Journal articles: 'SOAP'

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Fuls, Janice L., Nancy D. Rodgers, George E. Fischler, Jeanne M. Howard, Monica Patel, Patrick L. Weidner, and Melani H. Duran. "Alternative Hand Contamination Technique To Compare the Activities of Antimicrobial and Nonantimicrobial Soaps under Different Test Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 12 (April 25, 2008): 3739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02405-07.

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ABSTRACT Antimicrobial hand soaps provide a greater bacterial reduction than nonantimicrobial soaps. However, the link between greater bacterial reduction and a reduction of disease has not been definitively demonstrated. Confounding factors, such as compliance, soap volume, and wash time, may all influence the outcomes of studies. The aim of this work was to examine the effects of wash time and soap volume on the relative activities and the subsequent transfer of bacteria to inanimate objects for antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps. Increasing the wash time from 15 to 30 seconds increased reduction of Shigella flexneri from 2.90 to 3.33 log10 counts (P = 0.086) for the antimicrobial soap, while nonantimicrobial soap achieved reductions of 1.72 and 1.67 log10 counts (P > 0.6). Increasing soap volume increased bacterial reductions for both the antimicrobial and the nonantimicrobial soaps. When the soap volume was normalized based on weight (∼3 g), nonantimicrobial soap reduced Serratia marcescens by 1.08 log10 counts, compared to the 3.83-log10 reduction caused by the antimicrobial soap (P < 0.001). The transfer of Escherichia coli to plastic balls following a 15-second hand wash with antimicrobial soap resulted in a bacterial recovery of 2.49 log10 counts, compared to the 4.22-log10 (P < 0.001) bacterial recovery on balls handled by hands washed with nonantimicrobial soap. This indicates that nonantimicrobial soap was less active and that the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps can be improved with longer wash time and greater soap volume. The transfer of bacteria to objects was significantly reduced due to greater reduction in bacteria following the use of antimicrobial soap.

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Geraldo, Ingrid M., Allan Gilman, Milind S. Shintre, and Shanta M. Modak. "Rapid Antibacterial Activity of 2 Novel Hand Soaps: Evaluation of the Risk of Development of Bacterial Resistance to the Antibacterial Agents." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 29, no. 8 (August 2008): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/589723.

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Objective.To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of and risk of organisms developing resistance to 2 novel hand soaps: (1) a soap containing triclosan, polyhexamethylene biguanide, and benzethonium chloride added to a soap base (TPB soap); and (2) a soap containing farnesol, polyhexamethylene biguanide, and benzethonium chloride added to a soap base (FPB soap). Tests also included soaps containing only triclosan.Design.The risk of emergence of resistant bacterial mutants was investigated by determining the susceptibility changes after repeated exposure of bacteria to the drugs and soaps in vitro. The effectiveness of the soaps was evaluated using an in vitro tube dilution method, a volunteer method (the ASTM standard), and 2 pig skin methods.Results.The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of triclosan against Staphylococcus, aureus increased 8- to 62.5-fold, whereas those of TPB and FPB (both alone and in soap) were unchanged. In vitro, TPB and FPB soaps produced higher log10 reductions in colony-forming units of all tested organisms (4.95-8.58) than did soaps containing triclosan alone (0.29-4.86). In the test using the pig skin and volunteer methods, TPB soap produced a higher log10 reduction in colony-forming units (3.1-3.3) than did the soap containing triclosan alone (2.6-2.8).Conclusion.The results indicate that TPB and FPB soaps may provide superior rapid and broad-spectrum efficacy with a lower risk of organisms developing resistance than do soaps containing triclosan alone. Pig skin methods may be used to predict the efficacy of antibacterial soaps in the rapid disinfection of contaminated hands. Hand washing with TPB and FPB soaps by healthcare workers and the general population may reduce the transmission of pathogens, with a lower risk of promoting the emergence of resistant organisms.

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Shailong, C.N, Oforghor, A.O, and Olua, E.B. "Comparative Analysis of Produced Organic Soap from Garlic Juice-Benni-Seed Stalk Ash Extract and Coconut Oil and Some Selected Commercial Soaps." Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology 06, no. 02 (2023): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46431/mejast.2023.6212.

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Comparative Analysis of Organic Soap Produced from Garlic Juice-Benni-Seed Stalk Ash Extract and Coconut Oil and some Selected Commercial Soaps. The method used involved Collection of Benni-seed stalk and preparation of Alkali, Collection and Extraction of Coconut Oil, Collection of Garlic Bulb and Preparation of the Garlic Juice- based Alkaline. The produced soap was characterized based on physical characteristics (Soap Types, Colour, Texture, Aroma and Cleaning efficiency), pH of the soap samples, Foaming Stability, water hardness Test and Wash Fastness Properties Test. The result of the study shows that variation occurred among soap types as a result of addition of colouring matter such as dyes and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. The pH of all the soaps falls within the range pH of (7-8) improving soaps quality but to regulate the pH level which will not contribute to the harshness of hands and skin. In terms of foaming stability, result obtained from GBC Soap was the best due to its solubility in water. Analysis of Soap hardness in soft water and hard water shows that Bright Soap had the highest value (8.5) in soft water which made it the best among other soap products. Premier Soap had the best ability to maintain the quality of fabric material when washed in water.

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I.L., Gold,, Okunwaye, T., Onyia, D.C., Akpose, I.O., Imoisi, O.B., and Asiriuwa, N.U. "Physicochemical Properties of African Black Soap Prepared with Alkali Derived from (Empty) Oil Palm Fruit Bunches." Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry 14, no. 4 (May 6, 2024): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4290.

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The use of oil palm biomass in black soap production was carried out. The soap was prepared using different oils; Palm kernel oil (PKO), Tallow oil (TO), Palm oil (PO), Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and their blends (PKO:PFAD:TO:PO) at 0.5 ratio each. The physiochemical properties of the different oils and their blends were studied. The moisture content, bulk density, foaming stability, pH, solubility of metallic salts and surface tension of the different black soaps produced were analyzed. The results of the oils and their blends had free fatty acid values between (2.56 - 49.48) %, saponification values of (231.4 - 450.20) KOH/g and relative densities of (0.97-1.008) g/ml. The results indicated that the moisture content ranged from (6.0 -7.4) % for all soaps, with the lowest (6.0%) observed in PKO, the highest (7.4%) observed in soaps made with PO and PKO:PFAD:TO:PO blends. The bulk density of the soaps ranged from (0.55 - 0.94) g/cm3. The PKO: PFAD soap had the highest foam stability of 7.4cm and PKO soap (2.08cm) the lowest. The soap produced with various oils and their blends showed a neutral pH in the range of 7.25 -7.38. The metallic salts NaCl, KCl and HgCl2 were soluble in the soap solution with no precipitate formed while MnCl2, PbCl3, and CuCl2 salts precipitated out of the soap solution. The surface tension of water was lowered at different rates by the soaps. The black soap produced with the oils and their blends met the standard quality specification for commercial soaps within the geographical area of manufacture.

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Udoh, Anthony P., Aniekan U. Akpan, and Dominic J. Akpan. "Metal Ion Improved Properties of Burning Candle." European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research 2, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.4.77.

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Irvingia gabonensis seed oil was extracted, characterized, and used in the production of metallic soaps of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium for application as hardeners for candle wax. The percentage free fatty acid (as oleic acid) is 2.76, the acid value is 5.50, unsaponifiable matter is 0.12 and the viscosity is 205.70×102 Kgm-1S-1. The seed oil contains eight fatty acids; the most abundant being myristic acid with 54.39% followed by lauric acid with 36.83%. The percentage saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are 93.19%, 6.27% and 0.54%, respectively. The free fatty acid content of the soaps is in the order aluminium soap > magnesium soap > calcium soap. The metallic content of the soaps revealed that aluminium soap has the highest metallic content of 8.10% while that of calcium and magnesium soaps have 0.03% and 0.02% metallic contents, respectively. The melting points of the soaps prepared also followed a similar pattern. The aluminium soap exhibited mild acidic nature while calcium and magnesium soaps were basic. Although the lumens of the metallic soap candles were similar to that of local commercial candles which served as control, the candles had higher melting points and reduced burning rate. It is concluded from these that the metallic soaps make the candles harder and, longer lasting during burning and of greater value to the common user. Production of candles with metallic soaps as additives is highly advocated.

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Kunatsa, Yvonne, and David R. Katerere. "Checklist of African Soapy Saponin—Rich Plants for Possible Use in Communities’ Response to Global Pandemics." Plants 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050842.

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Plants that exhibit foaming properties when agitated in aqueous solutions are commonly referred to as soapy plants, and they are used in different communities for washing, bathing, and hair shampooing. The frothing ability of these plants is attributed to saponins which are also well-documented to possess antimicrobial attributes. In the light of COVID-19, soap and hand hygiene have taken center stage. The pandemic has also revealed the low access to running water and commercial soaps in many marginalized and poor communities to the detriment of global health. Thus, soapy plants, either in their natural form or through incorporation in commercial products, may be a relevant additional weapon to assist communities to improve hand hygiene and contribute to curbing COVID-19 and other communicable infections. This review paper was compiled from a review of literature that was published between 1980 and 2020. We found 68 plant species, including those which are already used as traditional soaps. Our findings support the potential use of extracts from soapy plants because of their putative viricidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal activities for use in crude home-based formulations and possibly for developing natural commercial soap products.

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Jithendran, R. "Formulation and Evolution of Polyherbal Soap: A Review Article." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33746.

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Abstract: The polyherbal soap are the one which contains nature herbal ingredients. Many herbal plants and products combines to from polyherbal product. These soaps arise to avoid the synthetic soap. This herbal soap reduces the side effect effects and gives good results to the human. Now a days herbal soap plays major role in the society. It avoids the pathogen infection caused by the environment. Keywords: polyherbal soap, formulation, Antimicrobial

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Ladigbolu, Tope Adejoju, and Bamidele Rasak Olajide. "Farmers’ proclivity to use soap opera for sourcing agricultural information in Southwest Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2018-0018.

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Abstract Given the soap opera’s potential to engender behaviour learning and meet the information needs of farmers, this paper sought to establish farmers’ propensity to use soap opera for sourcing agricultural information in Southwest Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to draw representative samples (150 farmers) in this study. Using interview schedule, data were elicited on farmers’ personal characteristics, awareness about the use of soap opera, perceived benefits of soap opera and proclivity to use it for sourcing agricultural information. Data were analysed using descriptive (frequencies, percentages, means) and inferential (Chi-square and PPMC) statistics at P = 0.05. Farmers’ age, years of schooling and household size were 52.1 ± 11.4 years, 10.5 ± 4.6 years and 5.9 ± 2.4 persons, respectively. Majority of the farmers (86.0%) had heard about soap opera and 76.0% heard of different soaps in the last couple of years and more than half (53.3%) had heard of different soaps from both radio and television. However, 90.7% did not know any kind of soap opera that was used to promote agriculture. More than half of the farmers (56.7%) had high inclination for sourcing agricultural information using soap opera. There was a significant correlation between farmers’ perceived benefits (r = 0.36; P = 0.00) and proclivity to use soap opera for sourcing agricultural information. Farmers’ positive proclivity to use soap implies that soap opera strategy has potentials to benefit farmers as a source of agricultural information; therefore, soap opera should be considered as veritable avenue for agricultural information dissemination in Southwest Nigeria.

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Morgan, Frank. "Soap Bubbles and Soap Films." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 607, no. 1 Mathematical (November 1990): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb22749.x.

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Kabara, Jon J. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054017.

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Najem, Ashwaq H. "Sensitivity of some types of Gr+ and Gr- bacteria to some types of commercial soaps." Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences 8, no. 01 (January 13, 2024): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/kjps.08.01.p2.

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The use of soap is one of the most important means of ionic cleansing and getting rid of some types of bacteria that may be harmful and present on the skin, especially after using the toilet, as part of them may remain on the surface of the skin, causing some pathological injuries, and the ability of soap to remove or eliminate these germs varies according to the soap type and the period of its use in washing, the study aimed to determine the ability of some types of liquid soap to eliminate different types of Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The plate method was used to find out the sensitivity of each of the types of bacteria(Klebsiella, E.coli Staph aureus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus,) towards types of liquid soaps produced by international companies, including Bivy, Dettol, ActiveX, Lifebuoy, Oud, using the tablet method, and it was determined The minimum inhibitory concentration for each type of liquid soap (depending on the bacterial species used). Klebsiella E.coli showed high sensitivity to Dettol soap, while Pseudomonas and Staph aureus bacteria showed high sensitivity to Bivy soap. Streptococcus bacteria appeared to be highly sensitive to Lifebuoy soap, and the sensitivity of bacterial species to the rest of the soaps varied between medium and weak.

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Adeyemi, Adewale Fatai. "Evaluation of Sodium and Potassium Soaps Prepared from Beeswax: Adding Value to Material." International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research 10, no. 1 (July 26, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/64.v10i1.3076.

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This study investigated the potential of producing quality soaps from beeswax with a view to widening its applications and providing alternative to the high demanding fats and oils. Its potassium and sodium soaps were prepared by hot method and their properties examined. The FTIR spectroscopy indicated carboxylate band at 1560.46 cm−1 for both soaps, which is, however, absent in the original beeswax, showing that metal ions associated with the COO− ions in monodendate structures. The soaps have good qualities with respect to pH, foam ability, longevity, hardness, free alkali and total fatty matter, with the potassium soap having higher qualities. The foam ability and stability of the potassium soap were comparable to those of some commercial toilet and laundry soaps. The sodium soap, however, has better lubricating properties due to its unstable foam and low water solubility. Both prepared soaps showed lower antibacterial activity than tested antiseptic soaps but displayed almost the same activity with those of tested toilet soaps. The results showed that beeswax has the potential to serve as a good alternative to the conventional fats and oils in soap industry.

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Delinska, Nikolaya, Mariyana Perifanova-Nemska, Ivanka Petrova, Vanya Gandova, and Gabor Zsivanovits. "Physical and sensory characteristics of soaps obtained using red hot pepper seeds oil (Capsicum annuum L.)." BIO Web of Conferences 122 (2024): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412201011.

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Sensory profile of cosmetic products, including soaps, is essential to consumer perception. Therefore, soap manufacturers, using new and alternative raw materials, strive to improve the appearance of soaps, their consistency, their ability to foam, the feeling of cleanliness, the feeling on the skin after use, etc. The aim of this research is to determine the quality and sensory characteristics of soaps obtained with hot pepper seeds oil (Capsicum annuum L.) – an alternative raw material from waste plant products. Four different soap variations were crafted, employing diverse combinations of palm oil, coconut oil, and hot pepper seed oil in their formulations. Certain quality attributes of the soaps were assessed, including hardness, stickiness, and surface tension. Also, the sensory evaluation was made. The conclusions drawn from the study align with the findings obtained through physicochemical and chemical analyses of the soap samples. The results affirm the potential of hot pepper seed oil for cold process soap production, albeit within a restricted range to 10 %.

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I. U., Nwankwo, Edwards K. C., Itaman V. O., Udensi C. G., and Unah O. G. "Antibacterial Activities of Medicated and Antiseptic Soaps on Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Wound Infection." Academic Journal of Life Sciences, no. 83 (December 29, 2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajls.83.39.45.

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Soaps and other cleaning chemicals have been widely utilized for various cleaning purposes for a long time. As the skin is the first line of defense, most bacteria like Pseudomonas aureginosa and Staphylococcus aureus reside and are the primary cause of skin infections.The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of medicated soap (tetmosol) and antiseptic soap (premier cool) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound samples. The antibacterial activity of medicated and antiseptic soapswas investigated against test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well and disk diffusion methods. After serial dilution, different concentrations of the various soap samples in the range of 200 mg/ml to 62.5 mg/ml were prepared (using sterile distilled water). The result of this study showed that the antiseptic soap “Premier cool” was found to be most effective against all the bacteria strains tested. The antiseptic soap had the highest zone of inhibition (19.00 ± 1.42 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and 15.00 ± 0.34 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the highest dilution used (200mg/ml). The medicated soap “Tetmosol” exhibited a minimal antibacterial activity against the isolates with a zone of inhibitions of 16.00 ± 0.48 mm 14.00 ± 1.41 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration showed that antiseptic soap (Premier cool) had better MIC and MBC of 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, respectively, on Staphylococcus aureus. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC and MBC were 50 mg/ml, respectively. Medicated soap (Tetmosol) had a higher MIC of 25 mg/ml and MBC of 50 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC and MBC were 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml. The present work has shown that Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to assayed medicated (Tetmosol) and antiseptic (Premier cool) soaps. This study proved that all the soaps samples had antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Still, Premier cool soap is the most effective soap against all the given bacteria and should be the first choice for daily use. It is recommended that further studies should be done on antimicrobial resistance, both phenotypic and genotypic, concerning prolonged use of medicated and antiseptic soaps.

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Sukawaty, Yullia, and Husnul Warnida. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN HANDMADE SOAP METODE DINGIN PADA ANGGOTA PKK GUNUNG KELUA KOTA SAMARINDA." Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Kita 1, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/asta.v1i1.123.

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We are using soap to remove dirt and bacteria in the skin. Traditionally, soap is made from vegetable oils and lye with simple home tools like pan and stove. Materials for handmade soap is not expensive and easily available, but it gives us a luxury bath. The reaction between fatty acid and lye in soap produces glycerin, a good humectant, to keep our skin supple and moist. Commercial soap manufacturer make it a practice to remove the glycerin that is produces during the saponification process. Hence, handmade soap does not dried out skin, like the commercial soap product. This activity aimed to (1) sharing information about PKK community in Gunung Kelua RT.37, and (2) to teach the community how to make a handmade soap with cheap materials that easily available. This activity used dialog method to discuss the benefit of soaps, soap materials, and sop-making practice. The practice of making soap is demonstrated in front of audience, and many audiences had a hand in practice. This activity then evaluated. The result is all audience has understood how to make soap and were able to practice soap-making.

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Gautam, Madhab, and Prajwal Acharya. "Physico-Chemical Parameterization of some Commercially Available Toilets and Laundry Soaps in Tansen, Palpa." Tribhuvan Journal 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v2i1.60219.

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Nepalese market has witnessed an impressive upsurge in the production and consumption of a variety of soaps in recent times since 2022 after covid pandemic. The physicochemical parameterization determines the quality, competency and cleaning properties of soap so that we urge sagacious use of these soaps to keep skin healthy. Due to scant knowledge about the quality of soaps, there is need to assess them. Ten parameters namely foam height, surface tension, pH, moisture content, conductance, total fatty matter, total alkali, free caustic alkali and chloride content of commercially available toilet (Dettol, Lifebuoy, Liril, Lux, No.1, Haldi Kanti, Neem Kanti and Neem Chiuri) and laundry soap (Aaha, Darshan, Dhoni and Xpert) samples collected from local market of Tansen were determined using different standard documented method of analysis. The physicochemical parameters examined in collected different soap samples are found as; foam height (20-120) ml, surface tension (38.857-67.192) dynes/cm, pH (6.67-10.54), moisture content (6.68-34.40) %, conductance (115-327) µs/cm, Total Fatty Matter or T.F.M. (42-85.10) %, total alkali (0.31-1.178) %, free caustic alkali (0.54-0.91) % and chloride content (0.1-0.69) %, indicating most of examined parameters for soap were in standard limit as quality criteria set by Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 286: 1978 except that of free caustic alkali content in laundry soaps. This study has recommended public to use toilet soap for bathing purpose as it removes dirt more and laundry soap are found to have good cleansing action for clothes.

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Antonić, Bojan, Dani Dordević, Simona Jančíková, Bohuslava Tremlova, and Ivan Kushkevych. "Physicochemical Characterization of Home-Made Soap from Waste-Used Frying Oils." Processes 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101219.

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The study aimed to describe the utilization of waste frying oils, originated mainly from households, in home-made soap production and to emphasize the advantages of soap biodegradation in comparison to biological treatment of oils. The physicochemical analyses of soaps were used to check the differences between the samples made of fresh and fried oils. Significant (p < 0.05) difference between the soaps made of fresh/fried olive oil pair was obtained, while the rapeseed sample pair did not differ significantly (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) exhibited notable differences with an increase from 1.94 μg/g to 2.33 μg/g for olive oil fresh/fried pair and from 3.43 μg/g to 4.10 μg/g for rapeseed–palm oil fresh/fried pair. The studies addressing the soap biodegradation process revealed that soaps are degrading up to four times faster than oils in waste processing plants. Literature data showed the syntrophic ways of soap degradation and degradation solely done by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Obtained results, same as literature data, indicated that soaps produced from fried plant oils represent acceptable products from the economic and environmental point of view. Soap production can be considered one of the possible ways toward reduction of waste oil disposal.

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Sharma, Jyoti, Manjula Mehta, and Sonia Bhonchal Bharadwaj. "Contamination of ‘in-use’ bar soaps in dental clinics of University hospital." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 6061. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214615.

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Hand carriage of bacteria is an important route of transmission of infection in health care settings. Hand washing continues to be the most effective mechanism of prevention of the spread of infection in hospitals. In this study the ‘in-use’ bar soaps in the dental hospital were sampled to look for the presence of microorganisms on their surfaces. All the soaps which were sampled yielded the growth of microorganisms on them. The isolated microorganisms are Bacillus, Micrococci, Staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Since the use of ‘in-use’ bar soaps function as reservoir of microorganisms so contact free soap dispensers, soap strips or liquid soap should be used in hospital settings to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.

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Ningrum, Dini Kusuma, Andi Eko Wiyono, and Winda Amilia. "EVALUASI MUTU SABUN PADAT DENGAN PENAMBAHAN VARIASI EKSTRAK ETANOL TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tabacum L.)." EnviroScienteae 17, no. 2 (September 18, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v17i2.11494.

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The extract of tobacco leaves can also be used as a natural addition in making a hard soap. Hard soap from tobacco extracts produced must comply with the quality requirements specified by Indonesian National Standard (abbreviated SNI-3532: 2016). The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of solid soap preparations with the addition of variations in the ethanol extract of tobacco. The method used is a laboratory experimental method using descriptive analysis. The concentration of tobacco extract used was 0 g, 1.2 g, 2.4 g, and 4.8 g. A testing parameter is used including water content, total fat, ethanol-insoluble, alkaline free, chloride content, and non-soapy fat as well. The result of study indicates that a hard soap containing of water content range between 13,45% to 14,37, total fat range between 65,88% to 66,63%, ethanol-insoluble range between 3,97% to 4,31%, alkaline free range between 0,056% to 0,0584%, chloride content range between 0,61% to 0,87% and non-soapy fat range between 0,3% to 0,36%. The results of the study for solid soap obtained is in accordance with Indonesian National Standards so that this kind of soap is safe for use by the public.

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Mohamoud Ali, Abdullahi, Abdolahi Mohamed Adawe, Said Rajab Abdullahi, and Mohamed Kassim Awow. "WHITENING AND COLOR IMPROVING IN TOILET SOAP MANUFACTURE WITH THE STUDY OF SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 01 (January 31, 2022): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14128.

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Soap is one of the most effectual cleaning agents in water. Soaps are prepared by the process of saponification reaction. Sodium and potassium salts soap is used for both laundry and antiseptic purposes. Toilet soap is the perfumery and cosmetic product and serves for personal hygiene, so it should have the broadest possible range of specific characteristics. This study was undertaking to address the raw material in soap and method of saponification and manufacturing usage. The study was also conducted some of the physical and chemical properties such as: (pH, Total dissolve solids (TDS), free alkali, saponification valueof toilet soaps). The study revealed that soapbleaching is usually done to improve color, remove impurities and improve taste. Sodium chloride and sodium silicate were used as bleaching chemicals as well as improving the color the toilet soapmanufacture.

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Sari, Myra Wardati, Cengristitama Cengristitama, Pendi Riswandi, and Dian Puspitasari. "Workshop of bar soap making from waste cooking oil to the students guardian of learning class sabumi muslim homeschooling community in Sariwangi, West Bandung Regency." Jurnal Pemberdayaan: Publikasi Hasil Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jpm.v6i1.4859.

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Community service in the form of a workshop on making solid soap from used cooking oil with the Sabumi Homeschooling Community aimed to utilize used cooking oil waste and reduce pollution caused by household waste, provide knowledge to the community about making solid soap, and open up entrepreneurial opportunities for the community. In general, the guardians of the Sabumi Homeschooling community and their students with raw materials derived from unused materials/daily household waste. The methods used the form trials of making soap from used cooking oil, counseling about waste cooking oil and making soap theoretically, demonstrations of making solid soap from used cooking oil raw materials, hands-on workshop on making solid soap from a mixture of palm oil and coconut oil raw materials, as well as assistance, reports, and consultations on solid soap printing results. This activity produces solid soap made from used cooking oil (pH 12), as well as solid soaps made from a mixture of palm oil and coconut oil. During the mentoring period, all participants were able to identify the process of curing solid soap, and 2 participants duplicated the process of making solid soap at home with their children

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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308809.3308829.

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Boisse, I., X. Bonfils, and N. C. Santos. "SOAP." Astronomy & Astrophysics 545 (September 2012): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219115.

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Rossel, Sven H., and Bent Albrechtsen. "Soap." World Literature Today 67, no. 1 (1993): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40148957.

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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3292040.3219632.

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JACOBS, MADELEINE. "Soap." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 4 (January 22, 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n004.p005.

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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 2, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3179419.

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McMillan, Sally J. "SOAP BOX OR BOX OF SOAP." Information, Communication & Society 13, no. 6 (September 2010): 820–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691180903362470.

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Heinze, John E. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054018.

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Nugrahini, Febrina, Nining Sugihartini, and Laela Hayu Nurani. "Pengaruh Jenis Minyak Terhadap Sifat Fisik Sabun Mandi Cair." Jurnal Surya Medika 6, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v6i1.1614.

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Soap is obtained from the saponification reaction that occurs between oil and alkaline solution. Various kinds of oils used in soap making also affect the quality of soap. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of oil type on the physical properties of liquid bath soap. This research was divided into 3 groups, coconut oil group (A), VCO oil group (B), and olive oil group (C). Liquid bath soap obtained from each type of oil is tested based on SNI provisions including a soap quality test (oil characteristics test, organoleptic test, pH test, specific gravity, total plate count), viscosity test, and antioxidant test. Liquid bath soap of the three types of oil has the same shape, color, and odor. Coconut liquid soap, VCO, and olives respectively have a pH value of 6.64; 6.9; 6.52. (P = 0,000) Specific weight 1.0511; 1.0427; 1.0425. Viscosity 558cps; 686; 420. (p = 0.003) IC50 3547.36; 4523.46; 3542.02. (p = 0.035). Bath soaps that best meet SNI requirements are those made with olive oil.

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Ainiyah, Roisatul, Cahyaning Riniutami, and Muhannad Illayan Massadeh. "Inhibition of Carica Solid Soap to the Growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria." E3S Web of Conferences 374 (2023): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337400029.

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Carica (Carica pubescens Lenne & K. Koch.) contains various nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and active substances that can be used for skin care, and to bath soap products. The purpose of this research was to determine the inhibition of Carica soap to the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The method used in this study was agar diffusion. Samples in this research were 12 Carica soaps with different formulation, and a control using papaya soap that has been circulating on the market. The results of the study were analyzed using ANOVA with a confidence interval of 5 %. The results showed that the significance value was 0.472 > 0.05 so there was no significant difference between the soap formulations on the inhibition zone of the S. epidermidis bacteria. The highest inhibitory zone is in soap with formula 1 (1.38 cm), the lowest inhibitory zone is in soap with formula 7 (1.1 cm), while the papaya soap inhibition zone (positive control) is 1.7 cm. Suggestion from this research is to reformulate Carica soap to improve its quality.

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BETNA DEWI, BETNA. "Uji Standar Mutu Sabun padat transparan minyak atsiri sereh wangi ( Cymbopogon nardus L )." Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmiah Kesehatan Politeknik Medica Farma Husada Mataram 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33651/jpkik.v7i2.242.

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Transparent solid soap is a bar-shaped soap with a transparent appearance, resulting in a softer foam on the skin and appearance is more shiny than other types of soap. Soap quality standards are needed to determine the quality of soap. This research aims to find out the quality standards of soap formula whether it meets SNI standards. Quality standard tests from the study were taken from transparent soap formulations using the active substances of fragrant lemongrass essential oil on a VCO basis made by the watering method (Fx). Evaluation of the quality standards of transparent solid soaps of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) is a free alkaline test, pH test, water content test using a comparison soap containing essential oils circulating in the market (Fy). Quality standard test results on the Fx and Fy formulas are on the verge of pH 9-11 meeting SNI standards. While the results of fx and Fy formula testing on water content testing > 15% and alkali free > 0.1% so it does not meet SNI standards. So the transparent solid soap formula of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) has not met the required SNI standards.

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Indirani, C., K. Meenambika, D. Indhumathy, and V. S. Kavinkumar. "Preparation of soap using a steam extraction process from leaves of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum basilicum, Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis Flowers, Acalypha indica, and Aloe barbadensis Leaflets." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1057, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1057/1/012007.

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Abstract Soaps are used widely by humans in many aspects. Exclusively, the emergence of the SARS-Cov-2 virus made people wash their hands frequently to disinfect the virus to prevent virus infection. Soaps made of herbals possess constituents that goodness the skin as well to rejuvenate the mind and body factors. Dried leaves of Basil, Neem and Acalypha Indica, Aloe vera, and Hibiscus flower are used here to prepare homemade soap. The steam distillation process is an imperative process by which the oils are used from raw materials like dried leaves for the preparation of soaps. Extracts obtained from the herbal plants are used as additives in the preparation of soap that would be added besides the lye and other constituents. Lye preferred here is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and the cast shapes utilized here in determining the soap shape are Elliptic and Rectangle. pH value, the total fatty matter is determined using respective methodologies, and the materials used in the preparation of soap are estimated using the accessible software called SoapCalc Recipe Calculator. Soaps made using the mentioned ingredients are safe and robust for cleaning the skin and hands.

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Ganchev, Donyo. "Biocidal Action of Sunflower Oil Based Soaps towards Bread Mould." Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Studies 3, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeas.2022.3.2.4.

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The antifungal action of soaps prepared from sunflower oil (pure and amended with various organic materials) was examined towards bread mould. The results show that at 2-2.5 % percent concentration, pure (without any amendment) sunflower oil-based soap can completely block the development of mould on bread, just like 70 % ethanol solution. Amendment of the soap with different organic materials like dry shells from Rapana venosa, dry mapple leaves, dry olive pits, and so on can cause differences in the action of the soap towards mould. The highest effectiveness was observed in the soaps enhanced with Rapana venosa dry shells and dry pumpkin seeds.

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Levine, Elana. ""As the Cyber World Turns": Web Soaps and the History of TV Storytelling Online." JCMS: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies 62, no. 5 (2022): 215–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cj.2022.a907198.

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abstract: This article examines the history of the web soap, serialized, fictional programming distributed online and associated with the US daytime television soap opera. I locate its origins in the mid-1990s and document its development in three subsequent periods: the convergence of soaps and the internet between 2000 and 2007, the web soap's expansion between 2008 and 2013, and the marginalization of soaps post-2013. The web soap helped to shape the economic and narrative possibilities for streaming TV but has been supplanted by the higher-profile fare it helped make possible, repeating gendered patterns of cultural value that have long accompanied television.

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Marya, Dina Tri, Anjar Sofiana, and Muhammad Hanif. "Characteristics of Tallow-Based Soap by the Addition of Kefir Curd from Goat Milk." Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 33, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2023.033.01.02.

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Tallow is a less economical and underutilized animal's fat. In fact, tallow comprises triglycerides from several fatty acids which support skin protection by increasing moisture and preventing dryness. The use of tallow in soap manufacturing will gain its interest and enhance its value added. In this study, solid soaps are prepared using tallow as raw materials by adding kefir curd from goat milk. This study analyzed the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the particular soaps by developing a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The kefir curd gradually increased its proportion in soap manufacturing and observed its effect on pH, moisture content, degree of foaming, and foam stability. Organoleptic tests for both hedonics and hedonic qualities were also performed and analyzed by Kruskal Wallis's nonparametric analysis. The statistical analysis reported a significant difference of 6% curd addition on pH (p<0.05) than fewer or without curd additions. The average moisture content of soap with a 6% curd addition did not differ significantly from the soap with a 4% curd addition. However, these moisture contents significantly differed from others by less or without curd addition. All soap formulations also showed no significant difference in foam height and stability. Meanwhile, the hedonic quality tests showed that the soaps has moderate foam forming degree and less fat aroma. In addition, the foam forming degree and fat aroma was not significant for all formula. The hedonic test showed that the panelists preferred tallow soap with a 6% curd addition, even though the analysis reported no significantly different (p>0.05).

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Sukmawati, Anita, Ms Nur-ainee Laeha, and Suprapto Suprapto. "Efek Gliserin sebagai Humectan Terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Stabilitas Vitamin C dalam Sabun Padat." Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 14, no. 2 (March 14, 2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v14i2.5937.

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Glycerin is a humectant that is used frequently for cosmetics, especially in soaps. This study was conducted to determine the influence glycerin on the physical properties of glycerin soap including pH, soap hardness, foam stability, and also on the stability of vitamin C in the soap during 8 weeks storage. Vitamin C is formulated in soap with various concentrations of glycerin i.e 5%, 10% and 20%. Evaluation of the soap preparations include a pH test, soap hardness, foam stability test and evaluation on the stability of vitamin C for 8 weeks and the results obtained will be statistically analyzed using SPSS version 16 for windows by the Kruskal-Wallis method on the results test of pH and soap hardness, and using one way ANOVA method for evaluating foam stability. The results showed that glycerol did not significant influence on the pH value of soap with a significance value of P = 0.26 0.05, while increasing the concentration of glycerin in the soap increased products softness. The foam stability testing showed that the difference in the concentration of glycerin on soap had no significant effect on improving the stability of foam. The best foam stability was found in vitamin C soap containing glycerine 10%. Glycerin also affected the stability of vitamin C in the soap. The stability of vitamin C is increased related to the increasing glycerin concentration in soap as demonstrated in formula III, which contained 20% glycerin and had 49.48% reducing in level of vitamin C, while the soap containing glycerine 5 % and 10%, had decreased 77.98% and 60.67% respectively in level of vitamin C during the storage period of 8 weeks.

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Megawati, N. A. C. Imani, D. S. Fardhyanti, W. Astuti, and D. S. Hadikawuryan. "Preparation and characterization of binahong (Anredera cordifolia) leaves extract-based liquid hand soap." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 969, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/969/1/012048.

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Abstract The need for hand soap is increasing along with the increase of public awareness to maintain cleanliness and health. Commercial hand soaps are made from various chemical mixtures which often give side effects in the form of allergies in people who have sensitive skin. The production of soap with natural ingredients can be a way to solve these problems. In this paper, we report an observational study of the effect of adding binahong leaf oil extract, which is known to have antiseptic properties and is often used as an itching remedy, on the characteristics of liquid hand soap. The research was carried out with the steps of preparation of binahong leaf, binahong leaf oil extract, and production of soap based-binahong leaf extract oil with various concentrations of mixing ingredients. The analysis carried out in this experiment were the analysis of physical and chemical properties as well as the effectiveness of the soap against bacteria after the use of the liquid hand soap. The addition of binahong leaf extract oil in the liquid hand soap can increase the antibacterial properties of the liquid hand soap and has the potential to be used as a soap that is safer for daily use.

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Paudel, Samrat, Rekina Shrestha, Pramod Poudel, and Rameshwar Adhikari. "The Influence of Soap and Alcohol-based Cleanser on Human Skin." Spectrum of Emerging Sciences 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55878/ses2022-2-1-1.

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Soap and alcohol or alcohol-based cleansers have been used as hand disinfectants and routine hand washing material for a long time. With the COVID-19 being pandemic, there is an increase in the routine use of soap and sanitizers. No doubt washing hands for 20 seconds with proper technique and proper soap could kill the Coronavirus but the effect of regular use of soap on the skin is not addressed by the general public. It has been shown by the in vitro as well as in vivo studies that the frequent use of soap and detergents may harm the skin. The harsh surfactants in cleansers can damage skin proteins and lipids and can cause dryness, irritation, barrier damage, and itching problems. Furthermore, the use of soap can change the natural pH and deplete the natural flora of the skin giving the pathogen an opportunity to transiently colonize the skin surface. This paper explains the damages that may be caused to skin due to excessive use of soap and detergents, the ways to mitigate those damages, and potential alternative to detergent-based soaps.

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Sihombing, Yanna Rotua, Aminah Syarifudin, and Rinaldo Berutu. "SOLID BATH SOAP DOSAGE FORMULATIONS OF THE ETHANOL EXTRACT OF FRESH FRUIT OF MORINDA (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L.)." Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal 1, no. 1 (October 17, 2018): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36656/jpfh.v1i1.60.

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Morinda plants grow widely throughout the Pasipic and are one of the most significant sources of traditional medicine among the Pacific island community. Morindas contain natural antioxidants for skin health and saponins in the manufacture of soap. Morindas also has potential as an antibacterial (Flavanoid). The purpose of this research is to formulate the ethanol extract of the fruit of morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.) fresh bath soap. Preparations to become solid. This research uses experimental methods. Morinda fruit is extracted by a process of maceration. Solid bath soap preparations inspection conducted this research is test the pH with a concentration of 2,5%, 3,5% and 4,5%. Ethanol extract of the fruit of morindas can be preparations soap formulations in bath with solid inspection results show pH, pH range between 8,5-10,1 show that the solid bath soaps are qualified solid bath soap. The result showed solid bath soap preparations from ethanol extract of the fruit of morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.) fresh with variations in defferent concentrations can be formulated in to a solid bath soap.

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Honcharov, I. V., and L. I. Vyshnevska. "The bibliosemantic analysis of the soap application in pharmacy and current trends in its composition and manufacturing technology." News of Pharmacy 105, no. 1 (February 17, 2023): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/nphj.23.103.

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Aim. To study the historical aspects of soap making, technological stages and methods, the main chemical processes accompanying the soap formation, and the peculiarities of choosing components for its manufacture. Materials and methods. Methods of information search, comparison and system analysis, and data generalization were used for research. Materials of scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were used. Results and discussion. The use of soap as a hygiene product began long before our era and was successfully integrated into our daily life in accordance with the modern needs of humankind. Industrial production of liquid, solid and dry soap is currently established and widely scaled. However, the content of synthetic components makes it impossible to use such soap for therapeutic and preventive purposes. Small “home” soap factories use many natural components and even refuse to add preservatives, synthetic dyes and fragrances, but these are soaps for daily hygiene. Conclusions. Therefore, the development of the composition and technology of soap for the complex treatment or prevention of dermatological diseases based on natural components is relevant.

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Putra, Endo Pebri Dani, Sahadi Didi Ismanto, and Diana Silvy. "PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN GEL LIDAH BUAYA (Aloe Vera) PADA PEMBUATAN SABUN CAIR DENGAN PEWANGI MINYAK NILAM (Patchouli Oil)." Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian Andalas 23, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jtpa.23.1.10-18.2019.

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This research was aimed to determine the effect of aloe vera gel to liquid soap moisturize activities of liquid soapto skin, and to determine the best addition of aloe vera gel. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Duncan test's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level. Treatment in the present research is the addition of aloe vera gel at 0%; 6%; 7%; 8%; and 9%. Observations on the resulting liquid soap products were organoleptic, physical properties, chemical properties of soap, antimicrobial test, moisturize activities test, and irritation test. The physical propertiestest to soaps include viscosity, specific gravity and total foam. For chemical propertiestest to soaps include pH andfree alkali. The results showed that the difference in concentration of aloe vera gel to liquid soap significantly affected to viscosity, pH, antimicrobial and moisture activities of product and did not significantly affected to specific gravity, free alkali, and total foam. The best products based on organoleptic test on liquid soap was treatment B (addition of aloe vera gel 6%).

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Jumat, Mohamad Amin, Mohd Syahir Anwar Hamzah, Nurrizati Mohd Daud, and Syafiqah Saidin. "Evaluation on the Antibacterial Activity and Biocompatibility Natural Soap Formulated with Edible Bird Nest." Journal of Medical Device Technology 1, no. 1 (October 8, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jmeditec.v1n1.7.

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Edible bird’s nest (EBN) derived from saliva of swiftlet is often consumed for its nutritional benefit. In this study, EBN natural soap was studied based on their morphology, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. The surface morphology and the presence of heavy metal in the soaps were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The antibacterial activity of EBN natural soap against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was investigated using disc diffusion and bacterial colony count method while the biocompatibility property was determined with human skin fibroblast cells through MTT assay and morphology observation under an inverted microscope. A consistent surface morphology pattern and no heavy metal were recorded on the soaps. The results of antibacterial activity indicated that the EBN natural soap did not have any antibacterial property but able to retain high cell viability percentage of 91.88±3.04% with normal cell morphology. Therefore, the EBN natural soap is biocompatible and appropriate to be incorporated in skin products.

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Izer, Alaz, Tugce Nefise Kahyaoglu, and Devrim Balköse. "Calcium Soap Lubricants." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 10. Innovatcionnaia deiatel’nost’, no. 1 (March 2014): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu10.2014.1.3.

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Song, Byungkwen, Sunmee Kang, and Sukhee Lee. "SOAP Performance Analysis." Journal of IKEEE 17, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7471/ikeee.2013.17.2.159.

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Antonic, Bojan, Dani Dordevic, Simona Jancikova, Bohuslava Tremlova, Marcela Nejezchlebova, Kristýna Goldová, and Jakub Treml. "Reused Plant Fried Oil: A Case Study with Home-Made Soaps." Processes 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9030529.

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The study aimed to analyze the possibility of waste frying oil utilization in home-made soap production. Soaps were made from unheated and fried rapeseed, sunflower and palm oils that had total polar material (TPM) values up to 24%. Physicochemical and microbial analyses were performed on produced samples to check their quality. The hardness increased with the degradation level of rapeseed and palm oils, and opposite findings were obtained for sunflower-made soaps. The highest malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were recorded for sunflower oil-made samples, with the maximum of 6.61 µg/g, and the lowest for the palm oil-made samples, with the maximum of 0.94 µg/g. The antimicrobial assessment showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between control soap samples and soaps made of oils with the highest TPM value. Gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: MRSA) were the most sensitive chosen microorganisms, compared to Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. The obtained results did not show exact differences between experimentally produced soap samples from fried or not fried oils; these findings highlight the potential of home-made soap production from this byproduct.

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Elias, Florence, Jean-Claude Bacri, Cyrille Flament, Eric Janiaud, Delphine Talbot, Wiebke Drenckhan, Stefan Hutzler, and Denis Weaire. "Magnetic soap films and magnetic soap foams." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 263, no. 1-3 (August 2005): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.01.024.

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Uzwatania, Fina, Riska Surya Ningrum, and Sri Resti O. "FORMULATION OF LIQUID HAND SOAP MADE FROM NEEM SEED OIL AND LEMONGRASS ESSENTIAL OIL." Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) 1, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v1i3.79.

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The COVID-19 outbreak has overly emphasised the importance of handwashing with soap to reduce the spread of the virus. This study was conducted to formulate a liquid hand soap with neem oil and lemongrass essential oil as an natural antibacterial component. Three different concentrations of neem oil 5%; 10% and 15% and three different concentration of lemongrass essential oil (0.2%; 0.4%;0.6%) were formulated as liquid soap using coconut oil, castor oil and neem oil as its soap bases. The natural liquid soap was made by saponification reaction between oils and potassium hydroxide. The soap was evaluated for its pH value, density, foam stability, insoluble in alcohol content, free fatty acid and antibacterial activity. The results showed that the colour of the liquid soap was transparent with yellowish colored and had distinctive smell of neem oil. The pH values of the different formulated liquid hand soaps are within the accepted pH range of 4 - 10. The specific gravity was 1,083 – 1,088 g/ml. The foam stability range was 25.35% - 78.38%, respectively. The insoluble in alcohol content range were 0.14 – 0.4. The free caustic alkali range was 0.12 – 0.47. The liquid hand soap can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone diameter of liquid hand soap was 1.98- 2.61 cm. It was therefore proven that neem oil and lemongrass essensial oil is effective as an antibacterial component in the formulation of liquid hand soap.

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Afrozi, Agus Salim, Nurlisa Safitri, and Siti Nurhasanah. "Pembuatan dan Uji Kualitas Sabun Transparan dengan Variasi Minyak Kelapa Murni atau Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) Dan Minyak Kelapa Sawit." Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia 5, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32493/jitk.v5i1.7082.

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This research was conducted to make transparent soap appropriate to the Indonesian national standard (SNI 3235-2016). Transparent soap is made using raw materials of virgin coconut oil (VCO) and palm oil with NaOH, stearic acid. Addition of dyes and fragrances to increase the aesthetic value of the soap appearance. The addition of alcohol, sugar, and glycerin is used to bring out a clear and translucent color. The method of making transparent soap is a saponification method with a temperature used of 600C - 700C. The tests carried out include oil testing and transparent soap testing. Oil testing, among others: free fatty acids and density. Meanwhile, transparent soap testing, among others: pH, free fatty acids or free alkalis, moisture content, organoleptic, and preference test. Based on the results of tests that have been carried out by soap, it is known that the best formula for making transparent soap with palm oil is in the 1C20 formula where 150 mL of palm oil are used, 20 grams of sugar are dissolved in 10 mL of aquadest. Meanwhile, the best formula for making transparent soap from virgin coconut oil (VCO) is the 1Y20 formula where 100 mL of virgin coconut oil (VCO) are used, and 20 grams of sugar are dissolved in 10 mL of aquadest. Soaps that meet the standards of SNI 3532-2016 and SNI 06 - 3532 1994 are 1Y10,1Y20,1Y30 and 1Z10 soap.

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R, Divyashree, and Kirthi Raj. "Determining the frequency of microbial growth “in?use” detergent products in various dental clinics: A microbiological research." Journal of Dental Specialities 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.jds.2020.013.

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Clean hands are hands and as a part of dental clinic infection control measure hand washing by a dental health professional before having contact with a patient’s oral cavity becomes a fundamental duty. Most detergents claim a 99.99% efficacy in killing bacteria however, there is paucity in literature if there will be a microbial growth “in use” detergents. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate bar soap and liquid soap from liquid soap from dental clinics for microbial contamination while it was in use.The study period was 2- month, dentists and dental assistants were the participants of the study. A total of 25 handwashing place samples from 12different dental clinics were collected. All the test tube samples of bar soap and liquid soap were all transferred to the microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis. data was analyzed using a one- sample paired t-test and independent students t-test. 6 different microbial species were identified. The abundance of staphylococcus aureus was highest compared to other microorganisms in both soaps. Further, the mean number of microorganisms was found similar (P > 0.05) in liquid soap. the microbial load of a mixed flora of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, aerobes, and fungi were found in both the in-use bar soap and liquid soap. Thus, the results indicate that the bar soap ‘in-use’ condition harbors a greater number of microorganisms as compared to that of liquid soap.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SOAP'

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