Academic literature on the topic 'Snow lances'
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Journal articles on the topic "Snow lances"
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Mikloš, Michal, Jaroslav Skvarenina, Martin Jančo, and Jana Skvareninova. "Density of Seasonal Snow in the Mountainous Environment of Five Slovak Ski Centers." Water 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123563.
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Climate change affects snowpack properties indirectly through the greater need for artificial snow production for ski centers. The seasonal snowpacks at five ski centers in Central Slovakia were examined over the course of three winter seasons to identify and compare the seasonal development and inter-seasonal and spatial variability of depth average snow density of ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow. The spatial variability in the ski piste snow density was analyzed in relation to the snow depth and snow lances at the Košútka ski center using GIS. A special snow tube for high-density snowpack sampling was developed (named the MM snow tube) and tested against the commonly used VS-43 snow tube. Measurements showed that the MM snow tube was constructed appropriately and had comparable precision. Significant differences in mean snow density were identified for the studied snow types. The similar rates of increase for the densities of the ski piste snow and uncompacted natural snow suggested that the key density differences stem from the artificial (machine-made) versus natural snow versus processes after and not densification due to snow grooming machines and skiers, which was relevant only for ski piste snow. The ski piste snow density increased on slope with decreasing snow depth (18 kg/m³ per each 10 cm), while snow depth decreased 2 cm per each meter from the center of snow lances. Mean three seasons maximal measured density of ski piste snow was 917 ± 58 kg/m³ the density of ice. This study increases the understanding of the snowpack development processes in a manipulated mountainous environment through examinations of temporal and spatial variability in snow densities and an investigation into the development of natural and ski piste snow densities over the winter season.
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Stahl, Joan. "THE SNOW SHOW. Lance Fung." Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America 24, no. 2 (October 2005): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/adx.24.2.27949384.
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Munehiro, Kazunori, Naohisa Nakamura, and Masaya Sato. "Variation of traffic flow due to accumulated snow formation on road." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926502002.
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Sapporo City has one of the heaviest snowfalls worldwide, and the road conditions in winter are getting remarkably worse. Snow removal works in winter are indispensable in order to secure traffic functions in the city. Snow accumulates on roads as soon as it is removed. It is also a problem that the deposited snow protrudes into the lanes of roads and the traffic flow drops. This study analyzed the size of deposited snow formation and the variation of traffic flow. We set up a camera for a four-lane road managed by Sapporo City (two lanes per side) and observed two seasons continuously. Width of deposited snow and traffic performance (Traffic Volume - Velocity) were analyzed based on the acquired images. The width of deposited snow was from 1.0 m to 2.5 m. When the width of the deposited snow exceeded approx.1.5 m, it was indicated that only one lane of the road will be in operation if it is originally operated as two lanes per side, with about 70% of the traffic volume and about 80% of the speed. In addition, based on the actual situation of use of bicycles and pedestrians in autumn, we propose redistribution of road cross-sections considering snow coverage width.
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Froggatt, Sir Peter. "John Snow, Thomas Wakley, and The Lancet *." Anaesthesia 57, no. 7 (June 13, 2002): 667–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2002.02656.x.
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Rijavec, Robert, and Darja Šemrov. "Effects of Weather Conditions on Motorway Lane Flow Distributions." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 30, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v30i1.2521.
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Several factors affect the lane choices made by motorway drivers. According to the driving rules, the nearside lane is the one that is primarily used. The main reasons for lane changes are overtaking, congestion, or restrictions on other lanes. The empirical research presented in this paper presents comprehensive traffic characteristics observed in different traffic lanes on four-lane motorways in Slovenia. The research was focused on the influence of adverse weather conditions on the lane flow distribution, and on the speed of vehicles in different lanes. The lane flow and speed distributions both directly affect road capacity and safety; therefore, estimating these characteristics could improve the reliability of active traffic control when traffic flow perturbation is detected. Field test results show that lane flow distributions and lane speed distributions at a particular site vary depending on weather conditions, namely, dry, wet (rain), low-visibility, and snow conditions.
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Orlov, Maxim. "Investigation of the process of explosive loading of freshwater ice." Thermal Science 23, Suppl. 2 (2019): 561–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci19s2561o.
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The behaviour of freshwater ice under the action of detonation products has been studied. As objects of the study was chosen snow covered ice of medium thickness. The ice cover of 2018 and 2017 on the Tom River was considered in current research. The age of the ice was approximate 130 days, but the temperature of its formation was different. In the first case (2017), the ice formation temperature was 7.5 % lower than in the second case. The sizes of the lanes in the snow covered ice after detonation of 4 kg of emulsion explosive are obtained. It was established that in the second case the diameter of the lane was 15% smaller than in the first case. The ice edge of the lane in the snow-covered and bare ice was determined. The edge of the needle ice, which had a stepped shape, is presented. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of the destruction of ice under explosive loads is given. It was found that the temperature of ice formation influenced the process of its destruction under explosive loads.
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Mihailovic, Aleksandra, Vucinic Vasic, Jordana Ninkov, Suzana Eric, Nebojsa Ralevic, Tomas Nemes, and Aleksandar Antic. "Multivariate analysis of metals content in urban snow near traffic lanes in Novi Sad, Serbia." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 79, no. 2 (2014): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc130311052m.
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During December 2009 snow was collected at twenty two locations across the urban area of Novi Sad, directly from roads and from traffic islands near crossroads. The total metal concentration was determined for each of ten metals (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Zn) using the ICP-OES analytical technique. The metal found to have the lowest concentration was Ni (0.0265 mg dm-3). The metal with the highest concentration was Na (10786 mg dm-3), which is a consequence of sodium chloride being used as de-icing salt on the roads. The metal with the second highest concentration at all locations was Ca; this was most likely the result of soil dust. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between analyzed metals were calculated to determine how concentrations of metals were related. A cluster analysis was carried out on the obtained data sets, using both hierarchical and partitioning methods in order to identify associations among metals and/or locations. It was shown that traffic density was not the most important factor that caused differences between the concentrations of the metals in samples.
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Chen, Shengdi, Shiwen Zhang, Yingying Xing, and Jian Lu. "Identifying the Factors Contributing to the Severity of Truck-Involved Crashes in Shanghai River-Crossing Tunnel." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 3155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093155.
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The impact that trucks have on crash severity has long been a concern in crash analysis literature. Furthermore, if a truck crash happens in a tunnel, this would result in more serious casualties due to closure and the complexity of the tunnel. However, no studies have been reported to analyze traffic crashes that happened in tunnels and develop crash databases and statistical models to explore the influence of contributing factors on tunnel truck crashes. This paper summarizes a study that aims to examine the impact of risk factors such as driver factor, environmental factor, vehicle factor, and tunnel factor on truck crashes injury propensity based on tunnel crashes data obtained from Shanghai, China. An ordered logit model was developed to analyze injury crashes and property damage only crashes. The driver factor, environmental factor, vehicle factor, and tunnel factor were explored to identify the relationship between these factors and crashes and the severity of crashes. Results show that increased injury severity is associated with driver factors, such as male drivers, older drivers, fatigue driving, drunkenness, safety belt used improperly, and unfamiliarity with vehicles. Late night (00:00–06:59) and afternoon rushing hours (16:30–18:59), weekdays, snow or icy road conditions, combination truck, overload, and single vehicle were also found to significantly increase the probability of injury severity. In addition, tunnel factors including two lanes, high speed limits (≥80 km/h), zone 3, extra-long tunnels (over 3000 m) are also significantly associated with a higher risk of severe injury. So, the gender, age of driver, mid-night to dawn and afternoon peak hours, weekdays, snowy or icy road conditions, the interior zone of a tunnel, the combination truck, overloaded trucks, and extra-long tunnels are associated with higher crash severity. Identification of these contributing factors for tunnel truck crashes can provide valuable information to help with new and improved tunnel safety control measures.
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McGowen, Pat, and Rebecca Gleason. "Grand Teton National Park Evaluation of Non-Motorized Use: Post Pathway 2010 (Dornan's to South Jenny Lake)." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 33 (January 1, 2011): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2011.3785.
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As stated in the September 2006 Transportation Plan/Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for Grand Teton National Park (GRTE, 2006), âBicycling has become an increasingly popular activity in [GRTE], despite the lack of designated bike lanes and bike paths. Evidence of the interest in bicycling occurs each spring, prior to opening the Teton Park Road to motor vehicles. After the road is cleared of snow by April 1, it remains closed to motor vehicles until May 1. During this time, it is available for non-motorized uses (e.g., bicycling, walking, wheelchairs, rollerblading). The popularity of these activities, especially with local residents, is evident on most days, and during nice weather when the Taggart Lake parking lot is often filled beyond capacity, with the overflow continuing down the road toward Beaver Creek.â Consequently, the plan recommends the adoption of separated shared-use pathways along several roadway corridors within the park. The purpose of these pathways is to enhance mobility for bicyclists and pedestrians in the park, while enhancing their safety by separating them from motorized traffic.
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Ab Ghani, Hadhrami, Rosli Besar, Zamani Md Sani, Mohd Nazeri Kamaruddin, Syabeela Syahali, Atiqullah Mohamed Daud, and Aerun Martin. "Advances in lane marking detection algorithms for all-weather conditions." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 3365. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3365-3373.
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Driving vehicles in all-weather conditions is challenging as the lane markers tend to be unclear to the drivers for detecting the lanes. Moreover, the vehicles will move slower hence increasing the road traffic congestion which causes difficulties in detecting the lane markers especially for advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). Therefore, this paper conducts a thorough review on vision-based lane marking detection algorithms developed for all-weather conditions. The review methodology consists of two major areas, which are a review on the general system models employed in the lane marking detection algorithms and a review on the types of weather conditions considered for the algorithms. Throughout the review process, it is observed that the lane marking detection algorithms in literature have mostly considered weather conditions such as fog, rain, haze and snow. A new contour-angle method has also been proposed for lane marker detection. Most of the research work focus on lane detection, but the classification of the types of lane markers remains a significant research gap that is worth to be addressed for ADAS and intelligent transport systems.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Snow lances"
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Křepela, Radim. "Energetická náročnost výroby umělého sněhu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443196.
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The presented diploma thesis informs about the origin, history, and benefits of technical snowmaking. It introduces what snow equipment consists of and what processes artificial snow is produced. It also shows the price of tons of snow produced from individual commercially available equipment. In the experimental part, the work deals with the calculation of droplet freezing for various input parameters of water, environment, and equipment. A sample calculation was performed for a falling water droplet from a snow lances. The droplet of discharged water was 0.3 mm in size and had a temperature of 2 ° C. The temperature of the environment was chosen to be -10 ° C. Furthermore, the trajectory of the droplet from a snow gun was determined. In the design, a specific snow pole was designed for the specified parameters, including the speed of the environment. The results were then compared with snow poles available on the market.
Books on the topic "Snow lances"
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Vanhese, Gisèle. La neige écarlate dans la poésie de Yves Bonnefoy, Paul Celan, Alain Tasso, Salvatore Quasimodo, Lance Henson. Beyrouth: Dar An Nahar, 2003.
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Curwood, James Oliver. The honor of the big snows. Toronto: McLoed & Allen, 1994.
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Forests, United States Congress Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Public Lands and. Conveyance of land in Nevada; convey land in the Beaverhead-Deerlodge Forest, MT; exchange land in Idaho; Fort Stanton-Snowy River National Cave Conservation Area; amend the Public Lands Corps Act of 1993; and revoke lands in Cibola National Wildlife Refuge, CA: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, on S. 703, S. 997, S. 1131, S. 1170, S. 1238, H.R. 1101, July 20, 2005. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2005.
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Curwood, James Oliver. The Honor of the Big Snows. IndyPublish.com, 2003.
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The Honor of the Big Snows. Books in Motion, 1992.
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Curwood, James Oliver. The Honor of the Big Snows. 1st World Library - Literary Society, 2006.
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Curwood, James Oliver. The Honor of the Big Snows. BiblioBazaar, 2007.
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The Honor of the Big Snows. Ottawa: eBooksLib, 2005.
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Curwood, James Oliver. The Honor of the Big Snows. 1st World Library - Literary Society, 2006.
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Curwood, James Oliver. The Honor of the Big Snows. IndyPublish.com, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Snow lances"
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Ilinskiy, A. V., and K. N. Evsenkin. "ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ДАННЫЕ ПО ЗАПАСАМ ВОДЫ В СНЕЖНОМ ПОКРОВЕ МЕЛИОРИРОВАННЫХ ЗЕМЕЛЬ." In НАУЧНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕЛИОРАТИВНО-ВОДОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА, 4. ФГБНУ «ВНИИГиМ им. А.Н. Костякова», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37738/vniigim.2020.95.88.011.
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Представлены результаты проведения снегомерной съемки на мелиорированных землях АО Московское , мелиоративном объекте Тинки-2 и участке лесного массива пос. Солотча. Определены запасы воды в снежном покрове: наименьшие запасы воды в снеге (857 м3/га) наблюдаются на землях АО Московское , на втором месте по запасам воды в снеге (1090 м3/га) находятся земли лесного массива пос. Солотча, наибольшие же запасы воды в снеге (1315 м3/га) зафиксированы на территории мелиоративного объекта Тинки-2 .The results of snow-measuring survey on reclaimed lands of JSC Moskovskoe , the reclamation object Tinki-2 and a section of the forest area of the village of Solotcha are presented. Determined the water reserves in the snow cover: the smallest water reserves in the snow (857 m3/ha) are observed on the lands of JSC Moskovskoe on the second largest reserves of water in snow (1090 m3/ha) are the lands of the forest settlement Solotcha, the greatest water reserves in snow (1315 m3/ha) is recorded in the reclamation of the object Tinki-2 .
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Wohl, Ellen. "April: Six Degrees of Connectivity." In Saving the Dammed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0007.
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By late April, the snow is gone from the beaver meadow. The promises of March are starting to be fulfilled: insects are on the wing, some of the willows have furry catkins along their branches, and fish jump from the quiet waters of the beaver ponds. I can no longer easily get around the beaver meadows on foot unless I wear chest waders. The sound of the beaver meadow in March was primarily wind. By April, the sound is primarily moving water. The water gurgles, shushes, and whispers. In another month it will roar with the melting snows. Another three miles up the creek valley and 1,500 feet higher, one of my long-term study sites still lies under 6 feet of snow, but in the meadow I see only one patch of tenacious snow-ice in the deep shade beneath a spruce along the northern edge of the meadow. I know that snow will still fall here during late spring storms, but it will melt quickly. March felt on the cusp, as if it could as easily tip toward winter or spring. Late April is definitely spring headed toward summer. The beaver meadow remains a riverscape more brown and tan than green. The willows are still leafless, although some of the branch tips are turning pale yellow-green and others seem to be taking on a more vivid orange hue. I can see the leaf buds starting to swell. The grass has just begun to grow in dark green tips steadily forcing their way through the thick mat of last year’s dead stems. Clusters of new leaves on low-growing wintergreen are the only other sign of green outside of the channels. Some of the smaller side channels are thick with emerald green algae undulating slowly in the current. A stonefly lands on my hand. Its slender, dark gray body seems surprisingly delicate for a creature that has hatched into the vagaries of April air, with its potential for blasting winds and sudden snow squalls.
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Whitesides, Clayton J., and Matthew H. Connolly. "Estimating Fractional Snow Cover in Mountain Environments with Fuzzy Classification." In Geographic Information Systems, 1953–73. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2038-4.ch116.
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The disproportionate amount of water runoff from mountains to surrounding arid and semiarid lands has generated much research in snow water equivalent (SWE) modeling. A primary input in SWE models is snow covered area (SCA) which is generally obtained via satellite imagery. Mixed pixels in alpine snow studies complicate SCA measurements and can reduce accuracy. A simple method was developed to estimate fractional snow cover using freely available Landsat and data derived from DEMs, commercial and free software, as well as fuzzy classification and recursive partitioning. The authors attempted to develop a cost effective technique for estimating fractional snow cover for resource and recreation managers confined by limited budgets and resources. Results indicated that the method was non-sensitive (P = 0.426) to differences in leaf area index and solar radiation between 4 March 2000 and 13 March 2003. Fractional snow cover was predicted consistently despite variation in model parameters between years, indicating that the developed method may be a viable way for monitoring fractional snow cover in mountainous areas where capital and resources are limited.
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COURTHIADE, Marcel. "La langue rromani en Europe et son usage oral." In Plurilinguisme et tensions identitaires, 59–76. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.3795.
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La spécificité de la langue rromani a inspiré très tôt une série de conjectures, passées en revue ici. La (re)découverte de l'origine indienne du rromani s'est accompagnée du mythe de l'intercompréhension entre Indiens et Rroms (ab Hortis). D'autres fictions prennent le relai : d'un côté une unité qui permettrait l'intercompréhension généralisée des Rroms, de l'autre un grand nombre de langues différentes. Aucune ne correspond à la réalité et nous tenterons de dégager la logique – cohérente mais erronée, de chacune de ces approches, chez les locuteurs de base et chez les chercheurs. Le statut (réel ou présumé) de la langue nourrit diverses représentations, de même que son usage effectif et ses capacités d'expression (ćordikani ćhib, invention du diable, jargon de voleurs). L'image du rromani écrit dépend pour sa part de l'ignorance (cf. C. P. Snow) de l'histoire des autres langues écrites par les détracteurs, mais le sujet est en lui-même un instrument de manipulations politiques.
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Wilshire, Howard G., Richard W. Hazlett, and Jane E. Nielson. "Raiding the Range." In The American West at Risk. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142051.003.0008.
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“Home on the Range” evokes a western landscape “where the deer and the antelope play.” But even at the song’s debut in the 1870s, deer and antelope were declining in numbers and cattle grazing was degrading rangelands across the American west. In their natural state, arid North American lands are robust and productive, but they recover exceedingly slowly from heavy grazing. By 1860, more than 3.5 million domesticated grazing animals were trampling arid western soils, causing severe erosion and lowering both water quality and water supplies in a water-poor region. The early start and persistence of grazing over such a long period of time invaded every nook and cranny of the public lands, making livestock grazing the most pervasively damaging human land use across all western ecosystems. Today, grazing affects approximately 260 million acres of publicly owned forest and rangelands, mostly in the 11 western states—about equivalent to the combined area of California, Arizona, and Colorado. Those acres include Pacific Northwest - r and ponderosa forests; Great Basin big sagebrush lands; the richly H oral Sonoran Desert; magni- cent high-desert Joshua tree forests; varied shrub associations in the low-elevation Mojave, Great Basin, Chihuahuan, and other southwestern deserts; and extensive Colorado Plateau pinyon–juniper forests stretching from northern Arizona and New Mexico to southern Colorado and Utah and decorating the arid inland plateaus of Washington, Oregon, and northeastern California. Proponents of public lands grazing argue that cattle have not changed anything. They just replace the immense herds of hooved native herbivores—bison, deer, antelope, and elk—that once dominated western ranges. But in pre-European settlement times, natural forces, including unlimited predators and limited fodder, effectively controlled the native animal populations. Unlike cattle, the herds of deer, antelope, and elk wintered in generally snow-free lowland areas and used much less than their full range each year. And those animals were easier on the land, especially the rivers. Immense bison herds ranged over vast areas, never staying very long on any range. Bison rarely visited the sites of today’s major livestock grazing problems in Great Basin and southwestern deserts, however. On northern ranges, bison obtained winter moisture from eating snow and did not cling to creeks and streams the way cattle do.
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Searle, Mike. "Frozen Rivers and Fault Lines." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0010.
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After seven summer field seasons working in the north-western Himalaya in India, I had heard of a winter trade route that must rank as one of the most outlandish journeys in the Himalaya. The largely Buddhist Kingdoms of Ladakh and Zanskar are high, arid, mountainous lands to the north of the Greater Himalayan Range and in the rain shadow of the summer monsoon. Whereas the southern slopes of the Himalaya range from dense sub-tropical jungles and bamboo forests to rhododendron woods and magnificent alpine pastures carpeted in spring flowers, the barren icy lands to the north are the realm of the snow leopard, the yak, and the golden eagles and lammergeier vultures that soar overhead. The Zanskar Valley lies immediately north-east of the 6–7,000-metre-high peaks of the Himalayan crest and has about thirty permanent settlements, including about ten Buddhist monasteries. I had seen the Zanskar Ranges from the summit of White Sail in Kulu and later spent four summer seasons mapping the geology along the main trekking routes. In summer, trekking routes cross the Himalaya westwards to Kashmir, southwards to Himachal Pradesh, and northwards to Leh, the ancient capital of Ladakh. Winter snows close the Zanskar Valley from the outside world for up to six months a year when temperatures plummet to minus 38oC. Central Zanskar is a large blank on the map, virtually inaccessible, with steepsided jagged limestone mountains and deep canyons. The Zanskar River carves a fantastic gorge through this mountain range and for only a few weeks in the middle of winter the river freezes. The Chaddur, the walk along the frozen Zanskar River, takes about ten to twelve days from Zanskar to the Indus Valley and, in winter time, was the only way in or out before the road to Kargil was constructed. I mentioned this winter trek to Ben Stephenson during our summer fieldwork in Kishtwar and he stopped suddenly, turned around, and said ‘Mike we just have to do this trek!’ So the idea of a winter journey into Zanskar was born, and four of us set off from Oxford in January 1995.
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Wohl, Ellen. "October: Of Beavers and Humans." In Saving the Dammed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190943523.003.0013.
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By mid-October, the first snow has fallen on the beaver meadow. There is no sign of snow when I visit a few days later, but the air feels chill in the shadows and a cool breeze leavens the sunshine’s warmth. Mostly, the beaver meadow seems a golden place. Many of the willow, aspen, and birch leaves have already fallen, but enough remain to create a glowing ménage of yellow, gold, palest orange, and tan. Each leaf refracts and filters the light so that it comes from every direction rather than only from above. Aspens on the north-facing valley slope stand bare and pale gray. Those on the south facing slope form bursts of gold among the dark green conifers. The beaver meadow remains lively with activity. Dance flies move upward and downward in a column of air backlit by sunshine, their delicate bodies shimmering in the low-angle light. A little black stonefly lands on the back of my hand. I resist the urge, bred by summer mosquitoes, to reflexively slap it away. As I cross smaller side channels, brook trout dart away from the warm shallows where they have been resting. The narrow band of white on each dorsal fin flashes as the fish moves swiftly toward deeper water. When one small trout gets momentarily stuck between two exposed cobbles, I cup its slender, wriggling body between my hands and help it along. Windrows of fallen leaves form swirling patterns on the water surface and streambed. Filamentous algae grow in thick green strands along the side channels, where lower water exposes wide bands of mud along the channel edges. The mud bands record the comings and goings along the channel: precise imprints of raccoon feet and deer hooves and blurrier outlines left by moose. Moose beds mat down the tall grasses scattered among the willow thickets. As usual, the beavers themselves elude me, but I see fresh mud and neatly peeled white branches with gnawed ends on some of the dams. Lower water in the beaver pond exposes an entrance hole in the side of the lodge.
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Taillant, Jorge Daniel. "Invisible Glaciers." In Glaciers. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199367252.003.0009.
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Up in the highest reaches of the Central Andes, along the Sierra Nevada in California, along the European Alps, in some of the most unlikely places, including countries like Turkey, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Romania, Montenegro, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Iran, and China, and in some more likely ones such as Mongolia, Russia, Nepal, Norway, Sweden, Argentina, Chile, and Canada, lie entire swaths of frozen lands containing enormous quantities of invisible water in a solid state, hidden from sight until the surrounding ecosystems call on these lands to provide summer meltwater. As much as 25% of the surface of the Earth’s land experiences these frozen conditions, and more than 9 million people live in such environments. Even more live immediately below these lands, and yet most of us have never even heard of this frozen realm. The Incas and the Aztecs are known to have used this frozen terrain to store and conserve food. I am not talking about the more obviously glaciated regions with visible white cover on high mountaintops (which also act as water towers and basin regulators), but rather of that strip of land that lies somewhere below the lowest limit of the visible glaciers and somewhere above the timber line. No ice or snow may be immediately visible in this region, but, sure enough, the Earth is storing colossal amounts of ice, protected from the warm ambient temperature, for when the environment needs it most. We can think of this invisible frozen region as a buffer or hydrological ice zone that ecosystems call on for steady water all year round. It’s what glaciologists call the periglacial environment. The term itself is somewhat deceiving. Peri suggests “perimeter” or “surrounding,” so we might guess that the periglacial environment is the area surrounding the glacier, a sort of buffer zone around the visible ice where logically some sort of cryogenic activity (freezing activity) is occurring. Although such activity may indeed be occurring around the fringes of any given glacier, this is not the area known as the periglacial environment. Periglacial environments are much more complex than their name might suggest.
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Heim, Michael. "The Art of Virtual Reality." In Virtual Realism. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195104264.003.0008.
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The snow hits your windshield without mercy. The car’s headlights reveal nothing about the highway. You can only guess where the lanes are, where the shoulder begins, where the exit ramps might be. The blizzard has so iced the road that you crawl along at five miles an hour. Other travelers sit stranded in their cars off the road, lights dimming in the dark. Hours later, you flop exhausted on the bed. Tension tightens your shoulders and forehead. You close your eyes. On the back of your eyelids, everything appears again in startling detail: the swirling snowflakes, the headlights, the windshield wipers fighting the moisture — all in slow motion this very minute. . . . > Modern art objects had aesthetic appeal when the viewer could stand apart from them to appreciate their sensory richness, their expressive emotion, or their provocative attitude. Today, detached contemplation still holds antique charm, as the contemporary scene presents quite different circumstances. . . . Flashbacks, a kind of waking nightmare, often belong to your first experiences with virtual reality. Subtract the terror and sore muscles and you get an idea of how I felt after two and a half hours in the exhibit Dancing as the Virtual Dervish (Banff, Alberta). Even the next day, my optical nerves held the imprint of the brightly colored transhuman structures. I could summon them with the slightest effort—or see them sometimes in unexpected flashes of cyberspace. . . . > Art is coming to terms with interactivity, immersion, and information intensity. Aesthetics—the delighted play of the senses—cannot preserve its traditional detachment. The modern museum with its bright spaces and airy lighting is giving way to darkened rooms glowing with computer screens and hands-on buttons. . . . For hours, you feel a touch of perceptual nausea, a forewarning of the relativity sickness called AWS (Alternate World Syndrome) in my book The Metaphysics of Virtual Reality. Everything seems brighter, even slightly illusory. Reality afterwards seems hidden underneath a thin film of appearance. Your perceptions seem to float over a darker, unknowable truth. The world vibrates with the finest of tensions, as if something big were imminent, as if you were about to break through the film of illusion.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan, and Mark Williams. "Into the Icehouse." In The Goldilocks Planet. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
The frozen lands of the north are an unforgiving place for humans to live. The Inuit view of the cosmos is that it is ruled by no one, with no gods to create wind and sun and ice, or to provide punishment or forgiveness, or to act as Earth Mother or Father. Amid those harsh landscapes, belief is superfluous, and only fear can be relied on as a guide. How could such a world begin, and end? In Nordic mythology, in ancient times there used to be a yet greater kingdom of ice, ruled by the ice giant, Ymir Aurgelmir. To make a world fit for humans, Ymir was killed by three brothers—Odin, Vilje, and Ve. The blood of the dying giant drowned his own children, and formed the seas, while the body of the dead giant became the land. To keep out other ice giants that yet lived in the far north, Odin and his brothers made a wall out of Ymir’s eyebrows. One may see, fancifully, those eyebrows still, in the form of the massive, curved lines of morainic hills that run across Sweden and Finland. We now have a popular image of Ymir’s domain—the past ‘Ice Age’—as snowy landscapes of a recent past, populated by mammoths and woolly rhinos and fur-clad humans (who would have been beginning to create such legends to explain the precarious world on which they lived). This image, as we have seen, represents a peculiarly northern perspective. The current ice age is geologically ancient, for the bulk of the world’s land-ice had already grown to cover almost all Antarctica, more than thirty million years ago. Nevertheless, a mere two and a half million years ago, there was a significant transition in Earth history—an intensification of the Earth’s icehouse state that spread more or less permanent ice widely across the northern polar regions of the world. This intensification— via those fiendishly complex teleconnections that characterize the Earth system—changed the face of the entire globe. The changes can be detected in the sedimentary strata that were then being deposited around the world.
Conference papers on the topic "Snow lances"
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Ryu, Jihan, Flavio Nardi, and Nikolai Moshchuk. "Vehicle Sideslip Angle Estimation and Experimental Validation." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64466.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a comparison study of three different methods for the estimation of vehicle’s lateral velocity: one based on algebraic relationships, a second based on a dynamic observer, and lastly one based on kinematic equations. All methods are based on the implementation of an experimental nonlinear model that relates the front and rear axles’ lateral forces to their respective side slip angles. These nonlinear models include the effects of different surface coefficients of friction, and all three methods include a real time estimation of the surface coefficient of friction based on standard production sensors. Real time estimation performance of the proposed observers is compared and evaluated based on experimental implementation on a series production vehicle. Vehicle dynamic tests include highly dynamic maneuvers such as slaloms, single and double lane changes, fishhooks on test surfaces such as ice, snow, gravel, and wet/dry asphalt.