Academic literature on the topic 'Social and environmental contract conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Social and environmental contract conditions"
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NIKOLAJCHUK, T. O., and N. I. KHUMAROVA. "CONTRACT - A TOOL FOR IMPROVING MANAGEMENT OF THE NATURAL RESERVE FUND." Economic innovations 20, no. 1(66) (March 20, 2018): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.1(66).148-161.
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Topicality. Market transformations in the country's economy caused the need to revise the labor relations institute from the economic development point of view. Particular importance was the theoretical reassessment labor relations institutional: the old labor law institutes, which corresponded to the administrative command system, must transform to new ones, that contain market needs. One of such labor relations institutes are contractual relations between the employer and the employee, which allow to personalize the labor relations as much as possible, consider the economic interest of both parties, and protect as far as possible the mutual interests and rights. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is represented the main tendencies and realities of using an employment contract in Ukraine's companies, which is signed in the standard form. The current legislation gaps of the contract using are considered as a special employment contract form with the companies leaders and other employees categories, depending on the specifics enterprise's activity or belonging to the management sphere. The preconditions for the special legislation implementation are determined during the labor contracts conclusion with the Ukrainian's nature reserve fund enterprises heads. The personal responsibility for environmental protection legislation and violation conditions are considered. Proactive and experienced specialists are established an extensive system of allowances and one-time incentives. Research results. In this article we have reviewed the implementation preconditions during the labor contracts' conclusion with the enterprises' heads of the Ukrainian nature reserve fund. We have considered the responsibility personalization conditions for environmental legislation violations with the definition of socio-economic components. For example, the contract may also stipulate social and living conditions, such as the garden plot allocation, a car, living conditions improvement, the share sale at par value, the social pensions surcharges establishment, protection against inflation processes and so on. Also it may be envisaged an employee to move another area. Conclusions. A contract can give the chance to more people to realize their work abilities on the most favorable conditions, to build the civil society foundations and the legal capitalist state. Contract's application can detail the labor relations, the system of economic incentives and encouragement, protects the rights of both employee and employer, and also provides an opportunity to assess the mutual responsibility's degree.
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Balatsky, E. V., and N. A. Ekimova. "Social Contract Phenomenon: Evolution of Concepts and Modern Interpretations." Journal of Applied Economic Research 21, no. 3 (2022): 604–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2022.21.3.021.
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The aim of the article is to systematically consider the conceptual foundations of the process of formation and maintenance of the social contract, its properties and meaning. The paper uses historical and structural approaches to the study of the phenomenon of social contract in conjunction with their practical application to contemporary events. The result of the study is the authors' substantiation and disclosure of six provisions of the social contract theory. In particular, it provides a systematic explanation of why the understanding of justice underlying the social contract changes significantly over time. The structure of the social contract, which assumes the presence of a constant (obligations of the population) and a variable (obligations of the authorities) part, is substantiated. It is shown that the constant part in the form of the population's loyalty allows the state itself to be preserved over a long historical period, and the variable part in the form of changing requirements to the authorities ensures the evolution of society. Two conditions of the effectiveness of the social contract, when the fulfillment of obligations by both sides of the contract leads to the strengthening of the country and improvement of the situation of the masses, are formulated and formalized: the level of obligations of the supreme power and society should be approximately equal; the luggage of good deeds of power should exceed the luggage of its not-so-good deeds. It is shown that the first condition generates the property of the social contract, when under extraordinary conditions the demand for loyalty from the authorities to the population sharply increases, and the second condition allows us to understand the long-term existence of ineffective regimes of rule such as dictatorship, when despotism in the face of an authoritarian ruler does more good than harm. The main conclusion of the work consists in the substantiation of the fact that at present in the Russian Federation there is a unique situation for the creation of an effective new the social contract, the need for which has been felt for a long time. The presented theoretical provisions can be used in the system of public administration to form the content of the new social contract.
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Taranenko, L. S., and N. І. Chudyk-Bilousova. "THE EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT AS A REGULATOR OF SOCIAL SECURITY RELATIONS IN MODERN CONDITIONS." State and Regions. Series: Law, no. 1 (2023): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/1813-338x-2023.1.10.
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Razmetaeva, Yulia. "Business, Human Rights and a New Social Contract in the Digital Age Abstract." Philosophy of law and general theory of law, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2707-7039.1.247482.
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The article is devoted to the problem of concluding a new social contract in the digitalage, taking into account the its peculiarities and the complex challenges in the field of business andhuman rights. The issues of the need to renegotiate such an agreement, the composition of the partiesand its basic conditions are considered. It is emphasized that the almost uncontrolled activities andgrowing power of companies are not the only, but one of the most important reasons for revisingthe contract.The article argues that the features of the digital age that affect the reasons for the conclusionand content of a new social contract are as follows: a significant part of all activities of entities takesplace in cyberspace or has an online component; digital tools are extremely common in both publicand private life; data become key to any economic, social, political activity; the amount of data ishuge, and the speed of their spread is incredibly high; the development of societies is uneven, andit is exacerbated by the digital divide; the power of business structures is growing, including theirability to modify the behavior of users of digital tools.The main threats to the existing social contract are a significant imbalance between the rights andobligations of the parties, the ineffectiveness of instruments to control its observance, the asymmetryof power, and the formation of a regulatory framework by companies against their role in the privatesector. Attempts to include business in the treaty, leaving human rights and justice at the center,including legitimacy and the negotiation of conditions with equal participation of individuals, civilsociety, companies and governments, are considered.The reasons for the potential loss of power of the existing social contract in the digital age are given,including the examples exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article emphasizes the need toreconcile the responsibilities of participants, as well as to take into account the consequences of the
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Hartanto, Hartanto, Subandi Subandi, and Olga Pavlova. "Progressive view on social justice: Netizen opinions about social justice warrior." Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v5i1.5250.
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<p>Social justice warrior (SJW) is a pejorative term for individuals who fight for equality, environment, and gender. Because their progressive morals radically differ from the predominant values, the so-called social justice warriors spark controversies. This study aimed to describe netizens’ opinions about SJW and describe the dynamics of conflict or support in more detail. Text mining and opinion coding were used to elicit research data. The opinions that we gathered were analyzed in 2 stages: sentiment analysis and content analysis. The results of sentiment analysis are negative (445), neutral (86), and positive (90). Content analysis of the negative opinions showed the characteristics of sarcastic, rude, critical, and contemptuous (mocking/disrespecting). The style of positive sentiments (comments congruent with the phenomena) is divided into supportive, empathic, and motivational opinions. Negative opinions are more dominant because of netizens’ self-acceptance, the effects of informal social control in cyberspace, SJW’s presumed social non-compliance, and doubts of objectivity. Positive opinions can be explained by criticism of social contract theory, namely the demand to be more supportive of minority groups, sensitivity, and empathy (the ability to feel other groups' social conditions and environmental conditions).</p>
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Kotorok, Maria Florida. "Exploring Factors and Impacts of Contract Breaches in Medical Therapeutic Agreements." JIHK 5, no. 1 (August 16, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v5i1.172.
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This research addresses how social, economic, and educational factors contribute to contract breaches and explores the psychological impacts on patients and doctor-patient relationships, offering effective management strategies. Utilizing an empirical legal research approach, data will be gathered through observation and in-depth interviews. This study reveals how social, economic, and educational factors impact contract breaches at Mitra Masyarakat Timika Papua Hospital. Social conditions, culture, and environment shape patient-therapeutic interactions. Economic constraints and lack of insurance impede treatment payment, while limited education affects medical understanding and rights comprehension. Strategies like financial flexibility, assistance, and improved cost information manage risks. Breaches cause psychological impact and strained doctor-patient ties. Effective strategies encompass communication, support, re-evaluation, dispute resolution, education, and improved doctor communication. Holistic, empathetic approaches maintain care quality and trust
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Tsiura, Vadym, Ernest Gramatskyy, Liudmyla Panova, Roman Sabodash, and Valentyn Bazhanov. "Contract law in the conditions of recodification: modernity and future prospects." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 68 (October 20, 2023): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.68.08.28.
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The relevance of the research lies in the study and analysis of the impact of recodification on contract law and the determination of its future prospects. Recodification, which involves a systematic revision and unification of legislation, is necessary in connection with globalization, the development of electronic commerce, and new technologies. The change in social values also creates a need to revise the legal frame, in particular in the protection of consumer rights and compliance with ethical norms. The study proposes to identify problems, propose rational solutions, and contribute to forecasting the future development of the relevant field of law. The purpose of the study is to study the impact of the recodification process on the modern system of contract law and to determine the prospects for its development in the future. The methodological basis of the research is based on a combination of various scientific approaches and methods that allow for a comprehensive and comprehensive analysis of the research subject. Some of the main methodological approaches that can be used in this work include comparative analysis, legal analysis, empirical research methods, theoretical analysis, and historical analysis. Actual problems and challenges faced by the modern system of positive law are identified; the advantages and disadvantages of various models of recodification and their impact on the modernity of the researched field are clarified; an idea was obtained about the possible directions of the development of contract law, in particular regarding unification and harmonization, protection of consumer rights and consideration of ethical norms; recommendations and proposals for improving relevant legal norms in the context of recodification are formulated.
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Moseiko, Viktoriya. "The problem of trust and modern Russian pension system." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/013001052021511.
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The paper attempts to identify the relationship between trust viewed through private good, club good, private external effects and public good, and pension systems, presented in the form of vertical and horizontal social contracts. Guided by the typology of benefits in the analysis of trust, the author argues: trust in a horizontal pension contract develops in a network of transactions regarding the production of a pension good and is a combination of its various types. In a vertical contract, the possibilities of individuals' retirement planning and the position of private structures in the pension market are limited, that reduces the role of trust as a private and club good and strengthens the importance of trust in the form of a public good. The author shows that in a horizontal pension contract, trust is a basic prerequisite for all pension interactions. The effectiveness of a horizontal pension contract depends on the level of trust: low trust increases transaction costs and makes pension planning unviable. The author concludes that in conditions of low confidence, satisfaction of pension needs is easier to organize through a vertical type contract in which pension needs are satisfied centrally. At the same time, low trust of Russians to pension institutions is the result of a vertical pension contract.
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Lesage, Colombine, Jaime Cifuentes-Espinosa, and Laurène Feintrenie. "Oil palm cultivation in the Americas: review of the social, economic and environmental conditions of its expansion." Cahiers Agricultures 30 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021015.
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In the Americas, the palm oil sector has been gaining importance in the last 20 years. Although in 2018 the region only accounted for 7.1% of global palm oil production, it is one of the largest suitable areas for oil palm cultivation. We conducted a literature review on how the sector developed and how its development influenced private and public actors in their choice among three categories of arrangements between oil palm growers and palm oil extraction units. We grouped cases reported in the literature in three categories: corporate models, contract farming, and growers’ organizations. The two latter categories emerged in response to the call for better inclusion of growers in the value chain, for local development, and for sustainable production; they now represent almost 30% of production in the region. All the parties involved are pushing for more sustainable production. National governments intend to regulate production, and private companies are engaging in certification and fair partnerships with producers of fruit bunches. However, there are still many negative impacts on the environment, on local populations, and on biodiversity. Thus, although the Americas appear to be on the way to being leaders of sustainability in the palm oil sector, challenges remain.
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Levine, Jeffrey, and John Miller. "Legal and Risk Management Considerations and Implications of Carelessly Drafted Game Contracts: Avoiding a Legal Hurricane." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 32, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24474.
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Weather plays a crucial role in sport event management. Ignoring predicted weather conditions or not effectively communicating them may lead to unanticipated legal, financial, environmental, and social impacts. In 2018, the University of Akron and University of Nebraska football teams were forced to cancel their contest after severe lightning and rainstorms caused significant delays, thus creating a ripple effect that produced other potential risk management issues. This article examines the legal and risk management considerations of this situation, including the possible implications of a carelessly drafted game contract as well as potential strategies to mitigate legal exposure. The authors evaluated the potential application of contract ambiguity as well as contract impracticability and contract impossibility. To mitigate such issues from reoccurring, the authors suggest utilizing an enterprise risk management planning approach to create procedures as part of mitigating the risk of inclement weather in collegiate athletics event management.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Social and environmental contract conditions"
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Finuf, Kayla D. "Do Psychological Contract Perceptions Mediate the Relationship between Procedural Fairness and Prosocial Behavioral Intentions under Conditions of Uncertainty Threat?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1587.
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Organizational justice and citizenship behaviors are important components that contribute to an organization’s overall effectiveness. Additionally, when an employee enters into a new organization, they form psychological contracts with their employer that consists of elements such as fairness and consultation. This study aimed to integrate the literature on organizational justice, psychological contract, and organizational citizenship behaviors, as well as look at the possible effects uncertainty may play. Specifically, it was proposed that psychological contract would mediate the moderating effects of uncertainty and justice in predicting prosocial behavioral intentions. Results did not support the hypothesis. Interestingly, however, identification with the university seemed to play a role in the uncertainty by fairness interaction in predicting perceived contract fulfillment.
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Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010257.
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Moteur incontournable de l’économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l’objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L’efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s’agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s’agissant du droit européen : tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l’instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d’objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s’inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d’intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d’harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu’en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levierAs a fundamental driving force of public economy, public procurement has traditionally been an area of diverse and often competing interests. Such contradictory interests are the efficiency of budgetary management and transparency in public life within national legal systems, free competition and open access of financial stakeholders in award procedures within the European regulatory framework. At the same time, the instrumentalisation of public procurement in order to serve political goals not directly linked to it has triggered considerable debate. The attempt of conciliation of social and environmental considerations with the financial requirements of public procurement law aims at enhancing this legal and financial instrument. The role and the legal means for the integration of social and environmental considerations in public procurement, which serve general interest purposes and overriding European law objectives, have not yet been clarified. The regulatory interventions of the Member States, on the one hand, and the harmonization attempts of the European Union, on the other, create a constantly changing political climate. In that context, the role of social and environmental policies is redefined both within the framework of primary objectives of public procurement law, as well as outside this regulatory framework which is used as a policy tool in this context
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D'Amore, Chiara. "Family Nature Clubs| Creating the Conditions for Social and Environmental Connection and Care." Thesis, Prescott College, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3707605.
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A robust body of research has identified three primary life experiences that foster a lasting commitment to active care for the environment. These are: time spent enjoying nature, especially during childhood; a close, often familial, role model for nature appreciation; and participation in a nature or environment focused organization that offers direct learning opportunities. Family nature clubs (FNCs) bring groups of families together to explore nature on a regular basis – thus fulfilling all three of these experiences. This study used ecological psychology, attachment and family systems theories, and community psychology to create a framework for understanding how these experiences can come together in the form of FNCs to foster pro-environmental behavior as well as individual, familial, and community well-being. The methodologies of ethnography, case study and action research and the methods of direct observation, surveys, and most-significant change interviews were used. The study population was the leaders in and participants of FNCs, including Columbia Families in Nature, a FNC I founded. Study results incorporate data from 47 FNCs and over 350 participants. More than twenty distinct positive outcomes of FNC participation were identified in the areas of: greater knowledge of and sense of connection with nature; more time spent in nature; enhanced individual and familial well-being; stronger social connections; and greater environmental and social action. The youth nature experiences of the adult participants was found to be significantly related to their current sense of connection to nature (p < 0.001) and level of environmental action (p=0.03). Family time in nature was found to be significantly related to connection with nature (p=0.007), environmental action (p=0.02), and social action (p=0.03).
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Cureton, Shava T. "A study of social workers knowledge of environmental living conditions and health disparities." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2012. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/210.
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It has been proven that there is a connection between the physical environment and health outcomes. Low income and minority communities live in hazardous environments and bear a disproportionate burden of environmental health disparities. Environmental hazards imposed on low income and minority communities require the immediate attention of social workers. Social workers are in a unique position to ensure that the health and well being of oppressed groups is not compromised by environmental factors. This study examined the environmental health awareness of 90 licensed social workers. More specifically, this study assessed the following information from social workers: (1) familiarity with environmental hazards, (2) knowledge of environmental health problems, (3) knowledge of environmental legislation, (4) professional practice of screening clients for past and present exposure to environmental pollutants, (5) professional experiences with receiving environmental concerns from clients, (6) professional practice of advocating for the environmental health of clients, and (7) professional opinions about the need to train and educate social work students and professionals on environmental health. This study asserts that social workers can protect the environmental health of distressed communities across the micro-macro spectrum.
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Cho, Charles. "ORGANIZATIONAL LEGITIMACY AND THE STRATEGIC USE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION: THREE STUDIES RELATED TO SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DIS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4127.
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This dissertation consists of three separate, but inter-related, studies overarching a common theme labeled "the role played by social and environmental accounting disclosures using different methodologies and framed within legitimacy theory." The first study investigates the use of different language techniques in social and environmental disclosures (SED) and tests whether the impression management hypothesis holds when disclosures are measured as such. The second study extends the "legitimacy on the Internet" arguments of Patten and Crampton (2004) by examining the content and presentation of corporate website environmental disclosure in relation to firm environmental performance of four size-matched sample groups constructed based on industry environmental sensitivity and America's Toxic 100 membership (the top 100 polluters in the US). The third study investigates whether and how Total, one of the world's largest integrated oil and gas companies headquartered in France, utilized legitimation strategies such as social and environmental disclosures, to respond to two significant environmental incidents. Taken together, these three studies build upon prior theoretical and empirical work to substantiate and advance social and environmental accounting research using various methodological lenses and perspectives.Ph.D.
School of Accounting
Business Administration
Business Administration: Ph.D.
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Forder, Julien. "The organisation of social care in England : markets, hierarchies and contract choices in residential care for older people." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/136/.
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This thesis is concerned with strategic (economic) organisation, as applied to the long-term care system in England. This work adopts a transaction cost perspective. The main hypotheses are: first, that the transaction costs generated by (public sector) hierarchies in social care are lower than those generated in quasi-markets. Second, that production costs in hierarchies are greater than in markets. Third, that contingent contract use is associated with comparatively higher prices and mark-up rates, and greater net transaction costs. The motivation for this work is first to address perceived limitations of the theory in a comparative public sector application. Second, to inform the empirical and policy debate on social care reform. Following an account of the historical policy and institutional context, a multi-period, comparative theoretical model was developed, building on the contract theory literature. It underpins a systematic empirical analysis of care home services - at local authority and care home level - for older people in 1998 and 1999. Various estimation techniques addressed the skewed nature of the data and the panel design. The estimation results supported the theoretical hypotheses. Point estimates of marginal and average transaction costs were £6 and £21 per place per week respectively for hierarchies and £41 and £56 for placements under the market governance archetype, statistically significant differences. For production costs, a significant difference was found in the other direction: £89 for hierarchy and £55 for markets at the margin. Overall, the total (production + transaction) costs were not significantly different. Contingent contract use was associated with higher prices relative to average variable costs of 8% of average price compared with non-contingent contracts. The analysis pointed to low profitability rates and that providers are not solely motivated by profit (only taking 55% of potential profit). Policy implications were explored for both the markets-hierarchies and contracts analyses.
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Spiegel, Jerry M. "The social and economic impacts of environmental degradation on a northern Ontario Indian reserve community /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65341.
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Tomchesson, Joshua L. "The effects of environmental conditions on activity, feeding, and body weight in male and female adolescent rats /." Download the dissertation in PDF, 2006. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Tomchesson2006.pdf.
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Charouli, Angeliki. "Les considérations sociales et environnementales dans la passation des marchés publics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010259.
Full textAbstract:
Moteur incontournable de l'économie publique, les marchés publics ont toujours fait l'objet de revendications diverses, voire opposées. L'efficacité de la gestion budgétaire et la transparence de la vie publique, s'agissant des ordres juridiques nationaux, la libre concurrence et le libre accès de tous les opérateurs économiques facilitant les échanges intracommunautaires, s'agissant du droit européen: tous ont tenté de monopoliser le droit de la commande publique, afin de se réaliser. Dans le même temps, la perspective de l'instrumentalisation de ce droit au service d'objectifs politiques qui ne lui sont pas directement attribués a suscité des intérêts très variés. Or, la question de la conciliation des politiques sociales et environnementales avec les prescriptions de nature principalement économique du droit des marchés publics s'inscrit dans une logique de valorisation de cet instrument juridique et financier. Ces politiques, répondant à la fois à des finalités d'intérêt général et à des objectifs prioritaires du droit communautaire, sont à la recherche de leur rôle et de leurs instruments en matière de marchés publics. Dans un contexte politique mouvant, la superposition des systèmes juridiques résultant des interventions réglementaires des États, en quête de leur pouvoir discrétionnaire dans la planification des leurs politiques, comme des interventions du droit communautaire dans le cadre de sa propre œuvre d'harmonisation des procédures de passation, vient redéfinir le rôle des politiques sociales et environnementales, tant au sein des objectifs endogènes du droit des marchés publics qu'en dehors de son cadre réglementaire, appelé dans ce cas à servir de levier.
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Towns, Felicity. "Volunteering and place-belonging : the case of historical and environmental interest groups in the National Forest." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28242/.
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This thesis investigates volunteering and place-belonging amongst historical and environmental interest groups in The National Forest. With the main focus on the nature of environmental and local historical interest groups, the volunteers who are involved with these groups and their senses of belonging and relationships with place. Based on a review of 59 environmental and historical interest groups, 41 interviews, seven ethnographic participations and consideration of various group documents this study investigates the composition of these environmental groups, the volunteers who choose to be involved with these groups and their senses of belonging and relationships with the changing places they are active within. The geographical study area focuses on a specific place which has recently undergone significant landscape changes in relation to the designation of the area as The National Forest. Within The National Forest there are a number of voluntary environmental and historical interest groups operating, which have, through the nature of their interests, developed particular relationships with places. This thesis is based within the wider context of environmental and historical interest volunteering. The groups considered are centred round often interrelated local historical and environmental interests, involving active volunteering in and around the area designated as The National Forest. The scene is set for this research with a critical review of literature relating to volunteering, relationships with place and the development of voluntary environmental and historical interests.
Books on the topic "Social and environmental contract conditions"
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The sexual contract. Cambridge: Polity, 1988.
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The sexual contract. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1988.
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Women contract labourers: A deprivation syndrome. Jaipur: Classic Pub. House, 1994.
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Borghesi, Simone. Global sustainability: Social and environmental conditions. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
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Borghesi, Simone. Global sustainability: Social and environmental conditions. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
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Launching the new enlightenment: The reaffirmation of the social contract. Norh Charleston, South Carolina: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.
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Charles, Abugre, Centre for Budget Advocacy (Accra, Ghana), and Integrated Social Development Centre, eds. The 2001 budget: A call to honour the social contract. Accra-North, Ghana: Integrated Social Development Centre, 2001.
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Contract labour in India: Problems and prospects. Jaipur: Prateeksha Publications, 2011.
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Benabou, Roland. Inequality, technology, and the social contract. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.
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Benabou, Roland. Inequality, technology, and the social contract. [Princeton, NJ]: Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Social and environmental contract conditions"
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Marques, Luiz. "Conclusion: From the Social Contract to the Natural Contract." In Capitalism and Environmental Collapse, 431–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47527-7_16.
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Töns, John. "The social contract." In John Rawls and Environmental Justice Implementing a Sustainable and Socially Just Future, 59–74. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003110736-4.
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Righetti, Tara. "Just Transitions in Extractive Territories." In Just Transitions, 227–33. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46282-5_30.
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AbstractThe energy transition will have profound impacts on extractive territories—those that currently produce fossil-based fuel minerals and those that will be transformed by production of the critical minerals and materials necessary for clean energy production. To fossil-fuel extraction regions, the energy transition may result in collapse of existing social and fiscal systems. Energy justice demands recognition of these harms, restoration of past environmental damage and underinvestment, and fair procedures to allow full participation and autonomy within a transformed and decarbonized energy and economic system. This must commence with restorative justice efforts that a mutualized with local priorities and are not conditioned on acceptance of new risks. Assuring fulfillment of the existing social contract in areas of fossil-based fuel and energy production is tantamount to a just transition and to building social license in emerging areas of resource production.
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van Mil, Imke Wies, Olga Popovic Larsen, Karina Mose, and Anne Iversen. "Design with Knowledge—Light in Learning Environments." In Teacher Transition into Innovative Learning Environments, 203–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7497-9_17.
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AbstractA range of artificial lighting characteristics have been found to influence our visual and cognitive capabilities, mood, motivation and/or (social) behaviour—all affecting how we (academically) perform. One such influential characteristic is spatial contrast, or the way light is distributed in space causing a pattern of light and darkness. This study looks at if and how spatial contrast influences pupil behaviour, and specifically their ability to concentrate. We first explored whether variances in pupil noise, physical activity and mood, which have been found to affect concentration, occur when exposed to either a high or a low spatial contrast in their learning environment. Preliminary data from field experiments in a primary school indicates towards decreased noise levels and improved environmental satisfaction when a high spatial contrast condition is present. This implies improved environmental circumstances to concentrate. Further research to confirm this assumption will be undertaken.
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Huntjens, Patrick. "Introduction." In Towards a Natural Social Contract, 3–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67130-3_1.
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AbstractThe nature of the social, environmental, and economic problems we face today requires a new social contract, a Natural Social Contract. A Natural Social Contract does justice to a human being’s natural state (human life is group life) and to the natural position of humankind and society within a larger ecosystem, that of planet Earth. The Natural Social Contract regards society as a social-ecological system, focusing on people as members of a community and as part of a natural ecosystem. It emphasizes long-term sustainability and general welfare by combining human and nature, and recalibrating our unfettered approach to unlimited economic growth, overconsumption, and over-individualization. The end result, I argue, is for the benefit of ourselves, our planet, and future generations.If you are concerned about our society and our planet, and keeping both healthy for future generations, then this book is written for you. And if you have an interest in the systemic changes required to fundamentally shift our social, economic, ecological, and institutional perspectives, this book is for you too. Together, we can promote a sustainable, healthy, and just society and achieve change on the ground. This book offers a way forward.
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El-Ali, Leena. "Marriage: A Sublime Institution, Not Mere Social Contract." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 149–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83582-8_14.
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AbstractThe Qur’anic portrayal of marriage involves some tender imagery even as it establishes it as a social contract—seven centuries before it became so in Europe and 12 centuries before divorce terms were included in the latter. Monogamy is very much the norm as well as the ideal in the Qur’an, with polygyny only sanctioned in specific circumstances and under certain conditions. Muhammad’s personal story gives life to Qur’anic values in this regard, with 25 years of a monogamous marriage to his first wife followed by 12 years of polygyny after her death involving a total of 11 other women. Ten out of the 12 women he married over time were widows, unsurprising given the Qur’anic rationale for polygyny. Meanwhile, interfaith marriage is blessed in the Qur’an, i.e. without the non-Muslim party having to convert to Islam.
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Guehlstorf, Nicholas P. "The Practice of Risk Management and the Theory of Social Contract." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, 77–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2882-3_4.
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Burch, David, Roy Rickson, and Ross Annels. "The Growth of Agribusiness: Environmental and Social Implications of Contract Farming." In Agriculture, Environment and Society, 259–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15165-3_15.
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Chitereka, Chipo. "Enhancing environmental conditions of slum settlement dwellers in Africa." In Ubuntu Philosophy and Decolonising Social Work Fields of Practice in Africa, 202–16. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003330370-18.
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Saeed, Khalid. "Prevention of Dysfunctional Environmental and Social Conditions in Technology Transfer." In Technology Transfer in the Developing Countries, 129–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20558-5_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Social and environmental contract conditions"
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Verba, Veronika, Olena Kyzenko, and Olena Hrebeshkova. "Change in Development Vectors of Ukrainian Enterprises in War Conditions." In 7th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.36.
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The war has changed the lives of Ukrainians dramatically. High turbulence of the economic environment cause searching potential directions of business activity recovery for Ukrainian companies. The purpose of the study was to identify the current development issues and summarize the experience of survival of Ukrainian enterprises under war conditions. Based on the analysis of the responses of more than 500 Ukrainian enterprises’ representatives from all regions of the country, actual functioning problems of Ukrainian business after February 24, 2022 were revealed. Dynamics of economic results of the enterprises was analyzed, structural changes of their contract portfolios were determined, practice of full or partial relocation of business was revealed, current operating issues of domestic companies were described. Potential vectors of development are changes in the company's product portfolio, logistics chains, structure of the contracts, keeping decent work conditions and social support for the employees.
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Nguyen, Dung, Hung Le, Kien Do, Svetha Venkatesh, and Truyen Tran. "Social Motivation for Modelling Other Agents under Partial Observability in Decentralised Training." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/454.
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Understanding other agents is a key challenge in constructing artificial social agents. Current works focus on centralised training, wherein agents are allowed to know all the information about others and the environmental state during training. In contrast, this work studies decentralised training, wherein agents must learn the model of other agents in order to cooperate with them under partially-observable conditions, even during training, i.e. learning agents are myopic. The intrinsic motivation for artificial agents is modelled on the concept of human social motivation that entices humans to meet and understand each other, especially when experiencing a utility loss. Our intrinsic motivation encourages agents to stay near each other to obtain better observations and construct a model of others. They do so when their model of other agents is poor, or the overall task performance is bad during the learning phase. This simple but effective method facilitates the processes of modelling others, resulting in an improvement of the performance in cooperative tasks significantly. Our experiments demonstrate that the socially-motivated agent can model others better and promote cooperation across different tasks.
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Eladio, Guerrero, Palacios Jinna, Saumeth Roberto, Jaramillo Jose, Padilla Luis Dario, Quintero Valentin, Castellanos Diego, and Galindo Oscar. "Abandonment of a Well Located in a High Torrent River: Under-River Project using an HWO Unit in Colombia." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216356-ms.
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Abstract This paper describes the planning and execution of an integrated Plug and Abandonment (P&A) operation on a well located in the middle of the remote Magdalena River in Colombia. This project was executed using a combination of specialized technologies from multiple service lines, including well control services, Hydraulic Workover (HWO), wireline, cementing, fluids services, and completion tools. An engineering study and river support barges were also a requirement, along with the design, build, and installation of specialist equipment, such as a support structure for the high fluctuations in water levels. The planning and execution of this particular abandonment made this a unique operation, believed to be the first of its kind in the world. This project was performed in a very complex environment where river conditions and water depths allowed only a limited operational window. Since the well had been shut in for 40 years and was located in the middle of the Magdalena River, well integrity was another key concern. Other challenges included designing and implementing a customized structure suitable for supporting HWO operations in a shallow-water environment, developing a complex readiness process that included civil works (structure design and construction), a social approach, local content development, and environmental permits and licenses. Despite the many environmental and well integrity challenges, comprehensive planning and preparation activities were key in successfully executing this under-river P&A project. All phases (including well intervention, mobilization, and demobilization) were accomplished with no recorded HSE or service quality issues. All the activities were executed without impacting the river, fauna, and the environment. This project was also delivered 6% ahead of schedule, 35 days in total and in full compliance with contract requirements and local regulations. This highly complex project represents an achievement for the well operator and service company as it is believed to be the first of its kind in Colombia and worldwide. This success story is a reference for future abandonment operations under similar conditions expected to be required in the Magdalena River in Colombia.
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Savvateeva, I. A., V. P. Druzyanova, S. A. Petrova, and N. S. Khiterkheeva. "CREATION OF MINI-POWER PLANTS BASED ON BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY ON REMOTE SUMMER PASTURES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.517-521.
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The need for widespread introduction of renewable energy sources requires giving attention to all his components as follows energetic, environmental, operational, economic and social efficiency. Today, a more promising way is the use of solar energy to obtain liquid and gaseous fuels in detail to produce liquid and gaseous fuels [1, 10, 11]. In contrast to wind turbines and photovoltaic power stations, the cost of introducing biogas plants pays back from 5 to 26 months, that depend on the volume of reactors [12]. With the introduction of biogas technologies, the following goals can be achieved: cheap production of heat and electric energy (individual and state level), increasing crop yields through the using of effluent (individual and state level); improving the quality of agricultural products - the production of ecologically safe products; improving the social conditions of the rural population by creating a closed energy-saving production (individual and state level); preservation of forest plantations and reduction of soil erosion (mainly at the state level); savings due to lower energy costs and fertilizers (state level); reduction of internal migration from rural areas (state level).
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Teixeira, Maria Cristina Villefort, Marieta Cardoso Maciel, and Staël Alvarenga Pereira Costa. "The role of the plot in engendering environmental quality: from unplanned favelas to the planned subdivisions of new blocks." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5966.
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This work discusses the importance of the site in the morphological structuring of urban centres. Studies on the implantation of the city of Belo Horizonte, located in the state of Minas Gerais Brazil, show that the occupation of the city occurred initially in the valleys. This was due to the favourable conditions of the topography, which allowed an orthogonal layout in the central area. In spite of this, since the city’s foundation, the most rugged areas have been occupied by favelas, whose layout differed from the dominant pattern. As flat areas became scarce, the hilly regions, possessing long strips of land, were also subdivided and exploited due to their substantially lower land prices. Although the favelas sprung up spontaneously and the new settlements were planned, both had similarities in the layout of the streets which were adjusted to the steep contours and the geological conditions of the terrain. At the same time, the plot defined another configuration in the subdivisions, in which the building was occupied by only a single family and, in most cases, the building was separated from the street by high walls. As a consequence, the relationship between public and private space became severely compromised. In the case of the favelas, the formal inexistence of the plot is demonstrated in the juxtaposition of the dwellings, in which each residence is constructed above another in extremely confined space. The relationship with the street also differs in these places, since the first floor often freely connects to the street, integrating the dwelling with the public space and thus contributing to the social life of the community. This is furthermore in contrast to the previously noted walled environments characterising planned areas. The analysis of these parameters could profitably be utilised in new designs that appropriate some of the popular solutions better suited to the environment, and in turn, integrate them into public policy.References: FERREIRA, M. G.(1997) O sítio e a formação da paisagem urbana: um estudo do município de Belo Horizonte. 1997. Dissertação (Mestrado em Geografia). Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. MASUO, K. (2015). An organic method of village rehabilitation through a reconstruction archetype based on vernacular architecture. International Seminar on Urban Form, ISUF 2015, Rome. McHARG, Ian L. (1992). Design with nature. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Washington.
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Gargantini, Daniela, Desirée D'Amico, Miguel Martiarena, Joaquín Peralta, Jimena Garro, and Verónica Greppi. "El estudio de los conflictos urbanos y el desafío de construir información para la incidencia ciudadana: el caso de la Red Ciudadana Nuestra Córdoba." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Instituto de Arte Americano. Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.5948.
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Las ciudades latinoamericanas se caracterizan por fuertes procesos de crecimiento urbano y de
profundización de la pobreza, reforzando el patrón de segregación residencial. Esto prefigura un contexto de
reiteradas violaciones al derecho a la ciudad. A partir de la supremacía del mercado este fenómeno cobra
relevancia tras su profundización, representando una de las condiciones de inequidad social y reproducción
de la pobreza urbana. Esta situación acaba cristalizando en reiterados focos de conflictos sociales y
urbanos que atentan contra la gobernabilidad local del territorio. En Córdoba (Argentina) el nivel de
conflictividad urbana ha ido incrementándose. En este sentido, el proyecto que se desarrolla prevé
identificar, caracterizar y georeferenciar conflictos urbanos existentes en la ciudad a partir de la
identificación de variables urbanas, ambientales y sociopolíticas relevantes en su determinación. Además
pretende comprender las representaciones y prácticas de los distintos agentes involucrados respecto de las
mismas y de las políticas públicas asociadas. Latin American cities are characterized by strong urban growth processes and deepening poverty,
reinforcing the pattern of residential segregation. This foreshadows a context of repeated violations of the
right to the city. From market supremacy this phenomenon becomes relevant after its deepening,
representing one of the conditions of reproduction of social inequality and urban poverty. This situation ends
in repeated outbreaks of social conflicts that threaten urban and local governance of the territory. In Cordoba
(Argentina) the level of urban conflict has been increasing. In this sense, the project aims to identify,
characterize and georeference urban conflicts in the city from identifying relevant urban, environmental and
sociopolitical variables in its determination. It also aims to understand the representations and practices of
the various agencies involved regarding the same and the related public policies.
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Markopoulos, Evangelos, Haseena Al Katheeri, and Hamdan Al Qayed. "A decision support system architecture for the development and implementation of ESG strategies at SMEs." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2023) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002916.
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Strategic management and business development can be delivered easier in large scale organizations and Multinational Enterprisers (MNEs) due to their excess in human resources, expertise and time orientation. Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) on the other hand operate in unpredicted environments, with limited resources aiming for their survival first and then their development. The contrast between the two types of enterprises seems chaotic in numbers but not in plans and intentions. The contribution of the MNEs to national economies and impact to the society and the environment can be measured with a variety of standards, metrics and practices such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), the Environmental, Social and Governance Index (ESG), the Social Responsible Investments (SRI) and other. On the other hand, SMEs that also have direct impact to the society, the local and regional economy, the employment, and offer the same, if not more, opportunities to their limited human resources in terms of skills development and effort recognition, cannot record and report such actions, plans and strategies and recognized for their responsible management and leadership. The ESG criteria help organizations develop reputational capital that evolves into financial capital. However, the effort and investments needed to score on the ESG indexes is forbidden for the SMEs who intentionally or intention successfully delivering ESG activities, in a smaller scale, without a system to record and report them. This paper introduces the core design of a decision support system that guides SMEs to maps their operations against the ESG criteria. An extensive literature review has been conducted to identity software systems that coordinate, propose and support ESG activities and analyze elements of such systems that can be extracted for the development of a light system. Such a system, with the relevant enhancements, presented in this paper can be useful tool for the SMEs to report their ESG performance. The system functions as an assessment tool providing a staged evaluation of the SMEs activities, identifies ESG gaps and proposes actions needed to fulfill the requirements of ESG criteria. The final output of the system graphs the distance between the current and the target stage of the SME on the most common ESG criteria. However, the proposed system does not evaluate the scale of each ESG activity implementation but its existence in the SME operations and the degree of its adaptation. The paper also highlights the pre and post conditions for the utilization of the proposed technology using a process map, the social economic impact, research limitations and areas of further research. The goal of this research is to indicate that SMEs can and should be awarded ESG scores as well. For this SMEs can use such supportive technologies to direct them towards ESG compliance, and report achievements and contributions that can help them attract investments needed for them to keep on delivering a greater contribution the local, and why not international, economy and society.
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Chris, Clodfelter, and Morrissette Josh. "Preserving Environmental Compliance in Low Cost Market Conditions." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179408-ms.
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Boutheyna, Touafchia, Kadi Zahia, Redjaimia Lilia, Rached-Kanouni Malika, and Zerrouki Alia. "CHARACTERISATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE DECLINE OF THE OULED BECHIH FOREST (ALGERIA)." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b2/v3/03.
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The establishment of the state of the massif by a diagnosis on different forest plots is part of a project of monitoring and silvicultural management. The purpose of this study is to assess the health status of the Ouled Bechih forest. The methodology used was the visual assessment of the tree crown of the dominant species (i.e. Quercus suber and Quercus canariensis) according to the protocols DEPEFEU, DEPERIS and ICP Forests. These protocols were selected for adoption based on field observations and their applicability in record time. The results obtained indicate that the health status of the trees within the studied plots is declining. The DEPEFEU value index shows an average of 1.75 for Quercus suber and 2.6 for Quercus canariensis while the DEPERIS has an average level of 2.36 Q. suber in and 3.37 in Q. canariensis. ICP Forests has also contributed to providing clearer information on the consequences of this health situation by deducting an average visibility rate of 1.20 and 2.63; social status of 1.17 and 3.11 and competition of 1.11 and 2.49 for Q. suber and Q. canariensis respectively. In general, the health status of the tree crown is average and almost adapted to the environmental conditions. In contrast, the carrying capacity of biodiversity is low and needs to be improved.
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Mu, Xiangni. "Research on Training Strategies of Foreign Engineering Professionals based on English FIDIC Contract Conditions." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Economics and Management, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences (EMEHSS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emehss-19.2019.63.
Full textReports on the topic "Social and environmental contract conditions"
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Gibbons, Steve, and Sam Kelly. Managing social and environmental risks in supply chains for IDB-financed projects. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004644.
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The purpose of this document is to provide practical guidance to support IDB Borrowers, other implementing agencies, and third parties in applying the ESPFs specific requirements related to project supply chain management. This includes, primarily, requirements set out under Standard 1 on Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts, Standard 2 on Labor and Working Conditions, and Standard 6 on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources. Although some of the principles and guidance contained in this note may be of wider relevance, there is a specific focus on supply chains for public infrastructure projects.
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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, Jana Moldanova, Leonidas Ntziachristos, Achilleas Grigoriadis, Maria Moustaka, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.
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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
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Brock, Andrea, and Nathan Stephens-Griffin. Policing Environmental Injustice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/1968-2021.130.
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Environmental justice (EJ) activists have long worked with abolitionists in their communities, critiquing the ways policing, prisons, and pollution are entangled and racially constituted (Braz and Gilmore 2006). Yet, much EJ scholarship reflects a liberal Western focus on a more equal distribution of harms, rather than challenging the underlying systems of exploitation these harms rest upon (Álvarez and Coolsaet 2020). This article argues that policing facilitates environmentally unjust developments that are inherently harmful to nature and society. Policing helps enforce a social order rooted in the ‘securing’ of property, hierarchy, and human-nature exploitation. Examining the colonial continuities of policing, we argue that EJ must challenge the assumed necessity of policing, overcome the mythology of the state as ‘arbiter of justice’, and work to create social conditions in which policing is unnecessary. This will help open space to question other related harmful hegemonic principles. Policing drives environmental injustice, so EJ must embrace abolition.
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Samaniego, Ricardo. Towards a Better Environmental Policy in the Productive Sectors of Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Environmental Policy Experiences and Challenges in Mexico, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil, and the. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007902.
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This presentation was commissioned by the Environment Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue for the I Hemispheric Meeting celebrated on April 4th and 5th, 2002. This presentation is about conditions for Success of Environmental Public Policies in Productive Sectors. Also includes environmental considerations and corrective measures in sectorial decision making as well as how pollution and degradation carry high social costs (illnesses, work absence, soil degradation and resource depletion). It presents conditions for sustainable development and to maintain competitiveness and growth possibilities for productive sectors.
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Gutiérrez, José E. Optimal regulation of credit lines. Madrid: Banco de España, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/33492.
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This paper presents a contract-theoretic model in which banks choose pre-arranged and ex post funding to finance firms’ liquidity needs through credit lines. When liquidity needs are high, pre-arranged funding is key to sustaining lending and reducing the number of firms going into liquidation. Yet, in the presence of a pecuniary externality on firms’ liquidation values, competitive banks choose insufficient pre-funding compared with a constrained social planner. Constrained efficiency can be restored using regulatory liquidity ratios. The optimal regulatory ratio depends on the frequency of high liquidity need conditions, the value lost after a firm’s liquidation, and the premium on pre-funding.
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Adamopoulou, Effrosyni, Luis Díez-Catalán, and Ernesto Villanueva. Staggered contracts and unemployment during recessions. Madrid: Banco de España, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36474.
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This paper studies the impact of downward wage rigidity on wage and employment dynamics after the outbreak of major recessions in Spain. Downward wage rigidity stems from collective agreements, which set province-sector-skill-specific minimum wage floors for all workers. By exploiting variation in the renewal of collective agreements, we find that those signed before the onset of recessions settle on higher nominal negotiated wage growth than agreements signed afterwards. Leveraging social security data and the distribution of the worker-level bite of minimum wage floors, we document that the negotiated wage rigidity translated into higher wage growth mainly among workers with near-floor wages. Consequently, these workers experienced a substantial and highly persistent increase in the probability of non-employment, but only if they were covered by long-duration collective agreements. Our findings highlight the interplay between rigidity at different parts of the wage distribution and labor market institutions and identify conditions under which collective contract staggering and the inability to renegotiate may amplify aggregate shocks.
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Adamopoulou, Effrosyni, Luis Díez-Catalán, and Ernesto Villanueva. Staggered contracts and unemployment during recessions. Madrid: Banco de España, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/36473.
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This paper studies the impact of downward wage rigidity on wage and employment dynamics after the outbreak of major recessions in Spain. Downward wage rigidity stems from collective agreements, which set province-sector-skill-specific minimum wage floors for all workers. By exploiting variation in the renewal of collective agreements, we find that those signed before the onset of recessions settle on higher nominal negotiated wage growth than agreements signed afterwards. Leveraging social security data and the distribution of the worker-level bite of minimum wage floors, we document that the negotiated wage rigidity translated into higher wage growth mainly among workers with near-floor wages. Consequently, these workers experienced a substantial and highly persistent increase in the probability of non-employment, but only if they were covered by long-duration collective agreements. Our findings highlight the interplay between rigidity at different parts of the wage distribution and labor market institutions and identify conditions under which collective contract staggering and the inability to renegotiate may amplify aggregate shocks.
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Sanabria, Johana, Ginna Quiroga, Cindy Mejía, Erika Grijalba, and Martha Goméz. Effect of abiotic factors on viability and characterization of Metarhizium rileyi Nm017. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2019.18.
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The species Chloridea virescens and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are declared agricultural pests with a high economic impact worldwide (Angulo et al. 2008). They are widely distributed on the American continent, and agrochemical are the most common method to control, which can cause environmental, social, economic and public impacts. A strain of Metarhizium rileyi Nm017 [AGROSAVIA - Orinoquia area (Col.)], demonstrated an e cacy of 75.8% on C. virescens, and 92.5% on H. zea on laboratory conditions. Mass production and virulence of Metarhizium sp. are susceptible to stress conditions such as temperature, UVB radiation and pH, a ecting conidial vigor, germination, and sporulation (Rangel et al. 2008, Oliveira et al. 2016). Likewise, the culture medium can a ect the infection processes measured through hydrophobicity and enzymatic activities (Ortiz 2013). The identi cation of these parameters allows selecting the most favorable conditions for its production and the challenges that must be assumed in downstream processes.
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Harris, Bernard. Anthropometric history and the measurement of wellbeing. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.rev02.
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It has often been recognised that the average height of a population is influencedby the economic, social and environmental conditions in which it finds itself, andthis insight has inspired a generation of historians to use anthropometric data toinvestigate the health and wellbeing of past populations. This paper reviews someof the main developments in the field, and assesses the extent to which heightremains a viable measure of historical wellbeing. It explores a number of differentissues, including the nature of human growth; the impact of variations in diet andexposure to disease; the role of ethnicity; the relationships between height, mortalityand labour productivity; and the “social value” of human stature. It concludes that,despite certain caveats, height has retained its capacity to act as a “mirror” of theconditions of past societies, and of the wellbeing of their members.
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Elliott, Jane, Maureen Muir, and Judith Green. Trajectories of everyday mobility at older age. Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58182/bnec3269.
Full textAbstract:
Background: This review and exploratory data analysis focuses on everyday mobility at older age; that is, travel outside the house for routine activities. Everyday mobility is an important determinant of health and wellbeing. Although there can be physiological reasons for declines in an individual’s capacity for mobility, trajectories are uneven. A social model of mobility at older age assumes that impairments due to bodily ageing do not inevitably lead to reduced mobility, and that policy and environmental interventions (such as transport provision, quality of built environment) can and should support mobile later lives. We scope the potential for a study of the conditions which foster trajectories of maintained or increased mobility over time, in an equitable way. Aims: With a focus on corporeal mobility in the UK (in particular England), and on social and environmental, rather than physiological factors, our aims were to: 1) scope the existing evidence on trajectories of mobility at older age; 2) assess the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) as a possible source of data on changes in mobility over time; 3) outline the potential for further research through identifying candidate analytical approaches and; draft an initial logic model to inform a study. Literature review findings: Literature on mobility at older age documents physiological, lifecourse, social, and environmental factors that shape trajectories of declining mobility, and the health and wellbeing consequences. There are complex and bidirectional relationships between determinants and consequences of mobility. Points of disruption in the lifecourse are points where mobility practices may change and are therefore potential points for interventions to promote greater mobility. A body of research demonstrates this through the case of concessionary bus travel for older adults in the UK, which both promotes greater mobility and appears to improve health status. There is a more mixed body of research on the environmental factors that can foster greater mobility: more research is needed on how to support mobility in place in the UK, particularly in settings outside urban centres. Compared to research on physiological factors, there is a relative dearth of evidence on population level interventions, with the exception of free bus travel. ELSA summary: The main strength of using the ELSA for understanding what influences trajectories of everyday mobility is that it is an eighteen-year longitudinal study with data collection every two years, focussing on those aged 50 and over. The sample is drawn from across England, detailed contextual information is available via linked geographical identifiers, and longitudinal and cross-sectional weights enable adjustment of the sample for non-response and attrition. The weaknesses (for studies of mobility) are the lack of fine-grained measures of ‘ability’ for many mobility indicators and the potential for reporting biases that intersect with measures of social and cultural capital. In this descriptive analysis, we document six separate measures of everyday mobility that can be derived from ELSA data, and map these to our logic model. Implications: The review identified the potential for studying the conditions for mobility at older age that could help identify and develop population level interventions. Focusing on points of disruption in the lifecourse is a potentially fruitful and tractable area of investigation. We have mapped indicators available from ELSA as a foundation for future study, and as a resource for other researchers. ELSA has some disadvantages for a study, but also many strengths. Given the complexity of causal pathways linking different conditions for maintained or increased mobility, an analysis approach directed specifically at multiple pathways (such as Qualitative Comparative Analysis) could well be fruitful."