbid with more common conditions. This needs to be recognized when planning services and when considering aetiology.
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Lamph, Gary, Alison Elliott, Kathryn Gardner, Karen Wright, Emma Jones, Michael Haslam, Nicola Graham-Kevan, Raeesa Jassat, Fiona Jones, and Mick McKeown. "An evaluation of a pilot multi-professional offender personality disorder (OPD) higher education programme." Journal of Forensic Practice 24, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 138–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-10-2021-0051.
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Purpose Workforce development is crucial to the offender personality disorder (OPD) service to provide contemporary, evidenced care and treatment. This study aims to provide an overview and the research evaluation results of a regional higher education programme delivered to a range of criminal justice workers used on the OPD pathway. Design/methodology/approach Three modules were developed and delivered; these are (1) enhancing understanding (20 students), (2) formulation and therapeutic intervention (20 students) and (3) relationships, teams and environments (17 students). A mixed-methods study evaluated participant confidence and compassion. Pre, post and six-month follow-up questionnaires were completed. Additionally, a series of focus groups were conducted to gain in-depth qualitative feedback with a cross-section of students across the modules (N = 7). Quantitative data was collected and analysed separately due to the three modules all having different content. Qualitative data was analysed, and a synthesis of qualitative findings was reported from data taken across the three modules. Findings A total of 52 students participated, drawn from three modules: Module 1 (N = 19); Module 2 (N = 18); Module 3 (N = 15). Confidence in working with people with a personality disorder or associated difficulties improved significantly following completion of any of the modules, whereas compassion did not. Results have been synthesised and have assisted in the future shaping of modules to meet the learning needs of students. Research limitations/implications Further evaluation of the effectiveness of educational programmes requires attention, as does the longer-term durability of effect. Further research is required to explore the post-training impact upon practice, and further exploration is required and larger sample sizes to draw definitive conclusions related to compassion. Practical implications This unique model of co-production that draws upon the expertise of people with lived experience, occupational frontline and academics is achievable and well received by students and can be reproduced elsewhere. Social implications The positive uptake and results of this study indicate a need for expansion of accessible OPD workforce training opportunities across the UK. Further research is required to explore student feedback and comparisons of effectiveness comparing different modes of training delivery, especially in light of the pandemic, which has forced organisations and higher education institutions to develop more digital and distance learning approaches to their portfolios. Originality/value This novel research provides an evaluation of the only higher education credit-bearing modules in the UK focussed solely upon the OPD workforce and aligned with the national drive for non-credit bearing awareness level training “knowledge and understanding framework” (KUF).
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Zielińska, Aleksandra. "Mapping Adolescents’ Everyday Creativity." Creativity. Theories – Research - Applications 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 208–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ctra-2020-0012.
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Abstract Spontaneous creative activity among adolescents has been overlooked in creativity literature. This article overviews everyday creativity in adolescence, with a focus on medium-and -long term creative projects conducted in- and out-of-school. Almost one thousand Polish adolescents provided quite detailed descriptions of their creative projects conducted within the last year. These activities were classified, with a particular focus on multiple micro-domains. Students most often described creative behaviors performed outside of school as compared to school-related activities. Likelihood of engaging in creativity within different domains as well as the level of creativity were linked to participants’ creative self-concept, creative mindsets, and personality. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Otero-López, José Manuel, María José Santiago, and María Cristina Castro. "Big Five Personality Traits, Coping Strategies and Compulsive Buying in Spanish University Students." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020821.
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Personality traits and coping strategies have historically been two key elements in the field of health psychology. It is, therefore, striking that there is no study in the field of compulsive buying that integrates the most generic, decontextualized and stable aspects (traits) with those having a more marked processual and dynamic nature, which are closer to goal-based views of human nature (coping strategies). Another weakness of the compulsive buying field is that, despite the confirmed growing increase in compulsive buying in the younger age groups, most studies have been conducted with adult samples. Hence, this study seeks to clarify the role of the Big Five domains and different coping strategies in university students’ compulsive buying. The sample consisted of 1093 participants who were classified as either compulsive buyers or non-compulsive buyers. Both groups were compared regarding sociodemographic variables (gender, age), the Big Five personality traits, and coping strategies through chi-square tests or Student’s t-tests. Besides, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine which of these determinants might play a part in the construction of a risk profile for compulsive buying. The results showed that other than gender (specifically being female), Neuroticism and the use of such coping strategies as problem avoidance and wishful thinking are risk factors that increase the propensity for compulsive buying. The use of active coping strategies such as problem solving, cognitive restructuring and social support, as well as the Conscientiousness dimension are protection factors that decrease the likelihood of becoming a compulsive buyer. Finally, and on the basis of the findings obtained, possible guidelines are given, which, hopefully, may effectively contribute to the prevention of and/or intervention in compulsive buying among young adults.
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Laakso, Maria. "Nuorten lokerointi ja kehittyminen Salla Simukan nuortendystopiaromaaneissa Jäljellä ja Toisaalla." Sananjalka 60, no. 60. (December 17, 2018): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30673/sja.70037.
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Coming of age and classification of adolescents In Salla Simukka’s YA-dystopias Jäljellä and Toisaalla
Finnish YA-author Salla Simukka takes a current societal problem into the center of her novel pair Jäljellä (Left Over, not translated, 2012) and Toisaalla (Elsewhere, not translated, 2012). These novels criticize the current system, where even young children are forced to choose specialized studies and make decisions that affect their whole future. This is a consequence on a modern western information society, where branches of knowledge are differentiated. These theme Simukka’s novels handle with the methods off dystopic fiction.
Both novels depict a dystopic world, where adolescents are classified into groups based on their personality and their talents. Both novels depict a world very much like our own, but the time of the story lies in the near future. As usual to the dystopic fiction the author pics up some existing progressions from the reality and then extends those conditions into a future, and this way the flaws of the current conditions are revealed. In my article I claim, that Simukka’s novels take under critical consideration the whole Western concept of coming of age. Especially crucial is the idea of growth as being something controllable. In western cultures the growing up of an individual is standardized and regulated by institutions and fields of science such us daycare, school, medicine, and psychology. In Simukka’s novels this idea is exaggerated but still recognizable.
The motif of classifications or sorting the adolescents has lately been popular in YA-fantasy and YA-dystopia. Simukka’s novels borrow from two bestsellers: J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter -series (1997–2007), and Veronica Roth’s Divergent-series (2011–2013). These examples seem to prove, that the idea of adolescents of being sorted or being classified is important in contemporary genre fiction targeting young audiences. Sorting or classification as motifs seem to be connected to the contemporary understanding of youth and growing up.
In this article I consider the classification motif in Simukka’s novel. I consentrate especially to the connections between the motif and the wider theme of growing up. I examine the motif beside the Western ideas of growth and coming of age. Besides that I also study the different genre frames Simukka’s novels use to discuss of growing up in contemporary society. These genre traditions include dystopic fiction, YA-literature and fairytale. In this article I propose, that the classification motif allegorizes the demands set to adolescents in contemporary society but also appeals to the young readers as a fantasy of belonging to the group.
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Chou, Shih Yung, and Joseph M. Stauffer. "A theoretical classification of helping behavior and helping motives." Personnel Review 45, no. 5 (August 1, 2016): 871–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-03-2015-0076.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a new classification of helping behavior using the recipient’s solicitation and the helper’s proactiveness. Additionally, the authors explore helping motives for each of the forms of helping behavior that the authors identify. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examined relevant research and performed a theoretical analysis. Findings – The authors classified helping behavior into three distinct forms, including unsolicited proactive helping behavior, unsolicited reactive helping behavior, and solicited reactive helping behavior. Additionally, the authors claimed that unsolicited proactive helping behavior is an outcome of personality and dispositions, that unsolicited reactive helping behavior is a process of social and instrumental exchange, and that solicited reactive helping behavior is a product of functional motives. Practical implications – First, from the perspective of organizational justice, the authors recommend managers to take the form of helping behavior exhibited into consideration when evaluating employees’ helping behavior because certain forms of helping behavior require greater degrees of cooperation and sacrifices from the helper than other forms. Second, because employees who engage in high levels of unsolicited proactive helping behavior are likely to experience interrole conflict, the authors suggest that managers provide counseling and managerial support that help cope with emotional and psychological strain created by excessive role demands. Finally, findings of this study imply that managers need to create a workplace culture where employees can feel comfortable to solicit help when necessary. Originality/value – This is the first study that classifies helping behavior and helping motives using both of the helper’s and recipient’s perspectives.
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Deolmi, Michela, Emanuela Claudia Turco, Pietro Pellegrini, Carlo Marchesi, and Francesco Pisani. "Psychiatric Emergency in Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Study in Parma Local Health Unit." Behavioural Neurology 2021 (October 25, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8848387.
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The mental health care system in Italy is based on Law 180/70 which leaves great regional autonomy about the management of adolescent patients suffering from psychiatric diseases. The aim of this study is the evaluation of demographic, social, and clinical features of minors admitted to psychiatric wards, as starting point to improve individualized services for them. Data about all under 18s consecutively admitted to Parma’s psychiatric wards from 2013 to 2015 were retrospectively collected from medical records. Diagnoses were classified according to ICD-10 criteria, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0) for Windows. Clinical samples include 51 cases, 30 males (mean age: 15.5 years, ranging from 12 to 17 years) and 21 females (mean age: 15.9, ranging from 14 to 17 years). The most frequent diagnosis is conduct disorder (39.2%), with higher prevalence among males. Following this, 23.5% of the patients present comorbidity issues and 9.8% suffer from personality disorders, which is more frequent among females. High percentages of foreigners (31.4%), adopted minors (15.7%), and drug users (40%) are reported. Furthermore, data reveal that unprotective family environment, registered in 80.4% of cases, plays an important role as risk factor for the development of mental disease, readmissions in psychiatric wards, and discharge to residential facilities. Readmissions, as well as compulsory treatments (11 cases), are mainly required in case of conduct disorders and comorbidity diagnosis. Lastly, in contrast with the situation before hospital admission, most patients (63.3%) are discharged and sent to community residential facilities. Findings can be useful to improve the management of psychiatric emergencies in minors, focusing on their specific needs, such as conduct disorders and substance abuse, and to face emerging challenges, for example, mental health disease associated with the growing phenomenon of immigration.
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Muhalimah, Siti, Budi Darma, and Fabiola Dharmawanti Kurnia. "Incestuous Behavior In Virginia Cleo Andrews’ Flowers In The Attic And Tabitha Suzuma’s Forbidden." Journal of English Language and Literature 12, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 1187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v12i3.424.
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This study aims to give more understanding about incestuous behaviour especially in Virginia Cleo Andrews’ Flowers in the Attic and Tabitha Suzuma’s Forbidden. There are three focuses of the study; they are (1) how incest described in those novels, (2) what the causing factors of incest, and (3) what the impact of it. In answering the first question, incest on its features can be classified into three types; they are based on the offenders, the motivation, and the way of treating. For the second question, this study is analysed trough two parts. The first part is based on the condition before that incest happened and for the second part is based on the psychoanalysis theory by Karen Horney. In her theory, she explains about the childhood experience and neurotic needs that are related in finding the possible causing factors of incest as the focus of this study. Then, for the third question, the possible effects of sibling incest such as; trauma, isolated on social sanction, sexual aversion disorder, and other psychological problems. The result of this study has been found that sibling incest which is happened in those novels is driven by both sides of the offenders. What they do are on their mutual desire and willingness. And the dysfunctional family that they face also really influences their psychology. In Forbidden, it is found that there are two motivations that influence Lochan and Maya to do sibling incest, they are; affection and aggression while in Flowers in the Attic, there are three motivations that are found, they are; affection, eroticism and aggression. For the second question, this research reveals that there are three causing factors of sibling incest that are happened in both novels, they are; dysfunctional family, between age peers, and law of homogamy. Not only that, from the findings, it is also found that all of the offenders experienced the child abuse and neglect in their childhood. They also get the emotional maltreatment from their parents. Their childhood experiences then shape their personality and it deals with the psychological problems which are influenced by the neurotic needs that they seek. The third question is about the impact of sibling incest towards the offenders’ life. And it is found that all of the offenders blame themselves for everything that has happened in their lives, even one of those offenders Lochan decides to commit suicide
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Sadaraka, Lisa. "#Timesup - it’s time to take action." Hospitality Insights 2, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/hi.v2i1.28.
Full textAbstract:
Sexual harassment is prevalent in the hospitality industry with studies indicating that hospitality employees experience sexual harassment significantly more than employees in other industries. Studies also reveal that customers are generally the main perpetrators [1].
Like the Western world, tourism in the South Pacific has seen significant growth and is now the largest and fastest growing sector in the region [2]. However, despite tourism being the key economic driver for many Pacific Island countries, the prevalence of sexual harassment in this location is unknown. This study was conducted in the Cook Islands and investigated the sexual harassment experiences of hospitality employees, by customers. A qualitative approach was adopted involving in-depth interviews with 32 participants from across the industry. The study revealed a significant lack of awareness of sexual harassment and, given the lack of research attention in this region, it is anticipated that this problem is prevalent across the Pacific.
Consistent with previous studies [3], alcohol was considered to have the greatest influence on customer behaviour. Supporting Hayner’s [4] ‘moral holiday’ perspective, employees were of the view that visitors behaved inappropriately simply because they were away from home and had a sense of anonymity. A key outcome of the study were the new themes that emerged on ‘cause’, which were unique to the study and its location. The commodification of Cook Islands culture, in particular, the sexualisation of traditional dance and costumes, was perceived to reduce the sexual inhibitions of visitors. A lack of awareness around cultural norms, the hospitable nature of Cook Islanders and titillating marketing messages were also perceived to inadvertently influence visitor behaviour.
The ramifications of sexual harassment are serious and cannot be ignored by hospitality employers and managers. The study found that employees experienced a decline in their work performance, productivity, and overall job satisfaction. These outcomes are detrimental not only to individuals, but also to organisations, as they can increase costs and impact the bottom line [5]. Of particular concern, the study found that employees were leaving the industry because of sexual harassment. In light of the current labour market pressures in the Cook Islands tourism industry [6], the implications of this are grave. The research identifies a vital need for education and training with a focus on sexual harassment awareness, cultural awareness, body language and socials skills. The implementation of workplace policies and procedures on sexual harassment is also recommended. Implementing practical strategies at an operational level may also be beneficial for managers and owners. Bystander intervention is an effective approach and involves removing the harassed employee and replacing them with a colleague, before the situation escalates. Implementing host responsibility programmes to educate employees on the responsible sale and supply of alcohol is also recommended. Paramount to addressing the issue of sexual harassment, however, is a clear and visible commitment from management. Employers have an ethical responsibility to create a safe working environment for their employees. Our people are our greatest tourism asset. We need to protect them to ensure a sustainable tourism industry, both in the Pacific and elsewhere.
Corresponding author
Lisa Sadaraka can be contacted at lisa.sadaraka@aut.ac.nz
References
(1) Gettman, H. J.; Gelfand, M. J. When the Customer Shouldn’t be King: Antecedents and Consequences of Sexual Harassment by Clients and Customers. Journal of Applied Psychology 2007, 92(3), 757–770. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.757
(2) The World Bank. Tourism, 2016. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/95491462763645997/WB-PP-Tourism.pdf (accessed Jun 7, 2018).
(3) Yagil, D. When the Customer is Wrong: A Review of Research on Aggression and Sexual Harassment in Service Encounters. Aggression and Violent Behavior 2008, 13(2), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.03.002
(4) Hayner, N. S. Hotel Life and Personality. American Journal of Sociology 1928, 33(5), 784–795.
(5) Ineson, E. M.; Yap, M. H. T.; Whiting, G. Sexual Discrimination and Harassment in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2013, 35, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.04.012
(6) Sugden, C.; Bosworth, M.; Chung, M.; Tuara, A. Cook Islands 2008 Social and Economic Report: Equity in Development, 2008. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29732/cook-islands-economic-report-2008.pdf (accessed Jun 7, 2018).
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Volungevičienė, Ana, Boris Mlačić, and Oleg Gorbaniuk. "The Impact of Our Personality on Others: The Lithuanian Comprehensive Lexical Taxonomy of Social Effects." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869920.
Full textAbstract:
Social effects represent the psychological (emotional, cognitive, and motivational) reactions evoked in other people by the expression of traits in behavior and emotion. From the transactional view on personality, studying the psycholexical structures of social effects can help to discover unique vs. common thought and behavior patterns, affects, and motivations, which are primarily related to personality dispositions. Thus, we developed the comprehensive taxonomy of social effects following the principles of the psycholexical approach. In the first study, two judges selected 9,625 person-descriptive terms—adjectives, type-nouns, attribute-nouns, and participles—from the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language. In the second study, six judges classified all the selected descriptors using German psycholexical methodology. Finally, a principal component analysis was performed, followed by varimax rotation for the 208 social-effect descriptors, separately for ipsatized self-ratings and observer-ratings from 203 to 204 Lithuanian students, respectively. We found out that the five-component solution was the best fit for self-ratings, whereas for observer-ratings it was a four-component structure. In this article, we present the results from the factor analyses and discuss our findings in the context of previous studies, as well as cross-language personality models.
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Volungevičienė, Ana, Boris Mlačić, and Oleg Gorbaniuk. "The Impact of Our Personality on Others: The Lithuanian Comprehensive Lexical Taxonomy of Social Effects." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (April 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869920.
Full textAbstract:
Social effects represent the psychological (emotional, cognitive, and motivational) reactions evoked in other people by the expression of traits in behavior and emotion. From the transactional view on personality, studying the psycholexical structures of social effects can help to discover unique vs. common thought and behavior patterns, affects, and motivations, which are primarily related to personality dispositions. Thus, we developed the comprehensive taxonomy of social effects following the principles of the psycholexical approach. In the first study, two judges selected 9,625 person-descriptive terms—adjectives, type-nouns, attribute-nouns, and participles—from the Dictionary of the Standard Lithuanian Language. In the second study, six judges classified all the selected descriptors using German psycholexical methodology. Finally, a principal component analysis was performed, followed by varimax rotation for the 208 social-effect descriptors, separately for ipsatized self-ratings and observer-ratings from 203 to 204 Lithuanian students, respectively. We found out that the five-component solution was the best fit for self-ratings, whereas for observer-ratings it was a four-component structure. In this article, we present the results from the factor analyses and discuss our findings in the context of previous studies, as well as cross-language personality models.
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Alanna, Kaser, Sophie Keddy, and Taylor Hill. "The prevalence of perfectionism and positive mental health in undergraduate students." Healthy Populations Journal 2, no. 1 (May 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/hpj.v2i1.10904.
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The purpose of this cross-sectional survey was to assess the relationship between mental health and perfectionist personality styles within Dalhousie University’s undergraduate psychology program (N = 191). Positive mental health is characterized by high social, emotional, and psychological functioning in everyday life. Perfectionism has traditionally been studied as a correlate of poor mental health, although relatively recent research has offered a reconceptualization wherein the adaptiveness of perfectionism can support positive mental health. In particular, the perfectionist personality style may be categorized as three types: non-perfectionist, maladaptive perfectionist, and adaptive perfectionist. We classified participants based on their perfectionist personality style and assessed the distribution of mental health level and variation of mental health scores across the different perfectionist personality styles. Overall, we found a pattern of high mental health scores in adaptive perfectionists, moderate mental health scores in non-perfectionists, and low mental health scores in maladaptive perfectionists, suggesting that mental health varies systematically with type of perfectionism. Our findings demonstrate that perfectionism can be an adaptive personality style and positively relate to mental health. Our study supports the reconceptualized definition of perfectionism as a potentially adaptive personality style.
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Mancini, Milena, and Giovanni Stanghellini. "Values in persons with Borderline Personality Disorder: Their relevance for the therapeutic interview." Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome 23, no. 1 (May 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ripppo.2020.449.
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This is an explorative study on values of 25 patients affected by borderline personality disorder interviewed in a clinical setting (phenomenological-dynamic psychotherapy) and re-classified following Consensual Qualitative Research. We identified three main categories of values: recognition (the importance for attention, acknowledgment, commendation and acceptance by the other), authenticity (the importance of absolute emotional fusion with the other), and immediacy (the importance of instantaneous, hic et nunc satisfaction of one’s needs/desires). Each of these values expresses a kind of ‘logic’, namely the logic of intimacy (the other’s closeness as indispensable for defining oneself and establish/reinforce one’s selfhood and identity), spontaneity (over-reliance on feelings unrestricted by social norms undermining their intensity), and instantaneity (glorification of ‘now-moments’/execration of procrastination draining the vitality of feelings). The borderline person lives an emotional normativity constituted by the intensity of feelings under the spell of a frustrated normativity since they enter into a collision with the hypocrisy of common-sense ethical norms and social rules and conventions, as well as by potential conflicts with the feelings of the other. Acknowledging the values affirmed by borderline persons may help to better understand their condition - that is, to grasp ‘what it is like’ and make sense of the phenomena that affect them – and particularly to find a logic in their otherwise irrational and incomprehensible self-defeating behavior.
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Mar, Javier, Igor Larrañaga, Oliver Ibarrondo, Ana González-Pinto, Carlota las Hayas, Ane Fullaondo, Irantzu Izco-Basurko, et al. "Incidence of mental disorders in the general population aged 1–30 years disaggregated by gender and socioeconomic status." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, January 24, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02425-z.
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Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence and age of onset of mental disorders diagnosed by gender and socioeconomic status (SES) in children, adolescents, and young adults up to 30 years of age in the whole population of the Basque Country (Spain). Methods All mental health diagnoses documented in Basque Health Service records from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2018, were classified into eight clusters: anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), conduct disorders, depression, psychosis/personality disorders, substance use, eating disorders, and self-harm. We calculated incidence and cumulative incidence for each cluster, disaggregated by gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). Poisson regression analyses were performed. Results Overall, 9,486,853 person-years of observation were available for the 609,281 individuals included. ADHD and conduct disorders were diagnosed in the first decade, anxiety and depression disorders in the second and third decades, and psychosis/personality and substance use in the third. The cumulative incidence at 18 years of age for any type of disorder was 15.5%. The group with low SES had a statistically significantly higher incidence of all eight clusters. The incidence of ADHD, conduct disorders, depression, psychosis/personality disorders, and substance use was higher in males and that of anxiety, eating disorders and self-harm was higher in females. Conclusions The incidence of mental disorders is high among children, adolescents, and young adults in the Basque Country underlining the need for preventive interventions. Marked differences by gender and SES highlight mental health inequalities, especially for depression and psychosis in low SES males.
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Ayalon, Liat, Sagit Lev, and Gil Lev. "What Can We Learn From the Past About the Future of Gerontology: Using Natural Language Processing to Examine the Field of Gerontology." Journals of Gerontology: Series B, May 25, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa066.
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Abstract Objectives We thematically classified all titles of eight top psychological and social gerontology journals over a period of six decades, between 1961 and February 2020. This was done in order to provide a broad overview of the main topics that interest the scientific community over time and place. Method We used natural language processing in order to analyze the data. In order to capture the diverse thematic clusters covered by the journals, a cluster analysis, based on “topic detection” was conducted. Results A total of 15,566 titles were classified into 38 thematic clusters. These clusters were then compared over time and geographic location. The majority of titles fell into a relatively small number of thematic clusters and a large number of thematic clusters were hardly addressed. The most frequently addressed thematic clusters were (a) Cognitive functioning, (b) Long-term care and formal care, (c) Emotional and personality functioning, (d) health, and (e) Family and informal care. The least frequently addressed thematic clusters were (a) Volunteering, (b) Sleep, (c) Addictions, (d) Suicide, and (e) Nutrition. There was limited variability over time and place with regard to the most frequently addressed themes. Discussion Despite our focus on journals that specifically address psychological and social aspects of gerontology, the biomedicalization of the field is evident. The somewhat limited variability of themes over time and place is disconcerting as it potentially attests to slow progress and limited attention to contextual/societal variations.
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Rehling, Joseph, and Joanna Moncrieff. "The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904." Psychological Medicine, January 15, 2020, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719004021.
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Abstract Background Contrasting historical views represent the asylum as a manifestation of humanitarian and therapeutic progress or as an institution of social control designed to bolster the capitalist economic order. More extreme critics suggest it was used to incarcerate people exhibiting only political or social deviance. Methods Case notes of 200 consecutive male and female admissions to the Essex County Asylum in 1904 were inspected. The nature of presentations was classified in contemporary terms into broad categories of disorder. Outcomes were identified and differences between men and women were explored. Results We found no evidence that patients were admitted without signs of significant mental and behavioural disturbance. In total, 44% of admissions had signs of an organic condition, and these were more frequent among men. Women were admitted at a faster rate and were 1.6 times more likely to have mania or a psychotic disorder. Overall, 45.5% of patients were discharged, with 62% of patients with non-organic disorders discharged recovered or improved. Conclusions Evidence partially supports both views of the asylum. In line with other studies, there is no evidence that the asylum was used to incarcerate people who did not show significant signs of disorder, but it did provide care and containment for those who could not be accommodated elsewhere, including many with organic conditions. The asylum also had a therapeutic orientation, however, and encouraged discharge where possible. In contrast to some other studies, women were more likely to be institutionalised than men, possibly reflecting their greater economic dependency.
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Krick, Lynette C., Mitchell E. Berman, Michael S. McCloskey, Emil F. Coccaro, and Jennifer R. Fanning. "Gender Moderates the Association Between Exposure to Interpersonal Violence and Intermittent Explosive Disorder Diagnosis." Journal of Interpersonal Violence, May 12, 2021, 088626052110139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08862605211013951.
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Exposure to interpersonal violence (EIV) is a prevalent risk-factor for aggressive behavior; however, it is unclear whether the effect of EIV on clinically significant aggressive behavior is similar across gender. We examined whether gender moderates the association between experiencing and witnessing interpersonal violence and the diagnosis of intermittent explosive disorder (IED). We also examined potential pathways that might differentially account for the association between EIV and IED in men and women, including emotion regulation and social information processing (SIP). Adult men and women ( N = 582), who completed a semistructured clinical interview for syndromal and personality disorders, were classified as healthy controls (HC; n = 118), psychiatric controls (PC; n = 146) or participants with an IED diagnosis ( n = 318). Participants also completed the life history of experienced aggression (LHEA) and life history of witnessed aggression (Lhwa) structured interview and self-report measures of emotion regulation and SIP. Men reported more EIV over the lifetime. In multiple logistic regression analysis, experiencing and witnessing aggression within the family and experiencing aggression outside the family were associated with lifetime IED diagnosis. We found that the relationship between EIV and IED was stronger in women than in men. Affective dysregulation mediated certain forms of EIV, and this relation was observed in both men and women. SIP biases did not mediate the relation between EIV and IED. EIV across the lifespan is a robust risk factor for recurrent, clinically significant aggressive behavior (i.e., IED). However, the relationship between EIV and IED appears to be stronger in women. Further, this relation appears partially mediated by affective dysregulation.
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"Implementation of CCCP in Dissecting Classifications of Non- Criminal, Corporate and Criminal Psychopathy." Journal of Psychology and Neuroscience, October 5, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47485/2693-2490.1036.
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Psychopathy is one of the pivotal personality disorders in forensic psychology yet there has been little research conducted so far for understanding this destructive personality disorder. There are three different classifications of non-criminal, criminal and corporate psychopaths in each society. In addition, the severity of the psychopathy level in each category is assessed based on a combination of the outcome of assessment measure (s) and the classification of clinical criteria of psychopathy (CCCP). The CCCP includes cruelty-sadism, social-adjustment, disinhibition, and capacity. Cruelty and disinhibition criteria have streams of mild, moderate, severe, while social adjustment is classified into poor, integrated, or adept groups. Capacity is also divided into four categories of criminally-inclined, unremarkable, accomplished, and criminally-inclined/accomplished. Furthermore, manifestation of these four criteria in psychopathy reflects in categorizing the severity of psychopathy levels in three different groups of clinical (least extreme), pervasive (moderate), and pathological (most extreme) psychopaths. In sum, in order to apply criteria to each case, first step involves proper assessment of each case by measurements scales. The second step involves application of CCCP to each case in line with available clinical information and their assessment. The last step is implementing risk management and treatment strategies depending on the severity level of each case. Although, there is no permanent cure for this controversial psychological disorder, there are suggested treatment strategies that can lessen the severity of traits in different psychopathy classifications. Therefore, future research should continue in order to shed light on different strategies and treatment plans for this debilitating psychological disorder.
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Fiacco, Serena, Carla Arpagaus, Laura Mernone, and Ulrike Ehlert. "Female Intrasexual Competition and Its Link to Menopausal Stage, Sex Hormone Levels, and Personality Characteristics." Frontiers in Global Women's Health 2 (August 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2021.740894.
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Background: Female intrasexual competition (ISC) represents a unique form of social interaction. It describes behaviors primarily applied to enhance a woman's ability to outcompete other women. Previous research suggests that female ISC is influenced by personality characteristics and sex hormones. Although these factors most likely interact to predict female ISC, no previous study has investigated those factors in parallel in order to link theories from social psychology and biology. Women at the end of the reproductive lifespan represent the ideal study population, as they allow for a controlled hormonal environment.Materials and Methods: Healthy pre- (N = 53) and postmenopausal (N = 56) women were classified according to the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW+10) criteria. In the follicular phase (for premenopausal women) or on a random day (for postmenopausal women), questionnaires were administered to assess the general tendency to compete intrasexually and the tendency to compete on appearance, attention/interpersonal success, and competence. Additionally, personality characteristics (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and self-esteem) were assessed. On the same day, each subject provided an 8 a.m. saliva sample for estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. T-tests tested for between-group differences and separate multiple linear regression models tested for an effect of continuous hormone levels and personality characteristics on ISC. Further models were run, testing for an interaction with menopausal stage.Results: No group differences in ISC were evident (all p > 0.05). In premenopausal women, estradiol levels positively predicted the competition for attention (β = 2.103, p = 0.022). In postmenopausal women, self-esteem predicted the tendency to compete overall (β = −0.208, p < 0.001), on appearance (β = −0.061, p = 0.01), on competence (β = −0.087, p < 0.001), and on attention/interpersonal success (β = −0.060, p = 0.01).Discussion: These results, though cross-sectional, suggest that women continue to compete intrasexually in postmenopause, giving rise to new questions about the function of female ISC. If confirmed, the findings will indicate that hormones guide competitiveness in fertile women, whereas self-esteem accounts for individual differences in competitiveness post-reproduction. Particularly the function of postmenopausal ISC warrants further investigation.