Academic literature on the topic 'SNF monitoring'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'SNF monitoring.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "SNF monitoring"
1
Mrabat, Samia, Hanane Baybay, and Zakia Douhi. "Isolated café-au-lait macules: Think of neurofibromatosis type V." Our Dermatology Online 12, no. 4 (October 19, 2021): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.7241/ourd.20214.32.
Full textAbstract:
Sir, Segmental neurofibromatosis (SNF) is a rare form of neurofibromatosis (NF) with a reported prevalence of 0.0014%–0.002%. It is included in Riccardi’s classification as type V NF [1]. It is characterized by café-au-lait macules and/or neurofibromas distributed in only one dermatome, less commonly in two or more dermatomes [2]. Roth et al. reclassified SNF into four subtypes: true SNF, localized SNF with deep involvement, hereditary SNF, and bilateral SNF. A limited number of cases of SNF have been reported with systemic involvement, such as visceral neurofibromas, skeletal abnormalities, and renal agenesis [1]. Laser therapy may be performed if an aesthetic demand arises. Herein, we report a case of SNF in a young boy with no systemic disease. An eleven-year-old male was sent by his pediatrician for skin spots that appeared at the age of four. The young patient came from a non-consanguineous marriage and had no family history of skin disease. A general physical examination revealed normal parameters, such as weight, size, intelligence, speech, auditory function, and visual acuity. A dermatological examination found unilateral café-au-lait macules with a ranging size of 1 to 5 mm in the right half of the trunk with no crossing of the midline (Figs. 1a and 1b). We thoroughly examined the boy and found no other features of neurofibromatosis, including neurofibromas, neurological deficits, or bone abnormalities. We assured the patient and his parents that this was a benign disease, so the risk of developing any disease-related complications was low. Annual monitoring was started. No therapy was proposed because the patient expressed no aesthetic demands.
2
Januario, Thomas, Xiaofen Ye, Russell Bainer, Bruno Alicke, Tunde Smith, Benjamin Haley, Zora Modrusan, Stephen Gould, and Robert L. Yauch. "PRC2-mediated repression of SMARCA2 predicts EZH2 inhibitor activity in SWI/SNF mutant tumors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 46 (October 30, 2017): 12249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703966114.
Full textAbstract:
Subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex are frequently mutated in human cancers leading to epigenetic dependencies that are therapeutically targetable. The dependency on the polycomb repressive complex (PRC2) and EZH2 represents one such vulnerability in tumors with mutations in the SWI/SNF complex subunit, SNF5; however, whether this vulnerability extends to other SWI/SNF subunit mutations is not well understood. Here we show that a subset of cancers harboring mutations in the SWI/SNF ATPase, SMARCA4, is sensitive to EZH2 inhibition. EZH2 inhibition results in a heterogenous phenotypic response characterized by senescence and/or apoptosis in different models, and also leads to tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Lower expression of the SMARCA2 paralog was associated with cellular sensitivity to EZH2 inhibition in SMARCA4 mutant cancer models, independent of tissue derivation. SMARCA2 is suppressed by PRC2 in sensitive models, and induced SMARCA2 expression can compensate for SMARCA4 and antagonize PRC2 targets. The induction of SMARCA2 in response to EZH2 inhibition is required for apoptosis, but not for growth arrest, through a mechanism involving the derepression of the lysomal protease cathepsin B. Expression of SMARCA2 also delineates EZH2 inhibitor sensitivity for other SWI/SNF complex subunit mutant tumors, including SNF5 and ARID1A mutant cancers. Our data support monitoring SMARCA2 expression as a predictive biomarker for EZH2-targeted therapies in the context of SWI/SNF mutant cancers.
3
Potapov, V. V., and V. A. Ilin. "STATISTICS OF FAILURES AND MONITORING OF THE STATE OF POOLS AND PROTECTIVE HERMETIC FENCES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 269 (November 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.11.pp.014-019.
Full textAbstract:
Assessment of the technical condition of the main systems and structures is one of the main stage tasks of technical diagnostics of NPP elements. One of the important elements of the hermetic volume of the protective shells of nuclear power plants is a storage pool (SP) of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). For provision of SNF storage the appropriate systems and structures are used: SNF handling system, SP cooling system and SP by itself. Pools are made of monolithic reinforced concrete with stainless steel lining intended to retain cooling water (boric acid solution) and protect the concrete from direct effect of aggressive environments. Emergency leaks may occur through the SP lining during operation of a nuclear power plant. Materials used for pool structures must be radiation resistant and resistant to a boric acid solution. The structure of the storage pool must be earthquake-proof, must allow monitoring of emergency leaks and maintain a controlled water level in case of leaks for the time period until the fuel will be discharged. Features of failures during operation, results of research and recommendations for extending the service life of storage pools at domestic nuclear power plants with VVER are considered. Assessment of the technical condition of the main structures of the SP provides for specialized research. Thus, the SP survey generally involves visual and instrumental examination of the bottom lining, internal lining, as well as concrete walls and bottom.
4
Potapov, V. V., and V. A. Ilin. "STATISTICS OF FAILURES AND MONITORING OF THE STATE OF POOLS AND PROTECTIVE HERMETIC FENCES OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 269 (November 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2020.11.pp.014-019.
Full textAbstract:
Assessment of the technical condition of the main systems and structures is one of the main stage tasks of technical diagnostics of NPP elements. One of the important elements of the hermetic volume of the protective shells of nuclear power plants is a storage pool (SP) of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). For provision of SNF storage the appropriate systems and structures are used: SNF handling system, SP cooling system and SP by itself. Pools are made of monolithic reinforced concrete with stainless steel lining intended to retain cooling water (boric acid solution) and protect the concrete from direct effect of aggressive environments. Emergency leaks may occur through the SP lining during operation of a nuclear power plant. Materials used for pool structures must be radiation resistant and resistant to a boric acid solution. The structure of the storage pool must be earthquake-proof, must allow monitoring of emergency leaks and maintain a controlled water level in case of leaks for the time period until the fuel will be discharged. Features of failures during operation, results of research and recommendations for extending the service life of storage pools at domestic nuclear power plants with VVER are considered. Assessment of the technical condition of the main structures of the SP provides for specialized research. Thus, the SP survey generally involves visual and instrumental examination of the bottom lining, internal lining, as well as concrete walls and bottom.
5
Yunanto, Tedi, Farisatul Amanah, and Nabila Putri Wisnu. "The possibility of reclamation criteria success in Indonesia: soil condition, vegetation structure and species composition." Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 9, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 3201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2021.091.3201.
Full textAbstract:
There are two regulations for mine reclamation success in the forestry area in Indonesia, namely Minister of Forestry Regulation No. P.60/Menhut-II/2009 and Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 1827.K/30/MEM/2018. Both regulations rule vegetation and soil success. This study aims to analyse criteria parameters from both regulations in the mine reclamation and compare them to the surrounding secondary natural forest (SNF). This study was conducted in 6 six types of mine reclamation stand structures: 1, 4, 6, 9, 11-year-old plantation and SNF using 1 hectare of the circular plot each (total 6 ha). Soil samples were collected from 40 cm depth to analyse physical, biological and chemical conditions. Mine reclamation areas had almost similar physical, biological and chemical soil conditions with SNF. Nevertheless, due to the potential acid-forming (PAF) material from overburden, the 1-year-old plantation had pH = 3.23-3.27. The highest diversity index and the number of species and families in all reclamation areas were H’ = 1.82 (11-year-old); 14 species (9-year-old); and 11 families (9-year-old), comparing with SNF were H’ = 3.48; 67 species, and 31 families. Conversely, vegetation structure parameters in mine reclamation areas were higher than SNF (diameter at height breast (DBH; 1.3 m) = 28.42 cm; tree density = 469/ha; basal area = 35.04 m2/ha; and total height = 16.85 m). Compared to the SNF, vegetation structure and soil conditions are mostly possible for mine reclamation success. Still, species composition needs to be considered further as a standard interval to meet the criteria.
6
Riester, Melissa R., Elliott Bosco, Joe B. B. Silva, Barbara H. Bardenheier, Parag Goyal, Emily T. O’Neil, Robertus van Aalst, Ayman Chit, Stefan Gravenstein, and Andrew R. Zullo. "Causes and timing of 30-day rehospitalization from skilled nursing facilities after a hospital admission for pneumonia or sepsis." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): e0260664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260664.
Full textAbstract:
Background Pneumonia and sepsis are among the most common causes of hospitalization in the United States and often result in discharges to a skilled nursing facility (SNF) for rehabilitation. We described the timing and most common causes of 30-day unplanned hospital readmission following an index hospitalization for pneumonia or sepsis. Methods and findings This national retrospective cohort study included adults ≥65 years who were hospitalized for pneumonia or sepsis and were discharged to a SNF between July 1, 2012 and July 4, 2015. We quantified the ten most common 30-day unplanned readmission diagnoses and estimated the daily risk of first unplanned rehospitalization for four causes of readmission (circulatory, infectious, respiratory, and genitourinary). The index hospitalization was pneumonia for 92,153 SNF stays and sepsis for 452,254 SNF stays. Of these SNF stays, 20.9% and 25.9%, respectively, resulted in a 30-day unplanned readmission. Overall, septicemia was the single most common readmission diagnosis for residents with an index hospitalization for pneumonia (16.7% of 30-day readmissions) and sepsis (22.4% of 30-day readmissions). The mean time to unplanned readmission was approximately 14 days overall. Respiratory causes displayed the highest daily risk of rehospitalization following index hospitalizations for pneumonia, while circulatory and infectious causes had the highest daily risk of rehospitalization following index hospitalizations for sepsis. The day of highest risk for readmission occurred within two weeks of the index hospitalization discharge, but the readmission risk persisted across the 30-day follow-up. Conclusion Among older adults discharged to SNFs following a hospitalization for pneumonia or sepsis, hospital readmissions for infectious, circulatory, respiratory, and genitourinary causes occurred frequently throughout the 30-day post-discharge period. Our data suggests further study is needed, perhaps on the value of closer monitoring in SNFs post-hospital discharge and improved communication between hospitals and SNFs, to reduce the risk of potentially preventable hospital readmissions.
7
Ertan, Seda, and Rahmi Nurhan Çelik. "The Assessment of Urbanization Effect and Sustainable Drainage Solutions on Flood Hazard by GIS." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042293.
Full textAbstract:
Rapid and uncontrolled changes in land use patterns due to urbanization negatively affect urban rainfall-runoff processes and flood hazard. In this study, a method that included different sustainable drainage solutions, such as green infrastructure (GI) usage for flood hazard mitigation with various scenarios on a geographic information system (GIS) platform within a 1653 ha catchment of the Kağıthane Stream in İstanbul, Turkey is presented. Developed scenarios are as follows: scenario one (SN1) is the current situation; scenario two (SN2) used green roof application for buildings and a permeable surface for roads; scenario three (SN3) used only green roof application for buildings; scenario four (SN4) used a rainwater barrel for collecting roof water, a swale canal for collecting road water, and added additional structures to open areas to observe urbanization; scenario five (SN5) considered multiple GI implementations; and scenario six (SN6) considered full urbanization. The results indicate that greener infrastructure implementation provides benefits in reducing both the runoff coefficient and the peak flowrate, and the flood inundation area and number of structures affected by flood risk were decreased. The integrated evaluation system, which consisted of the geographic information system and the assessment of the 1D HEC-RAS hydrologic model, was applied to evaluate the GI usage and flood mitigation.
8
Уйба, В., V. Uyba, М. Сневе, M. Sneve, А. Самойлов, A. Samoylov, Н. Шандала, et al. "Regulation of the spent nuclear fuel management at the andreeva bay site for temporary storage on the kola peninsula." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 62, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_59b10531b5b9a1.53751147.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To share the experience in regulation of radiation safety and protection of workers involved in management of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and radioactive waste (RW), as well as radiation protection of the population and environment in the vicinity of sites for temporary storage at Andreeva Bay on the Kola Peninsula.
Material and methods: Spent fuel from Russian nuclear powered submarines has been stored at shore based facilities for more than 20 years, notably at Andreeva Bay. The storage facilities were for some years poorly maintained and a significant fraction of the fuel that is still in store at the site wais damaged. Over the last years, hugemuch work has been done to improve the technical infrastructure and prepare for removal of the SNF from the temporary stores, management of existing RW.
Results: This paper presents progress with projects of the FMBA of Russia and NRPA cooperation for regulation of radiation safety and protection. During the researches, the following issues were addressed: radiological threat assessment to identify the priority directions of regulation; detailed analysis of the radiation situation on sites, at the territories and nearby the sites; radiation control and monitoring of the environmental conditions; development of the computer maps and geo-information system; emergency preparedness and response; improvement of radiation safety culture; etc.
Based on the received results of monitoring and assessment of the current risks, site-specific regulatory documents have been developed for the bodies and institutions under the FMBA of Russia involved in the activities to control the facility. Those documents include the requirements for: radiation protection of workers and population; personal dose monitoring; the RW management including the very low level RW; implementation of the environmental monitoring; radiation monitoring nearby the Andreeva Bay SevRAO facility; and remediation of the sites as remediation criteria and regulations.
The next stage of work is to carry out the regulation of large-scale removal of SNF during 2017–2021 and its subsequent transfer to Mayak PA, and operations to bring the infrastructure of the site into the hsafe conditions, i.e., ecological remediation of the site – by 2025.
Lessons learnt from this work are being used in support of improved international recommendations and guidance on how to address legacy issues.
Conclusion: The experience accumulated during regulation of the remediation process of the former Naval Coastal Technical Bases, has helped to identify new relevant areas of improvement of the regulatory supervision at nuclear legacy sites. The study of potential hazard of radiation exposure to the personnel during technological operations of SNF and RW management is very important issue. In this light, the regulator in cooperation of the operator should develop some effective and efficient activities for dose monitoring. When dealing with the protection of the population and environment, a methodology of comprehensive radiation and chemical monitoring should be developed and models of radiation and chemical risks should be improved taking into account features of contamination of the site under remediation. An important link of the social focus of the regulator and the operator is to improve strategies of public communications near legacy sites under remediation.
9
Shi, Sandra, Brianne Olivieri-Mui, Ellen McCarthy, and Dae Hyun Kim. "Functional Trajectories and Quality of Life in Post-Acute Skilled Nursing Facility care after hospitalization." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Frailty predicts readmissions and mortality after acute hospitalizations. Understanding whether frailty predicts functional recovery after acute hospitalizations may help guide post-acute care and rehabilitation. This feasibility study enrolled 24 adults aged ≥65 years from a skilled nursing facility (SNF) after acute hospitalization. We calculated a deficit-accumulation frailty index (FI range: 0-1; non-frail [≤0.25], mild frailty [0.26-0.35], moderate [0.36-0.45], and severe [>0.45]) via in-person assessment on SNF admission. We measured weekly functional improvement with modified Barthel Index, as well as quality of life. Modified Barthel Index and quality of life were measured weekly by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) (standardized score with mean 50 and SD 10, higher is better). The mean age was 83.3 years [SD 8.0], and 17 (71.8%) were female. Length of stay for those with severe frailty (FI>0.45) was 26.8 days [10.7] compared to those who were not frail, mildly frail, or moderately frail (13.3 [7.3], 9.4 [4.4], and 15.2 [4.9] respectively). Those with severe frailty also had delayed functional improvement (mean Barthel Index 48.6, 53.4, and 56.6 on admission, week 1, and week 2 of SNF admission respectively), compared to those with moderate frailty (mean Barthel Index 47.5, 69, 73) or mild frailty (68.3, 86, 90.5). Self-reported mental and physical health-related quality of life was relatively unchanged across SNF episode for all frailty categories. These findings suggest that older adults with moderate or severe frailty may experience a typical course of delayed functional recovery and that further monitoring may be necessary for prognostication.
10
Kanashov, Boris, Valery Smirnov, Vladimir Kadilin, Renat Ibragimov, Grigory Dedenko, Konstantin Vlasik, Vladimir Rudenko, et al. "Capabilities of gamma-spectrometry methods for on-line monitoring of nitride SNF pyrochemical reprocessing." Nuclear Energy and Technology 4, no. 3 (December 7, 2018): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.4.31865.
Full textAbstract:
The paper reports the first test results for detectors of various types and equipment of gamma-spectrometry channels under external radiation originating from pyrochemical reprocessing of spent mixed nitride uranium-plutonium (MNUP) fuel. Testing was carried out on a solid-state detector with a CdZnTe crystal, a scintillation detector with a LaBr3crystal, and an ionization chamber based on compressed xenon. Simulated external gamma-radiation was created by means of a Co-based scattered gamma-radiation source. The paper also describes an experimental facility and a measurement technique, and presents the facility testing results for the above three detectors. The solid-state detector was proved to have the best performance. However, achieving the design characteristics of the gamma-spectrometry channel requires new solutions for protection and collimation of gamma-radiation produced by a real MNUP SNF reprocessing facility. What is meant here is the influence of the detectors’ geometry on the configuration of the protective collimator which is proposed to be used in real conditions. Thus, if a Xe-based detector is used, the calculated mass of the protective collimator is 900 kg, while it is possible to use less massive protection for the other detectors. In addition, when manufacturing neutron shielding for detectors based on CdZnTe and LaBr3, it is necessary to consider the neutron radiation factor in MNUP SNF processing. It is possible to surround the collimator with a moderating layer (for example, polyethylene) and create inside it a skin from a thermal neutron absorber (for example, based on cadmium).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SNF monitoring"
1
Danielson, Hugo, and Schmuck Benjamin von. "Robot Condition Monitoring : A first step in Condition Monitoring for robotic applications." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-66011.
Full textAbstract:
The industrial world is in constant demand for faster, cheaper and higher quality manufacturing. Robot utilisation and automation has evolved to become a necessary asset to master in order to stay competitive in the global market. With the growing dependency on robots, unexpected downtime and brakedowns can cause devastating loss of revenue. Consequently, this has lead to an increased importance for an accurate condition based way of performing robotic maintenance. As of writing, robots are predominantly maintained through time dependent maintenance. Part replacement is based on statistical models where maintenance is performed without taking the actual robot condition into consideration. As a result an overall level of uncertainty is ensued, where lacking the ability to properly diagnose the robot, also leads to superfluous repairs. Because of the costly impact this has on production, a condition based maintenance approach to robots would yield increased reliability at a lower cost of maintenance. This research focuses on trying to monitor vibrations in a robot, so as to infer about wear and to provide a first step in vibration based Robot Condition Monitoring. This research has been of multidisciplinary nature where robotics, tribology, mechanical component, signal analysis and diagnosis theory have overlapped in several areas throughout the project. The research has provided a vibration baseline and trends of the theoretical bearing defect frequencies for a hypocycloid gearbox installed on an ABB IRB6600 robot. The gearbox was not worn to a level that a severe gearbox degradation was irrefutably detectable and analysable. Accelerometers normally used on wind turbines were used for the project, and are believed to be sufficiently successful in capturing bearing related signals to accredit it for continued use at the preliminary stages of Robot Condition Monitoring development. A worn RV410F hypocycloid gearbox, was dismantled and analysed. Bearings found inside indicate high degrees of moisture corrosion and extensive surface wear. These findings had decisive roles in what future work recommendations where presented. Areas with great potential are condition monitoring through the use of Acoustic Emission and lubrication analysis. Further recommendations include investigating signal analysis techniques such as cepstrum pre-whitening and discrete wavelet transforms.
2
Karlsson, Martin, and Fredrik Hörnqvist. "Robot Condition Monitoring and Production Simulation." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69024.
Full textAbstract:
The automated industry is in a growing phase and the human tasks is increasingly replaced by robots and other automation solutions. The increasing industry entails that the automations must be reliable and condition monitoring plays an important role in achieving that ambition. By utilizing condition monitoring of a machine it is possible to detect a wear before it turns into a critical damage that could result in complete failure. A useful tool when monitoring the condition of a machine is by sampling and analyzing vibrations. Vibrations are generated by the moving parts of the machinery and high amplitude vibrations can often be seen as an indication of the developed faults. The frequency of these vibrations can be calculated and then detected in the sampled data. Today there is no condition monitoring system that monitor industrial robots by analyzing vibrations. The problem with analyzing robots, is that they operate with a varying speed. Since the running conditions are changing rapidly all the time, this means that the vibration frequencies also changes constantly. This is due to the fact that the vibration frequencies are dependent and affected of the operation speed. This research is a sequel and continuation of a research from previous year. The purpose of the research is to investigate the possibility to monitor the condition of a gearbox in a industrial robot, by utilizing vibration analysis. The robot that has been tested under tuff conditions in order to reach a failure, is an ABB IRB 6600. To sample data in a stationary way even tough the speed is changing during the sample time, the method order tracking has been utilized. This makes it possible to sample data with numbers of measurement per rotation instead of sampling according to time. This is processed by SKF:s condition monitoring system multilog IMx and the signal is then presented as a time waveform in the software @ptitude Observer. In Observer, it is also possible to show the signal in a spectrum by using Fast Fourier Transform. By utilizing MATLAB, the research has also resulted in a new analyzing method. This method is called Spectral Auto-Correlation. The methodology of this practice is to correlated the time waveform with itself in order to see which frequencies that are reappearing. The correlated result is then calculated with a Fast Fourier Transform to illustrate the signal in a spectrum for further analysis. During the analysis of the parts in the gearbox, critical defects were found on both the cycloidal disks. The fault frequency for the defects were calculated and analyzed from the data. This resulted in trends where the amplitude from the fault frequency had more than doubled over the time the robot has been operating in the project. This report also include a production simulation where a robot cell from SKF is simulated. The robot cell is simulated with and without a condition monitoring system. A comparison was then made to see what advantages there were with utilizing a condition monitoring system. The result of the simulation was an increased productivity with two to three percent.
3
Stenström, Mats. "Computerised Microtomography : Non-invasive imaging and analysis of biological samples, with special reference to monitoring development of osteoporosis in small animals." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medicinsk radiofysik, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5030.
Full textAbstract:
The use of Computerised microtomography (CμT) in biomedical research is well established, with most applications developed at synchrotron facilities. The possibility to non-invasively monitor morphological changes in biological samples, makes it an attractive technique in biomedicine. However, high absorbed doses and long examination times are a disadvantage that limits the possibilities of performing longitudinal examinations. The aim of this work was to optimise CmT using conventional X-ray tubes for applications in non-destructive material testing and for skeleton research in small animals (rat). A calculational model of the imaging system was developed and used to optimise the relation between image quality, expressed as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in detecting a contrasting detail, and imaging time in material testing. The model was modified to optimise the relation between the SNR in detecting a trabecular detail in cancelleous bone and the mean absorbed dose in spongiosa and skin for (rat) tibia and femur. Gastrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were used to initiate osteoporotic changes. In order to detect differences in between gastrectomized rats and controls, spatial resolutions of 150 mm or better were needed. The minimum absorbed doses in femur spongiosa at SNR = 5 were 1mGy - 700 mGy at spatial resolutions from 100 mm to10 mm. In femur skin, the corresponding minimum absorbed doses were 2 mGy - 2000 mGy. Corresponding values for tibia were 0.3 mGy - 300 mGy for both spongiosa and skin (spatial resolution of 100 mm to10 mm). Taking 0.5 Gy as the tolerance limit for the spongiosa dose, longitudinal studies with six repeated examinations will be possible at a spatial resolution of 25 mm in femur and 17 examinations in tibia.
4
Tran, Dien Alicia. "Génomique épidémiologique de Salmonella." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0001/document.
Full textAbstract:
Découverte il y a plus d’un siècle, Salmonella n’a cessé d’intriguer les chercheurs. Sa capacité à résister à de nombreux antibiotiques est de plus en plus préoccupante. La surveillance de ce pathogène repose sur un typage rapide et discriminant de façon à identifier le plus précocement possible les sources alimentaires contaminées. Les méthodes classiques sont longues, lourdes et non automatisables. Comprendre l’émergence et l’évolution des Salmonella est la clé pour éradiquer ce pathogène resté l’une des premières causes de diarrhées bactériennes d’origine alimentaire dans le monde. Au cours des dernières décennies, des progrès spectaculaires ont été menés dans le monde de la microbiologie avec l’arrivée des séquenceurs de paillasse, passant du traitement d’une dizaine à des centaines de millions de séquences. L’accès facilité aux séquences génomiques et aux outils qui leurs sont dédiés sont devenus une nécessité. Les outils actuellement disponibles ne sont pas assez discriminants pour sous-typer S. enterica sérotype Typhimurium (STM), sérotype prédominant de Salmonella. Nous avons voulu lors de ce travail, montrer l’intérêt du séquençage entier du génome, pour l’étude génomique de Salmonella. (1) Après avoir séquencé plus de 300 génomes de STM, nous avons mis au point un outil de sous-typage in silico de ce sérotype, basé sur le polymorphisme des CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). La surveillance à haut débit des salmonelloses a été validée en routine sur plus de 800 génomes. L’étude de la coévolution entre le chromosome (SNPs) et les régions CRISPR ont permis d’établir une nomenclature définissant les différentes populations de STM. (2) L’analyse génomique de 280 souches historiques de STM a montré que les gènes de bêta-lactamase conférant une résistance à l’ampicilline et portés par des plasmides étaient répandus chez STM à la fin des années 1950, bien avant l’utilisation de cet antibiotique. La présence de la pénicilline G dans le milieu agricole où ces composés ont été utilisés en tant que promoteurs de croissance ont pu conduire à la sélection des premières souches résistantes à l’ampicilline. (3) L’étude phylogénétique d’un génome issu du cadavre d’une femme décédée il y a plus de 800 ans, probablement à cause de la fièvre entérique et de 219 génomes historiques et récents des sérotypes Paratyphi C, Choleraesuis et Typhisuis ont montré que leurs génomes étaient très similaires au cours des 4000 dernières années. Ainsi, la combinaison des approches génotypique et phylogénétique ont accru nos connaissances sur l’évolution de ce pathogène.Mots clés : Séquençage entier du génome, surveillance épidémiologique, CRISPR, SNP, résistance antibiotique, phylogénie, évolutionOver a century has passed since the discovery of Salmonella and yet, this pathogen still intrigues researchers. Its ability to withstand many antibiotics is of increasing concern. The monitoring of this pathogen is based on a rapid and discriminatory typing to identify the sources of contaminated food as early as possible. The conventional methods are long, heavy and non-automatable. Understanding the emergence and evolution of Salmonella is the key to eradicate this pathogen, which has remained one of the leading causes of foodborne bacterial diarrhea in the world. During the last decades, spectacular progress has been made in the world of microbiology with the arrival of workbench sequencers, passing from a dozen to hundreds of millions of sequences processed. Facilitated access to numerous genome sequences and dedicated tools are mandatory. Tools currently available are not sufficiently discriminating for the subtype of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium, a predominant serotype of Salmonella. Throughout this study, we showed the interest of whole genome sequencing, a multidisciplinary tool, for the genomic study of Salmonella. (1) After sequencing over 300 S. enterica serotype Typhimurium genomes, we have developed an in silico subtyping tool for this serotype, based on the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) polymorphism. High-throughput microbiological monitoring of salmonellosis has been routinely validated on over 800 genomes. The study of coevolution between the chromosome (SNPs of the core genome) and the two CRISPR regions made it possible to establish a nomenclature defining the different populations of this serotype. (2) Genomic analysis of 280 historical strains of S. enterica serotype Typhimurium showed that plasmids carrying beta-lactamase genes, which confer resistance to ampicillin, were widespread within this serotype in the late 1950s, years before ampicillin was first used for clinical purposes. The presence of penicillin G in the farming environment where these compounds were used as growth promoters, may have led to the selection of the first ampicillin-resistant strains. (3) The phylogenetic study of a genome from the corpse of a young woman who died over 800 years ago, probably due to enteric fever, and 219 historical and recent genomes of the serotypes Paratyphi C, Choleraesuis and Typhisuis have shown, despite the differences in host specificity, that their genomes were very similar over the past 4000 years. Thus, the combination of genotypic and phylogenetic approaches has increased our knowledge of the evolution of this pathogen.Key words: Whole genome sequencing, epidemiological monitoring, CRISPR, SNP, antibiotic resistance, phylogeny, evolution
5
Caixeta, Daniella Mancino da Luz. "Associação entre o consumo de oxigênio e as alterações na microcirculação de pacientes pediátricos com choque séptico." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9432.
Full textAbstract:
Choque séptico é caracterizado por desequilíbrio entre o transporte e o consumo de oxigênio, podendo acarretar hipóxia tecidual. A disfunção microcirculatória, característica cardinal da fisiopatologia do choque séptico, causa má distribuição de fluxo sanguíneo microvascular e, consequentemente, shunt de oxigênio, disóxia tissular e, teoricamente, diminuição no consumo de oxigênio (VO2) pela célula. No presente estudo, foi investigada a associação entre alterações microcirculatórias causadas pela sepse e o consumo de oxigênio em pacientes pediátricos. Dezessete crianças com choque séptico ressuscitadas foram estudadas em quatro momentos durante a internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (dentro de 24, 48 e 72 horas após a admissão ou diagnóstico de choque e após a resolução deste, antes da extubação traqueal). A microcirculação sublingual foi avaliada utilizando o método de imagem Sidestream dark field (SDF) e o VO2 foi calculado através da calorimetria indireta. Outras variáveis hemodinâmicas, como transporte de oxigênio, índice cardíaco, pressão arterial invasiva, lactato arterial e saturação venosa central, foram coletadas. Embora as variáveis hemodinâmicas tenham se mantido em níveis satisfatórios, graves alterações na microcirculação foram visualizadas, especialmente na densidade de vasos pequenos perfundidos (DVPP), na proporção de vasos pequenos perfundidos (PVPP) e no índice de fluxo microvascular (MFI). Foram encontradas assosciações significativas entre o VO2 e os parâmetros da microcirculação: dVO2 e dDVPP (β coefficient= 6,875; p<0,001), dVO2 e dPVPP (β coefficient=92,246; p<0,001) e dVO2 e dMFI (β coefficient=21,213; p<0,001). Não foram encontradas correlações entre as alterações microcirculatórias e as outras variáveis. Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou que pacientes pediátricos com choque séptico apresentaram grave disfunção microvascular e que o fluxo microcirculatório alterado estava associado ao VO2, podendo estar implicado na fisiopatologia da disóxia tecidual da sepse.Septic shock is characterized by the imbalance between oxygen delivery and consumption leading to tissue hypoxia. Microcirculatory dysfunction, a key element of septic shock pathogenesis, elicits maldistribution of microvascular blood flow and consenquently oxygen shunt, tissue oxygenation debt and, theoretically, impaired oxygen consumption (VO2). In this study, it was investigated if there is an association between microcirculatory changes and VO2 in pediatric patients with septic shock. Seventeen resuscitated patients with septic shock were studied in four moments (within 24hr, 48hr and 72hr of the admission or diagnosis of shock and after its resolution, prior to extubation). Sublingual microcirculation was evaluated using Sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging and VO2 was measured directly by indirect calorimetry. Other hemodynamic variables, like cardiac index, oxygen delivery, invasive arterial pressure, arterial lactate and central venous oxygen saturation were also recorded. Although global hemodynamic variables were within satisfactory ranges, microvascular variables were markedly altered, especially microvascular flow index (MFI), proportion of perfused small vessels (PPV) and perfused small vessel density (PVD). Significant associations between oxygen consumption and microcirculatory parameters were found: dVO2 and dPVD (β coefficient= 6.875; p<0.001), dVO2 and dPPV (β coefficient=92.246; p<0.001) and dVO2 and dMFI (β coefficient=21.213; p<0.001). There was no correlation between microcirculatory alterations and other variables in this study. In conclusion, this study showed that pediatric patients with septic shock presented severe microcirculatory dysfunction and abnormal microvascular blood flow could be associated to oxygen consumption.
6
Shuaieb, Wafa S. A. "Radio-Location Techniques for Localization and Monitoring Applications. A study of localisation techniques, using OFDM system under adverse channel conditions and radio frequency identification for object identification and movement tracking." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18185.
Full textAbstract:
A wide range of services and applications become possible when accurate position
information for a radio terminal is available. These include: location-based services;
navigation; safety and security applications. The commercial, industrial and military value
of radio-location is such that considerable research effort has been directed towards
developing related technologies, using satellite, cellular or local area network
infrastructures or stand-alone equipment.
This work studies and investigates two location techniques. The first one presents an
implementation scheme for a wideband transmission and direction finding system using
OFDM multi-carrier communications systems. This approach takes advantage of delay
discrimination to improve angle-of-arrival estimation in a multipath channel with high
levels of additive white Gaussian noise. A new methodology is interpreted over the multi carrier modulation scheme in which the simulation results of the estimated channel
improves the performance of OFDM signal by mitigating the effect of frequency offset
synchronization to give error-free data at the receiver, good angle of arrival accuracy and
improved SNR performance. The full system simulation to explore optimum values such
as channel estimation and AoA including the antenna array model and prove the
operational performance of the OFDM system as implemented in MATLAB.
The second technique proposes a low cost-effective method of tracking and monitoring
objects (examples: patient, device, medicine, document) by employing passive radio
frequency identification (RFID) systems. A multi-tag, (totalling fifty-six tags) with known
ID values are attached to the whole patient’s body to achieve better tracking and
monitoring precision and higher accuracy. Several tests with different positions and
movements are implemented on six patients. The aim is to be able to track the patient if
he/she is walking or sitting; therefore, the tests considered six possible movements for
the patient including walking, standing, sitting, resting, laying on the floor and laying on
the bed, these placements are important to monitor the status of the patient like if he
collapsed and fall on the ground so that the help will be quick. The collected data from
the RFID Reader in terms of Time Stamp, RSS, Tag ID, and a number of channels are
processed using the MATLAB code.
7
Agis, Cherta David. "Desarrollo de un sistema de monitorización de la integridad estructural para aplicaciones en ingeniería mediante técnicas de reducción de la dimensionalidad." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670561.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis describes a structural health monitoring (SHM) strategy to detect and classify changes in structures that can be equipped with sensors. SHM is an area of great interest, because its main objective is to verify the health of the structure to ensure its correct operation and, in turn, save maintenance costs. This objective is achieved by using algorithms and equipping the structure with a network of sensors that continuously monitor it.
Researchers from around the world focus their efforts on the development of new forms of continuous monitoring to know the current state of the structure and to avoid possible failures or catastrophes. In this sense, in this work, a network of piezoelectric sensors (PZTs) is used for the development of the strategy of detection and classification of structural changes. This network of PZTs, attached to the surface of the structure to be diagnosed, applies vibrational excitation signals and, at the same time, collects the responses propagated through the structure. With this collected information, certain mathematical algorithms are developed.
To carry out the main task of the proposed methodology, detection and classification of structural changes, the technique called t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is essentially used. This technique is capable of representing the local structure of the high-dimensional data collected by the sensor network in two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. Furthermore, for the classification of structural changes, the detection methodology is expanded by adding the use of three strategies: (a) the smallest point-centroid distance; (b) the majority vote; and (c) the sum of the inverses of the distances.
The methodology proposed in this study is tested and validated using an aluminum plate equipped with four PZT sensors and for certain predefined structural changes. The promising results obtained show the great classification capacity and the strong performance of this methodology, successfully classifying about 100% of the cases in various experimental scenarios.
The main contribution of this project is the combination of the t-SNE technique with a carefully selected pre-processing of the data and with the three proposed classification strategies. This combination significantly improves the quality of the groups or clusters obtained with the damage detection and classification method, which represent the different structural states. Likewise, said combination diagnoses a structure with a low computational cost and high reliability.
Regarding the applicability of the suggested strategy, there is no prescribed field of application: if a network of sensors can be installed in the structure to be diagnosed and several phases of action can be considered, the approach presented here can be, a priori, implemented.Esta tesis describe una estrategia de monitorización de la salud estructural (SHM, por sus siglas en inglés) para detectar y clasificar fallos en estructuras que pueden ser equipadas con sensores. La SHM es un área de gran interés, ya que su objetivo principal es la verificación de la salud de la estructura para asegurar su correcto funcionamiento y, a su vez, ahorrar costes de mantenimiento. Este objetivo se consigue haciendo uso de algoritmos y equipando a la estructura con una red de sensores que la monitorizan de forma continuada. Investigadores de todo el mundo centran sus esfuerzos en el desarrollo de nuevas formas de monitorización continua para conocer el estado actual de la estructura y evitar posibles fallos o catástrofes. En este sentido, en este trabajo, se utiliza una red de sensores piezoeléctricos (PZT, por sus siglas en inglés) para el desarrollo de la estrategia de detección y clasificación de los cambios estructurales. Esta red de PZT, adherida a la superficie de la estructura a diagnosticar, aplica señales vibracionales de excitación y al mismo tiempo recoge las respuestas propagadas a través de la estructura. Con esta información recopilada se desarrollan ciertos algoritmos matemáticos. Para llevar a cabo la tarea principal de la metodología propuesta, detección y clasificación de fallos, se utiliza esencialmente la técnica denominada t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). Dicha técnica es capaz de representar la estructura local de los datos de alta dimensionalidad recopilados por la red de sensores en un espacio bidimensional o tridimensional. Además, para la clasificación de los cambios estructurales, se amplía la metodología de detección añadiendo el uso de tres estrategias: (a) la distancia punto-centroide más pequeña; (b) el voto mayoritario; y (c) la suma de las inversas de las distancias. La metodología propuesta en este estudio se prueba y valida utilizando una placa de aluminio equipada con cuatro sensores PZT y para ciertos daños predefinidos. Los prometedores resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto la gran capacidad de clasificación y el fuerte rendimiento de esta metodología, clasificando con éxito cerca del 100% de los casos en varios escenarios experimentales. La principal contribución de este proyecto es la combinación de la técnica t-SNE con un preprocesamiento de los datos cuidosamente seleccionado y con las tres estrategias de clasificación propuestas. Esta combinación mejora significativamente la calidad de los grupos o clústeres obtenidos con el método de detección y clasificación de daños, que representan los diferentes estados estructurales. Asimismo, dicha combinación diagnostica una estructura con un bajo coste computacional y una alta fiabilidad. En cuanto a la aplicabilidad de la estrategia sugerida, no hay un campo de aplicación prescrito: si se puede instalar una red de sensores en la estructura a diagnosticar y se pueden considerar varias fases de actuación, el enfoque aquí presentado puede implementarse a priori.
8
Amraoui, Malik. "Detection and monitoring of active fires in Africa and Europe using msgseviri imagery." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/674.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento em FísicaA queima de biomassa é extremamente importante às escalas global, continental, regional e local, tendo um impacto dramático aos níveis atmosférico, climático, ambiental e socio-económico. O lançamento do Meteosat-8/SEVIRI constitui uma oportunidade única para detectar e monitorizar fogos de vegetação em África e na Europa, em tempo quase real, na medida em que são fornecidas imagens com intervalos de 15 minutos. A severidade dos problemas relacionados com os fogos de vegetação, conjuntamente com as solicitações expressas pela comunidade ligada à monitorização ambiental e à gestão de riscos, bem como por um número crescente de utilizadores de aplicações agrícolas e florestais, motivaram a presente investigação com vista ao desenvolvimento, no âmbito da Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis da EUMETSAT, de duas linhas de aplicação com vista a explorar a capacidade do Meteosat-8/SEVIRI de detectar e monitorizar: (i) fogos activos em África e na Europa, com o objectivo de proceder à disseminação operacional do produto Fire Detection and Monitoring (FD&M) e; (ii) sinais de stress da vegetação e de risco meteorológico de ocorrência de fogos, com o objectivo de proceder à disseminação operacional do produto Fire Risk Map (FRM). Apresenta-se um procedimento operacional que permite detectar fogos activos com base em informação do Meteosat-8/SEVIRI em África e na Europa. A metodologia baseia-se em algoritmos contextuais, anteriormente projectados para instrumentos polares, síncrono solares, nomeadamente o NOAA/AVHRR e o TERRA-AQUA/MODIS. A informação acerca da actividade dos fogos, obtida a partir de um algoritmo desenvolvido para o efeito, é então utilizada: (i) para analisar as distribuições espacial e temporal dos fogos activos em África e na Europa em relação com os diferentes tipos de coberto vegetal e para caracterizar os ciclos diários de actividade de fogos em África; (ii) avaliar o potencial das imagens do Meteosat-8 para investigar o papel dos factores meteorológicos na actividade dos fogos na Europa Mediterrânica, nomeadamente através da análise de dois eventos extremos que atingiram a Itália e a Península Balcânica durante o Verão de 2007 e; (iii) calibrar um índice de risco de incêndio na Europa Mediterrânica com o objectivo de gerar operacionalmente cartas de risco de incêndio na Europa Mediterrânica.
Biomass burning is extremely important at the global, the continental, the regional and the local scales, and has dramatic impacts at the atmospheric, the climatic, the environmental and the socio-economical levels. The launch of Meteosat-8/SEVIRI provides a unique opportunity to detect and monitor wildfires, over Africa and Europe, in near-real-time by providing images at 15 minutes interval. The severity of wildfirerelated problems, together with the demands from environment monitoring and risk management and a growing number of users in agricultural and forestry applications has led the present research to the development, within the framework of EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis, of two lines of applications aiming to explore the capability of Meteosat-8/SEVIRI to detect and monitor: (i) active fires over Africa and Europe, leading to the operational dissemination of the Fire Detection and Monitoring (FD&M) product and; (ii) signals of vegetation stress and the meteorological risk of fire, leading to the operational dissemination of the Fire Risk Map (FRM) product. An operational procedure is presented that allows detecting active fires based on information from Meteosat-8/SEVIRI over Africa and Europe. The methodology is based on heritage from contextual algorithms designed for polar, sun-synchronous instruments, namely NOAA/AVHRR and TERRA-AQUA/MODIS. Information about fire activity obtained by the developed algorithm is then used; (i) to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of active fires over Africa and Europe related to different land cover types and to characterize the daily cycle of fire activity over Africa; (ii) to assess the potential of Meteosat-8 imagery to investigate the role of meteorological factors on fire activity in Mediterranean Europe, namely by analysing two extreme fire events that stroke Italy and the Balkan Peninsula during summer 2007 and; (iii) to calibrate a fire risk index over Mediterranean Europe with the aim of operationally generating maps of fire risk over Mediterranean Europe.
Books on the topic "SNF monitoring"
1
Schwendener, Michael H. Supernova monitoring in the SNO detector. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Faculty of Graduate Studies, 2002.
Find full text
2
Li͡akhin, I͡U I. Sovremennoe ėkologicheskoe sostoi͡anie moreĭ SNG. Sankt-Peterburg: Rossiĭskiĭ gos. gidrometeorologicheskiĭ in-t, 1994.
Find full text
3
Secretariat, Social Democratic Front (Cameroon) National. The SDF recommendation that the Commonwealth should not send an observer team for the up-coming presidential election in Cameroon. Bamenda, Cameroon: The Secretariat, 1997.
Find full text
4
Nauchnai︠a︡ konferent︠s︡ii︠a︡ po rezulʹtatam issledovaniĭ v oblasti gidrometeorologii i monitoringa zagri︠a︡znenii︠a︡ prirodnoĭ sredy v gosudarstvakh-uchastnikakh SNG, posvi︠a︡shchennai︠a︡ 10-letii︠u︡ obrazovanii︠a︡ Mezhgosudarstvennogo soveta po gidrometeorologii (2002 Saint Petersburg, Russia). Nauchnai︠a︡ konferent︠s︡ii︠a︡ po rezulʹtatam issledovaniĭ v oblasti gidrometeorologii i monitoringa zagri︠a︡znenii︠a︡ prirodnoĭ sredy v gosudarstvakh-uchastnikakh SNG, posvi︠a︡shchennai︠a︡ 10-letii︠u︡ obrazovanii︠a︡ Mezhgosudarstvennogo soveta po gidrometeorologii: Sankt-Peterburg, 23-apreli︠a︡ 2002 g. : tezisy dokladov. Sankt-Peterburg: Gidrometeoizdat, 2002.
Find full text
5
Lambert, Rachel. Monitoring Food Security and Coping Strategies (SCF Overseas Department Working Papers.). Save the Children, 1994.
Find full text
6
Fernandes, Nuno. Sovereign Wealth Funds. Edited by Douglas Cumming, Geoffrey Wood, Igor Filatotchev, and Juliane Reinecke. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754800.013.29.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter examines investments of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in publicly traded firms, focusing on how these investments impact firms, and the potential channels through which their effects materialize. Using data that includes SWF holdings in 8,000 firms in 58 countries, we find that SWF investments have a positive effect on firm valuations and operating performance. The results are not driven by any particular SWF and are stronger for foreign SWF holdings. Additionally, we find evidence that after a large investment by SWFs, firms have better monitoring, expand their international operations, and are able to raise more capital as a consequence of the SWF investment. In terms of determinants of their holdings, we find that SWFs prefer large and profitable firms that enjoy significant external visibility. Additionally, they tend not to invest heavily in firms in high-tech industries or those operating in areas involving intensive research and development.
7
SNI Monitoring dan evaluasi pemakaian bahan tambahan makanan (BTM) dan kasus keracunan pangan.: Batas Penggunaan. Jakarta: Kantor Menteri Negara Urusan Pangan, Republik Indonesia, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "SNF monitoring"
1
Bartkowiak, Anna M., and Radosław Zimroz. "Complementary View on Multivariate Data Structure Based on Kohonen’s SOM, Parallel Coordinates and t-SNE Methods." In Applied Condition Monitoring, 255–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61927-9_24.
Full text
2
Li, Fenfen, Lilong Liu, Liangke Huang, Wei Zhou, Junyu Li, Yunzhen Yang, and Donggui Huang. "GNSS Snow Depth Monitoring Using SNR Observations." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 211–19. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7751-8_22.
Full text
3
Damiani, Ernesto, Fabio Mulazzani, Barbara Russo, and Giancarlo Succi. "SAF: Strategic Alignment Framework for Monitoring Organizations." In Business Information Systems, 213–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79396-0_19.
Full text
4
Dai, Kaiyang, Qin Zhang, Shuangcheng Zhang, Ning Zhang, Kai Liu, and Xiaowei Hou. "Preliminary Research on Snow Depth Monitoring with GPS SNR." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 71–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0934-1_7.
Full text
5
Zhang, Ning, Shuangcheng Zhang, Yuefan He, Qin Zhang, Xiaojuan Zhang, and Tianhe Wan. "Characteristic of GPS SNR and It’s Application for Snow Depth Monitoring Analysis." In China Satellite Navigation Conference (CSNC) 2017 Proceedings: Volume I, 175–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4588-2_15.
Full text
6
Beck, Julia, Michael Oellerich, and Ekkehard Schütz. "A Universal Droplet Digital PCR Approach for Monitoring of Graft Health After Transplantation Using a Preselected SNP Set." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 335–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7778-9_19.
Full text
7
Bhuiyan, Md Mosharaf Hossain, Tsuyoshi Ueda, and Tomoaki Ikegami. "Preparation and Characterization of SnO2 Thin Film Gas Sensor for NOx Gas for Environmental Monitoring." In Solid State Phenomena, 223–26. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-31-0.223.
Full text
8
Zhu, Zhi Hong, Hua Tong, Tao Jiang, Xin Yu Shen, Peng Wan, and Ji Ming Hu. "In Situ Monitoring the Growth of HAP Crystal on the Surface of Ti/TiO2 in SBF with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance." In Key Engineering Materials, 717–20. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-422-7.717.
Full text
9
Mazzoni, E., and P. Gaffuri. "Monitoring Activity in E-Learning." In Monitoring and Assessment in Online Collaborative Environments, 111–30. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-786-7.ch007.
Full textAbstract:
In this chapter the authors will focus on the monitoring of students’ activities in e-learning contexts. They will start from a socio-cultural approach to the notion of activity, which is conceived of as a context composed by actions, which, in turn, are composed by operations. Subsequently, the authors will propose a model for monitoring activities in e-learning, which is based on two principal measures. Firstly, they will take into consideration specific data collected through Web tracking, which they will elaborate further in order to obtain indicators that do not simply express frequencies, but that measure individuals’ actions within a Web environment. Secondly, the authors will suggest a possible application of social network analysis (SNA) to Web interactions occurring in collective discussions within Web environments. In the model that the authors will present, Web tracking data are considered as indicators of individual actions, whereas SNA indices concern two levels: collective indices referring to the activity carried out by groups and individual indices referring to the role that members play in collective e-learning activities.
10
Setiawan, Ahmad Budi, Amri Dunan, Karman Karman, and Bambang Mudjiyanto. "Social Network Analytic Methods as Part of Big Data Technology for the Process of Monitoring Public Information in Indonesia." In Handbook of Research on Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Management in Asia’s Digital Economy, 176–97. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5849-5.ch011.
Full textAbstract:
The use of technology has changed the way they communicate and disseminate information. By utilising the internet, information circulating can be faster and almost unlimited by time and space. This medium makes the information circulating every day very much, ranging from information about politics, economics, technology, science, food, and others. The concept of social network analytics (SNA) as the concept of big data technology is very suitable to be applied, where SNA can manage vast and diverse data and process it into the desired information in a swift time. In addition to online and print media, social networking media is also a concern to be monitored. Because social media is extensive, it makes it an area that must be considered, especially to see public opinion. This study discusses the use of the SNA concept in monitoring public communication policies. The results of this study are a recommendation regarding the use of the SNA concept in managing public issues to support government policy.
Conference papers on the topic "SNF monitoring"
1
Mazanik, K. V., A. N. Skibinskaya, and A. I. Kiyavitskaya. "TRITIUM IN NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-276-279.
Full textAbstract:
The nuclear fuel cycle (further NFC) includes the following main stages: mining of uranium ore, enrichment, production, operation of a nuclear power plant (further NPP) (power generation), management of spent nuclear fuel (further SNF) and radioactive waste (furtherr RW). In the NFC, tritium is formed at the stages of NPP operation and during SNF and RW handling, storage and disposal. In connection with the construction and commissioning in Belarus, monitoring of the tritium content in environmental objects is a important task at all stages of the station’s life.
2
Koliabina, I., I. Shybetskyi, V. Shestopalov, and N. Kasteltseva. "Thermodynamic Simulation of SNF Dissolution under the Expected Conditions of the Geological Repository of Radioactive Waste in Ukraine." In 16th International Conference Monitoring of Geological Processes and Ecological Condition of the Environment. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2022580181.
Full text
3
Sanders, J., J. Pomerville, and Paul D. Moskowitz. "Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation Project 1.5-1 Radiation Control at Facilities: Application of the PICASSO System." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4999.
Full textAbstract:
The Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation (AMEC) is a cooperative effort between military establishments of the Russian Federation, United States, and Norway to reduce potential environmental threats from military installations and activities in the Arctic region and enhancing the environmental security of all three countries. The goal of this project is to enhance the ability of the Russian Navy to effectively and safely perform radioecological monitoring of sites at facilities dismantling nuclear submarines and handling and disposition of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and the radioactive waste by-products. Radioecological monitoring is needed to protect workers at the sites engaged in work involving the dismantlement of nuclear submarines, the local public of the surrounding communities, and the environment. Radioecological monitoring is being accomplished by the installation of a centralized radiological surveillance system, the PICASSO Environmental Monitoring system developed by the Institute for Energy Technology, Halden, Norway. The Russian Institute for Nuclear Safety, Moscow, Russia, modified the system for use at Russian Federation Naval bases and developed a working model for its intended application. The working model includes Russian manufactured terrestrial and underwater gamma detectors, smart controllers, radiomodems for off-site transmission of data coupled with the PICASSO Environmental Monitoring system installed into local computers, work stations, and a centralized server to monitor the real-time activity of the particular site. The selected sites for installation of PICASSO are the Polyarninsky Shipyard No. 10 and the RTP Atomflot shipyards. The AMEC project teams visited Polyarninsky Shipyard No. 10 and the RTP Atomflot shipyards in June 2003 to monitor the progress of the installation of the detection and monitoring systems. The implementation of the PICASSO system will be integrated with other AMEC projects at both sites. Plans are being developed to implement the use of this system at most Russian Federation Naval sites handling SNF.
4
Shbair, Wazen M., Thibault Cholez, Jerome Francois, and Isabelle Chrisment. "Improving SNI-Based HTTPS Security Monitoring." In 2016 IEEE 36th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcsw.2016.21.
Full text
5
Suffield, Sarah R., Christopher L. Grant, and Nicholas A. Klymyshyn. "Thermal Modeling of Hanford Lead Canister’s Heater Bench Tests." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-83737.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was built to simulate planned testing of heater assemblies for the Hanford Lead Canister (HLC) project. The HLC is a canister storage system that will contain heaters to simulate the decay heat of nuclear material and provide the canister storage system with environmental conditions equivalent to the operating conditions on a dry storage pad. The HLC will be equipped with long-term data collection and monitoring systems to provide an early warning of corrosion, pitting, cracking, or other signs of canister degradation that might threaten the integrity of the containment boundary over the potentially long term of dry storage. An important part of the HLC development is to confirm the function and ability of the electric heater assemblies that were specially designed to provide heating similar to the decay heat of nuclear material contained within the canister storage system. Heater bench testing is planned for early 2022 in a test configuration that does not include the canister. The goal of the bench testing is to verify that the heaters can replicate the decay heat of a canister with nuclear material and to validate the thermal models, which are critical to understanding the HLC’s thermal environment, including the local air flow within the canister storage system. Testing of the heater assemblies inside the canister system are planned in the future to validate canister level thermal models, and rigorous pre-deployment testing of the complete HLC cask and canister system is intended to be completed before the HLC is deployed in the 2025–2026 timeframe. This study presents the pre-test temperature predictions of the bench testing. A description of the heater assemblies and planned bench testing is presented. The model was developed with the commercial CFD code STAR-CCM+. An uncertainty analysis was run with the CFD model to determine the uncertainty in the temperature predictions and provide a range over which the predicted temperatures are expected to vary. The uncertainty analysis was performed by coupling STAR-CCM+ with the software Dakota, which provides advanced parametric analyses, including quantification of margins and uncertainty with computational models. This work is expected to provide insight into SNF canister behavior1.
6
Clerbaux, Nicolas, Edward Baudrez, Ilse Decoster, Steven Dewitte, Alessandro Ipe, Stijn Nevens, and Almudena Velazquez-Blazquez. "The climate monitoring SAF TOA radiation “GERB” datasets." In RADIATION PROCESSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN (IRS2012): Proceedings of the International Radiation Symposium (IRC/IAMAS). AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4804854.
Full text
7
Fan, Joshua, Di Chen, Jiaming Wen, Ying Sun, and Carla Gomes. "Monitoring Vegetation From Space at Extremely Fine Resolutions via Coarsely-Supervised Smooth U-Net." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/703.
Full textAbstract:
Monitoring vegetation productivity at extremely fine resolutions is valuable for real-world agricultural applications, such as detecting crop stress and providing early warning of food insecurity. Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF) provides a promising way to directly measure plant productivity from space. However, satellite SIF observations are only available at a coarse spatial resolution, making it impossible to monitor how individual crop types or farms are doing. This poses a challenging coarsely-supervised regression (or downscaling) task; at training time, we only have SIF labels at a coarse resolution (3km), but we want to predict SIF at much finer spatial resolutions (e.g. 30m, a 100x increase). We also have additional fine-resolution input features, but the relationship between these features and SIF is unknown. To address this, we propose Coarsely-Supervised Smooth U-Net (CS-SUNet), a novel method for this coarse supervision setting. CS-SUNet combines the expressive power of deep convolutional networks with novel regularization methods based on prior knowledge (such as a smoothness loss) that are crucial for preventing overfitting. Experiments show that CS-SUNet resolves fine-grained variations in SIF more accurately than existing methods.
8
Sah, Sripati, Robert X. Gao, and Timothy Kurp. "Spatial Blending Functions for Improved Estimation of Contact Pressure Distribution at the Tool-Workpiece Interface." In ASME 2010 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2010-34107.
Full textAbstract:
On-line measurement of contact pressure distribution (CPD) at the tool-workpiece interface during sheet metal stamping processes plays a critical role in tool wear and product quality monitoring and control. Realizing such measurement poses a significant challenge, due to the severe operating conditions at the contact interface. Since the number of sensors that can be integrated into a tooling structure is limited by concerns of structural integrity, a mathematical framework is needed for estimating the contact pressure distribution measured by sparse sensors. This paper investigates a new technique termed the Spatial Blending Functions (SBF), which provides an improved estimate of the contact pressure distribution by merging measurements from tooling-embedded sensors with simulation results from Finite Element modeling. The effectiveness of the SBF-based merging technique is demonstrated for the case of a panel stamping operation through Finite Element simulations and experiments performed on a stamping press with a tooling-integrated sensing system. Analysis of the results demonstrates that the SBF-based CPD estimation is more accurate than classic numeric surface interpolation methods, thus enhances contact pressure distribution estimation for stamping process monitoring.
9
Ghilain, Nicolas, Francoise Gellens-Meulenberghs, and Alirio Arboleda. "Continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration (ET) overview of LSA-SAF evapotranspiration products." In Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology, edited by Christopher M. Neale and Antonino Maltese. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2278249.
Full text
10
Brouillard, Lee, and Micheael J. Irwin. "Using Real-Time Vadose Zone Monitoring for Long Term Performance Assessment of a Corrective Action Management Unit Containment Cell, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4914.
Full textAbstract:
Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico (SNL/NM), operates a Corrective Action Management Unit (CAMU) for the United States Department of Energy (DOE). In 1997 SNL/NM was granted a permit modification that allowed construction and operation of a CAMU. The CAMU follows regulatory guidance that facilitates expedient and cost-effective cleanup and management of hazardous remediation wastes. Treatment operations were completed in January 2003 in conjunction with containment of 845,000 cubic feet (23,930 cubic meters) of treated soil. The containment cell is situated approximately 485 feet (148 meters) above groundwater in a semiarid region marked by low rainfall and high evapotransporation. These site conditions required a unique approach to monitoring the containment cell performance and ultimately protecting groundwater. To satisfy Resource Conservation and Recovery Act groundwater monitoring requirements, a Vadose Zone Monitoring System (VZMS) for rapidly detecting leaks was incorporated into the containment cell design. One component of the VZMS, the Primary Subliner (PSL) monitoring system, utilizes the containment cell subliner to focus potential leakage into five longitudinal trenches. Each trench contains a wicking material and a vitrified clay pipe used to provide access for a neutron probe to measure soil moisture content directly under the containment cell. The other component of the VZMS, the Vertical Sensor Array (VSA), consists of 22 time-domain reflectometers that provide a backup to the PSL. Environmental Protection Agency regulators accepted vadose zone monitoring of the CAMU containment cell as a substitution for groundwater monitoring wells because of its high probability for early detection of leakage if it were to occur. This monitoring approach would also enable timely implementation of a corrective action to mitigate the possibility of any impacts to groundwater. The CAMU VZMS provides a superior methodology for the detection and subsequent characterization of any potential leaks emanating from waste contained in the cell versus the use of groundwater monitoring wells. One of the main advantages offered by the VZMS is its ability to provide real-time data on containment cell performance. Because of the layout, aerial coverage, and the multiple monitoring parameters incorporated into the VZMS, the specific location of a leak from the cell can be defined as well as the nature of the contaminant liquid (volatile organic versus inorganic compounds). The SNL/NM CAMU is the only facility within the DOE complex that implements this innovative approach to environmental restoration waste management and monitoring. A significant cost savings to taxpayers for on-site waste treatment and containment versus off-site disposal was achieved. A cost saving of approximately $200 million was realized by utilization of the CAMU versus off-site waste disposition. The VZMS monitoring system will be utilized during the 30 year post-closure care period for the containment cell.
Reports on the topic "SNF monitoring"
1
HUNACEK, G. S. Facility Effluent Monitoring Plan for the Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/804496.
Full text
2
Heyard, Rachel, and Manuela Ott. SNSF Datastory - SNSF gender monitoring: are women underrepresented or underfunded? Swiss National Science Foundation, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/datastory.women-underrepresented-or-underfunded.
Full textAbstract:
The Swiss research landscape suffers from a chronic underrepresentation of women. This can also be seen in the share of women applying for funding at the SNSF. But how did this share evolve over time? And have women been less successful to raise funds?
3
Johnson, Eric M., and Robert Chew. Social Network Analysis Methods for International Development. RTI Press, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.rb.0026.2105.
Full textAbstract:
Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a promising yet underutilized tool in the international development field. SNA entails collecting and analyzing data to characterize and visualize social networks, where nodes represent network members and edges connecting nodes represent relationships or exchanges among them. SNA can help both researchers and practitioners understand the social, political, and economic relational dynamics at the heart of international development programming. It can inform program design, monitoring, and evaluation to answer questions related to where people get information; with whom goods and services are exchanged; who people value, trust, or respect; who has power and influence and who is excluded; and how these dynamics change over time. This brief advances the case for use of SNA in international development, outlines general approaches, and discusses two recently conducted case studies that illustrate its potential. It concludes with recommendations for how to increase SNA use in international development.
4
John, Oliver, and Manuela Ott. SNSF Datastory - Gender monitoring (part 3): The impact of confounding factors. Swiss National Science Foundation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/datastory.gender-monitoring-confounders.
Full textAbstract:
Differences in success rates between women and men in SNSF funding can be explained by a variety of different direct and indirect influences. This data story summarizes the SNSF's gender monitoring that looks at potential confounding variables using the example of project funding.
5
Isler, Simona, and John Oliver. SNSF Datastory - Gender monitoring (part 2): the proportion of women decreases with each step up the career ladder. Swiss National Science Foundation, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/datastory.leaky-pipeline.
Full text
6
Lanier, R., L. Dauffy, and A. Hodge. The SNM Scanner: A Non-invasive Protocol for Effective Monitoring of Special Nuclear Material Inventories. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926386.
Full text
7
Murray, W. S., R. E. Morgado, and C. M. Frankle. Scoping study of SNM detection and indentification for adjunct on-site treaty monitoring. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/93553.
Full text
8
Quinn, Meghan. Geotechnical effects on fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing performance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41325.
Full textAbstract:
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a fiber optic sensing system that is used for vibration monitoring. At a minimum, DAS is composed of a fiber optic cable and an optic analyzer called an interrogator. The oil and gas industry has used DAS for over a decade to monitor infrastructure such as pipelines for leaks, and in recent years changes in DAS performance over time have been observed for DAS arrays that are buried in the ground. This dissertation investigates the effect that soil type, soil temperature, soil moisture, time in-situ, and vehicle loading have on DAS performance for fiber optic cables buried in soil. This was accomplished through a field testing program involving two newly installed DAS arrays. For the first installation, a new portion of DAS array was added to an existing DAS array installed a decade prior. The new portion of the DAS array was installed in four different soil types: native fill, sand, gravel, and an excavatable flowable fill. Soil moisture and temperature sensors were buried adjacent to the fiber optic cable to monitor seasonal environmental changes over time. Periodic impact testing was performed at set locations along the DAS array for over one year. A second, temporary DAS array was installed to test the effect of vehicle loading on DAS performance. Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the DAS response was used for all the tests to evaluate the system performance. The results of the impact testing program indicated that the portions of the array in gravel performed more consistently over time. Changes in soil moisture or soil temperature did not appear to affect DAS performance. The results also indicated that time DAS performance does change somewhat over time. Performance variance increased in new portions of array in all material types through time. The SNR in portions of the DAS array in native silty sand material dropped slightly, while the SNR in portions of the array in sand fill and flowable fill material decreased significantly over time. This significant change in performance occurred while testing halted from March 2020 to August 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. These significant changes in performance were observed in the new portion of test bed, while the performance of the prior installation remained consistent. It may be that, after some time in-situ, SNR in a DAS array will reach a steady state. Though it is unfortunate that testing was on pause while changes in DAS performance developed, the observed changes emphasize the potential of DAS to be used for infrastructure change-detection monitoring. In the temporary test bed, increasing vehicle loads were observed to increase DAS performance, although there was considerable variability in the measured SNR. The significant variation in DAS response is likely due to various industrial activities on-site and some disturbance to the array while on-boarding and off-boarding vehicles. The results of this experiment indicated that the presence of load on less than 10% of an array channel length may improve DAS performance. Overall, this dissertation provides guidance that can help inform the civil engineering community with respect to installation design recommendations related to DAS used for infrastructure monitoring.
9
Perk, Simon, Egbert Mundt, Alexander Panshin, Irit Davidson, Irina Shkoda, Ameera AlTori, and Maricarmen Garcia. Characterization and Control Strategies of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H9N2. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697117.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The avian influenza virus, subtype H9N2 subtype, defined as having a low pathogenicity, causes extensive economical losses in commercial flocks, probably due to management and synergism with other pathogens. AIV H9N2 was first identified in Israel in the year 2000, and since then it became endemic and widespread in Israel. Control by vaccination of commercial flocks with an inactivated vaccine has been introduced since 2007. In face of the continuous H9N2 outbreaks, and the application of the vaccination policy, we aimed in the present study to provide a method of differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). The aim of the assay would be detect only antibodies created by a de-novo infection, since the inactivated vaccine virus is not reproducing, and might provide a simple tool for mass detection of novel infections of commercial flocks. To fulfill the overall aim, the project was designed to include four operational objectives: 1. Evaluation of the genetic evolution of AIV in Israel; 2. Assessment of the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA; 3. NS1 ELISA as evaluation criteria for measuring the efficacy of vaccination against H9N2 AIV; 4. Development of an AIV H9 subtype specific ELISA systems. Major conclusion and implications drawn from the project were: 1. A continuous genetic change occurred in the collection of H9N2 isolates, and new introductions were identified. It was shown thatthe differences between the HA proteins of viruses used for vaccine productionand local fieldisolatesincreasedin parallelwith the durationand intensity ofvaccine use, therefore, developing a differential assay for the vaccine and the wild type viruses was the project main aim. 2. To assess the diagnostic value of an NS1 ELISA we first performed experimental infection trials using representative viruses of all introductions, and used the sera and recombinant NS1 antigens of the same viruses in homologous and heterologous NS1 ELISA combination. The NS1 ELISA was evidently reactive in all combinations, and did not discriminate significantly between different groups. 3. However, several major drawbacks of the NS1 ELISA were recognized: a) The evaluation of the vaccination effect in challenged birds, showed that the level of the NS1 antibodies dropped due to the vaccination-dependent virus level drop; b) the applicability of the NS1-ELISA was verified on sera of commercial flocks and found to be unusable due to physico-chemical composition of the sera and the recombinant antigen, c) commercial sera showed non-reactivity that might be caused by many factors, including vaccination, uncertainty regarding the infection time, and possibly low antigen avidity, d) NS1 elevated antibody levels for less than 2 months in SPF chicks. Due to the above mentioned reasons we do not recommend the application of the DIVA NS1 ELISA assay for monitoring and differentiation AIV H9N2 naturally-infected from vaccinated commercial birds.