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Academic literature on the topic 'Soak liquor'

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Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Soak liquor"

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Berber, Didem, İpek Türkmenoğlu, and Nüzhet Cenk Sesal. "Antibacterial and Anti–Biofilm Activities of Acetone Extracts of Usnea sp. against Mixed Cultures of Bacteria from Soak Liquor Samples and Tank Surfaces." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 10 (October 4, 2020): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i10.4174.

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Long-term or improper use of antibacterial agents utilized in the soaking process has led to the resistance of some bacteria in the leather industry. New agents may be the solution to combat these antibacterial resistant bacteria in the soaking process. As a natural resource, lichens are known to have many biological activities. In previous studies, we demonstrated that the acetone extracts of several lichen species including Usnea sp. may have potential antibacterial and anti–biofilm properties against some Bacillus species, which were isolated from different soak liquor samples. In the present study, it was questioned whether the same bioactivities of acetone extracts of Usnea sp. can be seen in the mixed cultures of tank surface samples and pre-and main soak liquor samples, which were obtained from different tanneries. Although the extracts did not show noteworthy antibacterial effect against one of the tank surface samples (inhibition ratios; 6.5–16.22 %), inhibition percentages were detected as 69.32 and 46.33 at the concentrations of 240 and 120 µg/mL for the other tank surface sample. The anti-biofilm potential of the extracts was tested on the sample where the antibacterial activity of the extracts was not observed. One of the mixed culture of samples from the tank surface could not be inhibited by the extracts in terms of bacterial growth. However, the extracts were tested on this biofilm-forming sample and detected more than 50% inhibition. Furthermore, the extracts inhibited the growth of the mixed culture of bacteria from pre-soak liquor by the percentages of 78.96, 61.5, 51.3, 45.1, and 33.4 at the concentrations of 240, 120, 60, 30 and 15 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, the same antibacterial efficacy could not be observed in the other mixed culture from pre-soak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery whereas this sample formed a biofilm structure. The mixed culture of samples from the main soaking process was inhibited by the extracts at the inhibition percentages of 62.13–78.17 at the concentrations of 240- 30 µg/mL. Similar results were also obtained for the other sample (64.6–76.5%) from main soak liquor sample obtained from a different tannery. In conclusion, lichen extracts may have potential antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties against the mixed culture of bacteria from tank surface, pre-and main soak liquor samples and maybe alternatively utilized in the leather industry.
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Rajeswari, S., S. Vidhya, R. Navanietha Krishnaraj, P. Saravanan, S. Sundarapandiyan, S. Maruthamuthu, S. Ponmariappan, and M. Vijayan. "Utilization of soak liquor in microbial fuel cell." Fuel 181 (October 2016): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.121.

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Lakshmi, K., K. Yamuna, and V. S. Gayathri. "Evaluation of Common Herbs for Treating Soak Liquor of Tannery." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.167.

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Wastewater is a very turbid liquid with an offensive smell in most cases. Its composition varies from large floating or suspended solids to smaller suspended solids, very small solids in colloidal form and chemical impurities as dissolved substances. This makes the treatment complicated and hence it is essential to adopt more than one type of treatment method. It is a common practice to carry out cost effective pre treatment to make the actual treatment less tedious and more effective. Chemical impurities such as sulphides, sulphates, chloride, oil and greases are usually found at the second stage of tannery effluent. The pH of tannery effluent ranges from 5.5 to 10. This work explores common herbs as a viable pre treatment option for non – chromium tannery effluent.
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Gopinath, Arun, Nagarajan Vedaraman, Balaraman Madhan, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Magesh Peter, and Ramalingam Kirubagaran. "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Based Skin Preservation: Solving the Soak Liquor Effluent Crisis of the Leather Industry." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v115i4.3801.

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Salt-based preservation of hides/skins contributes to about 50% total dissolved solids (TDS) in tannery wastewaters. In this study, raw skins have been preserved by exposing them to a continuous flow of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) in a pressurized reactor. The process was carried out in reactors of two different capacities to ensure scalability. The skins thus dried could be stored at room temperature for a period of 30 days. The SCCO2–dried skins were less conducive for microbial growth than wet-salted skins. The soak liquor of SCCO2–dehydrated skin showed a 90% reduction in chloride content and significantly lower BOD and COD levels than soak liquor from wet-salted skins. The leathers produced from SCCO2-preserved skins and wet-salted skin had no significant quality differences. As SCCO2 systems have been reported as alternatives to all other unit operations, establishing SCCO2–based preservation will complete the circle of total leather manufacture with SCCO2.
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Sesha Girish, G. V. S., and A. Mani. "Analysis of forced convective evaporation system for tannery effluent (soak liquor)." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 30, no. 5 (July 2003): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1933(03)00110-6.

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Lefebvre, O., N. Vasudevan, M. Torrijos, K. Thanasekaran, and R. Moletta. "Anaerobic digestion of tannery soak liquor with an aerobic post-treatment." Water Research 40, no. 7 (April 2006): 1492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.004.

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Kumar, S. Sathish, and A. Mani. "Measurement of physical and transport properties of tannery effluent (soak liquor)." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 34, no. 3 (March 2007): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2006.12.004.

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Caglayan, P. "Isolation and Identification of Moderately Halophilic Bacteria from Soak Liquor Samples Collected of Leather Tanneries." Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association 118, no. 7 (July 3, 2023): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.34314/jalca.v118i7.7857.

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Isolation and identification of protease and lipase producing moderately halophilic bacteria from soak liquor samples and studying their adverse effects to the sheepskin using scanning electron microscopy may provide critical data on decomposition of raw hide/skin materials during soaking process. Moreover, enzyme-production properties of the moderately halophilic isolates (such as catalase, oxidase, lipase, protease, urease, caseinase, amylase, cellulase, pullulanase, xylanase) were determined. The effects of different NaCl concentrations, pH and temperature values on the growth of moderately halophilic bacterial isolates were tested. In the present study, four moderately halophilic bacterial isolates were isolated and selected for further experiments. The isolated species designated as SLMHB5, SLMHB10, SLMHB12, SLMHB13 were similar to Vibrio alginolyticus, Terribacillus halophilus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus species, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs of sheepskin samples demonstrated that enzymatic activities of moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from soak liquor samples which decomposed the skin structure. After 35-days storage period, the sheepskin sample showed bad odor, sticky appearance and hair slip. Hence, it is recommended to control these microorganisms during the soaking process with an effective antimicrobial agent.
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Lefebvre, O., N. Vasudevan, M. Torrijos, K. Thanasekaran, and R. Moletta. "Halophilic biological treatment of tannery soak liquor in a sequencing batch reactor." Water Research 39, no. 8 (April 2005): 1471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.12.038.

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Rajeswari, S., S. Vidhya, S. Sundarapandiyan, P. Saravanan, S. Ponmariappan, and K. Vidya. "Improvement in treatment of soak liquor by combining electro-oxidation and biodegradation." RSC Advances 6, no. 53 (2016): 47220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra28076a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Soak liquor"

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Taraphdar, Asutosh. "Studies on recycling of soak liquor and salt (NaC1) recovery." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2013. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1517.

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Shabalina, Evgenia. "Deformations and instabilities of soap films." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S035/document.

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Les mousses liquides soumises à du cisaillement présentent une très grande viscosité, mais l'origine locale de la dissipation se produisant pendant cette déformation est encore mal comprise. Dans le but d'apporter quelques éléments de réponses à cette importante question ouverte, notre travail décrit le comportement observé sur quelques films connectés lorsqu'une déformation leur est appliquée. Nous avons créé un montage permettant de fabriquer un pattern élémentaire de mousse, et de modifier la taille de chaque film en contrôlant la géométrie du cadre qui le supporte. Ce montage original, auquel s'ajoute une combinaison d'appareils optiques, nous permet de révéler les processus se produisant dans le film, notamment la compétition entre son allongement ou compression, et l'extraction d'un nouveau film depuis les ménisques raccordant les films. Nous montrons de plus que cette compétition dynamique dans un film donné est affectée par la déformation de ses premiers et seconds films voisins. La géométrie particulière du montage nous a également permis de découvrir et de décrire pour la première fois une instabilité gravitationnelle se produisant lorsqu'un film épais se situe au-dessus d'un film plus mince. Nous avons mesuré la longueur d'onde de l'instabilité et l'avons comparée à des prédictions théoriques en régime linéaire. Ces différents écoulements affectent la distribution d'épaisseur dans le film, et peuvent ainsi jouer un rôle important sur la viscosité ou sur la stabilité des mousses 3D. Finalement, le montage utilisé pourra s'avérer utile à l'avenir comme rhéomètre de films liquides
Liquid foams under shearing exhibit a large effective viscosity, and the understanding of the local origin of the dissipation occurring during deformation is unknown. In the aim to contribute to this important open problem, we tried to describe the behavior of a few connected films under deformation. We created a setup allowing to make an elementary foam sample and to modify each film size by controlling the shape of the deformable frame supporting the films. This original setup together with a combination of optical devices allowed us to reveal processes happening in the film, and especially the competition between film stretch or compression, and extraction of a new film from the menisci connecting the films. Importantly, we show that this dynamical competition in a given film is affected by the deformation of its first and even second neighbors. The unique geometry of the setup gave us the opportunity to discover and describe for the first time a gravitational instability which takes place when a thicker film is on top of a thinner one. We measured the wavelength and compared it to theoretical predictions in the linear regime. These different flows affect the thickness distribution, and may thus play an important role in the viscosity or in the stability of 3D foams. As a perspective, the designed setup could prove to be useful as a liquid film rheometer
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Toeque, Sanubo II. "The development of indigenous liquid soap for the prevention of infectious diseases in impoverished rural communities." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10253874.

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This industrial project is designed to develop a chemical process for the formulation of liquid soap. Three ingredients required to make liquid soap are rainwater, oil, and potassium hydroxide. These three ingredients, when mixed to exhibit a chemical reaction, generate the saponification reaction and can produce soap and byproduct glycerol. The liquid soap is made from indigenous materials including coconut oil, palm oil, rainwater, cinnamon hydrosol, and potassium hydroxide extracted from wood ash as well as commercially available materials including potassium hydroxide.

The Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) measures the functional groups, while the surface tension measures the critical micelle concentration; both instruments measure the standard Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS). The SDS results are then compared to oils, soap products, and byproduct glycerol. These measurements are made to determine the effectiveness of soap and to compare the wood ash potassium hydroxide with commercially available potassium hydroxide in the soap products.

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Hjalmarson, Inger-Johanne. "Metod för provtagning av svartlut och analys av såpa i svartlut." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157584.

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In paper pulp production, many details can be optimized. For optimal separation of soap from black liquor, it is important to know the amount of soap in the black liquor. A project to produce a method for sampling black liquor and a method for measuring how much soap is present in black liquor by centrifugation was done at Södra Cell Mönsterås. Through centrifugation faster analysis can be done. It took a long time to develop a satisfactory sampling method, but with the help of careful checking of temperature and time, a method was achieved that worked at temperatures between 90 and 100°C, which were the temperatures that were most frequently found, but are higher than the optimum temperature for soap separation. The black liquor turned out to be inhomogeneous, so the project failed to obtain an optimal analysis method within the framework of this project. In the experiment, the centrifuge settings were optimized to 87°C, 2500 rpm and 10 minutes Further attempts could provide more optimal settings for the centrifuge and a substitute for black liquor could make a validation of the centrifuge possible.
Pappersmassaproduktion är komplex, och en rad faktorer kan optimeras. En viktig parameter vid såpavskiljning är innehållet såpa i svartlut eftersom en värdefull produkt, tallolja utvinns av såpa. Projektet syftar till att ta fram en metod för provtagning av svartlut och en metod för att mäta halten såpa i svartluten genom centrifugering. Genom centrifugering kan snabbare analyser göras.  Arbetet har utförts på Södra Cell Mönsterås. Arbetet att utveckla en tillfredsställande provtagningsmetod var komplicerad, men med hjälp av noggrann koll på temperatur och tid uppnåddes en metod som fungerade vid temperaturer mellan 90 och 100°C, vilket var de temperaturer som oftast fanns, men som är högre än optimal temperatur för såpavskiljning. Svartluten visade sig vara inhomogen, därför lyckades det inte att få fram en optimal analysmetod inom ramen av detta projekt. I försöket optimerades centrifugens inställningar till 87°C, 2500 rpm (varv per minut) och 10 minuter. Vidare försök skulle kunna ge mer optimala inställningar för centrifugen genom den utvecklade prov, och ett substitut för svartlut skulle kunne göra en validering av centrifugen möjlig.
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Migliato, Ketylin Fernanda. "Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels-jambolão : estudo farmacognóstico, otimização do processo extrativo, determinação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato e avaliação da atividade anti-séptica de um sabonete líquido contendo o referido extrato /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88601.

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Resumo: Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento e produção destes produtos, desde a coleta do vegetal até a disponibilidade do produto final. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo farmacognóstico do fruto de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, popularmente conhecido como jambolão, no qual foram destacadas a otimização do processo extrativo, a determinação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato bruto e a avaliação desta atividade após sua incorporação em um sabonete líquido. Análise fitoquímica preliminar dos frutos de S. cumini (L.) Skeels evidenciou taninos, flavonóides, antocianidinas, iridóides, alcalóides e heterosídeos fenólicos simples. Tendo como parâmetros o resíduo seco e a atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos foram testados frente aos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans e Candida krusei. Por meio da análise fatorial dos resultados do planejamento experimental, onde foi empregada granulometria de 0,302 mm do pó seco do fruto, constatou-se que a percolação constitui o melhor procedimento extrativo, e a mistura etanol: água (50:50) constitui o melhor solvente. Para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do extrato foram usados os microrganismos S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis, partindo de uma concentração inicial de 10000 ìg/100 ìL. A concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foi de 1250 ìg/100 ìL para a S. aureus, 625 ìg/100 ìL para a S. epidermidis e 2500 ìg/100 ìL para a P. aeruginosa e para a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) foi de 2500 ìg/100 ìL. A incorporação do extrato de S. cumini... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abastract: The quality of the phytomedicines must be assured by means of close observation of the different stages of their development and production, which starts at the moment the plant is collected and finishes at the moment the product is put on the market. A pharmacognostic study of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeelsfruits (popularly known as “jambolão”) was then performed, pointing out the optimization of the extractive process, the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the crude extract, and the assessment of such activity after its incorporation into the liquid soap. The phytochemical screening from the fruits of S. cumini (L.) Skeels demonstrated tannins, flavonoids, anthocyanins, iridoids, alkaloids and simple phenol heterosides. By using dry residue content and antimicrobial activity assessment methodologies, a fatorial analysis was accomplished, and considering a dry fruit powder granulometry of 0.302 mm, the results indicated percolation as the best extraction method, and the mixture ethanol: water (50:50) as the best solvent concentration. The microorganisms S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis were used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract, starting from 10000 æg/100 æL. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) to S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa were 1250 æg/100 æL, 625 æg/100 æL and 2500 æg/100 æL respectively. And a minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of 2500 æg/100 æL. The liquid soap was then formulated, and had S. cumini (L.) Skeels extract added to its formulation leading, therefore, to an antiseptic activity that proved to be favorable considering the good results obtained. In the presence of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa at concentrations of 625 æg/100 æL, 312.5 æg/100 æL, and 1250 æg/100 æL, respectively... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).
Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Coorientador: Marcos Antonio Corrêa
Banca: Vera Lucia Borges Isaac Rangel
Banca: Telma Mary Kaneko
Mestre
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Fiorentino, Flávia Angélica Másquio [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento e controle de qualidade de formulação cosmética contendo digluconato de clorexidina." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91688.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os sabonetes são preparações destinadas à higiene e conhecidos há mais de 4000 anos. São constituídos por sais de ácidos graxos com propriedades detergentes, resultantes da saponificação entre ácidos graxos superiores e seus glicerídeos à custa de um material alcalino. Podem ser incorporados com diversas substâncias que possuem algum efeito terapêutico ou preventivo sobre a pele, por facilitarem o contato de tais substâncias com o tecido alvo. Porém, isto nem sempre é possível. Por tratar-se de um tensoativo aniônico carboxilado e ter elevada alcalinidade, muitos dos materiais ou ativos a serem incorporados a este tipo de preparação podem apresentar instabilidade. Com o advento dos detergentes sintéticos tal situação pode ser contornada, e apesar de constituírem-se também em tensoativos aniônicos, e por terem origem em ácidos fortes, permitem o preparo de sabonetes líquidos não alcalinos e apresentam maior compatibilidade frente a diversos ativos. Entre as diversas possibilidades de ativos, os agentes antimicrobianos, merecem atenção especial, uma vez que encontra nos sabonetes um excelente veículo para desempenhar sua função na assepsia da pele. A clorexidina é um anti-séptico de amplo espectro de ação, sendo ativo frente a bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, fungos, leveduras e vírus. Atua sobre a membrana celular causando perda de material intracelular, tais como ácido nucléico e potássio, inibição respiratória e coagulação citoplasmática. Pode apresentar-se na forma de diversos sais como acetato, cloridrato, gluconato e digluconato. Neste trabalho foram estudadas formulações contendo solução de digluconato de clorexidina. A solução amostra utilizada para preparação dos sabonetes foi avaliada quanto a alguns parâmetros como pH, densidade relativa, ponto de fusão, cromatografia em camada delgada, espectroscopia...
The soaps are preparation for hygiene and they are well known for 4000 years ago. They are constituited by salts of fatty acids with detergent properties, resulting from saponification of fatty acids superiorities and glycerides using an alkaline material. They may be incorporated with several substances that have a preventive or therapeutic effect on the skin, by facilitating the contact of such substances with the target tissue. However, this is not always possible. The soaps are anionic surfactant and carboxylic and they have high alkalinity, many of the materials or activities to be incorporated into this type of preparation may be instable. With the advent of synthetic detergents such situation can be avoided, and despite of they be also anionic surfactants, and are based on strong acids, allow the preparation of liquid soaps and alkali not have greater compatibility front of several assets. Among the various possibilities of active, antimicrobial agents deserve special attention, since the soap is an excellent vehicle to perform its function in the asepsis of the skin. The chlorhexidine is an antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Chlorhexidine is an excellent antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Acts on the cell membrane causing loss of intracellular material, such as nucleic acid and potassium, respiration inhibition and cytoplasmic coagulation. The salts of chlorhexidine can be acetate, hydrochloride, gluconate and digluconate. In this work formulation were studied with solution of chlorhexidine digluconate. The sample solution employed to prepare the liquid soaps was evaluated for some parameters such as pH, relative density, melting point, thin-layer chromatography... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Herranz, Andressa Pasini. "Qualidade física, química e antimicrobiana de sabões líquidos elaborados com óleo residual de fritura e diferentes agentes saponificantes." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2013. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4567.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The residual oils obtained from the process of frying food are considered hazardous waste by the ministry of environment, due to their degradative nature when improperly discarded in soil and groundwater. Thousands of tons of this waste are produced daily across the country, and more than half are discarded improperly, because no public policies that encourage proper disposal and even recycling of these oils. Soaps are carboxylic salts can be made from these wastes, becoming an alternative to the recycling of frying oils, promoting sustainable development. Liquid soaps are widely used either as cleaning products or toiletries, however the use of frying oils in these products, delimits the knowledge still popular, with little initiative industries in marketing these products. Therefore, this work was developed with the aim to formulate liquid soaps with residual oil in a frying food industry, different pHs (8, 10, 12 and 14) and saponified by different bases (KOH / NaOH). The soaps were evaluated for their technological qualities, divided into physical (foaming ability, solubility, viscosity and cleaning), chemical properties (acidity and alkalinity free) and microbiological (minimal inhibitory concentration for E. coli and S. aureus). The two tests with liquid soaps KOH or NaOH, were processed under mechanical stirring and soaps obtained at pH 8, 10, 12 and 14 using KOH or HCL / NaOH to correct pH. Liquid soaps with KOH showed characteristics less viscous than treatments with NaOH (propensity for solidification) confirming the better employment of this base in the production of liquid soaps. The cleaning power of soaps with KOH and NaOH was similar (yield around 93% of the ability to clean greasy surfaces to soiling 87% with low levels of fats), increasing with an increase in pH of the formulations. Liquid soaps with KOH and NaOH, showed good ability of foaming, however the best solubilization capacity (water, ethanol, methanol, acetone and petroleum ether), was acquired with soaps with KOH (pH 10, 12 and 14), soaps pH 8 were sparingly soluble in both assays (KOH / NaOH). The antibacterial analysis, through minimum inhibitory concentration showed that soaps with NaOH able to inhibit the cultivation of S. aureus and E. coli, a smaller amount (6.25 and 25%, respectively) than the soap with KOH (at least 50% of soap and 100). The kinetic model that best fit the values obtained for pH was processing the first order. Both trials evaluated had technological characteristics favorable for their marketing, with soaps with more alkaline pH may be intended for industrial use, since its high pH does not allow it to be handled by untrained people. Soaps with lower pHs (8, 10), may be destined for domestic or commercial, allowing a good efficiency of their application.
Os óleos residuais obtidos do processo de frituras de alimentos são considerados resíduos perigosos pelo ministério do meio ambiente, devido a sua natureza degradativa quando descartados incorretamente, nos solos e águas. Milhares de toneladas deste resíduo são produzidos diariamente em todo o país, sendo que mais da metade é descartada de maneira incorreta, por não haver políticas públicas que incentivem o descarte correto e até mesmo a reciclagem destes óleos. Os sabões são sais carboxílicos que podem ser produzidos a partir destes resíduos, tornando-se uma alternativa para a reutilização dos óleos de frituras, favorecendo o desenvolvimento sustentável. Os sabões líquidos, são amplamente utilizados, seja como produtos de limpeza ou de higiene pessoal, entretanto a utilização dos óleos de frituras nestes produtos, ainda se delimita à conhecimentos populares, com pouca iniciativa das indústrias em comercializar estes produtos. Neste contexto este trabalho foi desenvolvido, com o objetivo de formular sabões líquidos com óleo residual de fritura de uma indústria alimentícia, de diferentes pHs (8, 10, 12 e 14) e saponificados por diferentes bases (KOH/ NaOH). Os sabões foram avaliados quanto às suas qualidades tecnológicas, dividas em físicas (capacidade de formação de espuma, de solubilidade, de limpar e viscosidade), químicas (alcalinidade e acidez livre) e microbiológicas (concentração inibitória mínima para E. coli e S. aureus). Os dois ensaios de sabões líquidos com KOH ou NaOH, foram processados sob agitação mecânica e obtidos sabões com pH 8, 10, 12 e 14 utilizando-se HCL ou KOH/ NaOH para corrigir os pHs. Os sabões líquidos com KOH apresentaram características menos viscosas do que os tratamentos com NaOH (propensão à solidificação) confirmando a melhor empregabilidade desta base na produção de sabões líquidos. O poder de limpeza dos sabões com KOH e NaOH foi similar (obtendo ao redor de 93% de capacidade de limpar superfícies gordurosas 87% para sujidades com baixos teores de gorduras), aumentando conforme houve um aumento do pH das formulações. Os sabões líquidos com KOH e NaOH, apresentaram boa capacidade de formação de espuma, entretanto a melhor capacidade de solubilização (água, etanol, metanol acetona e éter de petróleo), foi adquirida com os sabões com KOH (pH 10, 12 e 14), os sabões de pH 8 foram limitadamente solúvel nos dois ensaios (KOH / NaOH). A análise antimicrobiana, por meio da concentração inibitória mínima, mostrou que os sabões com NaOH conseguiram inibir as culturas de S. aureus e E. coli, em quantidade menores (6,25 e 25% respectivamente) do sabão do que os com KOH (mínima de 50 e 100% do sabão). O modelo cinético que melhor se ajustou aos valores obtidos para o pH do processamento foi o de primeira ordem. Os dois ensaios avaliados apresentaram características tecnológicas favoráveis para a sua comercialização, sendo que os sabões com pHs mais alcalinos podem ser destinados para uso industrial, já que seu pH elevado não permite que seja manipulado por pessoas não treinadas. Os sabões com pHs menores (8 e 10), podem ser destinados para o uso doméstico ou comercial, permitindo uma boa eficiência de sua aplicação.
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Fiorentino, Flávia Angélica Másquio. "Desenvolvimento e controle de qualidade de formulação cosmética contendo digluconato de clorexidina /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91688.

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Resumo: Os sabonetes são preparações destinadas à higiene e conhecidos há mais de 4000 anos. São constituídos por sais de ácidos graxos com propriedades detergentes, resultantes da saponificação entre ácidos graxos superiores e seus glicerídeos à custa de um material alcalino. Podem ser incorporados com diversas substâncias que possuem algum efeito terapêutico ou preventivo sobre a pele, por facilitarem o contato de tais substâncias com o tecido alvo. Porém, isto nem sempre é possível. Por tratar-se de um tensoativo aniônico carboxilado e ter elevada alcalinidade, muitos dos materiais ou ativos a serem incorporados a este tipo de preparação podem apresentar instabilidade. Com o advento dos detergentes sintéticos tal situação pode ser contornada, e apesar de constituírem-se também em tensoativos aniônicos, e por terem origem em ácidos fortes, permitem o preparo de sabonetes líquidos não alcalinos e apresentam maior compatibilidade frente a diversos ativos. Entre as diversas possibilidades de ativos, os agentes antimicrobianos, merecem atenção especial, uma vez que encontra nos sabonetes um excelente veículo para desempenhar sua função na assepsia da pele. A clorexidina é um anti-séptico de amplo espectro de ação, sendo ativo frente a bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas, fungos, leveduras e vírus. Atua sobre a membrana celular causando perda de material intracelular, tais como ácido nucléico e potássio, inibição respiratória e coagulação citoplasmática. Pode apresentar-se na forma de diversos sais como acetato, cloridrato, gluconato e digluconato. Neste trabalho foram estudadas formulações contendo solução de digluconato de clorexidina. A solução amostra utilizada para preparação dos sabonetes foi avaliada quanto a alguns parâmetros como pH, densidade relativa, ponto de fusão, cromatografia em camada delgada, espectroscopia... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The soaps are preparation for hygiene and they are well known for 4000 years ago. They are constituited by salts of fatty acids with detergent properties, resulting from saponification of fatty acids superiorities and glycerides using an alkaline material. They may be incorporated with several substances that have a preventive or therapeutic effect on the skin, by facilitating the contact of such substances with the target tissue. However, this is not always possible. The soaps are anionic surfactant and carboxylic and they have high alkalinity, many of the materials or activities to be incorporated into this type of preparation may be instable. With the advent of synthetic detergents such situation can be avoided, and despite of they be also anionic surfactants, and are based on strong acids, allow the preparation of liquid soaps and alkali not have greater compatibility front of several assets. Among the various possibilities of active, antimicrobial agents deserve special attention, since the soap is an excellent vehicle to perform its function in the asepsis of the skin. The chlorhexidine is an antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Chlorhexidine is an excellent antiseptic of wide spectrum of action, being active against the bacteria Gram-positive and Gram-negative, fungi, yeasts and viruses. Acts on the cell membrane causing loss of intracellular material, such as nucleic acid and potassium, respiration inhibition and cytoplasmic coagulation. The salts of chlorhexidine can be acetate, hydrochloride, gluconate and digluconate. In this work formulation were studied with solution of chlorhexidine digluconate. The sample solution employed to prepare the liquid soaps was evaluated for some parameters such as pH, relative density, melting point, thin-layer chromatography... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Hérida Regina Nunes Salgado
Coorientador: Marcos Antonio Corrêa
Banca: Maria José Vieira Fonseca
Banca: Maria Stella Gonçalves Raddi
Mestre
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Migliato, Ketylin Fernanda [UNESP]. "Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels-jambolão: estudo farmacognóstico, otimização do processo extrativo, determinação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato e avaliação da atividade anti-séptica de um sabonete líquido contendo o referido extrato." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88601.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-03-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 migliato_kf_me_arafcf.pdf: 1875341 bytes, checksum: d481230199181f6f022dc8cadc5234d6 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Considerando-se a qualidade dos fitoterápicos, é importante salientar que a preocupação com esta questão inclui rigoroso acompanhamento das diferentes etapas do desenvolvimento e produção destes produtos, desde a coleta do vegetal até a disponibilidade do produto final. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo farmacognóstico do fruto de Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, popularmente conhecido como jambolão, no qual foram destacadas a otimização do processo extrativo, a determinação da atividade antimicrobiana do extrato bruto e a avaliação desta atividade após sua incorporação em um sabonete líquido. Análise fitoquímica preliminar dos frutos de S. cumini (L.) Skeels evidenciou taninos, flavonóides, antocianidinas, iridóides, alcalóides e heterosídeos fenólicos simples. Tendo como parâmetros o resíduo seco e a atividade antimicrobiana, os extratos foram testados frente aos microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans e Candida krusei. Por meio da análise fatorial dos resultados do planejamento experimental, onde foi empregada granulometria de 0,302 mm do pó seco do fruto, constatou-se que a percolação constitui o melhor procedimento extrativo, e a mistura etanol: água (50:50) constitui o melhor solvente. Para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do extrato foram usados os microrganismos S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, C. krusei e C. parapsilosis, partindo de uma concentração inicial de 10000 ìg/100 ìL. A concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) foi de 1250 ìg/100 ìL para a S. aureus, 625 ìg/100 ìL para a S. epidermidis e 2500 ìg/100 ìL para a P. aeruginosa e para a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM) foi de 2500 ìg/100 ìL. A incorporação do extrato de S. cumini... .
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Massey, Karen A., Anna M. Snelling, and Anna Nicolaou. "Quantitative analysis of surfactant deposits on human skin by liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry." Wiley, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4574.

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no
Surfactants are commonly used as cleansing agents and yet there are concerns they may also have a role in skin irritation. Presently, the lack of suitable methods for quantitative and qualitative analysis of surfactant deposition on skin has hindered the in-depth investigation of such effects. Here, we report the application of reverse phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) assays for two surfactants commonly used in consumer products, namely sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLES) and laurylamidopropyl betaine (LAPB), to a baseline study aiming to assess deposition levels on human skin. The linearity of the assays was established at 3-20 ng, with coefficient of variation below 5%. Detection limits were 100 pg for LAPB and 1 ng for SLES; quantitation limits were 500 pg for LAPB and 2.5 ng for SLES. The baseline study was conducted using a panel of 40 healthy volunteers. Skin extract samples were taken in triplicate from forearms, using ethanol. SLES was detected on most volunteers, with 75% of them having SLES deposits in the range of 100-600 ng/cm2. LAPB was detected on the skin of all volunteers with 85% of them having deposit levels within the concentration range of 1-100 ng/cm2. These results demonstrate the extent to which commonly used surfactants remain on the skin during the day. The analytical methods reported here can be applied to the investigation of surfactants in relation to general skin condition and the development and optimisation of new consumer wash products.
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Books on the topic "Soak liquor"

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Making natural liquid soaps: Herbal shower gels, conditioning shampoos, moisturizing hand soaps, luxurious bubble baths, and more--. Pownal, VT: Storey Books, 2000.

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J, Sluckin Timothy, ed. Soap, science, and flat-screen TVs: A history of liquid crystals. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Yi xue jiu hui de shi yong ye tai zao: Handmade liquid soap. Taibei Shi: Yi feng tang chu ban she, 2016.

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Uloth, Victor Charles. Waste fatty acid addition to black liquor to decrease tall oil soap solubility and increase skimming efficiency in kraft mills pulping mountain pine beetle-infested wood. Victoria, B.C: Pacific Forestry Centre, 2009.

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DIY Liquid Soap Making : Homemade Liquid Soap Recipes Using: Liquid Soad Ideas. Independently Published, 2022.

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GREGORY, Daniels. DIY Liquid Soap Making: Homemade Liquid Soap Recipes Using. Independently Published, 2021.

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Davis, Glennetta. DIY Liquid Soap: DIY Liquid Soap with Many Different Uses. Independently Published, 2022.

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LOUIS, John. Liquid Soap Making Guide: Comprehensive Guide Book on Liquid Soap Making for Beginners. Independently Published, 2021.

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Bomberger, Erma. Liquid Soap Making 102: How to Start Your Own Homemade Liquid Soap Business. Independently Published, 2018.

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Dothard, Lindsay. Homemade Liquid Soap: Learning to Make a Liquid Soap Through These Simple Tutorials. Independently Published, 2022.

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Book chapters on the topic "Soak liquor"

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Maharaja, P., E. Nanthini, S. Swarnalatha, and G. Sekaran. "Studies on the Production of Salt-Tolerant Alkaline Protease Isolated from Proteus mirabilis and Its Degradation of Hyper-Saline Soak Liquor." In Environmental Pollution, 439–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5792-2_35.

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Oasmaa, A., P. McKeough, E. Kuoppala, and H. Kyllönen. "Liquid-Phase Thermal Treatment of Tall Oil Soap into Hydrocarbon Fuels." In Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 696–710. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1559-6_55.

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Kundu, Arnab, Sirsendu Mahata, Manish Mukhopadhyay, Ayan Banerjee, Bijoy Mandal, and Santanu Das. "Grinding of Inconel 718 Using Soap Water Jet and Liquid Carbon Dioxide." In Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Science, 293–300. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76276-0_29.

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Fajriyah, Nuniek Nizmah, Khusna Santika Rahmasari, Urmatul Waznah, and Herni Rejeki. "Cleanse and Protect: Harnessing the Antibacterial Power of Guava Leaves in Liquid Soap Antiseptic Formulation." In Proceedings of the 4th Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities and Social Science 2022 (BIS-HSS 2022), 43–55. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-118-0_6.

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Arifin, Fatahul, Yusuf Dewantoro Herlambang, Irawan Malik, Yahya, Eka Satria Martomi, Habib Sultan, and M. Amir Alfayyid. "Optimization of CFD Simulation of Mixer Machine for Liquid Soap Machine with Capacity of 160 Liters." In Proceedings of the 7th FIRST 2023 International Conference on Global Innovations (FIRST-ESCSI 2023), 169–76. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-386-3_19.

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Ranimol, G., C. B. Devipriya, and Swetha Sunkar. "Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies for the Evaluation of Laccase Mediated Biodegradation of Triclosan." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 205–13. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_20.

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AbstractTriclosan (TCA) is an antibacterial and antimicrobial compound that is incorporated into toothpaste, soap, and liquid dishwasher. Continuous TCA exposure may contribute to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the microbiome. Triclosan also reacts to form dioxins, which bioaccumulate and are toxic to aquatic organisms, impedes the thyroid hormone metabolism of the human body. Laccases are multi copper-containing enzymes that can degrade the aromatic compounds and thus reduce their toxicity. To effectively degrade the compound, it is essential to understand the molecular function of the enzyme. Hence, a molecular docking study of laccase enzymes with Triclosan was done. The Tramates versicolor laccase structure was retrieved from PDB and ligand structure was taken from Pubchem. The binding mode and interaction of TCA and laccase were studied using Auto dock Vina software and the stability of the docked complex had been explored via Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation study using Schrodinger Desmonde. The binding affinity score was found to be −6.5kcal/mol. The majority of the residues in RMSF were within the 2.5Å limit. The radius of gyration remained within the range from 21.7 to 22.1Å for Laccase – TCA complex throughout the 50 ns simulation. MD simulation results show that the enzyme complex remains stable all through the catalytic action.
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Bachmann, W., and R. Zsigmondy. "Ultramicroscopic studies on soap solutions and soap gels." In Liquid Crystals Book Series, 588–99. CRC Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203022658.ch1e.

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"Liquid Hand Soap and Body Wash." In Liquid Detergents, 471–506. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027907-15.

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Weaire, Denis, and Stefan Hutzler. "Imaging and probing foam structure." In The Physics of Foams, 56–74. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505518.003.0005.

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Abstract If, however, the liquid be viscid and tenacious, like soap and wate1; the air is […] imprisoned in the mass, producing the appearance which is commonly called lather. Philosophy in Sport Made Science in Earnest. (1853), John Murray, London. An heroic labour, often discussed but never repeated, was undertaken by the botanist Edwin Matzke in the 1940s. Matzke produced soap bubbles of equal size by use of a syringe that he dipped into a soap solution. The bubbles were then placed one by one into a glass container.
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Harmalker, Subhash, and Kuo-Yann Lai. "Liquid Hand Soap and Body Wash." In Surfactant Science, 451–86. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420027907.ch11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Soak liquor"

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Rajamani, Sengoda Gounder, and Arnold Mulder. "Ecological Friendly Production Process and Waste Treatment for Circular Economy in Leather Tanning Industries." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.iv.11.

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Ecological friendly processes with recovery of salt, chemicals and water for reuse in the tanning process as well as from liquid and solid waste are necessary for the promotion of circular economy.Recent developments in cleaner production and treatment process by reducing volume of effluent and pollution discharges, recovery of quality salt in the segregated streams such as saline soak liquor, spent chrome liquor and adoption of advanced aerobic oxidation process in the treatment system resulted in the recovery of purified salt, quality chromium and water for reuse. The achievements of innovative cleaner production and effluent treatment for promotion of circular economy are: Reduction in water usage in soaking process from 6000-8000 liters to less than 3000 liters/ ton of hides, Separate treatment of saline streams and recovery of quality salt, chromium in the form of cake / powder and Replacement of physiochemical treatment into biological treatment reduction in chemical usage and sludge generation by more than 60%. Viable cleaner production and sustainable treatment technologies had been engineered and are being implemented in many major leather clusters and Common Effluent Treatment Plants.
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Rajamani, Sengoda Gounder. "Innovative ecological processes with recovery of chemicals and water for reuse in leather sector - an economical and sustainable approach." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.iii.15.

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The effluent discharged from conventional process in textile dyeing and tanneries are unable to meet some of the discharge parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the existing physiochemical & biological treatment units. In addition to TDS management the control of volatile solids in hazardous category sludge is also becoming a necessity. To overcome these challenges faced by tanneries in the world leather, improved cleaner production, segregation of saline soak liquor and separate treatment, modified chrome recovery system and recovery of chromium & sodium chloride salt in the form of powder and quality water with TDS less than 500mg/l for reuse by tanneries have been developed for field application. Physiochemical treatment is converted into total biological treatment with sulphide oxidation using enzyme and biomass which resulted in 50% reduction in sludge generation. The secondary treated effluent and supernatant from chrome recovery system are processed with membrane units for recovery of high saline stream and quality salt for reuse in pickling process and other industrial requirement. These developments are being implemented at field level for cluster of nearly 400 tanneries in India which is first of its kind in the world.
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Kang, Suk Chae, and Daniel F. Baldwin. "Effect of Reflow Parameters on Solder Wetting." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35193.

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Reflow parameters during assembly are ramp rate, soak time, soak temperature, peak temperature, time above liquidus, and cooling rate. These reflow parameters constructs the temperature profile of reflow process and determine the quality of interconnects in the electronics products. To investigate the effect of reflow parameters on solder interconnect wetting, the wetting rate of a single liquid solder sphere on a metal substrate with variation of reflow parameters were experimentally measured and the constitutive model for the dynamics of solder wetting was suggested.
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Elabrashy, Manar, Zubair Khan, Haris Shakeel Abbasi, Ayesha Alsaeedi, Mohammed Al zeyoudi, Marinus Grutters, Eissa Al Mheiri, et al. "Unloading Liquid Loaded Wells- How Conventional Solutions Contribute to Sustainability Targets." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211241-ms.

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Abstract In the normal life of an oil or gas well, sometimes the well produce water in conjunction with the desired hydrocarbons. In the initial stage of life of the wells, the wells have sufficient energy to carry undesired water through the well bore and out of well to the surface. With the passage of time, the reservoir pressure depletes, and it leads to a decrease in well production. When this occurs the flowing pressure decrease and have an adverse effect on the well to carry and remove the undesired water being produced by the well. When the well can't carry said water out of the well bore it builds up in the production tubing and the well shuts off flow to the surface. Soap sticks are deployed on the wells to generate foam and to overcome the liquid loading, thereby reducing the surface tension and lowering the fluid density. The customer was experiencing liquid loading in many of its older gas wells which has a considerable impact on production targets. The liquid loading was a major challenge for the customer. The customer was using coil tubing and nitrogen kick off to offload the liquid loaded wells. The cost associated with nitrogen kick off was vey high. The customer was looking for a cost-effective solution to offload liquid loaded wells. This paper describes the application of Soap Sticks on liquid loaded wells and demonstrates that the use of Soap Sticks is cost effective and sustainable alternative to unloading by coil tubing. Initially, two liquid loaded wells were selected for Soap Sticks treatment. The data for two wells, Well X-1 and Well X-2 was used for analysis and to prepare best treatment plan. The Well X-1 was a deviated well with 4-1/2-inch single string completion. The well was producing 4944Mscf/d and 39 bbl/day liquids. The well was loaded up with water and was unable to deliver the desired production rates. As per the analysis, the Soap sticks were launched, and the well was unloaded successfully. The Well X-2 located in the same field and was a vertical well with 4-1/2" single string completion. Based on historical data, this well was producing around 4310 Mscf/day. The production from this well dropped to 1704Mscf/day and it was kept dropping continusly. Prior to the field trial the liquid column height was determined, and the required number of Soap Sticks was calculated for the candidate well. Commencing the field trial, Soap Sticks were dropped in the well and wellhead pressure was building up. After several hours of pressure build up the well was opened whilst monitoring the flow rate and wellhead pressure.
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Rajaram, Shalini, Aanchal Verma, Rajarshi Kar, Vinod Kumar Arora, Bindiya Gupta, and Sandhya Jain. "487 Liquid biopsy for diagnosing ovarian cancer- quantification of cell-free DNA and p53 mutational analysis." In ESGO SoA 2020 Conference Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ijgc-2020-esgo.143.

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Patsyk, Anatoly, Miguel A. Bandres, and Mordechai Segev. "Nondiffracting Beams in a Thin Liquid Soap Films." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2017.fw1d.6.

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Miller, Peter J. "Tunable birefringent filters using liquid crystals." In Space Optics for Astrophysics and Earth and Planetary Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/soa.1988.tud3.

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Abstract:
Liquid crystal materials may allow the construction of rapidly tunable filters with a variety of bandwidths. These filters would be built as birefringence filters which use the electro-optic properties of liquid crystals to achieve tunability. The most common liquid crystal device is the twisted-nematic cell, but the device of interest to us is called a 'flat-field' or non-twisted cell.
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Kongtun, S., and W. Suracherdkaiti. "Herbal Antibacterial Liquid Soap Development against Bacterial Skin Diseases." In Proceedings of the II International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2007). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812837554_0103.

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"The Processing of Coconut Oil into Solid Soap and Liquid Soap in Cangkarman Village, Bangkalan, Madura." In 4th International Seminar of Research Month. Galaxy Science, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/nstp.2019.0448.

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Ahn, Soyeon, Gi Hyen Lee, Yeong Seo Kim, Min Su Kim, Ji Su Kim, Byeong Kwon Choi, Srinivas Pagidi, and Min Yong Jeon. "Fiber-optic Temperature Sensor based on Cholesteric Liquid Crystals using 1250 nm band, >220 nm Wideband Wavelength-swept Laser." In Optical Fiber Sensors. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofs.2022.w4.67.

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We present a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC)-based optical fiber temperature sensor using a 1250 nm band wavelength-swept laser (WSL). The WSL is implemented using two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) with different center wavelengths connected in parallel in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in a laser resonator. At 3.6 kHz scanning frequency, the 10 dB bandwidth was about 223 nm from 1129 nm to 1352 nm. As the temperature of the CLC cell increased, the long-wavelength edge of the reflection band shifted to shorter wavelengths. The relationship between the temperature change and the central wavelength change of the reflection band was obtained to be almost linear.
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