Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soak liquor'

Les mousses liquides soumises à du cisaillement présentent une très grande viscosité, mais l'origine locale de la dissipation se produisant pendant cette déformation est encore mal comprise. Dans le but d'apporter quelques éléments de réponses à cette importante question ouverte, notre travail décrit le comportement observé sur quelques films connectés lorsqu'une déformation leur est appliquée. Nous avons créé un montage permettant de fabriquer un pattern élémentaire de mousse, et de modifier la taille de chaque film en contrôlant la géométrie du cadre qui le supporte. Ce montage original, auquel s'ajoute une combinaison d'appareils optiques, nous permet de révéler les processus se produisant dans le film, notamment la compétition entre son allongement ou compression, et l'extraction d'un nouveau film depuis les ménisques raccordant les films. Nous montrons de plus que cette compétition dynamique dans un film donné est affectée par la déformation de ses premiers et seconds films voisins. La géométrie particulière du montage nous a également permis de découvrir et de décrire pour la première fois une instabilité gravitationnelle se produisant lorsqu'un film épais se situe au-dessus d'un film plus mince. Nous avons mesuré la longueur d'onde de l'instabilité et l'avons comparée à des prédictions théoriques en régime linéaire. Ces différents écoulements affectent la distribution d'épaisseur dans le film, et peuvent ainsi jouer un rôle important sur la viscosité ou sur la stabilité des mousses 3D. Finalement, le montage utilisé pourra s'avérer utile à l'avenir comme rhéomètre de films liquides
Liquid foams under shearing exhibit a large effective viscosity, and the understanding of the local origin of the dissipation occurring during deformation is unknown. In the aim to contribute to this important open problem, we tried to describe the behavior of a few connected films under deformation. We created a setup allowing to make an elementary foam sample and to modify each film size by controlling the shape of the deformable frame supporting the films. This original setup together with a combination of optical devices allowed us to reveal processes happening in the film, and especially the competition between film stretch or compression, and extraction of a new film from the menisci connecting the films. Importantly, we show that this dynamical competition in a given film is affected by the deformation of its first and even second neighbors. The unique geometry of the setup gave us the opportunity to discover and describe for the first time a gravitational instability which takes place when a thicker film is on top of a thinner one. We measured the wavelength and compared it to theoretical predictions in the linear regime. These different flows affect the thickness distribution, and may thus play an important role in the viscosity or in the stability of 3D foams. As a perspective, the designed setup could prove to be useful as a liquid film rheometer

This industrial project is designed to develop a chemical process for the formulation of liquid soap. Three ingredients required to make liquid soap are rainwater, oil, and potassium hydroxide. These three ingredients, when mixed to exhibit a chemical reaction, generate the saponification reaction and can produce soap and byproduct glycerol. The liquid soap is made from indigenous materials including coconut oil, palm oil, rainwater, cinnamon hydrosol, and potassium hydroxide extracted from wood ash as well as commercially available materials including potassium hydroxide.

The Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measures the functional groups, while the surface tension measures the critical micelle concentration; both instruments measure the standard Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). The SDS results are then compared to oils, soap products, and byproduct glycerol. These measurements are made to determine the effectiveness of soap and to compare the wood ash potassium hydroxide with commercially available potassium hydroxide in the soap products.

In paper pulp production, many details can be optimized. For optimal separation of soap from black liquor, it is important to know the amount of soap in the black liquor. A project to produce a method for sampling black liquor and a method for measuring how much soap is present in black liquor by centrifugation was done at Södra Cell Mönsterås. Through centrifugation faster analysis can be done. It took a long time to develop a satisfactory sampling method, but with the help of careful checking of temperature and time, a method was achieved that worked at temperatures between 90 and 100°C, which were the temperatures that were most frequently found, but are higher than the optimum temperature for soap separation. The black liquor turned out to be inhomogeneous, so the project failed to obtain an optimal analysis method within the framework of this project. In the experiment, the centrifuge settings were optimized to 87°C, 2500 rpm and 10 minutes Further attempts could provide more optimal settings for the centrifuge and a substitute for black liquor could make a validation of the centrifuge possible.
Pappersmassaproduktion är komplex, och en rad faktorer kan optimeras. En viktig parameter vid såpavskiljning är innehållet såpa i svartlut eftersom en värdefull produkt, tallolja utvinns av såpa. Projektet syftar till att ta fram en metod för provtagning av svartlut och en metod för att mäta halten såpa i svartluten genom centrifugering. Genom centrifugering kan snabbare analyser göras.  Arbetet har utförts på Södra Cell Mönsterås. Arbetet att utveckla en tillfredsställande provtagningsmetod var komplicerad, men med hjälp av noggrann koll på temperatur och tid uppnåddes en metod som fungerade vid temperaturer mellan 90 och 100°C, vilket var de temperaturer som oftast fanns, men som är högre än optimal temperatur för såpavskiljning. Svartluten visade sig vara inhomogen, därför lyckades det inte att få fram en optimal analysmetod inom ramen av detta projekt. I försöket optimerades centrifugens inställningar till 87°C, 2500 rpm (varv per minut) och 10 minuter. Vidare försök skulle kunna ge mer optimala inställningar för centrifugen genom den utvecklade prov, och ett substitut för svartlut skulle kunne göra en validering av centrifugen möjlig.

Resumo: Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento e produção destes produtos, desde a coleta do vegetal até a disponibilidade do produto final. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo farmacognóstico do fruto de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, popularmente conhecido como jambolão, no qual foram destacadas a otimização do processo extrativo, a determinação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato bruto e a avaliação desta atividade após sua incorporação em um sabonete líquido. Análise fitoquímica preliminar dos frutos de S. cumini (L.) Skeels evidenciou taninos, flavonóides, antocianidinas, iridóides, alcalóides e heterosídeos fenólicos simples. Tendo como parâmetros o resíduo seco e a atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos foram testados frente aos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans e Candida krusei. Por meio da análise fatorial dos resultados do planejamento experimental, onde foi empregada granulometria de 0,302 mm do pó seco do fruto, constatou-se que a percolação constitui o melhor procedimento extrativo, e a mistura etanol: água (50:50) constitui o melhor solvente. Para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do extrato foram usados os microrganismos S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis, partindo de uma concentração inicial de 10000 ìg/100 ìL. A concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foi de 1250 ìg/100 ìL para a S. aureus, 625 ìg/100 ìL para a S. epidermidis e 2500 ìg/100 ìL para a P. aeruginosa e para a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) foi de 2500 ìg/100 ìL. A incorporação do extrato de S. cumini... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abastract: The quality of the phytomedicines must be assured by means of close observation of the different stages of their development and production, which starts at the moment the plant is collected and finishes at the moment the product is put on the market. A pharmacognostic study of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeelsfruits (popularly known as “jambolão”) was then performed, pointing out the optimization of the extractive process, the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, and the assessment of such activity after its incorporation into the liquid soap. The phytochemical screening from the fruits of S. cumini (L.) Skeels demonstrated tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, iridoids, alkaloids and simple phenol heterosides. By using dry residue content and antimicrobial activity assessment methodologies, a fatorial analysis was accomplished, and considering a dry fruit powder granulometry of 0.302 mm, the results indicated percolation as the best extraction method, and the mixture ethanol: water (50:50) as the best solvent concentration. The microorganisms S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis were used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract, starting from 10000 æg/100 æL. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) to S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa were 1250 æg/100 æL, 625 æg/100 æL and 2500 æg/100 æL respectively. And a minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 2500 æg/100 æL. The liquid soap was then formulated, and had S. cumini (L.) Skeels extract added to its formulation leading, therefore, to an antiseptic activity that proved to be favorable considering the good results obtained. In the presence of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa at concentrations of 625 æg/100 æL, 312.5 æg/100 æL, and 1250 æg/100 æL, respectively... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Coorientador: Marcos Antonio Corrêa
Banca: Vera Lucia Borges Isaac Rangel
Banca: Telma Mary Kaneko
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os sabonetes são preparações destinadas à higiene e conhecidos há mais de 4000 anos. São constituídos por sais de ácidos graxos com propriedades detergentes, resultantes da saponificação entre ácidos graxos superiores e seus glicerídeos à custa de um material alcalino. Podem ser incorporados com diversas substâncias que possuem algum efeito terapêutico ou preventivo sobre a pele, por facilitarem o contato de tais substâncias com o tecido alvo. Porém, isto nem sempre é possível. Por tratar-se de um tensoativo aniônico carboxilado e ter elevada alcalinidade, muitos dos materiais ou ativos a serem incorporados a este tipo de preparação podem apresentar instabilidade. Com o advento dos detergentes sintéticos tal situação pode ser contornada, e apesar de constituírem-se também em tensoativos aniônicos, e por terem origem em ácidos fortes, permitem o preparo de sabonetes líquidos não alcalinos e apresentam maior compatibilidade frente a diversos ativos. Entre as diversas possibilidades de ativos, os agentes antimicrobianos, merecem atenção especial, uma vez que encontra nos sabonetes um excelente veículo para desempenhar sua função na assepsia da pele. A clorexidina é um anti-séptico de amplo espectro de ação, sendo ativo frente a bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, fungos, leveduras e vírus. Atua sobre a membrana celular causando perda de material intracelular, tais como ácido nucléico e potássio, inibição respiratória e coagulação citoplasmática. Pode apresentar-se na forma de diversos sais como acetato, cloridrato, gluconato e digluconato. Neste trabalho foram estudadas formulações contendo solução de digluconato de clorexidina. A solução amostra utilizada para preparação dos sabonetes foi avaliada quanto a alguns parâmetros como pH, densidade relativa, ponto de fusão, cromatografia em camada delgada, espectroscopia...
The soaps are preparation for hygiene and they are well known for 4000 years ago. They are constituited by salts of fatty acids with detergent properties, resulting from saponification of fatty acids superiorities and glycerides using an alkaline material. They may be incorporated with several substances that have a preventive or therapeutic effect on the skin, by facilitating the contact of such substances with the target tissue. However, this is not always possible. The soaps are anionic surfactant and carboxylic and they have high alkalinity, many of the materials or activities to be incorporated into this type of preparation may be instable. With the advent of synthetic detergents such situation can be avoided, and despite of they be also anionic surfactants, and are based on strong acids, allow the preparation of liquid soaps and alkali not have greater compatibility front of several assets. Among the various possibilities of active, antimicrobial agents deserve special attention, since the soap is an excellent vehicle to perform its function in the asepsis of the skin. The chlorhexidine is an antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Chlorhexidine is an excellent antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Acts on the cell membrane causing loss of intracellular material, such as nucleic acid and potassium, respiration inhibition and cytoplasmic coagulation. The salts of chlorhexidine can be acetate, hydrochloride, gluconate and digluconate. In this work formulation were studied with solution of chlorhexidine digluconate. The sample solution employed to prepare the liquid soaps was evaluated for some parameters such as pH, relative density, melting point, thin-layer chromatography... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The residual oils obtained from the process of frying food are considered hazardous waste by the ministry of environment, due to their degradative nature when improperly discarded in soil and groundwater. Thousands of tons of this waste are produced daily across the country, and more than half are discarded improperly, because no public policies that encourage proper disposal and even recycling of these oils. Soaps are carboxylic salts can be made from these wastes, becoming an alternative to the recycling of frying oils, promoting sustainable development. Liquid soaps are widely used either as cleaning products or toiletries, however the use of frying oils in these products, delimits the knowledge still popular, with little initiative industries in marketing these products. Therefore, this work was developed with the aim to formulate liquid soaps with residual oil in a frying food industry, different pHs (8, 10, 12 and 14) and saponified by different bases (KOH / NaOH). The soaps were evaluated for their technological qualities, divided into physical (foaming ability, solubility, viscosity and cleaning), chemical properties (acidity and alkalinity free) and microbiological (minimal inhibitory concentration for E. coli and S. aureus). The two tests with liquid soaps KOH or NaOH, were processed under mechanical stirring and soaps obtained at pH 8, 10, 12 and 14 using KOH or HCL / NaOH to correct pH. Liquid soaps with KOH showed characteristics less viscous than treatments with NaOH (propensity for solidification) confirming the better employment of this base in the production of liquid soaps. The cleaning power of soaps with KOH and NaOH was similar (yield around 93% of the ability to clean greasy surfaces to soiling 87% with low levels of fats), increasing with an increase in pH of the formulations. Liquid soaps with KOH and NaOH, showed good ability of foaming, however the best solubilization capacity (water, ethanol, methanol, acetone and petroleum ether), was acquired with soaps with KOH (pH 10, 12 and 14), soaps pH 8 were sparingly soluble in both assays (KOH / NaOH). The antibacterial analysis, through minimum inhibitory concentration showed that soaps with NaOH able to inhibit the cultivation of S. aureus and E. coli, a smaller amount (6.25 and 25%, respectively) than the soap with KOH (at least 50% of soap and 100). The kinetic model that best fit the values obtained for pH was processing the first order. Both trials evaluated had technological characteristics favorable for their marketing, with soaps with more alkaline pH may be intended for industrial use, since its high pH does not allow it to be handled by untrained people. Soaps with lower pHs (8, 10), may be destined for domestic or commercial, allowing a good efficiency of their application.
Os óleos residuais obtidos do processo de frituras de alimentos são considerados resíduos perigosos pelo ministério do meio ambiente, devido a sua natureza degradativa quando descartados incorretamente, nos solos e águas. Milhares de toneladas deste resíduo são produzidos diariamente em todo o país, sendo que mais da metade é descartada de maneira incorreta, por não haver políticas públicas que incentivem o descarte correto e até mesmo a reciclagem destes óleos. Os sabões são sais carboxílicos que podem ser produzidos a partir destes resíduos, tornando-se uma alternativa para a reutilização dos óleos de frituras, favorecendo o desenvolvimento sustentável. Os sabões líquidos, são amplamente utilizados, seja como produtos de limpeza ou de higiene pessoal, entretanto a utilização dos óleos de frituras nestes produtos, ainda se delimita à conhecimentos populares, com pouca iniciativa das indústrias em comercializar estes produtos. Neste contexto este trabalho foi desenvolvido, com o objetivo de formular sabões líquidos com óleo residual de fritura de uma indústria alimentícia, de diferentes pHs (8, 10, 12 e 14) e saponificados por diferentes bases (KOH/ NaOH). Os sabões foram avaliados quanto às suas qualidades tecnológicas, dividas em físicas (capacidade de formação de espuma, de solubilidade, de limpar e viscosidade), químicas (alcalinidade e acidez livre) e microbiológicas (concentração inibitória mínima para E. coli e S. aureus). Os dois ensaios de sabões líquidos com KOH ou NaOH, foram processados sob agitação mecânica e obtidos sabões com pH 8, 10, 12 e 14 utilizando-se HCL ou KOH/ NaOH para corrigir os pHs. Os sabões líquidos com KOH apresentaram características menos viscosas do que os tratamentos com NaOH (propensão à solidificação) confirmando a melhor empregabilidade desta base na produção de sabões líquidos. O poder de limpeza dos sabões com KOH e NaOH foi similar (obtendo ao redor de 93% de capacidade de limpar superfícies gordurosas 87% para sujidades com baixos teores de gorduras), aumentando conforme houve um aumento do pH das formulações. Os sabões líquidos com KOH e NaOH, apresentaram boa capacidade de formação de espuma, entretanto a melhor capacidade de solubilização (água, etanol, metanol acetona e éter de petróleo), foi adquirida com os sabões com KOH (pH 10, 12 e 14), os sabões de pH 8 foram limitadamente solúvel nos dois ensaios (KOH / NaOH). A análise antimicrobiana, por meio da concentração inibitória mínima, mostrou que os sabões com NaOH conseguiram inibir as culturas de S. aureus e E. coli, em quantidade menores (6,25 e 25% respectivamente) do sabão do que os com KOH (mínima de 50 e 100% do sabão). O modelo cinético que melhor se ajustou aos valores obtidos para o pH do processamento foi o de primeira ordem. Os dois ensaios avaliados apresentaram características tecnológicas favoráveis para a sua comercialização, sendo que os sabões com pHs mais alcalinos podem ser destinados para uso industrial, já que seu pH elevado não permite que seja manipulado por pessoas não treinadas. Os sabões com pHs menores (8 e 10), podem ser destinados para o uso doméstico ou comercial, permitindo uma boa eficiência de sua aplicação.

Resumo: Os sabonetes são preparações destinadas à higiene e conhecidos há mais de 4000 anos. São constituídos por sais de ácidos graxos com propriedades detergentes, resultantes da saponificação entre ácidos graxos superiores e seus glicerídeos à custa de um material alcalino. Podem ser incorporados com diversas substâncias que possuem algum efeito terapêutico ou preventivo sobre a pele, por facilitarem o contato de tais substâncias com o tecido alvo. Porém, isto nem sempre é possível. Por tratar-se de um tensoativo aniônico carboxilado e ter elevada alcalinidade, muitos dos materiais ou ativos a serem incorporados a este tipo de preparação podem apresentar instabilidade. Com o advento dos detergentes sintéticos tal situação pode ser contornada, e apesar de constituírem-se também em tensoativos aniônicos, e por terem origem em ácidos fortes, permitem o preparo de sabonetes líquidos não alcalinos e apresentam maior compatibilidade frente a diversos ativos. Entre as diversas possibilidades de ativos, os agentes antimicrobianos, merecem atenção especial, uma vez que encontra nos sabonetes um excelente veículo para desempenhar sua função na assepsia da pele. A clorexidina é um anti-séptico de amplo espectro de ação, sendo ativo frente a bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, fungos, leveduras e vírus. Atua sobre a membrana celular causando perda de material intracelular, tais como ácido nucléico e potássio, inibição respiratória e coagulação citoplasmática. Pode apresentar-se na forma de diversos sais como acetato, cloridrato, gluconato e digluconato. Neste trabalho foram estudadas formulações contendo solução de digluconato de clorexidina. A solução amostra utilizada para preparação dos sabonetes foi avaliada quanto a alguns parâmetros como pH, densidade relativa, ponto de fusão, cromatografia em camada delgada, espectroscopia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The soaps are preparation for hygiene and they are well known for 4000 years ago. They are constituited by salts of fatty acids with detergent properties, resulting from saponification of fatty acids superiorities and glycerides using an alkaline material. They may be incorporated with several substances that have a preventive or therapeutic effect on the skin, by facilitating the contact of such substances with the target tissue. However, this is not always possible. The soaps are anionic surfactant and carboxylic and they have high alkalinity, many of the materials or activities to be incorporated into this type of preparation may be instable. With the advent of synthetic detergents such situation can be avoided, and despite of they be also anionic surfactants, and are based on strong acids, allow the preparation of liquid soaps and alkali not have greater compatibility front of several assets. Among the various possibilities of active, antimicrobial agents deserve special attention, since the soap is an excellent vehicle to perform its function in the asepsis of the skin. The chlorhexidine is an antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Chlorhexidine is an excellent antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Acts on the cell membrane causing loss of intracellular material, such as nucleic acid and potassium, respiration inhibition and cytoplasmic coagulation. The salts of chlorhexidine can be acetate, hydrochloride, gluconate and digluconate. In this work formulation were studied with solution of chlorhexidine digluconate. The sample solution employed to prepare the liquid soaps was evaluated for some parameters such as pH, relative density, melting point, thin-layer chromatography... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Coorientador: Marcos Antonio Corrêa
Banca: Maria José Vieira Fonseca
Banca: Maria Stella Gonçalves Raddi
Mestre

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento e produção destes produtos, desde a coleta do vegetal até a disponibilidade do produto final. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo farmacognóstico do fruto de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, popularmente conhecido como jambolão, no qual foram destacadas a otimização do processo extrativo, a determinação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato bruto e a avaliação desta atividade após sua incorporação em um sabonete líquido. Análise fitoquímica preliminar dos frutos de S. cumini (L.) Skeels evidenciou taninos, flavonóides, antocianidinas, iridóides, alcalóides e heterosídeos fenólicos simples. Tendo como parâmetros o resíduo seco e a atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos foram testados frente aos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans e Candida krusei. Por meio da análise fatorial dos resultados do planejamento experimental, onde foi empregada granulometria de 0,302 mm do pó seco do fruto, constatou-se que a percolação constitui o melhor procedimento extrativo, e a mistura etanol: água (50:50) constitui o melhor solvente. Para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do extrato foram usados os microrganismos S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis, partindo de uma concentração inicial de 10000 ìg/100 ìL. A concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foi de 1250 ìg/100 ìL para a S. aureus, 625 ìg/100 ìL para a S. epidermidis e 2500 ìg/100 ìL para a P. aeruginosa e para a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) foi de 2500 ìg/100 ìL. A incorporação do extrato de S. cumini... .

no
Surfactants are commonly used as cleansing agents and yet there are concerns they may also have a role in skin irritation. Presently, the lack of suitable methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of surfactant deposition on skin has hindered the in-depth investigation of such effects. Here, we report the application of reverse phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) assays for two surfactants commonly used in consumer products, namely sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) and laurylamidopropyl betaine (LAPB), to a baseline study aiming to assess deposition levels on human skin. The linearity of the assays was established at 3-20 ng, with coefficient of variation below 5%. Detection limits were 100 pg for LAPB and 1 ng for SLES; quantitation limits were 500 pg for LAPB and 2.5 ng for SLES. The baseline study was conducted using a panel of 40 healthy volunteers. Skin extract samples were taken in triplicate from forearms, using ethanol. SLES was detected on most volunteers, with 75% of them having SLES deposits in the range of 100-600 ng/cm2. LAPB was detected on the skin of all volunteers with 85% of them having deposit levels within the concentration range of 1-100 ng/cm2. These results demonstrate the extent to which commonly used surfactants remain on the skin during the day. The analytical methods reported here can be applied to the investigation of surfactants in relation to general skin condition and the development and optimisation of new consumer wash products.
EPSRC

In this thesis, geometry is used as a basis for conducting experiments aimed at growing and arranging inorganic minerals on curved interfaces. Mineralisation is directed using crystalline and liquid-crystalline metallic soaps and surfactant/water systems as templates.¶ A review of the history, syntheses, structure and liquid crystallinity of metallic soaps and other amphiphiles is presented as a foundation to understanding the interfacial architectures in mesostructured template systems in general.¶ In this study, a range of metallic soaps of varying chain length and cation type are synthesised and characterised to find potentially useful templates for mineral growth. These include alkaline-earth, transition metal, heavy metal and lanthanide soaps. These are systematically characterised using a variety of analytical techniques, including chemical analyses, x-ray diffraction (XRD) infrared spectroscopy (IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Their molecular and crystal structures are studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cryo-TEM, electron diffraction (ED), electron paramagnetic spin resonance (EPR), absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS), high resolution laser spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and magnetic measurements. Models for the molecular and crystal structures of metallic soaps are proposed. The soaps are predominantly lamellar crystalline or liquid crystalline lamellar rotor phases with tilted and/or untilted molecular constituents. These display evidence of varying degrees of headgroup organisation, including superstructuring and polymerisation. A single crystal structure is presented for a complex of pyridine with cobalt soap. Simple models for their structure are discussed in terms of their swelling properties in water and oils. Experiments are also presented to demonstrate the sorbent properties of aluminium soaps on oil spills.¶ The thermotropic liquid crystallinity of alkaline earth, transition metal, heavy metal and lanthanide soaps is investigated in detail. This is done to assess their suitability as templates, and to document their novel thermotropic behaviour, particularly the relatively unknown lanthanide soaps. Liquid crystalline behaviours are studied using high-temperature XRD (HTXRD), hot-stage optical microscopy and DSC. Models for a liquid crystalline phase progression from crystals to anisotropic liquids are discussed in terms of theories of self-assembly and interfacial curvature. The terminology required for this is drawn from various nomenclature systems for amphiphilic crystals and liquid crystals. General agreement with previous studies is reported for known soaps, while liquid crystallinity is demonstrated in the lanthanide and some non-lanthanide soaps for the first time. A general phase progression of crystalline lamellar through liquid crystalline lamellar to non-lamellar liquid crystalline is discussed in terms of models concerned with the molecular and crystal structures of the soaps and their phase transitions via headgroup and chain re-arrangements.¶ Experiments aimed at guiding growth of metal sulfides using metallic soaps as templates are described, and a model for this growth is discussed. Metal sulfides have been successfully grown by reacting crystalline and liquid crystalline transition metal and heavy metal soaps with H2S gas at room temperature and at elevated temperature. These have been characterised using XRD, TEM, ED and IR. Sulfide growth is demonstrated to be restricted and guided by the reacting soap template architecture. Zinc, cadmium, indium and lead soaps formed confined nanoparticles within the matrix of their reacting soap template. In contrast, curved and flat sheet-like structures, some resembling sponges were found in the products of sulfided iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, tin and bismuth soaps. A model to explain this behaviour is developed in terms of the crystal and liquid crystal structures of the soaps and the crystal structures of the metal sulfide particles.¶ Liquid crystalline iron soaps have been subjected to controlled thermal degradation yielding magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Some XRD and TEM evidence has been found for formation of magnetic mesostructures in heat-treated iron soaps. Models for the molecular and liquid crystalline structure of iron soaps, their thermotropic phase progression and eventual conversion to these magnetic products are discussed. Systematic syntheses of mesoporous silicates from sheeted clays are discussed.¶The templates that have been used are cationic surfactants and small, organic molecular salts. Experiments are reported where a cooperative self-assembly of surfactant/water/kanemite plus or minus salt and oils yields 'folded sheet materials' (FSM'S). Templating of kanemite has also been achieved using cobalt cage surfactants. A theoretical prediction of the specific surface areas and specific volumes of homologous sets of FSM's gave excellent agreement with measured values. The geometry and topology of the mesostructures are discussed. A theoretical model is also discussed regarding the curvature found in the sheets of natural clays , and results of templating clays and silica using metallic soaps are presented. Experiments and a model for low temperature nucleation and growth of microporous silicalite-1 are described in terms of silica templating by water clathrates.¶ Finally, the problem of finding minimal surface descriptions of crystal networks is addressed. Combinatoric methods are used to disprove the existence of possible embeddings of type I and II clathrate networks in non-self intersecting periodic minimal surfaces. The crystal network of the clathrate silicate, melanophlogite is successfully embedded in the WI-10 self-intersecting surface. Details of a previously unreported, genus-25 periodic surface with symmetry Im3m are discussed.

碩士
靜宜大學
應用化學系
100
Environmental consciousness is pay great attention in recent years. In the detergent section, soap is make from oils and fats, that is more in line with Green Environmental Protection than synthesis detergent. But hard water soap scum is a common problem encountered in homes. Lime soap is a natural consequence of the interaction of the calcium and mineral ions in hard water and the soap chemicals. And traditional soap is usually are solid, for some peoples that used to liquid detergent, it's not convenient. In the experiment, we neutralize alkaline solution and certain ratio lauric acid, Myristic acid and palmitic acid to liquid soap in low temperature. Hydrocarbon chain length, temperature and pH will influence the soap solubility, and soap is solid or liquid. We use Lime soap Dispersing power method to find anion-surfactants that can be lime soap dispersant in hard water. And discuss relationship between dispersion power and surfactants structure, we find the hydrophilic group and ethoxylation of surfactants is the key point to determine dispersion power. When we add specific surfactant in liquid soap using in hard water, the Lime soap appear to be well dispersed, it's not aggregation and separate out.

碩士
弘光科技大學
化妝品科技研究所
103
The soap base contained in handmade soap is likely to irritate sensitive skin. Alkali reduction formula affects different greases differently and imposes different levels of influence on various properties of the finished soaps. If alkali is reduced excessively, the cleaning power decreases and soaps are unable to be shaped. This study attempted to assess the properties of handmade soaps made with alkali reduction formula. The author produced handmade soaps with an amount of alkali less than what was normally needed for handmade soaps. Three ingredients were added to the handmade soaps, namely, coconut oil 3, palm oil 3, and olive oil 4. Handmade soaps were produced with 5 alkali reduction rates – 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. In week 0, week 2, week 4, week 6, and week 8, the author tested the handmade soaps produced with 5 alkali reduction rates to find out their hardness values, pH values, weight loss, and detergency. 8 weeks later, the author tested 5 handmade soaps again to find out their foaming power and foam stability. According to the test results, hardness value increased when soap-drying period was longer; the soap without alkali reduction had the highest hardness value; all soaps’ pH values were higher than 10.0 in week 0; pH values started to decrease as time passed by; the pH value of soap without alkali reduction decreased slowest; the pH value of soap with 10% reduction of alkali dropped below 10 after four weeks; the pH value of soap without alkali reduction dropped below 10 after 8 weeks; all soaps started to lose weight from week 0; and all soaps lost less than 10% of weight. Foaming power and form stability were tested using Ross-Miles device. The test results revealed that alkali reduction had nothing to do with foaming power and form stability at all, yet both foaming power and foam stability were higher than 0.8. Finally, handmade soaps’ detergency was examined using surface tension test. The test results indicated that 5 alkali-reduced soaps revealed critical micelle concentrations (CMC) similar to one another. In other words, when alkali reduction rate is less than 20%, the soap’s detergency remains unchanged. In conclusion, different alkali reduction rate affects handmade soap’s hardness value and pH value differently. When pH value is used as a decisive factor to determine the maturation of soap, 10% of alkali reduction rate or higher is sufficient to shorten the maturation process. With a constant percentage of grease contained in the handmade soap, the soap’s foaming power, form stability, and detergency remain unchanged even though alkali is reduced. Most people clean their hands with antibacterial hand cleansers. According to the latest experimental results released by US Food and Drug Administration, the triclosan and paraben contained in hand cleanser, toothpaste, and shampoos are likely to cause animal hormonal imbalance and possibly cancer. People started to worry if their health had been ruined by antibacterial products. The author added antibacterial ingredients, such as clove buds and limonene, into liquid handmade soap. Secondly, the author replaced antibacterial agent by non-toxic essential oil. The essential oil was analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis indicated that clove bud contained 83.31% of eugenol and lemon essential oil contained 70.3% of limonene. Then, disc diffusion test was executed to identify the inhibitory zone. According to the test results, clove bud contained 3% of essential oil that warrants a satisfactory level of antibacterial performance. In addition, a washing hand test was executed using the liquid handmade soap made of essential oil extracted from clove. The author produced cleansing mousse with coconut oil 4, canola oil 3, and castor oil 3. Twenty persons participated in the test. The participants pressed Petri dish with their fingers; wiped their fingers with cotton swabs and dabbed Petri dish with the cotton swabs. 48 hours later, bacterial colonies were counted. According to the test results, 30.80 bacterial colonies were counted before participants washed their hands. Bacterial colony count dropped to 15.45 after participants washed their hands with the liquid handmade soap containing essential oil. No significant variance was found before and after participants wiped their hands with cotton swabs. In conclusion, the cleansing mousse containing essential oil is unable to serve the antibacterial purpose as expected and its antibacterial performance is not comparable to plain water. According to the responded questionnaires, however, the cleansing mousse’s fragrance is acceptable to the participants and the participants are willing to use the cleansing mousse containing essential oil.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用化學系
102
Abstract Many infectious diseases have produced during the development of human civilization. It is very common to add bactericidal or antibacterial ingredients to cleaning products in order to reduce the occurrence of infectious diseases. This research is to develop a simple, fast and accurate HPLC method to analyze these two bactericides of Chlorhexidine gluconate and Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride in the homemade liquid soap. The developed HPLC method was performed with the conditions: column (Hypersil ODS-C18; 5μm; 4.6 mm × 250 mm), mobile phase(methanol: 1.38%(w/w)NaH2PO4 and 0.5%(v/v)TEA buffer at pH 3 = 68:32), detection wavelength 259 nm, flow rate 1.0 ml/min, injection amount 10 μL, and the run time was within 6 minutes to analyze these two bactericides, individually. In the stability tests, the disinfecting formula of homemade liquid soap showed the satisfied results with the 97.0% contents of Chlorhexidine gluconate and 97.8% contents of Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride, respectively, in three month of 25℃room temperature condition. In the results of validation experiment, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of Chlorhexidine gluconate is ranged from 0.12% to 0.61%, the average recovery was 98.9%, the linear regression coefficient (R2) was 0.9936, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 5.3 ppm and 7.1 ppm, respectively. The relative standard deviation of Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride is ranged from 0.16% to 1.03%, the average recovery was 99.22%, the linear regression coefficient was 0.9938, and the limits of detection and quantification were 4.8 ppm and 6.2 ppm, respectively. In the stress experiments of method validation, the contents of Chlorhexidine gluconate and Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride were quite stable and remained more than 90% during the test of heating as well as illuminating UV light and by adding strong acid, strong base and strong oxidant.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用化學系
104
Taiwan's climate zones is located between the tropics and subtropics. For the past few years, due to the average climate increasingly high temperatures lead by greenhouse effect. Especially at summer, Taiwan people more felt unbearably hot. The GC method to analyze these two of Borneol and Menthol in the refreshing liquid soap. The developed GC method was performed with the conditions: =HP-50+ column(30 m×0.25mm×0.25mm), injection temperature is 230 ℃,injection amount is 1µL, FID detection temperature 250 ℃. In the results of validation experiment ,the relative standard deviation (RSD) of Menthol is ranged form 1.46%~3.59%, the average recovery was 98.87%, the linear regression coefficient R2=0.999, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 4.48 ppm and 14.9ppm,respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of Borneol is ranged form 0.81%~2.31%, the average recovery was 98.69%, the linear regression coefficient R2=0.9999, and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 3.30ppm and 11.0ppm,respectively. In the stability tests, refreshing liquid soap was placed in the room temperature condition 25℃ and the accelerated condition 40℃ for six-month stability test.The appearance of product did not significantly change. The product is put at 25℃condition for six-month, Menthol content remained at 96.4%, Borneol content remained at 96.1%. The product is put at 40℃condition for six-month, Menthol content remained at95.1%, Borneol content remained at94.6%.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階經營碩士班
103
N soap brand marketing in Taiwan more than 60 years, used to be the people of Taiwan must-selling laundry every household cleaning supplies, laundry soap is also the leading brand. As industrialization developed, the popularity of the washing machine so that people gradually change the laundry habits, from hand-washing with soap and laundry dominated era, came to the main laundry detergent''s cleaning supplies, laundry detergent and more modern times by its convenience consumers are gradually replacing detergent and laundry products in the market to become king, gradually changing consumer habits in this wave, N brand of soap, though never absent, but they could not find their own position and value, so sales results poor. 　　In this study, based on N ''soap laundry detergent, for example, through a SWOT analysis, five forces analysis, business strategy theory, BCG matrix analysis, product life cycle theory analysis mode, analysis of N brand laundry detergent soap products own advantages and disadvantages, in go through the results of consumer research to develop strategies, plans to expand to resolve the current difficulties, eventually becoming N brand liquid laundry soap product marketing strategy, whereby the success of open markets, achieved two consecutive years of revenue growth performance has doubled, market share also increased from 2% to 8%, and caused the industry imitated, creating an upsurge of popular soap. The results of this study can be used as a case study in addition to laundry detergent products, including strategic thinking and tactical operations, but also as to other areas of industry reform FMCG reference.

В данном докладе рассматривается способ повышения растворимости соапстоков твердых растительных масел, полученных в результате нейтрализации в растворе, содержащем этанол и глицерин, что необходимо для их дальнейшей эффективной переработки.
In this report we describe a way to enhance the solubility of solid vegetable oil soapstock resulting neutralization solution containing ethanol and glycerol, which is necessary for their further efficient processing.

In this thesis, geometry is used as a basis for conducting experiments aimed at growing and arranging inorganic minerals on curved interfaces. Mineralisation is directed using crystalline and liquid-crystalline metallic soaps and surfactant/water systems as templates.¶ A review of the history, syntheses, structure and liquid crystallinity of metallic soaps and other amphiphiles is presented as a foundation to understanding the interfacial architectures in mesostructured template systems in general. ...