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1
!Guidao-Oab, J. Summer Desertification Project II (SDP 2): A study of desertification at Engelbrecht. Windhoek, Namibia: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, 1996.
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Johnston, Anna, and Elizabeth Webby, eds. Eliza Hamilton Dunlop: Writing from the Colonial Frontier. Sydney University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743327487.
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Eliza Hamilton Dunlop (1796–1880) arrived in Sydney in 1838 and became almost immediately notorious for her poem “The Aboriginal Mother,” written in response to the infamous Myall Creek massacre. She published more poetry in colonial newspapers during her lifetime, but for the century following her death her work was largely neglected. In recent years, however, critical interest in Dunlop has increased, in Australia and internationally and in a range of fields, including literary studies; settler, postcolonial and imperial studies; and Indigenous studies. This stimulating collection of essays by leading scholars considers Dunlop's work from a range of perspectives and includes a new selection of her poetry.
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Feldman, Kristyn E., and Joshua Biddle. Babesiosis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0164.
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Babesiosis is a zoonotic, tick-transmitted infection caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genus Babesia. Although over 100 Babesia spp. may infect a broad range of both domesticated and wild animals worldwide, only a handful have been observed to infect man. Human illness can range from an asymptomatic, subclinical infection to severe, fulminant disease resulting in death. Definitive laboratory diagnosis can be made by blood smears or serological evaluation by immunologic or molecular methods. The longstanding treatment regimen of choice for most Babesia spp. infections is oral quinine plus intravenous clindamycin.
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Australian Politics and Policy: 2021 Senior Edition. 2nd ed. Sydney University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743328415.
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The first completely customisable, open access textbook on Australian politics, Australian Politics and Policy provides a unique, holistic coverage of politics and public topics for use in junior and senior university courses. With an online database of 43 chapters, the book innovatively enables instructors to compile a bespoke edition to suit their teaching needs, or to include individual chapters in course readers. With contributions from Australia’s leading politics and public-policy scholars, the textbook includes material on Australian political history and philosophy, key political institutions, Australian political sociology, public policy making in Australia, and specialised chapters on a range of key policy domains. Each chapter was subject to anonymous and rigorous peer-review to ensure the highest standards. The textbook comes with additional teaching resources including review questions and lecture slides. This second edition contains a number of revisions and new chapters on educational policy, the governance of COVID-19, and political leadership.
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Australian Politics and Policy: 2021 Junior Edition. 2nd ed. Sydney University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743328439.
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The first completely customisable, open access textbook on Australian politics, Australian Politics and Policy provides a unique, holistic coverage of politics and public topics for use in junior and senior university courses. With an online database of 43 chapters, the book innovatively enables instructors to compile a bespoke edition to suit their teaching needs, or to include individual chapters in course readers. With contributions from Australia’s leading politics and public-policy scholars, the textbook includes material on Australian political history and philosophy, key political institutions, Australian political sociology, public policy making in Australia, and specialised chapters on a range of key policy domains. Each chapter was subject to anonymous and rigorous peer-review to ensure the highest standards. The textbook comes with additional teaching resources including review questions and lecture slides. This second edition contains a number of revisions and new chapters on educational policy, the governance of COVID-19, and political leadership.
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Welsh, Brandon C., and Sema A. Taheri. What Have We Learned from Environmental Criminology for the Prevention of Crime? Edited by Gerben J. N. Bruinsma and Shane D. Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.31.
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A recent study of the role of theory in modern-day crime prevention makes the case that situational crime prevention (SCP), compared to the two other major crime prevention strategies of developmental and community prevention, has had a greater influence on practice. This chapter surveys environmental criminology’s contribution to the prevention of crime. It does so through the lens of SCP and its highly influential classification system. As one of the major crime prevention strategies, SCP is an organizing concept for a wide range of theories that contribute to, and practices focused on, “reducing opportunities for highly specific forms of crime.” To ensure its coverage has some breadth and depth, the chapter draws upon leading empirical and narrative reviews of the effectiveness of SCP as well as more recent studies in the published literature.
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Barrow, Lorna, and Jonathan Wooding, eds. Memory and Foresight in the Celtic World. Sydney University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743327159.
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Memory and Foresight in the Celtic World delves deep into the experience of Celtic communities and individuals in the late medieval period through to the modern age. Its thirteen essays range widely, from Scottish soldiers in France in the fifteenth century to Gaelic-speaking communities in rural New South Wales in the twentieth, and expatriate Irish dancers in the twenty-first. Connecting them are the recurring themes of memory and foresight: how have Celtic communities maintained connections to the past while keeping an eye on the future? Chapters explore language loss and preservation in Celtic countries and among Celtic migrant communities, and the influence of Celtic culture on writers such as Dylan Thomas and James Joyce. In Australia, how have Irish, Welsh and Scottish migrants engaged with the politics and culture of their home countries, and how has the idea of a Celtic identity changed over time? Drawing on anthropology, architecture, history, linguistics, literature and philosophy, Memory and Foresight in the Celtic World offers diverse, thought-provoking insights into Celtic culture and identity.
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Oulton, Carolyn W. de la L. Down from London. Liverpool University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800854611.001.0001.
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In the first hundred years of the UK railway, the seaside figures as a nerve centre, managing and making visible the period’s complex interplay between health, death, gender and sexuality. The monograph discusses around 130 novels to show how the seaside infiltrates a diverse range of literature, subverting the boundaries between high and low literary culture. The seaside holiday galvanises innovative literary forms, including early 20th century holiday crime and romance fiction, which has its origins in the sensational strategies of mid-19th century authors. Where reading takes place is at least as important as what is read, and case studies on literary Brighton and the Kentish Dickens Country explore the occasionally fraught relationship between seaside towns and the metropolis, as London visitors are represented in – and are the target audience for – literary accounts of the seaside holiday. The act of reading by the sea is itself overdetermined and problematic, a dilemma that is managed in part through the development of text-free literary tourism in the late 19th century. Deploying strategies from literary criticism, histories of reading, libraries and the book, and literary tourism, the monograph recovers ‘seaside reading’ as both a literary sub-genre and a deeply contested mode of engagement.
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Fraser, Benjamin. Visible Cities, Global Comics. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496825032.001.0001.
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The story of comics is also the story of the modern city. Visible Cities, Global Comics thus makes urban contribution to an interdisciplinary phase in comics studies. Striking a balance between descriptive, historical, analytical and theoretical modes, Fraser’s research monograph explores representations of the city in a selection of comics from across the globe. First, this book brings insights from urban theory to bear on specific comics texts; and second, it uses comics texts to elucidate themes of urbanism, architecture, planning and the cultures of cities in works from the 18th through the 21st centuries. Throughout, close readings of comics by artists from a range of locations—Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, England, France, Holland, Japan, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, the United States, and Uruguay—contribute to an exploration of larger urban themes. Chapters include “The Modern City Streets” (ch. 1), “The Passions of Everyday Urban Life” (ch. 2), “Urban Planning, Built Environment and the Structure of Cities” (ch. 3), “Architecture, Materiality and the Tactile City” (ch. 4), and “Danger, Disease and Death in the Graphic Urban Imagination” (ch. 5). Fraser’s writing presumes no previous knowledge of either urban theory or the ninth art. Readers are introduced to names, places, historical events, urban thinkers, and formal elements of the comics medium with which they may not be familiar. In the process, each chapter introduces readers to specific comics artists and texts and investigates a range of matters pertaining to the medium’s spatial form, stylistic variation, and cultural prominence.
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Mounsey, K. E., and S. F. Walton. Scabies and other mite infections. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0073.
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Acariasis in humans and animals is caused by a diversity of parasitic mites taxonomically grouped into the class Arachnida, subclass Acari. The zoonotic species that can transfer from birds and animals to man (e.g. Cheyletiella spp; Dermanyssus spp and Ornithonyssus spp) are important in that they often cause major skin irritation or a hypersensitivity reactions or alternatively act as vectors of diseases such as scrub typhus. Like ticks the lifecycle of mites involves four life stages of development. The female mite lays eggs on the host or in the environment; the eggs hatch into larvae and pass through two nymphal stages. All stages have eight legs except the six-legged larva. Transmission is predominantly via direct contact between hosts; however fomites have been recognised as a potential source of infestation although the importance of this is variable and dependent on the ability of the mite to survive in the environment. The geographic range of most zoonotic species is worldwide although some varieties may be rare or non-existent in some countries. No developmental change or propagation of the organism occurs during the transmission.
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Montgomery, Will. Short Form American Poetry. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748695324.001.0001.
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Discussion of the modernist line in American 20th century and contemporary poetry has been dominated by such long-form monuments as Pound’s Cantos, Williams’s Paterson, and Olson’s Maximus. This study analyses and discusses a countervailing tradition of short-form work. Beginning with Imagism, it argues that the short and short-lined poem is a central feature of American 20th-century poetry, lacking neither the intellectual ambition nor the expressive range of the well known epics. The counter-tradition it suggests runs from imagism through such key figures as Williams, Oppen, Niedecker, Creeley and Grenier, to the recent Pulitzer prize-winner Rae Armantrout. The book aims to expand our understanding of the speculative reach of poetry, combining discussion of themes of objecthood, cognition and language with insightful analysis of many short-form poems.
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Goodman, Sam. The Retrospective Raj. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474448741.001.0001.
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The Retrospective Raj: Medicine, Literature & History After Empire undertakes a detailed analysis of the use of medicine as a recurrent and defining trope of post-imperial fiction published between 1950 and 1990. The book argues that during this crucial period of recent history, when the influence and prestige of the British Empire was nearing its end, a range of contemporary novelists including J. G. Farrell, Paul Scott, John Masters, Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, and Salman Rushdie identified and used medicine as a discursive paradigm through which to engage critically with the history, authority and legacy of the British Empire within their writing. Drawing on a range of literary and archival sources, this project explores the complex relationship between Britain, India and Empire through a medical humanities lens, bringing together the concerns of literary study and medical history under an interdisciplinary and original methodological framework. The Retrospective Raj is the first book of its kind to explore the 20th century literary revival of Empire and the post-imperial novel through the critical medical humanities. It approaches the novels of a defining group of post-war authors and Booker Prize winners through comparative analysis, considering how they used medical history, and medical themes and metaphor to ask searching questions about how the real and imagined history of Empire continued to inform British identity long after its ending.
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Schelenz, Silke. Fungal diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Edited by Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum, and Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0026.
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Fungal diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can occur because of an overgrowth of yeast in the gut, exposure to contaminated food and water, or as part of disseminated invasive fungal infections from other sites. The extent of the disease depends on the underlying risk factors, such as diabetes or immunosuppression, and ranges from colonization, localized infection, or fungaemia, to aggressive life-threatening GI tract infections. Candida spp. are the commonest cause of mucosal infection, although mould infections are increasingly reported. Serious invasive mould infections are difficult to diagnose as symptoms are often non-specific. Early recognition, prompt antifungal treatment, and surgical intervention can be lifesaving.
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Bardin, Thomas, and Tilman Drüeke. Renal osteodystrophy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0149.
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Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is a term that encompasses the various consequences of chronic kidney disease (CKD) for the bone. It has been divided into several entities based on bone histomorphometry observations. ROD is accompanied by several abnormalities of mineral metabolism: abnormal levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites, alkaline phosphatases, fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and klotho, which all have been identified as cardiovascular risk factors in patients with CKD. ROD can presently be schematically divided into three main types by histology: (1) osteitis fibrosa as the bony expression of secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHP), which is a high bone turnover disease developing early in CKD; (2) adynamic bone disease (ABD), the most frequent type of ROD in dialysis patients, which is at present most often observed in the absence of aluminium intoxication and develops mainly as a result of excessive PTH suppression; and (3) mixed ROD, a combination of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia whose prevalence has decreased in the last decade. Laboratory features include increased serum levels of PTH and bone turnover markers such as total and bone alkaline phosphatases, osteocalcin, and several products of type I collagen metabolism products. Serum phosphorus is increased only in CKD stages 4-5. Serum calcium levels are variable. They may be low initially, but hypercalcaemia develops in case of severe sHP. Serum 25-OH-vitamin D (25OHD) levels are generally below 30 ng/mL, indicating vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency. The international KDIGO guideline recommends serum PTH levels to be maintained in the range of approximately 2-9 times the upper normal normal limit of the assay and to intervene only in case of significant changes in PTH levels. It is generally recommended that calcium intake should be up to 2 g per day including intake with food and administration of calcium supplements or calcium-containing phosphate binders. Reduction of serum phosphorus towards the normal range in patients with endstage kidney failure is a major objective. Once sHP has developed, active vitamin D derivatives such as alfacalcidol or calcitriol are indicated in order to halt its progression.
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Guderjan, Marius, Hugh Mackay, and Gesa Stedman, eds. Contested Britain. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205008.001.0001.
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This book offers a powerful and distinctive analysis of how the politics of the UK and the lived experience of its citizens have been reframed in the first decades of the 21st century. It does so by bringing together carefully articulated case studies with theoretically informed discussion of the relationship between austerity, Brexit and the rise of populist politics, as well as highlighting the emergence of a range of practices, institutions and politics that challenge the hegemony of austerity discourses. The book mobilises notions of agency to help understand the role of austerity (as politics and lived experience) as a fundamental cause of Brexit. Investigating the social, economic, political, and cultural constraints and opportunities arising from a person’s position in society allows us to explain the link between austerity politics and the vote for Brexit. In doing so, the book goes beyond traditional disciplinary approaches to develop more interdisciplinary engagements, based on broad understandings of cultural studies as well as drawing on insights from political science, sociology, economics, geography and law. It uses comparative material from the regions of England and from the devolved territories of the UK, and explores the profound differences of geography, generation, gender, ‘race’ and class.
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Lennartz, Norbert, ed. Byron and Marginality. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439411.001.0001.
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The collection of essays intends to show that everything about Byron’s poetic work baffles the scholarly desire for neat categorisations. Various attempts at re-mapping Romanticism have given ample evidence of the fact that, as one of the ‘big six’ in the Romantic canon, Byron outgrows Romanticism and epitomises the fallacious character of a period that has always been compared to a dangerous quicksand. In his self-incurred marginality, Byron subjects the entire genre of poetry to a severe process of deconstruction: his œuvre ranges from verse tale to “epic narratives”, versified romances and poems which subvert the rigorous metrical and formal requirements and turn poetic forms into leaky vessels of incoherent quotations, intertextual reference and Molly Bloomian soliloquies.Taking to his role as a cultural fence-sitter, scoffer and outsider who watches his literary ambience from the stern perspective of a Neo-Classicist, Byron unveils and lays bare the repressed strata of human savagery which Romantic poetry normally glosses over and ignores.Doing the exact opposite of what Novalis and others circumscribed as the ‘poeticisation’ of prosaic 19th-century reality, Byron subscribes to the idea that man is irretrievably a bête humaine, much more akin to the liver-devouring vulture than to Prometheus. It is this premise of ontological marginality that is eventually reflected in all aspects of Byron’s textual, generic, thematic and topographical marginality.
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Paxton, Naomi. Stage rights! Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526114785.001.0001.
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This book provides the first detailed account of the work of the Actresses' Franchise League, taking the story of the organisation further than ever before. Formulated as a historiographically innovative critical biography of the League over the fifty years of the organisation’s activities, this book invites a total reassessment of the League within both 20th Century industry networks and accepted narratives of the development of political theatre in the UK. Making a genuine contribution to both theatre and suffrage histories, this book looks in detail at the performative propaganda of the suffrage movement and the role of feminist actresses as activists during and after the campaign for Votes for Women. It explores the extensive networks of political and theatrical activism and social campaigning through which suffragist performers, playwrights and producers shaped their careers, and reveals how determined the Actresses' Franchise League was to be visible in public space, and to create equal opportunities for women in the theatre industry. Drawing on archival material, this book shows how members and allies of the League addressed a broad range of political and social issues through their work, how they presented and represented women and womanhood, and how the organisation, formed and embedded in the Edwardian period, diversified during and after the First and Second World Wars.
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Vidoli, Christina T., and Jacob C. Holzer. Federal Protections, Laws, and the Geriatric Patient. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0006.
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Seniors face complex legal concerns that are often different from what they faced when they were younger. A range of federal protections and laws exist offering guidance and regulatory structure to the aging population. Examples reviewed in this chapter include federally supported financial assistance for healthcare and benefits, such as Medicare, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), Senior Health Insurance Program (SHIP); elder abuse reporting and interventions; consumer protections; and decision-making for aging and incapacitated persons. Elder law attorneys focus their practice on the legal needs of seniors and work with a variety of legal tools and techniques to specifically meet the goals of the older client, in order to maximize their autonomy and quality of life.
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Baym, Nancy K. Playing to the Crowd. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479896165.001.0001.
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In Playing to the Crowd, Nancy K. Baym examines the shift toward more personal connections with audiences, offering an entirely new approach to media cultures and industries as she does. The book argues that workers in many fields are under increased pressure get online and connect with others to further their careers, a trend that musicians have long led. Using a dialectical framework, the book draws on in depth-interviews with a range of professional musicians and other qualitative methods to show how the rise of digital communication platforms transformed artist-fan relationships into something that can feel personal. Part I explores music as a means of communication and as a commodity, drawing out the tension between its social and commercial values. Part II looks at audiences, showing how they developed fandoms in the 20th century, how those fandoms came online, and the tension between participation and control musicians experience when they encounter online audiences. Part III looks at relationships, examining how, in contrast to the concert hall environment in which musicians and audiences may one have met, social media create a new potential and pressure for everyday, intimate relating and how musicians manage the tensions between closeness and distance this creates. Ultimately, the book argues that the relational labor musicians do is a significant mode of work, one which requires resources, skills, and strategies we must all understand.
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Bruns, Alexander, Yuanshi Bu, Hanno Merkt, Sonja Meier, Michael Pawlik, Eiji Takahashi, Silja Vöneky, and Jan von Hein, eds. Legal Theory and Interpretation in a Dynamic Society. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748925842.
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This volume is a collection of edited papers presented at the occasion of the 7th Seoul-Freiburg Law Faculties Symposium held in Seoul in September 2019. The cooperation and academic exchange between the Law Faculties of the Seoul National University (SNU) and the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg keeping alive an old and precious tradition of close relationship between Korean and German law. The 7th Symposium was devoted to “Legal Theory and Interpretation in a Dynamic Society” and covered a broad range of subjects divided in six sections on I. Legal Theory and Interpretation, II. Enterprise Law, III. International Private Law and Civil Procedure Law, IV. Artificial Intelligence Law, Property Law, Criminal Law. V. Contract Law, and VI. the Relation of Supranational and Domestic Constitutional Law. Most of the papers presented at the Symposium are collected in this volume.
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Eyre, Steve, and Jane Worthington. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0040.
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A range of epidemiological studies have clearly established that susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Studies over the last five decades have used a variety of approaches to identify the genetic variants associated with disease. HLA DRB1 was the first RA susceptibility locus to be discovered and has the largest effect size. We describe current understanding of the complexities of HLA association for RA. Linkage and small-scale association studies prior to 2007 provided convincing evidence for only one more RA susceptibility locus, PTPN22. Major breakthroughs in high-throughput genotyping and systematic discovery and mapping of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) led to large-scale genome-wide association studies used for the first time for RA in 2007. This approach has had a dramatic impact on our knowledge of the susceptibility loci for RA, such that over 60 risk variants have now been robustly identified. We present an overview of these studies and the loci that have been identified. We consider how this knowledge is contributing to a greater understanding of the aetiology and pathology of the disease and in turn how this can influence management of patients presenting with an inflammatory arthritis. We consider some of the unanswered questions and the approaches that will need to be taken to address them.
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Eyre, Steve, Jane Worthington, and Sebastien Viatte. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0040_update_003.
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A range of epidemiological studies have clearly established that susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Studies over the last five decades have used a variety of approaches to identify the genetic variants associated with disease. HLA DRB1 was the first RA susceptibility locus to be discovered and has the largest effect size. We describe current understanding of the complexities of HLA association for RA. Linkage and small-scale association studies prior to 2007 provided convincing evidence for only one more RA susceptibility locus, PTPN22. Major breakthroughs in high-throughput genotyping, and systematic discovery and mapping of hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) led to large-scale genome-wide association studies used for the first time for RA in 2007. Widespread utilization of this approach has had a dramatic impact on our knowledge of the susceptibility loci for RA, such that over 100 risk variants have now been robustly identified. We present an overview of these studies and the loci that have been identified. We consider how this knowledge is contributing to a greater understanding of the aetiology and pathology of the disease, and in turn how this can influence management of patients presenting with an inflammatory arthritis. We consider some of the unanswered questions and the approaches that will need to be taken to address them.
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Bridges, John C. Evolution of the Martian Crust. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.18.
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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Mars, which has a tenth of the mass of Earth, has cooled as a single lithospheric plate. Current topography gravity maps and magnetic maps do not show signs of the plate tectonics processes that have shaped the Earth’s surface. Instead, Mars has been shaped by the effects of meteorite bombardment, igneous activity, and sedimentary—including aqueous—processes. Mars also contains enormous igneous centers—Tharsis and Elysium, with other shield volcanoes in the ancient highlands. In fact, the planet has been volcanically active for nearly all of its 4.5 Gyr history, and crater counts in the Northern Lowlands suggest that may have extended to within the last tens of millions of years. Our knowledge of the composition of the igneous rocks on Mars is informed by over 100 Martian meteorites and the results from landers and orbiters. These show dominantly tholeiitic basaltic compositions derived by melting of a relatively K, Fe-rich mantle compared to that of the Earth. However, recent meteorite and lander results reveal considerable diversity, including more silica-rich and alkaline igneous activity. These show the importance of a range of processes including crystal fractionation, partial melting, and possibly mantle metasomatism and crustal contamination of magmas. The figures and plots of compositional data from meteorites and landers show the range of compositions with comparisons to other planetary basalts (Earth, Moon, Venus). A notable feature of Martian igneous rocks is the apparent absence of amphibole. This is one of the clues that the Martian mantle had a very low water content when compared to that of Earth.The Martian crust, however, has undergone hydrothermal alteration, with impact as an important heat source. This is shown by SNC analyses of secondary minerals and Near Infra-Red analyses from orbit. The associated water may be endogenous.Our view of the Martian crust has changed since Viking landers touched down on the planet in 1976: from one almost entirely dominated by basaltic flows to one where much of the ancient highlands, particularly in ancient craters, is covered by km deep sedimentary deposits that record changing environmental conditions from ancient to recent Mars. The composition of these sediments—including, notably, the MSL Curiosity Rover results—reveal an ancient Mars where physical weathering of basaltic and fractionated igneous source material has dominated over extensive chemical weathering.