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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Penner, M. J., and E. M. Burns. "The Dissociation of SOAEs and Tinnitus." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 30, no. 3 (September 1987): 396–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3003.396.

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Spontaneous oto-acoustic emissions (SOAEs) were detected in 1O of 29 subjects with tinnitus. Because measures of the pitch of tinnitus are highly variable, the relation between the frequency composition of the tinnitus and the frequencies of SOAEs can not be known precisely. This raises the question of whether an observed SOAE could be proven to be the physical basis of an audible tinnitus of unspecified composition. To examine this question, subjects with both SOAEs and tinnitus participated in two demonstrations. First, while the tinnitus was reportedly masked by a high-frequency tone, the SOAE was unchanged. Second, while the SOAE was suppressed, the tinnitus was reportedly audible. Although masking and suppression are not equivalent operations, these findings make it likely that the SOAE and the tinnitus are independent phenomena, at least for these subjects. Additional evidence of the dissociation of SOAEs and tinnitus in these subjects is provided by data showing that suppression tuning curves for SOAEs are frequency-specific, whereas tones at any frequency are equally effective in masking the tinnitus.

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2

Bulut, E., and L. Öztürk. "Spontaneous otoacoustic emission recordings during contralateral pure-tone activation of medial olivocochlear reflex." Physiology International 104, no. 2 (June 2017): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2060.104.2017.2.7.

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We hypothesized that cochlear frequency discrimination occurs through medial olivocochlear efferent (MOCE)-induced alterations in outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility, which is independent from basilar membrane traveling waves. After obtaining informed consent, volunteers with normal hearing (n = 10; mean age: 20.6 ± 1.2 years) and patients with unilateral deafness (n = 10; mean age: 30.2 ± 17.9 years) or bilateral deafness (n = 8; mean age: 30.7 ± 13.8 years) underwent a complete physical and audiological examination, and audiological tests including transient evoked otoacoustic emission and spontaneous otoacoustic emission (TEOAE and SOAE, respectively). SOAE recordings were performed during contralateral pure-tone stimuli at 1 and 3 kHz. SOAE recordings in the presence of contralateral pure-tone stimuli showed frequency-specific activation out of the initial frequency range of SOAE responses. Basilar membrane motion during pure-tone stimulation results from OHC activation by means of MOCE neurons rather than from a traveling wave. Eventually, frequency-specific responses obtained from SOAEs suggested that OHC electromotility may be responsible for frequency discrimination of the cochlea independently from basilar membrane motion.

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3

Biro, K., L. Noszek, P. Prekopp, K. Vehovszky, E. Nemeth, K. Nagyivanyi, L. Geczi, I. Gaudi, and I. Bodrogi. "Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE) changes in testicular cancer patients treated with cisplatin: A pilot study of whether the acute ototoxic effect of cisplatin treatment can be detected." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 15581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.15581.

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15581 Background: We studied the acute ototoxic effect of cisplatin in testicular cancer patients with two highly sensitive new methods for detecting high frequency hearing loss: distorsion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE). Methods: Checking the acute effect, 32 (63 ears) testicular cancer patients (median age: 33 years, range: 16–59 years) were measured on the first day of their first cycle and after one week of their last cycle of cisplatin treatment. 20 mg/m2 cisplatin was administered for five days, in BEP chemotherapy regimen. The patients got on the average 2.19 cycles (2–3 cycles). We also measured the SOAE of ten healthy control persons (without chemotherapy) matching sex and age distribution of this group. A detailed medical history evaluated audiological risk factors and hearing problems. Tympanometry, DPOAE and SOAE were measured, to detect the acute changes in the inner ear after low cumulative dose of cisplatin treatment. Paired t-test, and sign test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The DPOAE did not show any changes close after cisplatin treatment (average: 2.19 cycles, 2–3 cycles), similarly to our earlier results with pure tone audiometry (PTA) and transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (TOAE). But the SOAE showed significant, early changes in incidence, shape and amplitude, in the treated group. 66% of the SOAE changed after treatment (p=0,006). In the control group (20 ears) the SOAE never changed in a three months period. (It behaves as a fingerprint) Conclusions: DPOAE did not change significantly after 2 or 3 cycles of cisplatin treatment, similarly to our earlier results with PTA, and TOAE, but the change of the SOAE-incidence, shape and amplitude close after cisplatin treatment shows acute changes in the inner ear function (first described in the literature) after administration of low cumulative dose of cisplatin. This case is the first indication of the possible clinical relevance of SOAE. Our observation has to be confirmed in further studies, with larger number of patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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4

MISHIMA, TAKEKAZU. "The aging alternation of SOAE." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 40, no. 5 (1997): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.40.491.

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5

YOSHIKAWA, HIROSHI. "Effects of SOAE in EOAE records." AUDIOLOGY JAPAN 37, no. 5 (1994): 539–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4295/audiology.37.539.

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6

Manley, Geoffrey A., Ulrike Sienknecht, and Christine Köppl. "Calcium Modulates the Frequency and Amplitude of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions in the Bobtail Skink." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 5 (November 2004): 2685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00267.2004.

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Active processes in the inner ear of lizards can be monitored using spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAE) measured outside the eardrum. In the Australian bobtail lizard, SOAE are generated by an active motility process in the hair-cell bundle. This mechanism has been shown to be sensitive to the calcium-chelating agent 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid and is presumed to be related to the calcium-sensitive transduction-channel motor implicated in other nonmammalian hair cell systems. In studies of frog saccular and turtle auditory papillar hair cells in vitro, the frequency and amplitude of bundle oscillations depend on the concentration of calcium in the bathing solutions. In the present study, the calcium concentration in the endolymph was changed in vivo in the Australian bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa, and SOAE were monitored. Glass pipettes with large tips and containing different calcium concentrations in their fluids were introduced into scala media, and their contents were allowed to passively flow into the endolymph. Low calcium concentrations resulted in a downward shift in the frequency of SOAE spectral peaks and generally an increase in their amplitudes. Calcium concentrations >2 mM resulted in increases in frequency of SOAE peaks and generally a loss in amplitude. These frequency shifts were consistent with in vitro data on the frequencies and amplitudes of spontaneous oscillation of hair cell bundles and thus also implicate calcium ions in the generation of active motility in nonmammalian hair cells. The data also suggest that in this lizard species, the ionic calcium concentration in the cochlear endolymph is ≥1 mM.

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7

Penner, M. J. "Empirical Tests Demonstrating Two Coexisting Sources of Tinnitus." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 2 (June 1989): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3202.458.

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Empirical tests for a relation between tinnitus and spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) have been previously presented (Penner & Burns, 1987). Modification of these tests, however, is necessary for the special case reported here in which a female subject has tinnitus consisting of an annoying SOAE in the right ear and tinnitus unrelated to SOAEs in the left ear. This case is of interest because it provides a forum for extending the tests of Penner and Burns (1987) and because the extended tests can be used to prove that one subject's tinnitus can have two distinct sources.

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8

Dimitrios, Assimakopoulos. "Clinical investigation on spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE)." Auris Nasus Larynx 35, no. 4 (December 2008): 597–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2008.01.005.

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9

Plyukhova, Anna A., Maria V. Budzinskaya, Kirill M. Starostin, Robert Rejdak, Claudio Bucolo, Michele Reibaldi, and Mario D. Toro. "Comparative Safety of Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab, and Aflibercept for Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Direct Comparative Studies." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 1522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051522.

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Background: Since the efficacy of ranibizumab (RBZ), bevacizumab (BVZ) and aflibercept (AFB) is comparable in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the long-term safety profiles of these agents, including ocular safety. Methods: Systematic review identifying randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing RBZ, BVZ and AFB directly published before March 2019. Serious ocular adverse events (SOAE) of special interest were endophthalmitis, pseudo-endophthalmitis, retinal pigment epithelium tear and newly identified macular atrophy. Results: Thirteen RCTs selected for meta-analysis (4952 patients, 8723 people-years follow-up): 10 compared RBZ vs. BVZ and three RBZ vs. AFB. There were no significant differences in almost all adverse events (systemic and ocular) between BVZ, RBZ and AFB in up to two years’ follow-up. Macular atrophy was reported heterogeneously and not reported as SOAE in most trials. Conclusions: Direct comparison of RBZ, BVZ and AFB safety profiles in the RCT network meta-analytical setting have not revealed a consistent benefit of these three commonly used anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents in AMD. Network model ranking highlighted potential benefits of RBZ in terms of a systemic safety profile; however, this appears a hypothesis rather than a conclusion. Newly identified macular atrophy is underestimated in RCTs—future real-world data should be focused on SOAE.

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10

Kuroda, Tsutomu. "Clinical investigation on spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE) in 447 ears." Auris Nasus Larynx 34, no. 1 (March 2007): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2006.09.023.

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11

Zhao, Wei, and Sumitrajit Dhar. "Frequency tuning of the contralateral medial olivocochlear reflex in humans." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00051.2012.

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Activation of the medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferents attenuates cochlear gain and reduces the amplitudes of mechanical, electrical, and neural cochlear outputs. The functional roles of the MOC efferents are not fully understood, especially in humans, despite postulations that they are involved in protection against acoustic trauma, facilitation of transient-sound perception, etc. Delineating the frequency tuning properties of the MOC efferents would provide critical evidence to support or refute these postulated functional roles. By utilizing spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), a cochlear measure sensitive to MOC modulation, we systematically demonstrate in humans that the contralateral MOC reflex is tuned to a fixed frequency band between 500 and 1,000 Hz independent of SOAE frequency. Our results question the role of the MOC reflex in protection against acoustic trauma or facilitation of transient-sound perception.

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12

Moulin, A., L. Collet, and A. Morgon. "Influence of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emissions (SOAE) on Acoustic Distortion Product Input/Output Functions: Does the Medial Efferent System Act Differently in the Vicinity of an SOAE?" Acta Oto-Laryngologica 112, no. 2 (January 1992): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00016489.1992.11665406.

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13

Kuroda, Tsutomu, Satoshi Fukuda, Eiji Chida, Masaaki Kashiwamura, Michiya Matsumura, Ryuichiro Oowatari, Yukio Inuyama, and Nobukiyo Sato. "Influence of Spontaneous Otoacoustic Emission (SOAE) on Transiently Evoked Otoacoustic Emission (TEOAE)." Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho 103, no. 10 (2000): 1135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3950/jibiinkoka.103.1135.

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14

Sun, Wei, Dalian Ding, Sam Reyes, and Richard J. Salvi. "Effects of AC and DC stimulation on chinchilla SOAE amplitude and frequency." Hearing Research 150, no. 1-2 (December 2000): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(00)00195-7.

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15

Kuroda, Tsutomu. "Response to: Clinical investigation on spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE) in 447 ears." Auris Nasus Larynx 35, no. 4 (December 2008): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2008.01.004.

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16

Bergevin, Christopher, Geoffrey A. Manley, and Christine Köppl. "Salient features of otoacoustic emissions are common across tetrapod groups and suggest shared properties of generation mechanisms." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 11 (March 3, 2015): 3362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418569112.

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Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are faint sounds generated by healthy inner ears that provide a window into the study of auditory mechanics. All vertebrate classes exhibit OAEs to varying degrees, yet the biophysical origins are still not well understood. Here, we analyzed both spontaneous (SOAE) and stimulus-frequency (SFOAE) otoacoustic emissions from a bird (barn owl, Tyto alba) and a lizard (green anole, Anolis carolinensis). These species possess highly disparate macromorphologies of the inner ear relative to each other and to mammals, thereby allowing for novel insights into the biomechanical mechanisms underlying OAE generation. All ears exhibited robust OAE activity, and our chief observation was that SFOAE phase accumulation between adjacent SOAE peak frequencies clustered about an integral number of cycles. Being highly similar to published results from human ears, we argue that these data indicate a common underlying generator mechanism of OAEs across all vertebrates, despite the absence of morphological features thought essential to mammalian cochlear mechanics. We suggest that otoacoustic emissions originate from phase coherence in a system of coupled oscillators, which is consistent with the notion of “coherent reflection” but does not explicitly require a mammalian-type traveling wave. Furthermore, comparison between SFOAE delays and auditory nerve fiber responses for the barn owl strengthens the notion that most OAE delay can be attributed to tuning.

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17

Lamprecht-Dinnesen, Antoinette, Michaela Pohl, Sabine Hartmann, Achim Heinecke, Susanne Ahrens, Elfriede Müller, and Michael Riebandt. "Effects of Age, Gender and Ear Side on SOAE Parameters in Infancy and Childhood." Audiology and Neurotology 3, no. 6 (1998): 386–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000013808.

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18

Li, Xue-Tang. "Criticism on School of Wang Yang-ming in Mid Joseon Dynasty —Focused on Toegea, Soae and Yulgok." Korean Silhak Review 31 (June 30, 2016): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.23945/kss.31.97.124.

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19

Zhang, Yu-Qing, Duo-Hong Chen, Xiang Ding, Jun Li, Tao Zhang, Jun-Qi Wang, Qian Cheng, et al. "Impact of anthropogenic emissions on biogenic secondary organic aerosol: observation in the Pearl River Delta, southern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 22 (November 28, 2019): 14403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-14403-2019.

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Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic precursors is affected by anthropogenic emissions, which are not well understood in polluted areas. In this study, we accomplished a year-round campaign at nine sites in polluted areas located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region during 2015. We measured typical biogenic SOA (BSOA) tracers from isoprene, monoterpenes, and β-caryophyllene, as well as major gaseous and particulate pollutants and investigated the impact of anthropogenic pollutants on BSOA formation. The concentrations of BSOA tracers were in the range of 45.4 to 109 ng m−3 with the majority composed of products from monoterpenes (SOAM, 47.2±9.29 ng m−3), isoprene (SOAI, 23.1±10.8 ng m−3), and β-caryophyllene (SOAC, 3.85±1.75 ng m−3). We found that atmospheric oxidants, Ox (O3 plus NO2), and sulfate correlated well with later-generation SOAM tracers, but this was not the case for first-generation SOAM products. This suggested that high Ox and sulfate levels could promote the formation of later-generation SOAM products, which probably led to the relatively aged SOAM that we observed in the PRD. For the SOAI tracers, both 2-methylglyceric acid (NO/NO2-channel product) and the ratio of 2-methylglyceric acid to 2-methyltetrols (HO2-channel products) exhibit NOx dependence, indicating the significant impact of NOx on SOAI formation pathways. The SOAC tracer was elevated in winter at all sites and was positively correlated with levoglucosan, Ox, and sulfate. Thus, the unexpected increase in SOAC in wintertime might be highly associated with the enhancement of biomass burning, O3 chemistry, and the sulfate component in the PRD. The BSOAs that were estimated using the SOA tracer approach showed the highest concentration in fall and the lowest concentration in spring with an annual average concentration of 1.68±0.40 µg m−3. SOAM dominated the BSOA mass all year round. We also found that BSOA correlated well with sulfate and Ox. This implied a significant effect from anthropogenic pollutants on BSOA formation and highlighted that we could reduce BSOA by controlling the anthropogenic emissions of sulfate and Ox precursors in polluted regions.

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20

Assimakopoulos, Dimitrios. "Corrigendum to Letter to the Editor “Clinical investigation on spontaneous otoacoustic emission (SOAE)” [Auris Nasus Larynx 35 (4) (2008) 597–598]." Auris Nasus Larynx 36, no. 2 (April 2009): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2008.11.006.

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21

Herrera-García, José Carlos, Ek I. Arellano-Montellano, Luis Enrique Jaramillo-Arellano, and Andrea Espinoza- Arellano. "Uso de omalizumab en cinco pacientes con síndrome de sobreposición asma-EPOC (SOAE) en un Hospital Universitario de Puebla: Un estudio observacional." NCT Neumología y Cirugía de Tórax 78, no. 1 (2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35366/nt191e.

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22

Shen, R. Q., X. Ding, Q. F. He, Z. Y. Cong, Q. Q. Yu, and X. M. Wang. "Seasonal variation of secondary organic aerosol tracers in Central Tibetan Plateau." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 15 (August 10, 2015): 8781–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8781-2015.

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Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) affects the earth's radiation balance and global climate. High-elevation areas are sensitive to global climate change. However, at present, SOA origins and seasonal variations are understudied in remote high-elevation areas. In this study, particulate samples were collected from July 2012 to July 2013 at the remote Nam Co (NC) site, Central Tibetan Plateau and analyzed for SOA tracers from biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene) and anthropogenic (aromatics) precursors. Among these compounds, isoprene SOA (SOAI) tracers represented the majority (26.6 ± 44.2 ng m−3), followed by monoterpene SOA (SOAM) tracers (0.97 ± 0.57 ng m−3), aromatic SOA (SOAA) tracer (2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, DHOPA, 0.25 ± 0.18 ng m−3) and β-caryophyllene SOA tracer (β-caryophyllenic acid, 0.09 ± 0.10 ng m−3). SOAI tracers exhibited high concentrations in the summer and low levels in the winter. The similar temperature dependence of SOAI tracers and isoprene emission suggested that the seasonal variation of SOAI tracers at the NC site was mainly influenced by the isoprene emission. The ratio of high-NOx to low-NOx products of SOAI (2-methylglyceric acid to 2-methyltetrols) was highest in the winter and lowest in the summer, due to the influence of temperature and relative humidity. The seasonal variation of SOAM tracers was impacted by monoterpenes emission and gas-particle partitioning. During the summer to the fall, temperature effect on partitioning was the dominant process influencing SOAM tracers' variation; while the temperature effect on emission was the dominant process influencing SOAM tracers' variation during the winter to the spring. SOAM tracer levels did not elevate with increased temperature in the summer, probably resulting from the counteraction of temperature effects on emission and partitioning. The concentrations of DHOPA were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported in the urban regions of the world. Due to the transport of air pollutants from the adjacent Bangladesh and northeastern India, DHOPA presented relatively higher levels in the summer. In the winter when air masses mainly came from northwestern India, mass fractions of DHOPA in total tracers increased, although its concentrations declined. The SOA-tracer method was applied to estimate secondary organic carbon (SOC) from these four precursors. The annual average of SOC was 0.22 ± 0.29 μgC m−3, with the biogenic SOC (sum of isoprene, monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene) accounting for 75 %. In the summer, isoprene was the major precursor with its SOC contributions of 81 %. In the winter when the emission of biogenic precursors largely dropped, the contributions of aromatic SOC increased. Our study implies that anthropogenic pollutants emitted in the Indian subcontinent could be transported to the TP and have an impact on SOC over the remote NC.

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23

Keogh, Tegan, Joseph Kei, Carlie Driscoll, and Veronica Smyth. "Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions in Schoolchildren: Effects of Ear Asymmetry, Handedness, and Gender." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 12, no. 10 (November 2001): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745641.

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AbstractThe present study examined effects of ear asymmetry, handedness, and gender on distortionproduct otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) obtained from schoolchildren. A total of 1003 children (528 boys and 475 girls), with a mean age of 6.2 years (SD = 0.4, range = 5.2–7.9 years), were tested in a quiet room at their schools using the GSI-60 DPOAE system. A distortion-product (DP)-gram was obtained for each ear, with f2 varying from 1.1 to 6.0 kHz and the ratio of f2/f 1 at 1.21. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (DPOAE amplitude minus the mean noise floor) at the tested frequencies 1.1,1.5, 1.9, 2.4, 3.0, 3.8, 4.8, and 6.0 kHz were measured. The results revealed a small but significant difference in SNR between ears, with right ears showing a higher mean SNR than left ears at 1.9, 3.0, 3.8, and 6.0 kHz. At these frequencies, the difference in mean SNR between ears was less than 1 dB. A significant gender effect was also found. Girls exhibited a higher SNR than boys at 3.8, 4.8, and 6.0 kHz. The difference in mean SNR, as a result of the gender effect, was about 1 to 2 dB at these frequencies. There was no significant difference in mean SNR between left-handed and right-handed children for all tested frequencies. Abbreviations: DPOAE = distortion-product otoacoustic emission, OAE = otoacoustic emission, SNR = signal-to-noise ratio, SOAE = spontaneous otoacoustic emission, TEOAE = transient evoked otoacoustic emission

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24

Shen, R. Q., X. Ding, Q. F. He, Z. Y. Cong, Q. Q. Yu, and X. M. Wang. "Seasonal variation of secondary organic aerosol in Nam Co, Central Tibetan Plateau." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 5 (March 10, 2015): 7141–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-7141-2015.

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Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) affects the earth's radiation balance and global climate. High-elevation areas are sensitive to global climate change. However, at present, SOA origins and seasonal variations are understudied in remote high-elevation areas. In this study, particulate samples were collected from July 2012 to July 2013 at the remote Nam Co (NC) site, Central Tibetan Plateau and analyzed for SOA tracers from biogenic (isoprene, monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene) and anthropogenic (aromatics) precursors. Among these compounds, isoprene SOA (SOAI) tracers represented the majority (26.6 ± 44.2 ng m−3), followed by monoterpene SOA (SOAM) tracers (0.97 ± 0.57 ng m−3), aromatic SOA (SOAA) tracer (2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, DHOPA, 0.25 ± 0.18 ng m−3) and β-caryophyllene SOA tracer (β-caryophyllenic acid, 0.09 ± 0.10 ng m−3). SOAI tracers exhibited high concentrations in the summer and low levels in the winter. The similar temperature dependence of SOAI tracers and isoprene emission suggested that the seasonal variation of SOAI at the NC site was mainly influenced by isoprene emission. The ratio of high-NOx to low-NOx products of isoprene (2-methylglyceric acid to 2-methyltetrols) was the highest in the winter and the lowest in the summer, due to the influence of temperature and relative humidity. The seasonal variation of SOAM tracers was impacted by monoterpenes emission and tracers partitioning. The similar temperature dependence of SOAM tracers and monoterpenes emission was only observed during winter to spring. SOAM tracer levels did not elevate with increased temperature in the summer, probably resulting from the counteraction of temperature effects on gas/particle partitioning and monoterpenes emission. The concentrations of DHOPA were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those reported in the urban regions of the world. Due to the transport of air pollutants from the adjacent Bangladesh and the eastern India, DHOPA presented relatively higher levels in the summer. In the winter when air masses mainly came from the northwestern India, mass fractions of DHOPA in total tracers increased, although its concentrations declined. The SOA-tracer method was applied to estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC) from these four precursors. The annual average of SOC was 0.22 ± 0.29 μg C m−3, with the biogenic SOC (sum of isoprene, monoterpenes and β-caryophyllene) accounting for 75%. In the summer, isoprene was the major precursor with its SOC contributions of 81%. In the winter when the emission of biogenic precursors largely dropped, the contributions of aromatic SOC increased. Our study implies that anthropogenic pollutants emitted in the Indian subcontinent could transport to the TP and have impact on SOC over the remote NC.

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25

Hong, Youwei, Xinbei Xu, Dan Liao, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Chunyang Liao, Ting Wang, Chunshui Lin, and Jinsheng Chen. "Measurement report: Effects of anthropogenic emissions and environmental factors on the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) in a coastal city of southeastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 11 (June 16, 2022): 7827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022.

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Abstract. To better understand the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), aerosol samples with a 4 h time resolution were collected during summer and winter in the southeast of China, along with online measurements of trace gases, aerosol chemical compositions, and meteorological parameters. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for PM2.5-bound secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers, including isoprene (SOAI), α/β-pinene (SOAM), β-caryophyllene (SOAC), and toluene (ASOA). The average concentrations of total SOA tracers in winter and summer were 38.8 and 111.9 ng m−3, respectively, with the predominance of SOAM (70.1 % and 45.8 %), followed by SOAI (14.0 % and 45.6 %), ASOA (11.0 % and 6.2 %) and SOAC (4.9 % and 2.3 %). Compared to those in winter, the majority of BSOA tracers in summer showed significant positive correlations with Ox (O3+NO2) (r = 0.443–0.808), HONO (r = 0.299–0.601), ultraviolet (UV) (r = 0.382–0.588) and temperature (T) (r = 0.529–0.852), indicating the influence of photochemical oxidation under relatively clean conditions. However, in winter, BSOA tracers were significantly correlated with PM2.5 (r = 0.407–0.867), NO3- (r = 0.416–0.884), SO42- (r = 0.419–0.813), and NH3 (r = 0.440–0.757), attributed to the contributions of anthropogenic emissions. Major BSOA tracers in both seasons were linearly correlated with aerosol acidity (pH) (r = 0.421–0.752), liquid water content (LWC) (r = 0.403–0.876) and SO42- (r = 0.419–0.813). The results indicated that acid-catalyzed reactive uptake onto sulfate aerosol particles enhanced the formation of BSOA. In summer, the clean air mass originated from the ocean, and chlorine depletion was observed. We also found that concentrations of the total SOA tracers were correlated with HCl (R2=0.545) and chlorine ions (r = 0.280–0.639) in PM2.5, reflecting the contribution of Cl-initiated volatile organic compound (VOC) oxidations to the formation of SOA. In winter, the northeast dominant wind direction brought continental polluted air mass to the monitoring site, affecting the transformation of BSOA tracers. This implied that anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric oxidation capacity and halogen chemistry have significant effects on the formation of BSOA in the southeast coastal area.

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Snow, Tamsin. "Weighing of soap dispenser bags sees staff handwashing rates soar." Nursing Standard 22, no. 40 (June 11, 2008): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.22.40.11.s16.

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Juwairiah, Juwairiah, Yusnia Sinambela, and Nurianti Sitorus. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN PAPER SOAP DARI LIMBAH KERTAS DI MADRASAH USWAH AL-ISLAM." Jurnal Abdi Insani 9, no. 3 (September 18, 2022): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/abdiinsani.v9i3.679.

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Sabun kertas sendiri merupakan salah satu inovasi produk sabun yang tipis seperti kertas, sabun kertas ini akan larut bila terkena air serta digosokkan pada tangan akan mengeluarkan busa. Sabun kertas umumnya digunakan sebagai sabun cuci tangan sekali pakai karena ukurannya yang kecil dan tipis sehingga mudah dibawa ke mana saja dan cocok digunakan pada saat beraktivitas di luar rumah. Menumbuhkan kreatifitas mengenai cara mendaur ulang kertas bekas menjadi paper soap sebagai solusi praktis membawa sabun untuk tetap menjaga kebersihan tangan jika harus beraktivitas diluar rumah. Metode pengabdian pemberian materi dengan metode ceramah dan tanya jawab, pra dan post test dan praktek pembuatan paper soap dari limbah kertas, terdiri dari anak-anak madrasah di Uswah Al-Islam khususnya kelas MDTA berjumlah 25 orang. Kegiatan ini menghasilkan kreatifitas siswa-siswi berupa sabun yang terbuat dari limbah kertas, dan selanjutnya siswa-siswi diberi soal dalam bentuk essay dengan hasil rata-rata nilai pre test dan post test sebanyak 25 anak adalah 60.72 dan 84.96, dapat dilihat bahwa hasil post test meningkat setelah diberi pelatihan pembuatan paper soap. Pelatihan ini dapat memberikankan kemampuan dan menumbuhkan kreatifitas siswa-siswi membuat paper soap dari limbah kertas yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk tetap menjaga kebersihan tangan.

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Glattke, Theodore J., and Sharon G. Kujawa. "Otoacoustic Emissions." American Journal of Audiology 1, no. 1 (November 1991): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889.0101.29.

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Otoacoustic emissions are low-intensity sounds that are produced in the cochlea and transmitted through the middle ear apparatus to the ear canal. They can be detected and extracted from the background noise in the ear canal through the use of a sensitive microphone and selective filtering or averaging techniques. The technical aspects of emission recording are very similar to those associated with the detection and capture of auditory evoked potentials. Emissions provide an acoustic link to a physiological window through which we can view the auditory periphery using frequency-specific stimuli that are presented at low and moderate intensities. The window provides an opportunity to examine cochlear activity that occurs prior to stimulation of the nervous system. Tonal emissions occur spontaneously in approximately 40% of people who have normal thresholds for pure-tone stimuli. SOAE and other types of emissions may be influenced by both ipsilateral and contralateral stimuli. One form of interaction results in suppression of the emission, and the tuning patterns associated with suppression of emissions by ipsilateral stimuli have characteristics that are similar to tuning patterns associated with single cochlear hair cells and individual neurons of the auditory nerve. These findings and other lines of evidence support the conclusion that an emission having tonal characteristics is produced from a very restricted region of the cochlear partition. Emissions may be evoked by brief click or tonal stimuli, and by continuous tonal stimuli, in virtually all individuals who have normal pure-tone thresholds and uncompromised middle ear systems. The EOAE are compromised by conditions that compromise the function of the cochlea, and they hold promise as tools that might be employed in screening for hearing loss. Preliminary findings suggest that screening employing TEOAE produces a yield that is similar to that produced by screening programs based on auditory brainstem responses. Emissions may offer advantages over current screening methods because of the ease with which they can be recorded and their apparent independence from neurological influence. Many questions regarding the origin and nature of emissions remain unanswered, but they appear to offer great sensitivity to the status of the auditory periphery. DPOAE provide an opportunity to scan the cochlear partition from base to apex with frequency-specific stimuli, and give the examiner a detailed view of the status of the end organ. The study of DPOAE holds great promise in refinement of site of lesion identification. It is exciting to witness the development of a tool to help clinical examiners probe the function of the previously inaccessible cochlea.

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Rosa, Dela, Jessica Novia, Ernestine Arianditha Pranasti, Benny Setiawan, and Febbyasi Megawaty. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN SABUN HERBAL DAN GERAKAN CUCI TANGAN PAKAI SABUN DI SMA ORA ET LABORA TANGERANG SELATAN, BANTEN [TRAINING ON MAKING HERBAL SOAP AND WASHING HANDS WITH SOAP AT ORA ET LABORA HIGH SCHOOL, SOUTH TANGERANG, BANTEN]." Jurnal Sinergitas PKM & CSR 4, no. 2 (September 24, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/jspc.v4i2.2341.

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<p class="p0">This community service was held for students at Ora et Labora Senior High School in Tangerang, who needed education in using and making organic soap, especialy soap that does not pollute the environment and is also good for washing hands. This activity was completed by holding a training and doing an experiment to make soap using extracts of Nathopanax scultellarium and Piper betel leaves which contain secondary metaboliites compounds with anti-bacterial and antioxidant activities. The aim of this training was to introduce the students to soap ingridients and daily-life applications of medicinal natural products. The soap made is herbal soap with natural anti-bacterial and antioxidant properties. This herbal soap is also easily degradble by natural microbes, so it is safer for environment. The training to make soap can increase student's knowledge at Ora et Labora Senior High School about soap with extras of natural ingredients, the use of soal as an easy way to live a healthy life through the washing-hands-with-soap initiative, and the awarness about the importance of preserving the environment. </p><p class="p0"><strong>Bahasa Indonesia Abstrak: </strong></p><p>PkM ini dilaksanakan bagi siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas Ora et Labora yang memerlukan edukasi pemilihan/penggunaan dan pembuatan sabun yang ramah lingkungan untuk digunakan dalam kegiatan Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun (CTPS). Kegiatan dilakukan dalam bentuk pelatihan dan praktek membuat sabun menggunakan ekstrak daun mangkokan dan daun sirih yang banyak mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri and antioksidan. Dalam pelatihan ini, muridmurid dapat mengenal bahan-bahan pembuatan sabun serta mengenal penggunaan bahan alam berkhasiat obat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Sabun yang dibuat adalah sabun herbal yang berkhasiat antioksidan dan antimikroba alami. Sabun herbal ini juga mudah didegradasi oleh mikroba alami sehingga lebih aman bagi lingkungan. Pelatihan pembuatan sabun herbal dapat meningkatkan pemahaman siswa menengah atas Ora et Labora tentang sabun dari ekstrak bahan alam, penggunaannya melalui gerakan Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun (CTPS) sebagai cara mudah hidup sehat, dan pentingnya menjaga kelestarian lingkungan.<br /><br /></p>

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Morgan, Frank. "Soap Bubbles and Soap Films." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 607, no. 1 Mathematical (November 1990): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb22749.x.

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31

Kabara, Jon J. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054017.

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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308809.3308829.

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Boisse, I., X. Bonfils, and N. C. Santos. "SOAP." Astronomy & Astrophysics 545 (September 2012): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219115.

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34

Rossel, Sven H., and Bent Albrechtsen. "Soap." World Literature Today 67, no. 1 (1993): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40148957.

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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3292040.3219632.

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36

JACOBS, MADELEINE. "Soap." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 4 (January 22, 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n004.p005.

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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 2, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3179419.

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38

McMillan, Sally J. "SOAP BOX OR BOX OF SOAP." Information, Communication & Society 13, no. 6 (September 2010): 820–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691180903362470.

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Heinze, John E. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054018.

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40

Shasmitha, Shasmitha, Rusdy A. Siroj Rusdy A.Siroj, and Amrina Rizta Amrina Rizta. "Kemampuan Siswa Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal-Soal OPENENDED." JURNAL SILOGISME : Kajian Ilmu Matematika dan Pembelajarannya 4, no. 1 (September 4, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24269/silogisme.v4i1.1613.

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41

Thomas, Sophie. "The Soane after Soane: Housing the Museum." Victorian Review 43, no. 1 (2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vcr.2017.0003.

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Elias, Florence, Jean-Claude Bacri, Cyrille Flament, Eric Janiaud, Delphine Talbot, Wiebke Drenckhan, Stefan Hutzler, and Denis Weaire. "Magnetic soap films and magnetic soap foams." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 263, no. 1-3 (August 2005): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.01.024.

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43

Nason, Shelley, and John E. Laird. "Soar-RL: integrating reinforcement learning with Soar." Cognitive Systems Research 6, no. 1 (March 2005): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2004.09.006.

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McLean, Gary N. "Will SOAR really help organization development soar?" New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development 29, no. 1 (January 2017): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20168.

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45

Fitranda, Muh, and Muntholib Muntholib. "Identifikasi kesulitan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal-soal hidrolisis garam menggunakan langkah penyelesaian soal." J-PEK (Jurnal Pembelajaran Kimia) 5, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um026v5i12020p032.

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46

Anggresani, Lia, and Randi Setiawan. "PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN CTPS TERHADAP PERILAKU SISWA SDN 154 TELUK JAMBU MUARO JAMBI." Jurdimas (Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat) Royal 3, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/jurdimas.v3i2.589.

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Abstract:Diarrhea is the fifth largest disease that causes death. This disease usually caused by an unhealthy and clean lifestyle. The need to grow and develop a healthy life from childhood. Clean and healthy behavior (PHBS) can be started by washing hands using soap. In Teluk Jambu Village, the high diarrheal disease makes this community service activity carried out at SD Negeri 154 where the target of these activities is children. Washing your hands with soap is a way to kill germs that cause disease. The method used to make students easy to remember and apply must require appropriate media, for example, music which is then accompanied by a seven-step demonstration of hand washing, so that student's behavior changes are achieved after learning about how to wash hands using soal. Keywords: behavior; CTPS (Handwashing With Soap); learningAbstrak: Diare merupakan penyakit terbesar kelima yang menyebabkan kematian. Penyakit ini biasanya disebabkan karena pola hidup yang tidak sehat dan bersih. Perlunya menumbuh kembangkan hidup sehat dari kecil. Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) bisa dimulai dari mencuci tangan dengan menggunakan sabun. Di desa Teluk Jambu tingginya penyakit diare membuat kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini dilaksanakan di SD Negeri 154 yang mana sasaran pengabdian ini adalah untuk anak-anak. Mencuci tangan dengan menggunakan sabun merupakan cara membunuh kuman penyebab penyakit. Metode yang digunakan agar siswa/i mudah mengingat dan mengaplikasikannya harus membutuhkan media yang tepat, misalnya musik yang kemudian diiringi dengan demonstrasi gerakan tujuh langkah cuci tangan, agar tercapainya perubahan perilaku siswa/i setelah diberikan pembelajaran mengenai cara mencuci tangan menggunakan sabun. Kata kunci: CTPS (Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun); pembelajaran; perilaku

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Smith, Ana. "Soap Box." Contemporary Nurse 10, no. 3-4 (June 2001): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.10.3-4.194.

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Cooper, Fiona. "Soap Box." Contemporary Nurse 10, no. 3-4 (June 2001): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.10.3-4.200.

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Dobson, Pauline M. "Soap Box." Contemporary Nurse 9, no. 3-4 (September 2000): 261–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.2000.9.3-4.261.

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Proctor, Margaret. "Soap Box." Contemporary Nurse 9, no. 3-4 (September 2000): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.2000.9.3-4.263.

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