Journal articles on the topic 'Social and behavioural aspects'
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1
Hagekull, Bent, and Gunilla Bohlin. "Behavioural Problems and Competences in 4-year-olds: Dimensions and Relationships." International Journal of Behavioral Development 17, no. 2 (June 1994): 311–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549401700205.
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The study explored the dimensionality of parental ratings of positive and negative aspects of behaviour in a sample of 4-year-olds (n = 377). The children were described using the Preschool Behaviour Questionnaire (PBQ) with items added to include ego strength/effectance and social competence. Factor analytic results showed a 2-factor structure in the PBQ behaviour problem area: factor 1 describing externalised conduct behaviour problems; and factor 2 encompassing the internalised anxious-fearful problems. Factor analysis of both positive and negative behavioural aspects yielded a 3-factor structure with externalised problem behaviours as the first factor, a second broad social inhibition factor, and an ego strength/effectance factor. Correlations showed a low positive relationship between the two problem areas; a stronger relationship was found between the positive aspects, peer competence, and ego strength/effectance. There was a weak significant negative correlation between peer competence behaviours and outgoing conduct problems. Peer competence was more strongly negatively related to anxiousfearful behaviour problems. Conceptual and methodological aspects were discussed and the results were related to the inhibition-disinhibition construct in temperament research.
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Pan-ngum, Wirichada, Tassawan Poomchaichote, Giulia Cuman, Phee-Kheng Cheah, Naomi Waithira, Mavuto Mukaka, Bhensri Naemiratch, et al. "Social, ethical and behavioural aspects of COVID-19." Wellcome Open Research 5 (May 7, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15813.1.
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Introduction: Vaccines and drugs for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 require robust evidence generated from clinical trials before they can be used. Decisions on how to apply non-pharmaceutical interventions such as quarantine, self-isolation, social distancing and travel restrictions should also be based on evidence. There are some experiential and mathematical modelling data for these interventions, but there is a lack of data on the social, ethical and behavioural aspects of these interventions in the literature. Therefore, our study aims to produce evidence to inform (non-pharmaceutical) interventions such as communications, quarantine, self-isolation, social distancing, travel restrictions and other public health measures for the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study will be conducted in the United Kingdom, Italy, Malaysia and Thailand. We propose to conduct 600-1000 quantitative surveys and 25-35 qualitative interviews per country. Data collection will follow the following four themes: (1) Quarantine and self-isolation (2) social distancing and travel restrictions (3) wellbeing and mental health (4) information, misinformation and rumours. In light of limitations of travel and holding in-person meetings, we will use online/remote methods for collecting data. Study participant will be adults who have provided informed consent from different demographic, socio-economic and risk groups. Discussion: At the time of writing, United Kingdom, Italy, Malaysia and Thailand have initiated strict public health measures and varying degrees of “lockdowns” to curb the pandemic. It is anticipated that these public health measures will continue in some countries (e.g. Italy, Malaysia) or be tightened further in other countries (e.g. Thailand, UK) to control the spread of the disease in the coming weeks and months. The data generated from our study could inform these strategies in real time.
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Pan-ngum, Wirichada, Tassawan Poomchaichote, Giulia Cuman, Phee-Kheng Cheah, Naomi Waithira, Mavuto Mukaka, Bhensri Naemiratch, et al. "Social, ethical and behavioural aspects of COVID-19." Wellcome Open Research 5 (June 25, 2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15813.2.
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Introduction: Vaccines and drugs for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 require robust evidence generated from clinical trials before they can be used. Decisions on how to apply non-pharmaceutical interventions such as quarantine, self-isolation, social distancing and travel restrictions should also be based on evidence. There are some experiential and mathematical modelling data for these interventions, but there is a lack of data on the social, ethical and behavioural aspects of these interventions in the literature. Therefore, our study aims to produce evidence to inform (non-pharmaceutical) interventions such as communications, quarantine, self-isolation, social distancing, travel restrictions and other public health measures for the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study will be conducted in the United Kingdom, Italy, Malaysia, Slovenia and Thailand. We propose to conduct 600-1000 quantitative surveys and 25-35 qualitative interviews per country. Data collection will follow the following four themes: (1) Quarantine and self-isolation (2) social distancing and travel restrictions (3) wellbeing and mental health (4) information, misinformation and rumours. In light of limitations of travel and holding in-person meetings, we will primarily use online/remote methods for collecting data. Study participants will be adults who have provided informed consent from different demographic, socio-economic and risk groups. Discussion: At the time of the inception of the study, United Kingdom, Italy, Malaysia, Slovenia and Thailand have initiated strict public health measures and varying degrees of “lockdowns” to curb the pandemic. These public health measures will change in the coming weeks and months depending on the number of cases of COVID-19 in the respective countries. The data generated from our study could inform these strategies in real time.
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Konsolakis, Kostas, Hermie Hermens, and Oresti Banos. "A Novel Framework for the Holistic Monitoring and Analysis of Human Behaviour." Proceedings 31, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019031043.
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Recent technological advances have enabled the continuous and unobtrusive monitoring of human behaviour. However, most of the existing studies focus on detecting human behaviour under the limitation of one behavioural aspect, such as physical behaviour and not addressing human behaviour in a broad sense. For this reason, we propose a novel framework that will serve as the principal generator of knowledge on the user’s behaviour. The proposed framework moves beyond the current trends in automatic behaviour analysis by detecting and inferring human behaviour automatically, based on multimodal sensor data. In particular, the framework analyses human behaviour in a holistic approach, focusing on different behavioural aspects at the same time; namely physical, social, emotional and cognitive behaviour. Furthermore, the suggested framework investigates user’s behaviour over different periods, introducing the concept of short-term and long-term behaviours and how these change over time.
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Lawrence, A. B., and C. E. O'Connor. "Behavioural aspects of neonate survival." BSAP Occasional Publication 15 (1992): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00004079.
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AbstractThe postnatal period is the most dangerous phase of life and survival depends on the neonate behaving appropriately from birth. Consequently, many aspects of neonate behaviour are often near to being fully formed at birth. However, experience will often be required to shape the expression of the behaviour and improve its effectiveness. The immediate problems facing the neonate will be related to the overall reproductive strategy of the species. In pigs, sibling rivalry will be critical in establishing and maintaining fidelity to a teat, and this early conflict is probably most important for survival. The teat order that succeeds this early rivalry is probably not, however, the result of competition over the most productive teats but because of certain intrinsic advantages of teat fidelity that maximize growth. In sheep the need to quickly follow and solicit sucking only from the dam makes learning to recognise the mother a priority. Recent results suggest that the ability of the neonate lamb to recognize its mother has been under-estimated and that failure of lambs to recognise their mothers can make a significant contribution to mortality rates. Survival in any species is, however, not simply a matter of appropriate neonate behaviour but may depend critically on the quality of the interaction between the mother and offspring. It is difficult to determine the end of the neonate period given the often protracted nature of weaning. As weaning progresses there is a shift to bonding with siblings and peers and to an extent these relationships take over some of the social functions of the mother-infant relationship such as avoidance of predators. Lastly, experiences gained during the neonate period can have long-term effects on behaviour such as diet selection, social preferences and responses to fear with important implications for farmed livestock.
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Spencer, Karen A. "Developmental stress and social phenotypes: integrating neuroendocrine, behavioural and evolutionary perspectives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1727 (July 3, 2017): 20160242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0242.
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The social world is filled with different types of interactions, and social experience interacts with stress on several different levels. Activation of the neuroendocrine axis that regulates the response to stress can have consequences for innumerable behavioural responses, including social decision-making and aspects of sociality, such as gregariousness and aggression. This is especially true for stress experienced during early life, when physiological systems are developing and highly sensitive to perturbation. Stress at this time can have persistent effects on social behaviours into adulthood. One important question remaining is to what extent these effects are adaptive. This paper initially reviews the current literature investigating the complex relationships between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and other neuroendocrine systems and several aspects of social behaviour in vertebrates. In addition, the review explores the evidence surrounding the potential for ‘social programming’ via differential development and activation of the HPA axis, providing an insight into the potential for positive effects on fitness following early life stress. Finally, the paper provides a framework from which novel investigations could work to fully understand the adaptive significance of early life effects on social behaviours. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals'.
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Vogel, David, Stamatios C. Nicolis, Alfonso Perez-Escudero, Vidyanand Nanjundiah, David J. T. Sumpter, and Audrey Dussutour. "Phenotypic variability in unicellular organisms: from calcium signalling to social behaviour." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20152322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2322.
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Historically, research has focused on the mean and often neglected the variance. However, variability in nature is observable at all scales: among cells within an individual, among individuals within a population and among populations within a species. A fundamental quest in biology now is to find the mechanisms that underlie variability. Here, we investigated behavioural variability in a unique unicellular organism, Physarum polycephalum . We combined experiments and models to show that variability in cell signalling contributes to major differences in behaviour underpinning some aspects of social interactions. First, following thousands of cells under various contexts, we identified distinct behavioural phenotypes: ‘slow–regular–social’, ‘fast–regular–social’ and ‘fast–irregular–asocial’. Second, coupling chemical analysis and behavioural assays we found that calcium signalling is responsible for these behavioural phenotypes. Finally, we show that differences in signalling and behaviour led to alternative social strategies. Our results have considerable implications for our understanding of the emergence of variability in living organisms.
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Durgawale, P. M., Mrs Supriya S. Patil, and R. V. Mohite. "Social Aspects of Behavioural Problems in Rural School Age Children." International Journal of Current Research and Review 12, no. 20 (2020): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2020.122022.
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Johnson, Anne M. "Social and Behavioural Aspects of the HIV Epidemic--A Review." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 151, no. 1 (1988): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2982186.
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Neethirajan, Suresh, and Bas Kemp. "Social Network Analysis in Farm Animals: Sensor-Based Approaches." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020434.
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Natural social systems within animal groups are an essential aspect of agricultural optimization and livestock management strategy. Assessing elements of animal behaviour under domesticated conditions in comparison to natural behaviours found in wild settings has the potential to address issues of animal welfare effectively, such as focusing on reproduction and production success. This review discusses and evaluates to what extent social network analysis (SNA) can be incorporated with sensor-based data collection methods, and what impact the results may have concerning welfare assessment and future farm management processes. The effectiveness and critical features of automated sensor-based technologies deployed in farms include tools for measuring animal social group interactions and the monitoring and recording of farm animal behaviour using SNA. Comparative analyses between the quality of sensor-collected data and traditional observational methods provide an enhanced understanding of the behavioural dynamics of farm animals. The effectiveness of sensor-based approaches in data collection for farm animal behaviour measurement offers unique opportunities for social network research. Sensor-enabled data in livestock SNA addresses the biological aspects of animal behaviour via remote real-time data collection, and the results both directly and indirectly influence welfare assessments, and farm management processes. Finally, we conclude with potential implications of SNA on modern animal farming for improvement of animal welfare.
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Vinogradova, Yana, Svetlana Gurieva, Ludmila Pochebut, and Vera Chiker. "Social aspects of resources management through process of understanding the social representations." E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 11035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124411035.
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The main use of our study is to highlight the concept of resource management through process of deep understanding the social representations in our society in different situation. The study traced the main differences in the concept and social representation of the phenomenon of betrayal in two age samples. Methodology: Projective methods are the main: semi-structured interviews, modification of the Sentence Completion Test. To obtain information on the actual attitude to the phenomenon we conduct the survey. The texts processed content analysis method. Selected differences in social perceptions in the studied groups of different ages reflect the boundaries of the concept. The analysis of structural components shows the dynamics of social representations. Emotional and rational styles of behaviour in a social situation, typical for a middle-age group, have been singled out. Behavioural styles differ in average values of “possibility of betray”. Applications of this study: the results of the research are applicable both in training courses on the psychology of communication and in educational programs on forming a metacognitive assessment of the social situation. The show features of the actual attitude toward to social representations and possibility to analyse the main aspects of resources management.
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Veale, David. "Treatment of social phobia." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 4 (July 2003): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.4.258.
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Social phobia (or social anxiety disorder) manifests as a marked and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations. The epidemiology, diagnosis and psychopathology are reviewed, including clinical presentation, cultural aspects and the differences between agoraphobia and social phobia. Behavioural treatments, including graded self-exposure and cognitive restructuring, are considered. A cognitive model of the maintenance of social phobia is discussed. It is hypothesised that attentional shifting towards imagery, safety behaviours and ‘post-mortem’ analyses play a key role in symptom maintenance. The implications of this for treatment are described, and guidelines for pharmacological treatment are summarised.
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Whittier, JM, and J. Martin. "Aspects of Social-Behavior and Dominance in Male Rainbow Skinks, Carlia-Rostralis." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 1 (1992): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920073.
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A laboratory study was conducted to observe patterns of social behaviour of males of the sexually dimorphic rainbow skink, Carlia rostralis. Animals were observed alone or in matched pairs, both as residents and non-residents of the testing cage. Behavioural patterns observed included active, aggressive, submissive, assertive, exploratory and escape categories of acts. These patterns of behaviour varied in social contexts. Active behaviour increased significantly when males were paired. Of the paired encounters, 60% had neutral outcomes in which no dominant/subordinate individual could be determined. When dominance/subordinance interactions occurred they were found to be expressed in a linear hierarchy. Dominance was positively correlated with male snout-vent length. Dominance of males was absolute and did not depend on residence status. These observations of social behaviour in the laboratory, together with preliminary observations of behaviour of this species in the field, suggest that Carlia rostralis exhibits different patterns of social behaviour from that observed in other scincid lizards.
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Majerová, Věra. "Social Aspects Of Rural Community Development." Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aree-2015-0003.
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Abstract A well-balanced relationship between economic and social progress is the main prerequisite of rural community stability. Economic development is influenced by many factors. Some of these are statistically discoverable and quantifiable, while others, which fall within the sphere of social relations and their identification, are more difficult to measure and interpret. Czech rural areas face many problems which arise from their specific features – socio-demographic structure, job possibility of various social groups, provision of the proper level of public services, transport accessibility, etc. However, there is no direct connection between economic factors and mutual relations within the rural community. Values, opinions and the behavioural patterns of people are immediately displayed in a locality, but their character is shaped by the regional and national assumptions of every stage of development. Contributions are drawn from the accessible literature and secondary data of empirical research projects.
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Basso, Frédéric, and Olivier Oullier. "“Smile down the phone”: Extending the effects of smiles to vocal social interactions." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001469.
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AbstractThe SIMS model offers an embodied perspective to cognition and behaviour that can be applied to organizational studies. This model enriches behavioural and brain research conducted by social scientists onemotional work(also known asemotional labour) by including the key role played by body-related aspects in interpersonal exchanges. Nevertheless, one could also study a more vocal aspect to smiling as illustrated by the development of “smile down the phone” strategies in organizations. We propose to gather face-to-face and voice-to-voice interactions in an embodied perspective taking into account Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) theory of conceptual metaphors.
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Kappeler, Peter M., Louise Barrett, Daniel T. Blumstein, and Tim H. Clutton-Brock. "Constraints and flexibility in mammalian social behaviour: introduction and synthesis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1618 (May 19, 2013): 20120337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0337.
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This paper introduces a Theme Issue presenting the latest developments in research on the interplay between flexibility and constraint in social behaviour, using comparative datasets, long-term field studies and experimental data from both field and laboratory studies of mammals. We first explain our focus on mammals and outline the main components of their social systems, focusing on variation within- and among-species in numerous aspects of social organization, mating system and social structure. We then review the current state of primarily ultimate explanations of this diversity in social behaviour. We approach the question of how and why the balance between behavioural flexibility and continuity is achieved by discussing the genetic, developmental, ecological and social constraints on hypothetically unlimited behavioural flexibility. We introduce the other contributions to this Theme Issue against this background and conclude that constraints are often crucial to the evolution and expression of behavioural flexibility. In exploring these issues, the enduring relevance of Tinbergen's seminal paper ‘On aims and methods in ethology’, with its advocacy of an integrative, four-pronged approach to studying behaviour becomes apparent: an exceptionally fitting tribute on the 50th anniversary of its publication.
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Tymoshenko, Olena, and Оlena Trokhymets. "MECHANISM OF BEHAVIOURAL ECONOMICS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-2-221-225.
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The purpose of the article. The article covers the mechanisms of behavioural economics introducing into the state policy of the country. This problem becomes especially relevant in modern conditions as people tend to make unreasonable economic decisions. The purpose of this paper is to research the irrational motives of individuals’ behaviour in making economic decisions and to determine the measures for introducing the mechanisms of behavioural economics in the state policy of Ukraine. Methodology. The survey is based on the analysis of the scientific papers of the following scientists in economics: A. Smith, K. Marks, J. Bentham, M. Weber, J. Schumpeter, A. Marshall, J. Keynes, H. Simon, H. Becker, V. Smith, D. Kahneman, A. Tversky, Richard H. Thaler, G. Akerlof, R. Shiller; on the empirical analysis and on the analysis of the behaviour economic instruments. The objective of the article is the survey of irrational motives of human behaviour during the decision-making process in economic conditions, to determine the influence of the irrational motives on social and economic development and to develop measures and activities for implementation of behavioural economics mechanisms in the state policy. The subject of the article is theoretical and methodological aspects of the behavioural economics mechanisms in the state policy. The results. The research in the article shows and explains the main trends of the behavioural studies in the modern condition, in particular: behavioural finance, behavioural game theory, the problem of making a choice in time, prospect theory. One of the examples of Herding behaviour shown in the article is the peculiarities of behavioural aspects of financial markets. Special attention is given to the “nudge theory” used by the leading countries. Behavioural economics possess the instruments, which maintain the decent living of the population and sustainable social and economic situation in the society. The results of research represent that the behavioural peculiarities of the society together with the interaction with the state policy result in the distrust of the society to the authority’s representatives. Besides, the low-income level of the population leads to the predominance of survival values in the society, while in the highly developed countries, the values of self-expression dominate. It is proposed to implement behavioural economics mechanisms in state policy of Ukraine while making economic decisions. Conclusions. Due to the new trends in economic development such as informatization, and digitalization, new ways of the economic behaviour of the population take place. One of the key aspects is the psychological approach to the decision-making process in the economic environment. Thus, behavioural economics becomes of great importance in modern society.
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Razis, Gerasimos, Stylianos Georgilas, Giannis Haralabopoulos, and Ioannis Anagnostopoulos. "User Analytics in Online Social Networks: Evolving from Social Instances to Social Individuals." Computers 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers11100149.
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In our era of big data and information overload, content consumers utilise a variety of sources to meet their data and informational needs for the purpose of acquiring an in-depth perspective on a subject, as each source is focused on specific aspects. The same principle applies to the online social networks (OSNs), as usually, the end-users maintain accounts in multiple OSNs so as to acquire a complete social networking experience, since each OSN has a different philosophy in terms of its services, content, and interaction. Contrary to the current literature, we examine the users’ behavioural and disseminated content patterns under the assumption that accounts maintained by users in multiple OSNs are not regarded as distinct accounts, but rather as the same individual with multiple social instances. Our social analysis, enriched with information about the users’ social influences, revealed behavioural patterns depending on the examined OSN, its social entities, and the users’ exerted influence. Finally, we ranked the examined OSNs based on three types of social characteristics, revealing correlations between the users’ behavioural and content patterns, social influences, social entities, and the OSNs themselves.
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Asher, Lucy, Lisa M. Collins, Angel Ortiz-Pelaez, Julian A. Drewe, Christine J. Nicol, and Dirk U. Pfeiffer. "Recent advances in the analysis of behavioural organization and interpretation as indicators of animal welfare." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no. 41 (September 9, 2009): 1103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0221.
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While the incorporation of mathematical and engineering methods has greatly advanced in other areas of the life sciences, they have been under-utilized in the field of animal welfare. Exceptions are beginning to emerge and share a common motivation to quantify ‘hidden’ aspects in the structure of the behaviour of an individual, or group of animals. Such analyses have the potential to quantify behavioural markers of pain and stress and quantify abnormal behaviour objectively. This review seeks to explore the scope of such analytical methods as behavioural indicators of welfare. We outline four classes of analyses that can be used to quantify aspects of behavioural organization. The underlying principles, possible applications and limitations are described for: fractal analysis, temporal methods, social network analysis, and agent-based modelling and simulation. We hope to encourage further application of analyses of behavioural organization by highlighting potential applications in the assessment of animal welfare, and increasing awareness of the scope for the development of new mathematical methods in this area.
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Favati, Anna, Olof Leimar, Tommy Radesäter, and Hanne Løvlie. "Social status and personality: stability in social state can promote consistency of behavioural responses." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1774 (January 7, 2014): 20132531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2531.
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Stability of ‘state’ has been suggested as an underlying factor explaining behavioural stability and animal personality (i.e. variation among, and consistency within individuals in behavioural responses), but the possibility that stable social relationships represent such states remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the influence of social status on the expression and consistency of behaviours by experimentally changing social status between repeated personality assays. We used male domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus ), a social species that forms relatively stable dominance hierarchies, and showed that behavioural responses were strongly affected by social status, but also by individual characteristics. The level of vigilance, activity and exploration changed with social status, whereas boldness appeared as a stable individual property, independent of status. Furthermore, variation in vocalization predicted future social status, indicating that individual behaviours can both be a predictor and a consequence of social status, depending on the aspect in focus. Our results illustrate that social states contribute to both variation and stability in behavioural responses, and should therefore be taken into account when investigating and interpreting variation in personality.
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Saunders, Stephen G., Dani J. Barrington, and Srinivas Sridharan. "Redefining social marketing: beyond behavioural change." Journal of Social Marketing 5, no. 2 (April 13, 2015): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-03-2014-0021.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present a definition of social marketing that considers the purpose and role of social marketing beyond behaviour change. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews present social marketing definitions and then bolsters its underlying theoretical structure with insights distilled from three schools of thought: macromarketing, transformative consumer research and the capability approach. Findings – Guided by the three theoretical streams, we introduce our definition, namely: social marketing is the application of marketing principles to enable individual and collective ideas and actions in the pursuit of effective, efficient, equitable, fair and sustained social transformation. Practical implications – We present a list of practical implications derived from our definition of social marketing. We stress that our social marketing definition better reflects the need to balance the effects (efficiency and effectiveness) and the process (equity, fairness and sustainability) of social marketing practices. By our definition of social marketing, the marketer becomes a facilitator and participant rather than a behaviour change agent. Originality/value – The paper introduces into social marketing three streams of thought that represent the most contemporary aspects of economic, market and consumer philosophy. We believe our definition can better guide social marketing in its quest to transform societies to be capable, free, equitable, fair and sustainable.
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Brandão, Angela, Raquel Costa, Evelina Rodrigues, and Luis Vicente. "Using behaviour observations to study personality in a group of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) in captivity." Behaviour 156, no. 3-4 (2019): 203–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003537.
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Abstract This article presents a novel approach to the study of primate personality and illustrates it with a study of capuchin monkeys. While most personality studies with capuchin monkeys have used rating questionnaires, the research method of this study relies instead on direct behaviour observations. In an effort to capitalize on the full richness of behavioural observation data, we used both statistical and non-statistical methods to analyse data from behavioural observations of a group of capuchin monkeys in captivity. Interest in capuchin monkeys as a species has increased due to their cognitive capacities, behavioural flexibility and complex social structure, as well as many similarities with great apes in dimensions of personality. In this study we focus in three aspects of personality: diversity, flexibility and complexity. Our results provide a detailed picture of these aspects of capuchins’ personality, including the degree of “predictability” and “unusualness” of individual capuchins’ behaviour.
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Spence, Susan H., and Peter Lee. "Observation and Social Validation of Staff Behaviours in a Residential Care Setting." Behavioural Psychotherapy 13, no. 1 (January 1985): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0141347300009320.
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Eleven residential care staff working in a secure unit with disruptive or delinquent youths were trained to use a variety of behavioural methods and teaching-parent interaction skills as outlined by the Achievement Place Programme. Three months following a 1-month full-time training programme, staff were observed in the work environment using a behaviour coding system. An attempt was made to identify which care staff behaviours influenced the clients' and colleagues' judgements about staff behaviour towards the youths. Staff who frequently asked for information from the youths were rated more positively by both colleagues and youths. The use of praise influenced the youths' judgements of care staff, whereas the expression of affection towards the youths influenced staff judgements of colleagues. Other aspects of conversation or teaching interaction skills did not correlate with boys' or colleagues' judgements of the care staff. Responses such as checking for understanding, requesting practice, giving prompts and feedback were rarely used by care staff. The study provides evidence of social validity for certain staff behaviours as influencing judgements made by clients and colleagues.
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Perry, Susan. "Behavioural variation and learning across the lifespan in wild white-faced capuchin monkeys." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1803 (June 2020): 20190494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0494.
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Natural selection has evidently mediated many species characteristics relevant to the evolution of learning, including longevity, length of the juvenile period, social organization, timing of cognitive and motor development, and age-related shifts in behavioural propensities such as activity level, flexibility in problem-solving and motivation to seek new information. Longitudinal studies of wild populations can document such changes in behavioural propensities, providing critical information about the contexts in which learning strategies develop, in environments similar to those in which learning strategies evolved. The Lomas Barbudal Monkey Project provides developmental data for the white-faced capuchin, Cebus capucinus , a species that has converged with humans regarding many life-history and behavioural characteristics. In this dataset, focused primarily on learned aspects of foraging behaviour, younger capuchins are more active overall, more curious and opportunistic, and more prone to inventing new investigative and foraging-related behaviours. Younger individuals more often seek social information by watching other foragers (especially older foragers). Younger individuals are more creative, playful and inventive, and less neophobic, exhibiting a wider range of behaviours when engaged in extractive foraging. Whereas adults more often stick with old solutions, younger individuals often incorporate recently acquired experience (both social and asocial) when foraging. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals'.
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Modlmeier, Andreas P., Julia E. Liebmann, and Susanne Foitzik. "Diverse societies are more productive: a lesson from ants." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1736 (January 25, 2012): 2142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2376.
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The fitness consequences of animal personalities (also known as behavioural syndromes) have recently been studied in several solitary species. However, the adaptive significance of collective personalities in social insects and especially of behavioural variation among group members remains largely unexplored. Although intracolonial behavioural variation is an important component of division of labour, and as such a key feature for the success of societies, empirical links between behavioural variation and fitness are scarce. We investigated aggression, exploration and brood care behaviour in Temnothorax longispinosus ant colonies. We focused on two distinct aspects: intercolonial variability and its consistency across time and contexts, and intracolonial variability and its influence on productivity. Aggressiveness was consistent over four to five months with a new generation of workers emerging in between trial series. Other behaviours were not consistent over time. Exploration of novel environments responded to the sequence of assays: colonies were faster in discovering when workers previously encountered opponents in aggression experiments. Suites of correlated behaviours (e.g. aggression–exploration syndrome) present in the first series did not persist over time. Finally, colonies with more intracolonial behavioural variation in brood care and exploration of novel objects were more productive under standardized conditions than colonies with less variation.
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Houston, Julia C. "Premeditated Assaults on Young Boys by a Man with Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus — A Cognitive-Behavioural Approach to Treatment." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 2 (April 1992): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809203200207.
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This paper describes the case of a 25-year-old man with spina bifida and hydrocephalus, who had at least a ten-year history of physically assaulting young boys. Anti-social behaviour is reported as comparatively rare in people with this disability, and the case study illustrates how psychological assessment and treatment techniques were successfully applied. Information from his personal history plus a functional analysis of the assaults suggested that a combination of existing psychological difficulties and learning experiences contributed to the development of his behaviour. A behavioural model of the psychological mechanisms underlying the behaviour was suggested and treatment objectives defined. Cognitive and behavioural treatment techniques were adapted where necessary, with a good outcome. A gap in services for physically handicapped people with behavioural problems is noted and briefly discussed.
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Randle, H., T. Counsell, and K. Wilton. "The relationship between pre weaning social behaviour and racing performance in Thoroughbred horses." BSAP Occasional Publication 32 (2004): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00041392.
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Vast sums of money are invested in training racehorses, yet race earnings rarely cover training costs. The ability to accurately predict potential racing performance prior to training would be advantageous. Although a link between equine behaviour and later racing success has been suggested, no single measure has yet been identified, mainly due to the complex relationships between behavioural attributes, particularly those of a social nature. The influence of gender is also unclear. According to The Mental Health Model of Sport Performance a degeneration in mental state is reflected by a decline in performance. The success of over 70% of human athletes was identified using behavioural measures of personality. Reportedly equine ‘winners’ are ‘calm’ whilst ‘losers’ are ‘aroused’. Such equine ‘reactivity ‘ (‘temperament’) has traditionally been investigated using contrived experiments. This study aimed to carefully examine equine social activity by exploring multiple aspects of social behaviour whilst avoiding the restrictive concept of dominance.
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Arbilly, Michal, and Kevin N. Laland. "The magnitude of innovation and its evolution in social animals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1848 (February 8, 2017): 20162385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2385.
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Innovative behaviour in animals, ranging from invertebrates to humans, is increasingly recognized as an important topic for investigation by behavioural researchers. However, what constitutes an innovation remains controversial, and difficult to quantify. Drawing on a broad definition whereby any behaviour with a new component to it is an innovation, we propose a quantitative measure, which we call the magnitude of innovation , to describe the extent to which an innovative behaviour is novel. This allows us to distinguish between innovations that are a slight change to existing behaviours (low magnitude), and innovations that are substantially different (high magnitude). Using mathematical modelling and evolutionary computer simulations, we explored how aspects of social interaction, cognition and natural selection affect the frequency and magnitude of innovation. We show that high-magnitude innovations are likely to arise regularly even if the frequency of innovation is low, as long as this frequency is relatively constant, and that the selectivity of social learning and the existence of social rewards, such as prestige and royalties, are crucial for innovative behaviour to evolve. We suggest that consideration of the magnitude of innovation may prove a useful tool in the study of the evolution of cognition and of culture.
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Hancock-Johnson, Ella, Charlotte Staniforth, Lucy Pomroy, and Kieran Breen. "Adolescent inpatient completers of dialectical behaviour therapy." Journal of Forensic Practice 22, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-07-2019-0029.
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Purpose Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) aims to reduce emotional dysregulation and engagement in less adaptive behaviours for adults with mixed disorders of conduct and emotions (MDCE). However, there is limited evidence available for the effectiveness of DBT skills training for adolescents with MDCE who are resident within a secure impatient setting. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A retrospective study investigated changes in aggressive and self-injurious behaviours in 22 adolescents within a secure inpatient mental health setting with MDCE who had completed one cycle of DBT skills training. Changes in symptomatic problems, behavioural and social impairment were also investigated in 17 of the 22 participants who completed the DBT skills training cycle. Findings There were statistically significant decreases in the frequencies of engagement in total aggressive and deliberate self-harm behaviours after the DBT skills training cycle. There was a significant improvement in symptomatic and behavioural impairment, but not in social impairment. Practical implications The findings of this study suggest that DBT skills training may be beneficial for behavioural and symptomatic outcomes in adolescent inpatients with MDCE. Originality/value This study provides preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of DBT skills training for adolescents with MDCE within a secure inpatient setting. Additional studies are required to investigate the clinical benefits of specific aspects of DBT for individual patients.
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Synytsya, Maksym. "COVID-19 and Behavioral Economics: Certain Aspects of the Causes of Irrational Behaviour During a Pandemic." Scientific Papers NaUKMA. Economics 6, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2519-4739.2021.6.1.118-121.
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The aim of this article is to reveal the main reasons for the irrational behaviour of economic agents during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic in terms of behavioural economics and opportunities for change such a behaviour.The article reveals the approaches that were used in 2020 and continue to be used today as the main ones to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection. Despite the existence of such prescriptions, the infection continues to spread and causes negative socio-economic consequences.Thus, the main reasons, the resistance of citizens to the measures recommended by governments around the world and the manifestation of deviant behaviour among the seemingly “rational” economic agents were analyzed.The main reasons and possible factors for changing such a behaviour are the postulates of behavioural economics, such as the effect of reinforcement effect, conservative bias, confirmation bias, conditional cooperation, the preference of beliefs consonance.In addition, this paper provides a brief overview of some post-material values of Ukrainian society based on global research and offers an assessment of the dependence of these values on the incidence of COVID-19 and an explanation in terms of behavioural economics.The article notes that the presence of certain established views on the “normality” of preventive antivirus measures may affect the propensity or the lack of propensity to adhere to the necessary protective behaviour by economic agents.The research methods are descriptive, analytical, methods of synthesis and comparison. As a result of the analysis, the article proposes a comprehensive approach to men’s behaviour during the pandemic according to behavioural economics.The study concludes that the main task to improve the effectiveness of preventive measures for the spread of COVID-19 today is to understand the causes of irrational behaviour in new circumstances in terms of behavioural economics and apply the theory of “pushing” or “nudging” to form positive social economic change. It is suggested to use this paper for further and deeper practical research of certain aspects of changing people`s behaviour for better work effectiveness and wellbeing. JEL classіfіcatіon: D03, A13
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Grauvogl, A. "Das Leben ist ein Spiel." Archives Animal Breeding 43, no. 4 (October 10, 2000): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-43-315-2000.
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Abstract. Title of the paper: Life is a game Sexual reproduction causes the independent combination of genetic elements. But not only the physiology of reproduction but also behavioural physiology is familiär with independent combinations; in this case the behavioural elements while playing. An attempt is made to analyse and discover the difference between the playing behaviour of animals versus the playing behaviour of humans during childhood. The mathematical theory of game also is based upon selective choice. The social aspects of play in animal and human collectives is explained as well as the possibilities of therapeutical games.
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Brennan, Linda, Josephine Previte, and Marie-Louise Fry. "Social marketing’s consumer myopia." Journal of Social Marketing 6, no. 3 (July 11, 2016): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-12-2015-0079.
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Purpose Addressing calls for broadening social marketing thinking beyond “individualistic” parameters, this paper aims to describe a behavioural ecological systems (BEM) approach to enhance understanding of social markets. Design/methodology/approach A conceptual framework – the BEM – is presented and discussed within a context of alcohol social change. Findings The BEM emphasises the relational nature of behaviour change, where individuals are embedded in an ecological system that involves the performances of behaviour and social change within historical, social, cultural, physical and environmental settings. Layers of influence on actors are characterised as macro (distant, large in scale), exo (external, remote from individuals), meso (between the individual and environments) and micro (the individual within their social setting). The BEM can be applied to guide social marketers towards creating solutions that focus on collaboration amongst market actors rather than among consumers. Practical implications The BEM contributes to a broader holistic view of social ecologies and behaviour change; emphasises the need for social marketers to embrace systems thinking; and recognises that relationships between actors at multiple layers in social change markets are interactive, collaborative and embedded in dynamic social contexts. Importantly, a behavioural ecological systems approach enables social marketers to develop coherent, integrated and multi-dimensional social change programmes. Originality/value The underlying premise of the BEM brings forward relational logic as the foundation for future social marketing theory and practice. Taking this approach to social market change focuses strategy on the intangible aspects of social offerings, inclusive of the interactions and processes of value creation (and/or destruction) within a social marketing system to facilitate collaboration and interaction across a network of actors so as to overcome barriers and identify solutions to social problems.
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Schaller, Mark, Damian R. Murray, and Adrian Bangerter. "Implications of the behavioural immune system for social behaviour and human health in the modern world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1669 (May 26, 2015): 20140105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0105.
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The ‘behavioural immune system’ is composed of mechanisms that evolved as a means of facilitating behaviours that minimized infection risk and enhanced fitness. Recent empirical research on human populations suggests that these mechanisms have unique consequences for many aspects of human sociality—including sexual attitudes, gregariousness, xenophobia, conformity to majority opinion and conservative sociopolitical attitudes. Throughout much of human evolutionary history, these consequences may have had beneficial health implications; but health implications in modern human societies remain unclear. This article summarizes pertinent ways in which modern human societies are similar to and different from the ecologies within which the behavioural immune system evolved. By attending to these similarities and differences, we identify a set of plausible implications—both positive and negative—that the behavioural immune system may have on health outcomes in contemporary human contexts. We discuss both individual-level infection risk and population-level epidemiological outcomes. We also discuss a variety of additional implications, including compliance with public health policies, the adoption of novel therapeutic interventions and actual immunological functioning. Research on the behavioural immune system, and its implications in contemporary human societies, can provide unique insights into relationships between fitness, sociality and health.
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Smith, Eric Alden. "Endless forms: human behavioural diversity and evolved universals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1563 (February 12, 2011): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0233.
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Human populations have extraordinary capabilities for generating behavioural diversity without corresponding genetic diversity or change. These capabilities and their consequences can be grouped into three categories: strategic (or cognitive), ecological and cultural-evolutionary. Strategic aspects include: (i) a propensity to employ complex conditional strategies, some certainly genetically evolved but others owing to directed invention or to cultural evolution; (ii) situations in which fitness payoffs (or utilities) are frequency-dependent, so that there is no one best strategy; and (iii) the prevalence of multiple equilibria, with history or minor variations in starting conditions (path dependence) playing a crucial role. Ecological aspects refer to the fact that social behaviour and cultural institutions evolve in diverse niches, producing various adaptive radiations and local adaptations. Although environmental change can drive behavioural change, in humans, it is common for behavioural change (especially technological innovation) to drive environmental change (i.e. niche construction). Evolutionary aspects refer to the fact that human capacities for innovation and cultural transmission lead to diversification and cumulative cultural evolution; critical here is institutional design, in which relatively small shifts in incentive structure can produce very different aggregate outcomes. In effect, institutional design can reshape strategic games, bringing us full circle.
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Hanna, Nader, and Deborah Richards. "The Impact of Multimodal Communication on a Shared Mental Model, Trust, and Commitment in Human–Intelligent Virtual Agent Teams." Multimodal Technologies and Interaction 2, no. 3 (August 18, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mti2030048.
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There is an increasing interest in the use of intelligent virtual agents (IVAs) to work in teams with humans. To achieve successful outcomes for these heterogeneous teams, many of the aspects found in successful human teams will need to be supported. These aspects include behavioural (i.e., multimodal communication), cognitive (i.e., a shared mental model (SMM)), and social (trust and commitment). Novelly, this paper aims to investigate the impact of IVA’s multimodal communication on the development of a SMM between humans and IVAs. Moreover, this paper aims to explore the impact of the developed SMM on a human’s trust in an IVA’s decisions and a human’s commitment to honour his/her promises to an IVA. The results from two studies involving a collaborative activity showed a significant positive correlation between team multimodal communication (i.e., behavioural aspect) and a SMM between teammates (i.e., cognitive aspect). Moreover, the result showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the developed SMM and a human’s trust in the IVA’s decision and the human’s commitment to honour his/her promises (the establishment of the social aspect of teamwork). Additionally, the results showed a cumulative effect of all of these aspects on human–agent team performance. These results can guide the design of human–agent teamwork multimodal communication models.
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Maffioli, Elisa, Elisa Angiulli, Simona Nonnis, Francesca Grassi Scalvini, Armando Negri, Gabriella Tedeschi, Ivan Arisi, et al. "Brain Proteome and Behavioural Analysis in Wild Type, BDNF+/− and BDNF−/− Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Exposed to Two Different Temperatures." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105606.
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Experimental evidence suggests that environmental stress conditions can alter the expression of BDNF and that the expression of this neurotrophin influences behavioural responses in mammalian models. It has been recently demonstrated that exposure to 34 °C for 21 days alters the brain proteome and behaviour in zebrafish. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of BDNF in the nervous system of adult zebrafish under control and heat treatment conditions. For this purpose, zebrafish from three different genotypes (wild type, heterozygous BDNF+/− and knock out BDNF−/−) were kept for 21 days at 26 °C or 34 °C and then euthanized for brain molecular analyses or subjected to behavioural tests (Y-maze test, novel tank test, light and dark test, social preference test, mirror biting test) for assessing behavioural aspects such as boldness, anxiety, social preference, aggressive behaviour, interest for the novel environment and exploration. qRT-PCR analysis showed the reduction of gene expression of BDNF and its receptors after heat treatment in wild type zebrafish. Moreover, proteomic analysis and behavioural tests showed genotype- and temperature-dependent effects on brain proteome and behavioural responding. Overall, the absent expression of BDNF in KO alters (1) the brain proteome by reducing the expression of proteins involved in synapse functioning and neurotransmitter-mediated transduction; (2) the behaviour, which can be interpreted as bolder and less anxious and (3) the cellular and behavioural response to thermal treatment.
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Sestakova, Natalia, Angelika Puzserova, Michal Kluknavsky, and Iveta Bernatova. "Determination of motor activity and anxiety-related behaviour in rodents: methodological aspects and role of nitric oxide." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0020.
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ABSTRACT In various areas of the bio-medical, pharmacological and psychological research a multitude of behavioural tests have been used to investigate the effects of environmental, genetic and epi-genetic factors as well as pharmacological substances or diseased states on behaviour and thus on the physiological and psycho-social status of experimental subjects. This article is reviewing the most frequently used behavioural tests in animal research (open field, elevated plus maze, zero maze, and black and white box). It provides a summary of common characteristics as well as differences in the methods used in various studies to determine motor activity, anxiety and emotionality. Additionally to methodological aspects, strain, sex and stress-related differences as well as the involvement of nitric oxide in modulation of motor activity and anxiety of rodents were briefly reviewed.
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Marcillia, Syam Rachma, and Ryuzo Ohno. "Importance of Social Space in Self-built and Donated Post-disaster Housing after Java earthquake 2006." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 3, no. 6 (January 2, 2018): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i6.241.
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Housing reconstruction cases without cultural sensitivity had resulted in rejection. These raise challenges to understand the importance of cultural background and how it affects residents’ lifestyles. This study investigated self-built and donated housing through on- field research with questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Items related to dwelling usage, behaviour adjustments, evaluation and community activities participation were obtained. Results suggest that residents adjust their physical behavioural aspects to maintain previous social behaviour lifestyles, though evaluations indicate dissatisfaction with the unchangeable donated housing design. Social interactions importance, flexibility and open-ended design in housing are advantageous for their post-disaster recovery.
Keywords: self-built housing, donated housing, lifestyle, social interaction, adjustments
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Porter, Elaine, David Anderson, and Elise Ferree. "Non-breeding Nazca Boobies (Sula Granti) Show Social and Sexual Interest in Chicks: Behavioural and Ecological Aspects." Behaviour 141, no. 8 (2004): 959–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539042360134.
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AbstractAdult Nazca boobies (Sula granti) show an unusual interest in both conspecific and congeneric nestlings, visiting them at their nest sites and performing mixtures of affiliative, aggressive, and sexual behaviours. Using a 20 year database from a large Nazca booby colony on Isla Española, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador, we describe the behaviour and the individuals performing the behaviour. Non-parental Adult Visitors ('NAVs') are typically 'unemployed' (non-breeding birds or recently failed breeders), and make visits of 1-60 min to unguarded chicks. Males and females are equally likely to exhibit the behaviour, if they are unemployed; since most unemployed birds are male, due to a sex ratio bias, most NAVs are male. Very young chicks and chicks nearing fledging are not visited, because young chicks are always attended by protective parents, and old chicks can defend themselves. When acting affiliatively, NAVs may simply stand by the chick, or may preen it and present gifts of pebbles and feathers. Aggression by the NAV often leaves scratches on the chick's body, but seldom causes the chick's death directly. However, landbirds take blood-meals from the scratches during food shortages, deepening the wound and eventually killing the chick. The least common NAV behaviour is sexual, in which adults perform male copulatory behaviour with the chick. Sexual behaviour occurs in 14.3% of visits by males, and 6.8% of visits by females. NAV behaviour is the direct or indirect cause of mortality of up to 24.6% of chicks, representing up to 41.6% of all deaths, in a given year. Approximately 80% of non-breeding birds in a given year show NAV behaviour, and since most adults are non-breeders at some point in life, most adults show NAV behaviour at some point. We propose a number of hypotheses to explain the causation of this puzzling and ecologically important behaviour.
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Cronin, Adam. "A molecular phylogeny and social behaviour of Japanese Ceratina (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 35, no. 2 (2004): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631204788912418.
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AbstractPrimitively eusocial insect are often considered particularly useful for investigations into the processes underlying the origins of eusociality. Ceratinine bees have long been regarded as solitary, but sometimes exhibit oddly social traits for solitary species, while other species are known to be social, and social behaviour has been artificially induced in others still (Maeta & Sakagami 1995; Sakagami & Maeta 1995). Recent studies have had some success in elucidating aspects of the evolution of social behaviour in some groups using phylogenetics to infer historical changes in social behaviour (eg: Danforth 2002; Schwarz et al. 2003; Bull et al. 2003). Phylogenetic treatments of Ceratina have only recently been attempted in earnest (Terzo 2000) and behavioural data is lacking for many Ceratina species. Nonetheless, the Japanese fauna represents some of the most comprehensively studied Ceratina, and this study uses nucleotide data from mitochondrial COI and CytB and nuclear EF-1α regions to infer a phylogeny of Japanese Ceratina species. Data give good resolution for the subgeneric groups, and provide some support for the recent morphological phylogeny of Terzo (2000), but little resolution for higher relationships. Behavioural data suggest that sociality is variable within subgenera. The diversity and primitive nature of social behaviour in this group make it one of the most promising to provide insights into the process of social evolution, but more data are clearly needed.
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Nickel, T., F. Heinen, C. E. Scheidt, O. Rayki, J. Wissel, W. Poewe, R. Benecke, et al. "Spasmodic Torticollis—A Multicentre Study on Behavioural Aspects III: Psychosocial Changes and Coping." Behavioural Neurology 9, no. 2 (1996): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/514971.
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Psychosocial changes in spasmodic torticollis (ST) affect predominantly social life, professional life and psychological well-being. Concerning social life, 84.6% of the patients felt that they attracted considerable public attention due to their neurological illness and 65% had reduced participation in social events. A substantial number of patients had retired from professional activities; others felt severely impaired in their working capacity. The psychosocial sequelae in ST, however, seemed to depend less on the neurological signs per se than on the physical symptoms and on coping. Depressive coping in particular emerged as a predictor of psychosocial distress.
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AngielPadiri, Ruth. "A Psychosocial Approach to Diabetes Management: A Review." Indian Journal of Health Studies 02, no. 02 (2020): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56490/ijhs.2020.2205.
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This paper throws light on theimportance of a psychosocial approach to management as a supplement to the medical treatment that the patients receive. Since diabetes is a chronic illness without a total cure, it can only be managed effectively. Having a lifelong condition impacts all aspects of one’s life- the psychological, behavioural, and social. This necessitates the need to strengthen the psychosocial aspects on an individual as patients feel overwhelmed and stressed out to make necessary lifestyle changes and sustain in health promoting behaviour. Previous research suggests that patients might experience diabetes related distress or feel frustrated with the burden of diabetes self-care. Providing knowledge about different aspects of diabetes and its management along with strong social support aides patients in adapting to the condition in an easier and less stressful manner.
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Wilson, Alexander C., and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Does the autism phenotype differ when selecting groups by neurodevelopmental versus genetic diagnosis? An observational study comparing autism and sex chromosome trisomy." F1000Research 11 (May 25, 2022): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.121878.1.
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Background: Autism is diagnosed on the basis of social and non-social behavioural features that are assumed to cluster together, and assumed to be distinct from other aspects of development, such as language ability. It is unclear, however, if these assumptions are valid. This study presents a novel approach to answering this question by investigating whether correlations between autism features are similar for groups selected on behavioural versus genetic diagnosis. Methods: The autism phenotype was assessed by diagnostic interview in young people aged 7 to 14 diagnosed with autism (N=61) or sex chromosome trisomy (SCT; N=49). Data were analysed by confirmatory factor analysis and MANOVA. Results: Autism features showed a similar factor structure and were distinct from language ability in both groups. However, the SCT group was more likely to show clinically-significant difficulties in just some aspects of autism and a lower level of non-social autism features for their social-communication disabilities. Conclusions: We suggest the group differences emerged because autism diagnostic criteria do not map exactly on the autism phenotype as it manifests “naturally”. Conventional diagnostic criteria for autism miss those with uneven profiles of difficulty and those with relatively low levels of restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests.
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Riley, Julia L., Daniel W. A. Noble, Richard W. Byrne, and Martin J. Whiting. "Early social environment influences the behaviour of a family-living lizard." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 5 (May 2017): 161082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161082.
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Early social environment can play a significant role in shaping behavioural development. For instance, in many social mammals and birds, isolation rearing results in individuals that are less exploratory, shyer, less social and more aggressive than individuals raised in groups. Moreover, dynamic aspects of social environments, such as the nature of relationships between individuals, can also impact the trajectory of development. We tested if being raised alone or socially affects behavioural development in the family-living tree skink, Egernia striolata . Juveniles were raised in two treatments: alone or in a pair. We assayed exploration, boldness, sociability and aggression repeatedly throughout each juvenile's first year of life, and also assessed social interactions between pairs to determine if juveniles formed dominant–subordinate relationships. We found that male and/or the larger skinks within social pairs were dominant. Developing within this social environment reduced skink growth, and subordinate skinks were more prone to tail loss. Thus, living with a conspecific was costly for E. striolata . The predicted negative effects of isolation failed to materialize. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in behavioural traits depending on the social environment (isolated, dominant or subordinate member of a pair). Isolated skinks were more social than subordinate skinks. Subordinate skinks also became more aggressive over time, whereas isolated and dominant skinks showed invariable aggression. Dominant skinks became bolder over time, whereas isolated and subordinate skinks were relatively stable in their boldness. In summary, our study is evidence that isolation rearing does not consistently affect behaviour across all social taxa. Our study also demonstrates that the social environment plays an important role in behavioural development of a family-living lizard.
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Vivancos, Aurélien, and Gerry Closs. "Using fine-scale spatial analysis to study behavioural strategies prevalence in wild groups of drift-feeding fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 76, no. 10 (October 2019): 1854–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0221.
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Key aspects of the social behaviour of groups of drift-feeding fish can be inferred by the way space is shared between group members, because they inhabit a very dynamic and complex environment where spatial positions have a direct impact on fitness-related traits. Therefore, the spatial analysis of such a system can reveal important insights into behavioural ecology of fish, but so far, technical constraints limited this approach to only large salmonids. We used a digital imaging technique to monitor movements and behaviour of free-ranging groups of juvenile galaxiids (Galaxias anomalus) facing two contrasting physical and social contexts. We described the spatial structure of these groups and studied individual space use in relation to their social behaviour. We found that prevalence of territorial behaviour differs greatly between sites, which suggests that groups were displaying different social organisation. This study showed that detailed spatial analysis of space use and behaviour of drift-feeding fish could provide new insights into the social organisation of group-living animals.
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Bayer, Jordana K. "Social competence and social skills training for children and adolescents: a literature review." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 6, S1 (May 1996): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100003204.
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The concept of child and adolescent social competence is complex and multidimensional. Dodge (1985) has attempted to summarise various aspects of the concept into a parsimonious theoretical model. It is suggested that comprehensive assessment of social competence includes measures tapping into a range of dimensions illustrated by the model. A growing body of empirical data links children's low levels of social competence to various forms of maladjustment in adolescence and adulthood. Clinical and educational interventions directed at improving child and adolescent social competence offer a valuable direction for a preventative approach that should be considered and empirically evaluated. Available social skills interventions emerge from three major theoretical foundations: Behavioural, Cognitive Problem Solving, and Structuralist. Populations targeted for intervention also vary from children or adolescents with identified problems in clinical settings, to whole school educational approaches. Empirical comparison of alternative training approaches has demonstrated that social skills training is effective, and a combination of behavioural and cognitive components is important. Issues regarding child characteristics, outcome measures and consideration of wider systems are also discussed.
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Holm, Lena. "Stone Artefacts as Transmitters of Social Information - Towards a Wider Interpretation with a North Swedish Example." Current Swedish Archaeology 2, no. 1 (December 28, 1994): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1994.08.
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Stone artefacts have been studied from various aspects. During the last decades possible behavioural aspects have been emphasized in discussions of different strategies in prehistoric manufacture and acquisition. In this paper specialization and distribution of stone tools are discussed in connection with manufacture, acquisition and consumption. The interpretation is based on Late Neolithic/Bronze Age assemblages in northern Sweden.
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Wingbermühle, E., J. I. M. Egger, W. M. A. Verhoeven, I. van der Burgt, and R. P. C. Kessels. "Affective functioning and social cognition in Noonan syndrome." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 2 (July 11, 2011): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001115.
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BackgroundNoonan syndrome (NS) is a common genetic disorder, characterized by short stature, facial dysmorphia, congenital heart defects and a mildly lowered IQ. Impairments in psychosocial functioning have often been suggested, without, however, systematic investigation in a clinical group. In this study, different aspects of affective processing, social cognition and behaviour, in addition to personal well-being, were assessed in a large group of patients with NS.MethodForty adult patients with NS were compared with 40 healthy controls, matched with respect to age, sex, intelligence and education level. Facial emotion recognition was measured with the Emotion Recognition Task (ERT), alexithymia with both the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ), and mentalizing with the Theory of Mind (ToM) test. The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) and the Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour (SIB) were used to record aspects of psychological well-being and social interaction.ResultsPatients showed higher levels of cognitive alexithymia than controls. They also experienced more social distress, but the frequency of engaging in social situations did not differ. Facial emotion recognition was only slightly impaired.ConclusionsHigher levels of alexithymia and social discomfort are part of the behavioural phenotype of NS. However, patients with NS have relatively intact perception of emotions in others and unimpaired mentalizing. These results provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of social daily life functioning in this patient group.
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Abdul Rahim, Zaiton, and Ahmad Hariza Hashim. "Behavioural Adaptation of Malay Families and Housing Modification of Terrace Houses in Malaysia." Asian Journal of Environment-Behaviour Studies 3, no. 6 (January 1, 2018): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/aje-bs.v3i6.235.
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This paper examines the behavioural adaptation of Malay families living in terrace houses with regards to the activity system, privacy and social interaction among Malay families and terrace housing modißcation. 7he study uses case studies of 11 Malay families living in the three-bedroom two-storey terrace houses in two urban locations in Malaysia. Findings indicate that behavioural adaptation resulted in changes in some aspects of the Malay culture and housing modißcations prouided a more supportiue living environment but have adverse effects on individual family and housing community due to the constraints of the terrace housing design.
Keywords: behauioural adaptation; housing modißcation; priuacy; social interaction.
eISSN 2514-751X © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.
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Dziuba, Nataliia. "SOCIAL MARKETING AS AN EFFECTIVE STRATEGY FOR SHAPING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE (THEORETICAL ASPECT)." Social work and social education, no. 1 (8) (May 27, 2022): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2618-0715.1(8).2022.262650.
Full textAbstract:
The formation of a healthy lifestyle of youth is one of the main objectives of Ukraine's youth policy. The strategy of forming the population's attitude to a healthy way of life is an important aspect of social prevention. The use of social marketing as an approach to the formation and implementation of social prevention strategies significantly increases the effectiveness of preventive measures. Social marketing focuses on the social context of decision-making and the use of theoretical methods to analyse the mechanisms of interaction in the public space. Current theoretical approaches to the explanation of human behaviour are the basis for the development of strategies aimed at the formation of a healthy way of life. These strategies are based on theories that explain changes in human behaviour, such as theories of deliberate action, planned behaviour, the theory of social learning, and others. Applying social marketing strategies involves the social environment and consumers' orientations analysis, the audience analysis and audience segmentation strategy, etc. Relevant theoretical concepts provide interpretation on behavioural decisions and behavioural patterns changes. Correspondingly social marketing utilizes variety of research approaches into the programs’ efficiency and their advanced testing, analysis of channels for developing distribution systems and advertising campaigns. Some commercial marketing techniques are applicable for the social marketing purpose. Among others are analysis of the target audience, identifying goals of desired behavioural changes, adaptation of messages and adaptation of strategies such as branding to facilitate the adoption and maintenance of safe behaviour in the health sector. The basic principles of social marketing can be seen as the messages targeted on the behaviour relevant to a healthy lifestyle should be different at different stages of program’ planning and implementation. Social marketing is used for the development and implementation of programs that contribute to a change in behaviour to socially beneficial, especially in the area of public health.