Academic literature on the topic 'So-Precipitation'
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Journal articles on the topic "So-Precipitation"
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Taylor, W. J., T. Y. Tan, and U. Gösele. "Carbon precipitation in silicon: Why is it so difficult?" Applied Physics Letters 62, no. 25 (June 21, 1993): 3336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109063.
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Müller, Timo, G. Kissinger, P. Krottenthaler, C. Seuring, R. Wahlich, and Wilfried von Ammon. "Precipitation Enhancement of "so Called" Defect-Free Czochralski Silicon Material." Solid State Phenomena 108-109 (December 2005): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.108-109.11.
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Thermal treatments to enhance precipitation like RTA, ramp anneal and argon anneal were performed on low oxygen 300 mm wafers without vacancy or interstitial agglomerates (“so called” defect-free material). Best results were achieved using high temperature argon anneal leading to a homogenous BMD and denuded zone formation. Furthermore the getter efficiency was positively tested by intentional Ni-contamination. Concepts to overcome the slip danger like improved support geometries and nitrogen codoping were also evaluated and are seen to be beneficial.
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Sutanto, Ahmad, Anwar Annas, Mohammad Ardha, Taufif Hidayat, and Muhammad Rokhis Khomarudin. "AUTOMATION OF DAILY LANDSLIDE POTENTIAL INFORMATION BASED ON REMOTE SENSING SATELLITE IMAGERY USING OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 20, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2023.v20.a3836.
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This automation system automatically generated landslide potential information based on daily precipitation data. This system is essential to replace the previous manual processing system with an automated and integrated system. The results of the developed system are the distribution of areas with landslide potential based on daily precipitation data. The system was built using geographic information systems and web service techniques. This allows the automation process to be performed quickly and accurately. The landslide susceptibility map used is from the National Disaster Management Agency, so the information is more reliable. Himawari-8 is used to determine the potential for extreme precipitation in 10 minutes because this satellite has a very high temporal resolution. The system is already in use and has proven to replace manual processing and is faster. Further development will be more challenging if the system can be connected to the sensors installed on site so that the sensors on site can issue a landslide warning in case of extreme precipitation so that the surrounding communities can respond immediately. Opportunities for future development of the system may also be incorporated into landslide potential prediction based on the precipitation forecast model
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Nowobilska-Majewska, Elwira, Tomasz Kotowski, and Piotr Bugajski. "Impact of atmospheric precipitation on the volume of wastewater inflowing to the treatment plant in Nowy Targ." E3S Web of Conferences 171 (2020): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017101009.
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The study determines the impact of precipitation on the amount of wastewater flowing into the treatment plant in Nowy Targ. The research period covered the years 2016 and 2017, in which the amount of precipitation and average daily wastewater inflows (during the so-called dry period, i.e. days without precipitation and in the so-called wet period, i.e. days with precipitation) were analyzed. The research period was divided into 5 characteristic ranges in terms of the amount of precipitation. It was found that on days with different intensity of precipitation, the amount of rainwater (in the total amount of wastewater flowing into the treatment plant) ranges from 14.2% to 32.5%. Taking into account the absolute values, it was found that the average daily amount of wastewater inflow on days with precipitation was from 14361 to 18248 m3∙d-1 compared to wastewater inflow on days without precipitation (12323 m3∙d-1). The obtained test results should be a signal for sewage network operators for the performance of intensive and effective actions aimed at eliminating illegal connections of drain pipe for rainwater and yard drains to sanitary collectors and the replacement combined sewer system to distribution sewer system in the city of Nowy Targ.
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Jiang, Hongli, Graham Feingold, and Armin Sorooshian. "Effect of Aerosol on the Susceptibility and Efficiency of Precipitation in Warm Trade Cumulus Clouds." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 3525–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jas3484.1.
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Abstract Large-eddy simulations of warm, trade wind cumulus clouds are conducted for a range of aerosol conditions with a focus on precipitating clouds. Individual clouds are tracked over the course of their lifetimes. Precipitation rate decreases progressively as aerosol increases. For larger, precipitating clouds, the polluted clouds have longer lifetimes because of precipitation suppression. For clean aerosol conditions, there is good agreement between the average model precipitation rate and that calculated based on observed radar reflectivity Z and precipitation rate R relationships. Precipitation rate can be expressed as a power-law function of liquid water path (LWP) and Nd, to reasonable accuracy. The respective powers for LWP and Nd are of similar magnitude compared to those based on observational studies of stratocumulus clouds. The time-integrated precipitation rate represented by a power-law function of LWP, Nd, and cloud lifetime is much more reliably predicted than is R expressed in terms of LWP and Nd alone. The precipitation susceptibility (So = −dlnR/dlnNd) that quantifies the sensitivity of precipitation to changes in Nd depends strongly on LWP and exhibits nonmonotonic behavior with a maximum at intermediate LWP values. The relationship between So and precipitation efficiency is explored and the importance of including dependence on Nd in the latter is highlighted. The results provide trade cumulus cloud population statistics, as well as relationships between microphysical/macrophysical properties and precipitation, that are amenable for use in larger-scale models.
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Nastos, P. T., and C. S. Zerefos. "Cyclic modes of the intra-annual variability of precipitation in Greece." Advances in Geosciences 25 (March 9, 2010): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-25-45-2010.
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Abstract. The application of harmonic analysis to the annual variability of precipitation is the object of this study, so that the modes, which compose the annual variability, be elicited. For this purpose, monthly precipitation totals from 30 meteorological stations of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS), for the period 1950–2000, were used. The initial target is to reduce the number of variables and to detect structure in the relationships between the variables. The most commonly used technique for this purpose is the application of Factor Analysis (FA) resulted in five main factors (sub-regions) with common precipitation characteristics, explaining 77% of the total variance. For each sub-region, a representative station is selected for the analyses, mainly, as the station within the sub-region with the highest factor loading. In the process, the Fourier Analysis is applied to the mean monthly precipitation, so that 2 harmonic components are derived, which explain more than 90% of the total variability of each station, and are due to different synoptic and thermodynamic processes associated with Greece's precipitation regime. Finally the calculation of the time of the maximum precipitation, for each harmonic component, gives the spatial distribution of the appearance of the maximum precipitation in the Greek region.
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Juliá, Cristóbal, David A. Rahn, and José A. Rutllant. "Assessing the Influence of the MJO on Strong Precipitation Events in Subtropical, Semi-Arid North-Central Chile (30°S)." Journal of Climate 25, no. 20 (May 7, 2012): 7003–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00679.1.
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Abstract Annual precipitation in subtropical, semiarid north-central Chile (30°S) during rainy years comprises a few (3–5) strong events in the fall and winter, which are presumably modulated by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). Precipitation from 1979–2009 was recorded daily at three stations along the Elqui Valley. The relationship between the MJO and precipitation is investigated from two perspectives: 1) examining a MJO index (MJOI) based on the actual precipitation events and 2) examining the likelihood of precipitation based on a favorable MJOI. About 80% of the strong precipitation events at the coast in La Serena are related to an active MJO near the central equatorial Pacific. These events are often typified by broad, slow moving synoptic systems in phase with the MJO propagation. Blocking in the far southeast Pacific is associated with precipitation 75% of the time, while deep troughs make up the rest. A relationship between a MJOI and strong rainfall suggests that, though it could be used as a potential diagnostic, the number of cases where there is a favorable MJOI but no precipitation (i.e., false alarms) limits its utility. Additional criteria such as the Southern Oscillation (SO) and Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) phases were used to reject false alarms. Rejecting cases with positive values of the SO index reduced the number of false alarms from 70% to 58%, leaving about two false alarms for every correctly diagnosed event. The AAO index could not discriminate between false alarms and real cases. While a favorable MJOI increases the likelihood of precipitation in the Elqui Valley, false alarms remain problematic.
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Chou, Chia, Chao-An Chen, Pei-Hua Tan, and Kuan Ting Chen. "Mechanisms for Global Warming Impacts on Precipitation Frequency and Intensity." Journal of Climate 25, no. 9 (May 2012): 3291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00239.1.
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Global warming mechanisms that cause changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation in the tropics are examined in climate model simulations. Under global warming, tropical precipitation tends to be more frequent and intense for heavy precipitation but becomes less frequent and weaker for light precipitation. Changes in precipitation frequency and intensity are both controlled by thermodynamic and dynamic components. The thermodynamic component is induced by changes in atmospheric water vapor, while the dynamic component is associated with changes in vertical motion. A set of equations is derived to estimate both thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to changes in frequency and intensity of precipitation, especially for heavy precipitation. In the thermodynamic contribution, increased water vapor reduces the magnitude of the required vertical motion to generate the same strength of precipitation, so precipitation frequency increases. Increased water vapor also intensifies precipitation due to the enhancement of water vapor availability in the atmosphere. In the dynamic contribution, the more stable atmosphere tends to reduce the frequency and intensity of precipitation, except for the heaviest precipitation. The dynamic component strengthens the heaviest precipitation in most climate model simulations, possibly due to a positive convective feedback.
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Wang, Xi An, Fei Mao, Qi Min Zhang, and Jun Lian He. "Study on Paraffin Precipitation for Dalaoba Condensate Gas Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.423.
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High content of paraffin for condensate gas reservoir in Dalaoba and the precipitation of paraffin seriously affect the production and safety to bring about greater economic loss, therefore, it is necessary to develop the study on the precipitation of paraffin,deposition mechanism, variation discipline of phase state, prediction technology as well as the discipline for precipitation of paraffin of shaft.The paper establish the predication method on phase state simulation for paraffin precipitation. In order to better realize the site application, the predicted drawing version on paraffin precipitation of shaft is established to better predict the paraffin precipitation of shaft so as to provide the scientific basis for design on paraffin elimination and prevention on site as well as the construction and reasonable mining of condensate gas reservoir.
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Chou, Chia, and Jien-Yi Tu. "Hemispherical Asymmetry of Tropical Precipitation in ECHAM5/MPI-OM during El Niño and under Global Warming." Journal of Climate 21, no. 6 (March 15, 2008): 1309–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jcli1928.1.
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Abstract Similarities and differences between El Niño and global warming are examined in hemispherical and zonal tropical precipitation changes of the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM) simulations. Similarities include hemispherical asymmetry of tropical precipitation changes. This precipitation asymmetry varies with season. In the boreal summer and autumn (winter and spring), positive precipitation anomalies are found over the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere and negative precipitation anomalies are found over the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere. This precipitation asymmetry in both the El Niño and global warming cases is associated with the seasonal migration of the Hadley circulation; however, their causes are different. In El Niño, a meridional moisture gradient between convective and subsidence regions is the fundamental basis for inducing the asymmetry. Over the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, convection is enhanced by less effective static stability. Over the margins of the ascending branch, convection is suppressed by the import of dry air from the descending branch. In global warming, low-level moisture is enhanced significantly due to warmer tropospheric temperatures. This enhances vertical moisture transport over the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, so convection is strengthened. Over the descending branch, the mean Hadley circulation tends to transport relatively drier air downward, so convection is reduced.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "So-Precipitation"
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Galinier, Colette. "Dissolution et precipitation des solutions solides (ba, sr)so:(4) en solution aqueuse." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30091.
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Depci, Tolga. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Lithium Triborate By Different Synthesis Methods And Their Thermoluminescent Properties." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610530/index.pdf.
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Lithium triborate, (LiB3O5), is a technologically important material for diverse applications, such as nonlinear optical materials and surface acoustic wave devices or, etc. Furthermore, it is suggested as an efficient thermoluminescent material. LiB3O5, suitable to dosimetric usage, was produced by different synthesis methods which were high temperature solid state reaction, microwave solid state reaction, microwave assisted high temperature solid state reaction and precipitation assisted high temperature solid state reaction. After the synthesis, metal oxides were doped into LiB3O5 to enhance its thermoluminescent properties. Identification and characteristics of LiB3O5 were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra red (FTIR) analyses, Differential Thermal Analyses (DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Particle Size Analyzer. The glow curves were obtained by using thermoluminescent (TL) reader.
Among four different synthesis methods applied, high temperature solid state method needs very high temperatures and long duration of heating. Therefore, the effect of the reaction temperature, the time intervals, and also starting materials on production of LiB3O5 were investigated. Characterization studies indicated that LiB3O5 could be produced at 710 °C for 4 hours. Among the starting materials used, Li2CO3 and H3BO3 combination was found the most suitable for the synthesis of LiB3O5 considering phase impurity as well as cost. LiB3O5 synthesized by microwave energy was unsuccessful. However, LiB3O5 could be synthesized by microwave assisted synthesis method by adding distilled water, urea and sucrose separately as thermal auxiliaries in microwave pre-heating step. The use of microwave and conventional ovens subsequently shortened the duration of heating. The crystallinity of LiB3O5 was the best in 40 % sucrose addition to initial mixture. The best method for synthesis of LiB3O5 has been found as precipitation assisted high temperature solid state method. This method yields LiB3O5 with higher phase purity as compared to these produced by other methods applied in this thesis and reported in the literature. It seems to be rather attractive since it is simple and needs less energy. Rare earth metal oxides, CuO and Al2O3 were added to LiB3O5 as activators to improve its TL properties. LiB3O5 synthesized by precipitation assisted high temperature solid state reaction and doped by 5 % wt Al2O3 showed the best TL property. Its main dosimetric characteristics revealed that LiB3O5 seemed to be suitable to medical and radiotherapy applications, since it was non-toxic, tissue equivalent, and chemically inert to body fluids.
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Delaunay, Florian. "Élaboration de céramiques transparentes d’oxydes de terres rares pour l’optique : Étude de nouveaux additifs de frittage à base de fluor et synthèse de nanopoudres par réacteur continu." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Limoges, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LIMO0102.
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Ces travaux de thèse portent sur l’élaboration de céramiques transparentes pour des applications lasers comme milieu amplificateur, absorbant saturable ou scintillateur. Les composés étudiés sont les grenats et sesquioxydes de terres rares qui présentent d’excellentes propriétés thermomécaniques. Dans un premier chapitre, l’impact du fluor et de ses dérivés sur les mécanismes de frittage naturel de sesquioxydes de terres rares (Y2O3, Lu2O3) a été étudié. Au final, des céramiques transparentes de Y2O3 et Lu2O3 dopées à l’holmium ont été élaborées par frittage sous charge et leurs propriétés spectroscopiques étudiées. Dans un second chapitre, des nanopoudres de YAG ont été élaborées par la voie chimique de coprécipitation. Une étude des paramètres de synthèse a été menée afin de déterminer les meilleures conditions dans le but de synthétiser des poudres de YAG pures, fines et homogènes à l’aide d’un réacteur batch. Par la suite, ce procédé de synthèse a été transposé à l’utilisation d’un réacteur continu de type piston. L’influence du type de réacteur sur la pureté et la morphologie des nanopoudres de YAG synthétisées a été étudiée. Enfin, l’étude du comportement au frittage des nanopoudres ainsi obtenues a permis l’obtention de céramiques transparentes de YAGThis thesis focuses on the development of transparent ceramics for laser applications as laser amplifiers, saturable absorbers or scintillators. The compounds studied are rare earth garnets and sesquioxides, which have excellent thermomechanical properties. In a first chapter, the impact of fluorine and its derivatives on the natural sintering mechanisms of rare earth sesquioxides (Y2O3, Lu2O3) was studied. Ultimately, transparent ceramics of Y2O3 and Lu2O3 doped with holmium were produced by pressure sintering and their spectroscopic properties studied. In a second chapter, YAG nanopowders were produced by the chemical coprecipitation route. A study of the synthesis parameters was carried out in order to determine the best conditions in order to synthesize pure, fine and homogeneous YAG powders using a batch reactor. Subsequently, this synthesis process was transposed to the use of a continuous piston-type reactor. The influence of the reactor type on the purity and morphology of the synthesized YAG nanopowders was studied. Finally, the study of the sintering behavior of the nanopowders thus obtained made it possible to obtain transparent YAG ceramics
Books on the topic "So-Precipitation"
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Zimmerman, David. Comparison of the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory with the 1985 EPA trends estimate for industrial SOb2s sources: Project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1994.
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Norrgård, Stefan. Changes in Precipitation Over West Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.536.
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Water, not temperature, governs life in West Africa, and the region is both temporally and spatially greatly affected by rainfall variability. Recent rainfall anomalies, for example, have greatly reduced crop productivity in the Sahel area. Rainfall indices from recent centuries show that multidecadal droughts reoccur and, furthermore, that interannual rainfall variations are high in West Africa. Current knowledge of historical rainfall patterns is, however, fairly limited. A detailed rainfall chronology of West Africa is currently only available from the beginning of the 19th century. For the 18th century and earlier, the records are still sporadic, and an interannual rainfall chronology has so far only been obtained for parts of the Guinea Coast. Thus, there is a need to extend the rainfall record to fully understand past precipitation changes in West Africa.The main challenge when investigating historical rainfall variability in West Africa is the scarcity of detailed and continuous data. Readily available meteorological data barely covers the last century, whereas in Europe and the United States for example, the data sometimes extend back two or more centuries. Data availability strongly correlates with the historical development of West Africa. The strong oral traditions that prevailed in the pre-literate societies meant that only some of the region’s history was recorded in writing before the arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century. From the 19th century onwards, there are, therefore, three types of documents available, and they are closely linked to the colonization of West Africa. These are: official records started by the colonial governments continuing to modern day; regular reporting stations started by the colonial powers; and finally, temporary nongovernmental observations of various kinds. For earlier periods, the researcher depends on noninstrumental observations found in letters, reports, or travel journals made by European slave traders, adventurers, and explorers. Spatially, these documents are confined to the coastal areas, as Europeans seldom ventured inland before the mid-1800s. Thus, the inland regions are generally poorly represented. Arabic chronicles from the Sahel provide the only source of information, but as historical documents, they include several spatiotemporal uncertainties. Climate researchers often complement historical data with proxy-data from nature’s own archives. However, the West African environment is restrictive. Reliable proxy-data, such as tree-rings, cannot be exploited effectively. Tropical trees have different growth patterns than trees in temperate regions and do not generate growth rings in the same manner. Sediment cores from Lake Bosumtwi in Ghana have provided, so far, the best centennial overview when it comes to understanding precipitation patterns during recent centuries. These reveal that there have been considerable changes in historical rainfall patterns—West Africa may have been even drier than it is today.
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Christensen, Ole Bøssing, and Erik Kjellström. Projections for Temperature, Precipitation, Wind, and Snow in the Baltic Sea Region until 2100. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.695.
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The ecosystems and the societies of the Baltic Sea region are quite sensitive to fluctuations in climate, and therefore it is expected that anthropogenic climate change will affect the region considerably. With numerical climate models, a large amount of projections of meteorological variables affected by anthropogenic climate change have been performed in the Baltic Sea region for periods reaching the end of this century.Existing global and regional climate model studies suggest that:• The future Baltic climate will get warmer, mostly so in winter. Changes increase with time or increasing emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a large spread between different models, but they all project warming. In the northern part of the region, temperature change will be higher than the global average warming.• Daily minimum temperatures will increase more than average temperature, particularly in winter.• Future average precipitation amounts will be larger than today. The relative increase is largest in winter. In summer, increases in the far north and decreases in the south are seen in most simulations. In the intermediate region, the sign of change is uncertain.• Precipitation extremes are expected to increase, though with a higher degree of uncertainty in magnitude compared to projected changes in temperature extremes.• Future changes in wind speed are highly dependent on changes in the large-scale circulation simulated by global climate models (GCMs). The results do not all agree, and it is not possible to assess whether there will be a general increase or decrease in wind speed in the future.• Only very small high-altitude mountain areas in a few simulations are projected to experience a reduction in winter snow amount of less than 50%. The southern half of the Baltic Sea region is projected to experience significant reductions in snow amount, with median reductions of around 75%.
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Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel. Climate Variability and the Global Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137637.001.0001.
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The Earth's climate is constantly changing. Some of the changes are progressive, while others fluctuate at various time scales. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is one such fluctuation that recurs every few years and has far-reaching impacts. It generally appears at least once per decade, but this may vary with our changing climate. The exact frequency, sequence, duration and intensity of El Niño's manifestations, as well as its effects and geographic distributions, are highly variable. The El Niño-la Niña cycle is particularly challenging to study due to its many interlinked phenomena that occur in various locations around the globe. These worldwide teleconnections are precisely what makes studying El Niño-la Niña so important. Cynthia Rosenzweig and Daniel Hillel describe the current efforts to develop and apply a global-to-regional approach to climate-risk management. They explain how atmospheric and social scientists are cooperating with agricultural practitioners in various regions around the world to determine how farmers may benefit most from new climate predictions. Specifically, the emerging ability to predict the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle offers the potential to transform agricultural planning worldwide. Biophysical scientists are only now beginning to recognize the large-scale, globally distributed impacts of ENSO on the probabilities of seasonal precipitation and temperature regimes. Meanwhile, social scientists have been researching how to disseminate forecasts more effectively within rural communities. Consequently, as the quality of climatic predictions have improved, the dissemination and presentation of forecasts have become more effective as well. This book explores the growing understanding of the interconnectedness of climate predictions and productive agriculture for sustainable development, as well as methods and models used to study this relationship.
Book chapters on the topic "So-Precipitation"
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Müller, Timo, G. Kissinger, P. Krottenthaler, C. Seuring, R. Wahlich, and Wilfried von Ammon. "Precipitation Enhancement of "so Called" Defect-Free Czochralski Silicon Material." In Solid State Phenomena, 11–16. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-13-2.11.
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Sandström, Rolf. "Precipitation Hardening." In Basic Modeling and Theory of Creep of Metallic Materials, 131–44. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49507-6_7.
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AbstractModels for precipitation hardening (PH) at room temperature have been available for a long time. In spite of the importance of PH, it took a long time to establish models for elevated temperatures. In fact, empirically the room temperature models have also been used at higher temperatures. This gives the wrong temperature dependence and overestimates PH. It was for a long time thought that it was an energy barrier for climb across particles that was the controlling mechanism, but it was gradually appearing that this effect was so small that it could be neglected. Instead it is time it takes for dislocations to climb across particles that is the critical factor. Small particles are readily passed and do not contribute to the strengthening. Particles larger than a critical size have to be passed by the Orowan mechanism, because there is not time enough for dislocations to climb across these particles. This mechanism was finally verified for Cu–Co alloys.
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Ma, Yulu. "Analysis of Measures for Preventing Desertification in Inner Mongolia in China." In Interlocal Adaptations to Climate Change in East and Southeast Asia, 157–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81207-2_18.
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AbstractSince the early 1990s, with the economic development and population growth, desertification has increasingly attracted the attention of governments, international organizations, and scientists around the world. The evaluation of desertification has become a new interest in land science research. Inner Mongolia is a largely deserted province in China, with the deserted land covering 640,000 km2; 91.16%, 41.4%, and 41.0% of the desertification was caused by wind erosion, water erosion, and saline desertification, respectively. Desertification is so disastrous that it can cause additional ecological problems (Liu and Wang 2006; Ye 2008). The causes of desertification in Inner Mongolia can be classified into human and natural causes. Regarding human causes, irrational irrigation methods are the main causes, mainly due to the pressure of population growth, overgrazing (Fig. C8.1), the expansion of dry land reclamation (Fig. C8.2), woodcutting, and the harvesting of Chinese herbal medicine (Fig. C8.3). Regarding natural causes, climate change and the geographical environment are the main issues. Within Inner Mongolia, the arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid arid regions deep in the hinterland of the continent and far away from the ocean comprise the most arid and fragile environmental zone, which lies in the same latitude as areas with the lowest precipitation and highest evaporation. In the past 40 years, precipitation has shown a decreasing trend in parts of the arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid arid regions of Inner Mongolia, whereas the temperature in other areas has shown an increasing trend. These changes in the climate have led to an increase in evaporative power and contributed to soil salinization, which have exacerbated desertification to a certain extent.
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Ricciardi, Guglielmo, and Guido Callegari. "Digital Twins for Climate-Neutral and Resilient Cities. State of the Art and Future Development as Tools to Support Urban Decision-Making." In The Urban Book Series, 617–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29515-7_55.
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AbstractThe increased effects of climate change in the built environment require a rapid and effective response to adapt urban settlements to the main impacts related to heatwave, extreme precipitation, sea-level rise, and so on. At the same time, there is not much time to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions that contribute to climate change and limit the mean temperature of the planet within the 1.5 °C imposed by the Paris Agreement. In this perspective, cities around the world have a key role toward carbon neutral and resilient targets. In parallel in the last years, we are witnessing the impacts of a big amount of data and information available at the city scale. There are many data coming from different databases that can be processed and managed to support the urban climate action planned and designed by decision-makers and urban practitioners, for example, to assess the carbon emission of the building sector or to simulate the effects of extreme precipitation or urban heat island and consequence behavior of the built environment. In this scenario, in the last years, among many different digital enable technologies available in the Industry 4.0 ambit, it has gained more attention in the field of urban planning and urban design the digital twin concept that could synthesize in a digital representation of the real-world data and information flow that could exchange from the physical side to digital representation and vice versa. The aim of the paper is to analyze the urban digital twin developed in last years in Europe to evaluate if and how they consider the climate change issue, in order to understand the state of the art, the applications developed for climate change and which is the level of experimentation in order to study and develop guidelines to build urban digital twin as a support tool for a climate-neutral and resilient city.
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Coffey, Daniel M., Gregory W. Stunz, and Paul A. Montagna. "Freshwater Inflow and Salinity Shape Nekton Diversity and Community Structure Within Texas Estuaries." In Estuaries of the World, 335–61. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70882-4_14.
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AbstractThe Texas coast climatic gradient of decreasing precipitation and freshwater inflow from northeast to southwest shapes estuarine ecosystems and biodiversity. By employing broad-scale diversity and community structure metrics and habitat suitability models of key indicator species, this study explored how multiple abiotic environmental factors, freshwater inflows, and drought and flood events shape estuarine communities across different spatial and temporal scales. A long-term fishery-independent dataset captured the latitudinal, seasonal, and interannual range of environmental conditions, providing insights into the general patterns and trends across different ecosystems and demonstrating how freshwater inflow regimes affect estuarine nekton communities. Across estuaries, salinity was a primary driver of estuarine diversity and community structure, though nekton diversity and community structure can be highly dynamic. In general, species diversity metrics decreased with increasing salinity; however, community composition shifted across latitudinal hydrological regimes so that a suite of species could inhabit each estuary in response to divergent patterns in freshwater inflows and environmental variables. These spatial patterns indicate that resource managers may be well-served to incorporate community dynamics and hydrological regimes when developing adaptive management plans to maintain freshwater inflow and target salinities for important fisheries species and estuarine communities to produce a sound ecological environment.
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Upadhyay, Upashna, Poonam Kaithal, Preetam Verma, Rohit Lall, and Poonam Singh. "Analysis of Pectin in Different Citrus Fruits and Evolutionary Relationship." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 268–75. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_26.
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AbstractPectin is a polysaccharide present in fruit cell walls can be extracted from fruit wastes obtained after processing. The objective of the present investigation was to study the potential of citrus fruit peels to be a source of pectin as it is of great importance in food and medical industry. This study aimed at comparing the characteristics of different pectin and to see which one is more suitable for industrial application. Pectin was extracted using alcohol precipitation method from peels of grapefruit, mousambi, and orange so that the use of pectin can be applied to a wider range. According to the study, the pectin extracted by mousambi on wet basis (17.1%) was higher in comparison to the pectin extraction of orange and grapefruit. The pectin can be used in many fields like food and medicines so the improvement in quality and production is very important. MicroRNAs have the main function of guiding the base pairing with target mRNA to negatively regulate its expression for gene silencing via mRNA clevage. In the present study we also found the phylogenetic relationship among the citrus fruits by multiple sequence alignment of microRNAs stem-loop sequence from the miRbase database of the citrus fruits and after getting phylogenetic tree we got the common ancestors. In recent years, the center of production has moved to Europe and to citrus- producing countries like Mexico and Brazil. Further changes of structure and location of the industry continue, but are constrained by the need for large capital investment to setup Plant of economic size, and the need for a large-scale source or sources of raw material.
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Sterne, Laurence. "Chapter VIII." In The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199532896.003.0261.
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MY uncle Toby and the corporal had posted down with so much heat and precipitation, to take possession of the spot of ground we have so often spoke of, in order to open their campaign as early as the rest of the allies; that they...
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Fogg, G. E. "Periglacial terrestrial habitats." In The Biology of Polar Habitats, 62–108. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198549543.003.0004.
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Abstract The supply of water, arriving as precipitation, dew, frost, or run-off, is also affected by slope and aspect. Alternation between moist and dry conditions is least severe on horizontal surfaces. In coastal and maritime situations, melt water may trickle over rock surfaces for much of the summer. Crustose or foliose growth will retain water. Mineral nutrients may come in airborne dust, precipitation, run-off or splash, or, from the rock itself. Near bird colonies the nutrient supply may be so copious as to be toxic.
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Atkins, Peter. "Matter Falling Out: Precipitation." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0005.
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I shall now introduce you to one of the simplest kinds of chemical reaction: precipitation, the falling out from solution of newly formed solid, powdery matter when two solutions are mixed together. The process is really very simple and, I have to admit, not very interesting. However, I am treating it as your first encounter with creating a different form of matter from two starting materials, so please be patient as there are much more interesting processes to come. I would like you to regard it as a warming-up exercise for thinking about and visualizing chemical reactions at a molecular level. Not much is going on, so the steps of the reaction are reasonably easy to follow. There isn’t much to do to bring about a precipitation reaction. Two soluble substances are dissolved in water, one solution is poured into the other, and—providing the starting materials are well chosen—an insoluble powdery solid immediately forms and makes the solution cloudy. For instance, a white precipitate of insoluble silver chloride, looking a bit like curdled milk, is formed when a solution of sodium chloride (common salt) is poured into a solution of silver nitrate. Now, as we shall do many times in this book, let’s imagine shrinking to the size of a molecule and watch what happens when the sodium chloride solution is poured into the silver nitrate solution. As you saw in my Preliminary remark, when solid sodium chloride dissolves in water, Na+ ions and Cl– ions are seduced by water molecules into leaving the crystals of the original solid and spreading through the solution. Silver nitrate is AgNO3; Ag denotes a silver atom, which is present as the positive ion Ag+; NO3– is a negatively charged ‘nitrate ion’, 1. Silver nitrate is soluble because the negative charge of the nitrate ion is spread over its four atoms rather than concentrated on one, 2, as it is for the chloride ion, and as a result it has rather weak interactions with the neighbouring Ag+ ions in the solid.
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Crystallization." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0012.
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Crystallization is the process of producing crystals from a homogeneous phase. For biochemicals, the homogeneous phase from which crystals are obtained is always a solution. Crystallization is similar to precipitation in that solid particles are obtained from a solution. However, precipitates have poorly defined morphology, while in crystals the constituent molecules are arranged in three-dimensional arrays called space lattices. In comparison to crystallization, precipitation occurs at much higher levels of supersaturation and rates of nucleation but lower solubilities. These and other differences between crystallization and precipitation are highlighted in Table 9.1. Because of these differences and because the theory of crystallization that has been developed is different from that for precipitation, crystallization is considered separately from precipitation. Crystallization is capable of producing bioproducts at very high purity (say, 99.9%) and is considered to be both a polishing step and a purification step. Polishing refers to a process needed to put the bioproduct in its final form for use. For some bioproducts, such as antibiotics, this final form must be crystalline, and sometimes it is even necessary that a specific crystal form be obtained. In some instances, the purification that can be achieved by crystallization is so significant that other more expensive purification steps such as chromatography can be avoided. There are actually two very different applications of crystallization in biotechnology and bioproduct engineering: crystallization for polishing and purification, and crystallization for crystallography. In the latter case, the goal is a small number of crystals with good size (0.2–0.9 mm) and internal quality. Although it has become common to crystallize proteins for characterization of their three-dimensional structure by x-ray diffraction, this is performed only at small scale in the laboratory, and the knowledge about how to crystallize proteins at large scale in a production process is less developed. However, many antibiotics and other small biomolecules are routinely crystallized in production scale processes. This chapter is oriented toward the use of crystallization in processes that can be scaled up.
Conference papers on the topic "So-Precipitation"
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Kiss, Vladimir, Viliam Barek, Oliver Obrocnik, Anna Barekova, and Oleg Paulen. "THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION ON DENDROMETRIC CHANGES OF JUGLANS REGIA L. UNDER CONDITIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024, 309–16. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/5.1/s20.40.
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Climate change is a very serious threat, and its consequences affect many different aspects of our lives. In Slovakia, we will also have to get used to the faster onset of warm and dry weather in the spring. The year, from a temperature point of view, ended as the 2nd warmest since 1931. Statistically very significant (annual) deviations occurred in the entire territory of Slovakia, so we characterize it in terms of temperature as strongly to extremely above normal. We monitored the influence of climatic conditions on the dendrometric changes of 9-year-old royal walnut (Juglans Regia L.) in Nove Zamky (Slovakia). The research took place in the spring and summer months of 2023 (April 1 - July 31, 2023) and trees were compared a) non-irrigated (only with natural precipitation) and b) irrigated (irrigation dose of 30 mm after the soil water potential drops below 80 kPa). Dendrometric changes were recorded with a DD-S device (Ecomatik) in hourly intervals. Parameters such as temperature, precipitation and soil moisture in 20 cm were also recorded. From the results, in the observed period the growth of branches in the irrigated variant is 3.66 mm, while in the non-irrigated variant it is only 1.24 mm. Although there is a greater increase in the diameter of the branches in the irrigated variant, in the summer (July), when the average daily temperature is also higher, the daily fluctuation of the diameters is higher than in the non-irrigated variant, which is caused by higher evapotranspiration. Based on these results, it is possible to set the optimal use of irrigation in the future based on the needs of plants and not only according to the soil water potential.
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Nikolov, Dimitar, Cvetan Dimitrov, and Radoslav Evgeniev. "RECENT CHANGES IN THE SNOW COVER DURATION IN BULGARIA � PRELIMINARY RESULTS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24, 435–42. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s19.57.
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Snow cover is an indicator of the fluctuating climate, resulting from the change in the regime of winter precipitations and air temperatures. Our previous studies have revealed significant decreasing of the seasonal snow cover maxima and the precipitation amounts in the highest mountainous regions of Bulgaria, which is however not so strong at lower altitudes. Current research summarizes our last findings about one other characteristic of the snow cover � its duration. This is presented as annual number of days with snow cover with different heights. We have used 62 weather stations with altitudes ranging from 20 up to 2376 m a.s.l. Statistical analysis is performed in order to assess the variability and possible differences in the investigated characteristic from long-term data series for two main climatological periods 1961-90 and 1991-2020. The general tendency for the whole country is a decreasing trend, more pronounced at the northwest and north parts of Bulgaria with some opposite exceptions with much smaller magnitude at some isolated places at northeast and south. Remarkable decreasing of the snow cover days in comparison with the period 1961-1990 has been encountered in the mountainous regions � in the regions of Koprivshtitza (Stara planina) and Cherni vrah (Vitosha Mountain) the decline is almost one month. We have investigated the mean annual number of snow cover days in three different height categories � all days with snow cover, and those above the limits 15 and 30 cm. Some of the results are presented graphically as maps of the current stage together with the deviation from the previous climatic periods. This investigation is part of a project for investigation of the current variability of the snow cover and was funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund in the call for young and post-doctoral researchers under contract number DM14/1.
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Vuksanović, Darko, Dragan Radonjić, and Jelena Šćepanović. "Influence of quarry rainwater on environmental quality." In 45. Međunarodna konferencija "Vodovod i kanalizacija '24" - zbornik radova, 385–96. Union of Engineers and Technicians of Serbia, Belgrade, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vik24385v.
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The quarries, due to their area of exploitation, generate stormwater that needs to be dealt with in a legally regulated manner, in order to protect the environment. When examining each surface mine, it is necessary to determine in detail whether there are surface and underground streams at the location and in the surrounding area. Usually, the location of the quarry, that is, the exploitation field is located in a limestone area, so surface water that occurs due to precipitation must be dealt with in an appropriate manner, due to the very technological process that takes place at the quarry. At quarries, due to their area of exploitation, rainwater is generated, which needs to be dealt with in a legally regulated manner, in order to protect the environment. When examining each surface mine, it is necessary to determine in detail whether there are surface and underground streams at the location and in the surrounding area. Usually, the location of the quarry, that is, the exploitation field is located in a limestone area, so surface water that occurs due to precipitation must be dealt with in an appropriate way, due to the very technological process that takes place at the quarry. In order to be able to make an adequate calculation of precipitation water, multi-year monitoring of precipitation in a given area is carried out, namely: • mean annual amount of precipitation, • annual fluctuation of precipitation, • the highest rainfall for the month in the monitoring year, • maximum daily precipitation, • maximum hourly precipitation. The aim of the work is to show how important it is to collect rainwater from quarries, in order to resolve their further treatment and discharge into the recipient, for the reason that these waters can be significantly contaminated, so their discharge without prior treatment could have a significant negative impact. impact on the quality of the environment.
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Du, Chen-yang, and Hui Wang. "Cracking Failure Analysis of Ethylene Oxide Evaporator." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78261.
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The cracking reason of ethylene oxide evaporator in one petrochemical company was studied by means of metallographic examination, fracture analysis of the failure samples, energy spectrum analysis of the corrosion product and so on. The results showed that the microstructure near the welding heat affected zone was sensitized due to the welding process, which led to the precipitation of chromium carbide along grain boundary and the lack of Cr precipitation near grain boundary. Furthermore, under the combined action of the stress and corrosive medium, the intergranular stress corrosion cracking took place in welding heat affected zone of ethylene oxide evaporator.
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Zabolotna, Olena, Oleksandr Kryvoshein, and Oleksiy Kryvobok. "Validation of precipitation data of GPM satellite products over Ukraine." In International Conference of Young Scientists on Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring. Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/icys-mhem.2023.027.
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This study provides a description and results of the validation methodology of GPM satellite precipitation data for the territory of Ukraine. Validation was carried out by comparing satellite data with ground weather stations data and included the following stages: data collection and processing, bringing the data to the same spatial and temporal resolution, calculating correlation coefficients and estimation of confusion matrices. Correlation analysis was carried out for two studied periods (the first period - April-September 2020, the second - April-September 2021). Satellite data were provided by the GPM project of NASA and ground data were provided by 155 meteorological stations of the Ukrainian National Hydrometeorological Network. Satellite and ground data were calculated to have the comparable values, that is 12 hours precipitation sums, from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. For this, weather stations data were obtained as the sum of the amount of precipitation for this period of the day, and the satellite data that were downloaded for every half an hour as intensity mm/h, were converted into mm/day, thus obtaining the precipitation amount for the specified period of the day. For obtaining reliable results of validation, correlation coefficients were calculated and confusion matrices were built. Confusion matrices are based on the division of precipitation into classes of different intensity. Confusion matrices were calculated for four classes of precipitation (mm): “0-2”, “2-5”, “5-10”, “>10”. Calculations were performed using the software environment for statistical calculations R. The comparison analysis showed that a larger number of stations (117) has a correlation coefficient 0.5 - 0.8. The coefficients of the confusion matrices showed that low-intensity precipitation or “no precipitation”, as well as high-intensity precipitation, are estimated by the satellite with high accuracy in comparison with the ground-based weather station measurements. So, according to the "specificity" indicator, the highest level of correspondence of satellite data (GPM Late, GPM Early) to ground data has precipitation class >”10 mm”. The low value of the "specificity" for the range of 0-2 mm is explained by the fact that satellite methods are able to detect very low values of precipitation intensity, while the station shows their absence - 0 mm. Thus, according to the values of the confusion matrices, we see that a large part of the values of surface observations of precipitation in the range of 0-2 mm are shown by the satellite method as “2-5 mm” class. We can also see that the “2-5 mm” class by satellite has the most confusion with the 0-2 mm class by station (GPM Late, GPM Early). However, based on the high values of the "recall" for the range of 0-2 mm (GPM Late, GPM Early), we can conclude that when the station does not show this amount of precipitation (0-2 mm), then the satellite also shows another class of values. The high values of the coefficient of "precision" show that the satellite measurements are really reliable, that is, the presence or absence of precipitation will be determined precisely, since the highest value of "precision" is typical for low and high amounts of precipitation (on average 0.76 and 0.66, respectively). Heavy precipitation or no precipitation detected by satellites is confirmed by ground stations in most cases.
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Bližňák, Vojtěch, and Petr Zacharov. "Evaluation of precipitation totals simulated by the ALADIN/PERUN atmospheric reanalysis at high spatial resolution." In První konference PERUN. Český hydrometeorologický ústav, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59984/978-80-7653-063-8.02.
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Atmospheric reanalyses represent powerful tools for obtaining information about the state of the atmosphere in history, which is obtained by numerical weather prediction (NWP) models whose predictions may (but may not) be improved through the assimilation of measured data. Significant developments in computer technology have recently enabled to increase their spatial resolution so that even meteorological phenomena of a local nature can be better captured. However, most NWP models compensate this capability by reducing the computational domain, which largely limits the use of these forecasts for the following meteorological, climatological and/or hydrological applications. The newly developed ALADIN/PERUN atmospheric reanalysis provides simulations of various meteorological variables at high spatial (2.3 km) and temporal (1 h) resolution over most of Europe between 1989 and 2020. Due to the high resolution of the reanalysed data, it can be expected that precipitation fields will capture local-scale processes well, and thus reproduce more faithfully, for example, heavy convective precipitation. The presented paper aims to evaluate this capability based on gauge-adjusted radar estimates of precipitation totals during warm parts of the year when strong convective but also stratiform precipitation occurs in Central Europe. The accuracy of the localization and precipitation sums will be evaluated for two different runs of the NWP model. The first one (ALADIN/Reanalysis) involves a complete assimilation of the observed data every 6 hours using a 4D-VAR assimilation scheme. The second (ALADIN/Evaluation Run) uses only the boundary conditions from the ERA-5 global reanalysis and the calculation of the forecasts is not further modified based on measured data. Comparing the two runs will provide us with information about the level of physical description in the NWP model as well as the effect of assimilation on the resulting precipitation fields. In addition, the paper is unique in that it will use detailed fields of "observed" precipitation totals at high spatial resolution, which conventional rain gauge data cannot offer.
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Belakhovsky, Vladimir, Yaqi Jin, and Wojciech Miloch. "Impact of the substorms and polar cap patches on GPS radio waves at polar latitudes." In Physics of Auroral Phenomena. FRC KSC RAS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37614/2588-0039.2020.43.020.
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The comparative research of the influence of substrorm precipitation and polar cap patches (PCP) on the GPS signals disturbances in the polar ionosphere was done. For this aim we use the GPS scintillation receivers at Ny-Ålesund, operated by the University of Oslo. The presence of the auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches was determined by using data from the EISCAT 42m radar on Svalbard. We consider tens of events when the simultaneous EISCAT 42m and GPS data were available. We demonstrate that substorm-associated precipitations can lead to a strong GPS phase (σΦ) scintillations up to ~2 radians which is much stronger than those usually produced by PCPs. At the same PCPs can lead to strong ROT (rate of total electron content) variations. So our observations suggest that the substorms and PCPs, being different types of the high-latitude disturbances, lead to the development of different types and scales of ionospheric irregularities.
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Metzger, Don R., Gordon K. Shek, and Ed T. C. Ho. "Fracture Behavior of Finite Length Part Through Wall Flaws in Zirconium-Niobium Pressure Tubes." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93663.
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Flaws encountered in nuclear pressure tubes must be evaluated to ensure that a delayed hydride cracking (DHC) mechanism is not initiated where the stress concentration at a flaw tip causes diffusion of hydrogen and precipitation of zirconium hydride at the flaw tip. A fracture initiation model for DHC involves a process zone description for the interaction of hydride precipitation with the flaw tip stress distribution. Analytical techniques for this model are practical and accurate for two-dimensional geometry, but cannot be easily applied to the three-dimensional features of finite length surface flaws. Recently, a numerical rendition of the model has been incorporated into a finite element program so that arbitrary geometry and material properties can be managed. The three-dimensional finite length model is applied to specific flaw geometries used in an experimental program. Comparison with corresponding two-dimensional tests demonstrates that the finite length flaw has a significantly higher threshold load than that predicted on the basis of a two-dimensional model.
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Zu-guo, Chen, Xu Yi-jun, and Qi Wen-jing. "Structure Innovation and Thermal Hydraulics Analysis for Cold Trap of CEFR." In 2018 26th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone26-81533.
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As one of the significant equipment in CEFR operation system, cold trap plays an important role in purifying the coolant sodium and ensuring the safe and steady operation of the reactor. After several years’ of operation, the cold trap of CEFR can’t work very well as it has been designed previously, which results in the low impurity aggradation efficiency, being easily blocked and frequent replacement. Analyzing the structure of the current cold trap, there are two possible reasons causing the problems mentioned above. The first one is that the sodium flow path is improper in the cold trap resulting in the blockage in specific area. The second one is that the density and layout of wire mesh didn’t take the zoning scheme, which would make the precipitation of impurities become easier in exterior area and the flow path is thus blocked. Based on the two reasons, a modified scheme is proposed from the view of structure and hydraulics to improve the impurities precipitation mode so that the lifetime of the cold trap can be prolonged. The modified scheme is to block about 1/3 orifices on interior cylinder wall in wire mesh zone and to open two rows of diversion holes on the upper support plate of wire mesh so that the velocity distribution can be improved. Meanwhile, in order to make impurities precipitate from the bottom of the cold trap, the wire mesh is arranged to be in upper, middle and lower areas using different wire mesh density. By 3-D modeling and numerical analysis and then comparing the results to that of current cold trap of CEFR, it can be concluded that the velocity distribution in modified scheme is more reasonable and the new layout of the wire mesh can meet the impurities precipitation requirements better. Further comparative analysis with the results under the actual operational condition will be carried on after the completion of the manufacture for modified cold trap.
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Kuskaeva, V. E. "DRIP WATERING OF GRAPES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. ООО «ДГТУ-Принт» Адрес полиграфического предприятия: 344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2024.326-329.
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Grapes are a thermophilic plant, and they are grown exclusively in the south of our country. In the southern regions, insufficient precipitation falls in order to provide optimal conditions for the development and growth of grapes, and this factor directly affects the fruitfulness. In order for the grapes to produce the maximum amount of fruit, it is necessary to pay special attention to high - quality watering of grapes. Sometimes the vineyard areas are too large to use basic irrigation methods, so drip irrigation has recently been introduced. This article discusses the features of drip irrigation, as well as its advantages and disadvantages.
Reports on the topic "So-Precipitation"
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Guerrero Compeán, Roberto. Weather and Welfare: Health and Agricultural Impacts of Climate Extremes, Evidence from Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011450.
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Using data for all 2,454 municipalities of Mexico for the period 1980-2010, this paper analyzes the relationship between exposure to extreme temperatures and precipitation and death, as well as the relationship between severe weather and agricultural income and crop production in the country. It is found that extreme heat increases mortality, while the health effect of extreme cold is generally trivial. Precipitation extremes seem to affect the agricultural system, but their impact on mortality is ambiguous. More specifically, exchanging one day with a temperature of 16-18 °C for one day with temperatures higher than 30 °C increases the crude mortality rate by 0. 15 percentage points, a result robust to several model specifications. It is also found that the extreme heat effect on death is significantly more acute in rural regions, leading to increases of up to 0. 2 percentage points vis-à-vis a 0.07-point increase in urban areas. The timing of climate extremes is relevant: if a weather shock takes place during the agricultural growing season, the effects on mortality and agricultural output, productivity, prices, and crop yields are large and significant, but not so if such shocks occur during the non-growing season.
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Weiss. PR-318-06701-R01 Predicting and Mitigating Salt Precipitation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010976.
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Brine solutions are often produced during gas storage operations, and when these solutions encounter changing temperature or pressure, salt can precipitate. This salt (NaCl) can impair productivity and may even result in abandonment of wells. Dilution with fresh water is the preferred method of mitigating the salt buildup. Existing salt deposits are dissolved with fresh water. Additionally, fresh water is used as a produced water diluent to reduce supersaturation with respect to NaCl. However, this can be expensive depending on the method of application, and as fresh water becomes scarcer, the method will become more expensive. A number of chemicals are reported to reduce or prevent salt deposition. Among them are ferrocyanide and some organic molecules such as nitrilotriacetic acid and nitrilotriacetamide (NTAm). These inhibitors are thought to prevent salt precipitation by crystal modification or by interfering with crystal growth. Their effectiveness, however, varies with their concentration and the chemistry of the brines. For example, ferrocyanide is a very effective salt inhibitor; however, at low pH or in the presence of large amounts of iron it decomposes rendering it ineffective. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2 where supersaturated solutions of NaCl are cooled to room temperature, the performance of both chemicals is reduced as the reservoir water increases in calcium and/or magnesium, eventually becoming ineffective. But even when precipitate is formed, both inhibitors affect the properties of the precipitate so that there is no caking with no tendency to form large crystals associated with sodium chloride scale. The questions concerning the environmental issues associated with ferrocyanide that arose during Phase I are addressed in this report.
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Lee, Huey-Lin, Thomas Hertel, Brent Sohngen, and Navin Ramankutty. Towards An Integrated Land Use Database for Assessing the Potential for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. GTAP Technical Paper, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp25.
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This paper describes the GTAP Land Use Data Base designed to support integrated assessments of the potential for greenhouse gas mitigation. It disaggregates land use by agro-ecological zone (AEZ). To do so, it draws upon global land cover data bases, as well as state-of-the-art definition of AEZs from the FAO and IIASA. Agro-ecological zoning segments a parcel of land into smaller units according to agro-ecological characteristics, including: precipitation, temperature, soil type, terrain conditions, etc. Each zone has a similar combination of constraints and potential for land use. In the GTAP-AEZ Data Base, there are 18 AEZs, covering six different lengths of growing period spread over three different climatic zones. Land using activities include crop production, livestock raising, and forestry. In so doing, this extension of the standard GTAP Data Base permits a much more refined characterization of the potential for shifting land use amongst these different activities. When combined with information on greenhouse gas emissions, this data base permits economists interested in integrated assessment of climate change to better assess the role of land use change in greenhouse gases mitigation strategies.
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Riebesell, Ulf. Comprehensive data set on ecological and biogeochemical responses of a low latitude oligotrophic ocean system to a gradient of alkalinization intensities. OceanNets, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.4.
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The potential biogeochemical and ecological impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement were tested in a 5-weeks mesocosm experiment conducted in the subtropical, oligotrophic waters off Gran Canaria in September/October 2021. In the nine mesocosms, each with a volume of about 10 m3 inhabiting a natural plankton community, alkalinity enhancement was achieved through addition of a mix of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate, simulating CO2-equilibrated alkalinization in a gradient from control up to twice the natural alkalinity. The response of the enclosed plankton community to the alkalinity addition was monitored in over 50 parameters which were sampled or measured in situ daily or every second day. In addition to the mesocosm experiment, a series of side experiments were conducted, focusing on individual aspects of mineral dissolution, secondary precipitation and biological responses at the primary producer level. This campaign, in which 47 scientists from 6 nations participated, generated the most comprehensive data set collected so far on the ecological and biogeochemical impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement.
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Tercek, Michael. Climate monitoring in the Mediterranean Coast Network 2020: Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294435.
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This report details the climate (temperature, precipitation, drought, and streamflow) of Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area (NRA) during 2020. Gridded GIS maps are used to present broad-brush conditions across the region for each month. This regional presentation is compared to detailed data from Remote Automated Weather Stations (RAWS), weather stations in Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN), and data from USGS stream gages. Prior to analysis, a set of data quality control checks were performed by the authors in accordance with an established National Park Service protocol (Rocky Mountain Climate Working Group 2010). Key points summarizing calendar year 2020 are presented as bullets in the Conclusion section at the end of the report. There was significant spatial and month to month variability in the data that provided exceptions to these generalizations, so an examination of the regional maps is key to understanding the climatic patterns for 2020. Readers can download the data used in this report and make custom climate graphs and tables of their own by visiting www.ClimateAnalyzer.org.
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Calabrese, Andrea, Pitiporn Asvapathanagul, Nisarg N. Patel, Nanubala Dhruvan, Austin Adams, Michael Hernandez, and Douglas S. Lopez-Cruz. Experimental Investigation of the Self-Healing Potential of Bacteria for Sustainable Concrete Structures Phase 2. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2331.
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Concrete is a critical component of so much of the modern construction industry. This material, well known for its versatility, robustness, longevity, and strength, is well-suited for a wide range of structural applications. Nonetheless, the widespread occurrence of cracks in concrete structures, primarily attributed to its limited tensile strength, shrinkage, and overstain, imposes a considerable economic and environmental challenge when it comes to retrofitting these fissures. This study tackles this problem by harnessing bacteria tolerant to high alkaline conditions to enable Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) for the self-repair of concrete. This is achieved through an external application method, wherein bacteria are manually and externally applied to the cracks of the concrete surface. This report presents the results of testing three different bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, and Sporosarcina pasteurii) to retrofit laboratory-manufactured cracks. The self-repaired groups underwent compressive load-to-failure testing and were compared to a control group (With Crack), revealing a notable increase in compressive strength ranging from 8.59% to 21.61%. The outcomes of the compressive strength tests illustrate the viability of implementing this technique for retrofitting concrete structures, showcasing its environmentally friendly nature and its ability to significantly enhance structural durability. This, in turn, has the potential to impact existing and future developments that incorporate concrete.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.
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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Trends in water quality at Bryce Canyon National Park, water years 2006–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294946.
Full textAbstract:
The National Park Service collects water-quality samples on a rotating basis at three fixed water-quality stations in Bryce Canyon National Park (NP): Sheep Creek, Yellow Creek, and Mossy Cave Spring. Data collection began at Sheep Creek and Yellow Creek in November 2005 and at Mossy Cave in July 2008. Data on in-situ parameters, fecal-coliform samples, major ions, and nutrients are collected monthly, while trace elements are sampled quarterly. This report analyzes data from the beginning of the period of record for each station through water year 2021 to test for trends over time. Concentrations are also compared to relevant water-quality standards for the State of Utah. Overall, water quality at the park’s monitoring stations continues to be excellent, and park managers have been successful in their goal of maintaining these systems in unimpaired condition. Infrequent but continued Escherichia coli exceedances from trespass livestock at Sheep and Yellow creeks support the need for regular fence maintenance along the park boundary. High-quality conditions may qualify all three sites as Category 1 waters, the highest level of anti-degradation protection provided by the State of Utah. Minimum and maximum air temperatures at the park have increased, while precipitation remains highly variable. Increasing air temperatures have led to increasing water temperatures in Sheep and Yellow creeks. Sheep Creek also had a decrease in flow across several quantiles from 2006 to 2021, while higher flows decreased at Yellow Creek in the same period. Surface flows in these two creeks are likely to be increasingly affected by higher evapotranspiration due to warming air temperatures and possibly decreasing snowmelt runoff as the climate changes. The influx of ancient groundwater in both creek drainages helps sustain base flows at the sites. Mossy Cave Spring, which is sampled close to the spring emergence point, showed less of a climate signal than Sheep and Yellow creeks. In our record, the spring shows a modest increase in discharge, including higher flows at higher air temperatures. An uptick in visitation to Water Canyon and the Mossy Cave Trail has so far not been reflected by changes in water quality. There are additional statistical trends in water-quality parameters at all three sites. However, most of these trends are quite small and are likely ecologically negligible. Some statistical trends may be the result of instrument changes and improvements in quality assurance and quality control over time in both the field sampling effort and the laboratory analyses. Long-term monitoring of water-quality stations at Bryce Canyon NP suggests relatively stable aquatic systems that benefit from protection within the park. To maintain these unimpaired conditions into the future, park managers could consider: Regular fence checks and maintenance along active grazing allotments at the park boundary to protect riparian areas and aquatic systems from trespass livestock. Developing a springs-monitoring program to track changes in springflow at spring emergences to better understand bedrock-aquifer water supplies. These data would also help quantify springflow for use in water-rights hearings. Supporting hydrogeologic investigations to map the extent and flow paths of groundwater aquifers. Working with the State of Utah to develop groundwater-protection zones to protect groundwater aquifers from developments that would affect springs in the park. Prioritizing watershed management with proactive fire risk-reduction practices. Explicitly including watershed protection as a goal in plans for fire management and suppression. Using additional data and analyses to better understand the drivers of trends in water quality and their ecological significance. These could include higher-frequency data to better understand relationships between groundwater, precipitation, and surface flows at the sites. These could also include watershed metrics...
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Gregow, Hilppa, Antti Mäkelä, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Sirkku Juhola, Janina Käyhkö, Adriaan Perrels, Eeva Kuntsi-Reunanen, et al. Ilmastonmuutokseen sopeutumisen ohjauskeinot, kustannukset ja alueelliset ulottuvuudet. Suomen ilmastopaneeli, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31885/9789527457047.
Full textAbstract:
The new EU strategy on adaptation to climate change highlights the urgency of adaptation measures while bringing forth adaptation as vitally important as a response to climate change as mitigation. In order to provide information on how adaptation to climate change has been promoted in Finland and what calls for attention next, we have compiled a comprehensive information package focusing on the following themes: adaptation policy, impacts of climate change including economic impacts, regional adaptation strategies, climate and flood risks in regions and sea areas, and the availability of scientific data. This report consists of two parts. Part 1 of the report examines the work carried out on adaptation in Finland and internationally since 2005, emphasising the directions and priorities of recent research results. The possibilities of adaptation governance are examined through examples, such as how adaptations steering is organised in of the United Kingdom. We also examine other examples and describe the Canadian Climate Change Adaptation Platform (CCAP) model. We apply current information to describe the economic impacts of climate change and highlight the related needs for further information. With regard to regional climate strategy work, we examine the status of adaptation plans by region and the status of the Sámi in national adaptation work. In part 2 of the report, we have collected information on the temporal and local impacts of climate change and compiled extensive tables on changes in weather, climate and marine factors for each of Finland's current regions, the autonomous Åland Islands and five sea areas, the eastern Gulf of Finland, the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea, the Bothnian Sea and the Bay of Bothnia. As regards changes in weather and climate factors, the changes already observed in 1991-2020 are examined compared to 1981-2010 and future changes until 2050 are described. For weather and climate factors, we examine average temperature, precipitation, thermal season duration, highest and lowest temperatures per day, the number of frost days, the depth and prevalence of snow, the intensity of heavy rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed, and the amount of frost per season (winter, spring, summer, autumn). Flood risks, i.e. water system floods, run-off water floods and sea water floods, are discussed from the perspective of catchment areas by region. The impacts of floods on the sea in terms of pollution are also assessed by sea area, especially for coastal areas. With regard to marine change factors, we examine surface temperature, salinity, medium water level, sea flood risk, waves, and sea ice. We also describe combined risks towards sea areas. With this report, we demonstrate what is known about climate change adaptation, what is not, and what calls for particular attention. The results can be utilised to strengthen Finland's climate policy so that the implementation of climate change adaptation is strengthened alongside climate change mitigation efforts. In practice, the report serves the reform of the National Climate Change Adaptation Plan and the development of steering measures for adaptation to climate change both nationally and regionally. Due to its scale, the report also serves e.g. the United Nations’ aim of protecting marine life in the Baltic Sea and the national implementation of the EU strategy for adaptation to climate change. As a whole, the implementation of adaptation policy in Finland must be speeded up swiftly in order to achieve the objectives set and ensure sufficient progress in adaptation in different sectors. The development of binding regulation and the systematic evaluation, monitoring and support of voluntary measures play a key role.
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.