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Potts, Jennifer C., and Michael L. Burton. "Preliminary observations on the age and growth of dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu) and mahogany snapper (Lutjanus mahogoni) from the Southeastern U.S." PeerJ 5 (April 19, 2017): e3167. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3167.
Dog snapper (Lutjanus jocu Bloch and Schneider 1801) and mahogany snapper (Lutjanus mahogoni Cuvier 1828) are infrequently caught snappers in the southeastern U.S. primarily occurring off of southern Florida. The species were opportunistically sampled from commercial and recreational fisheries in the southeastern U.S. from 1979 to 2015. Fish were aged (56 dog snapper and 54 mahogany snapper) by counting opaque zones on sectioned sagittal otoliths. Otoliths of both species were easily interpretable and agreement between readers was acceptable. Analysis of otolith edge-type revealed that annuli formed between May and July on both species. Dog snapper ranged from 200–837 mm total length (TL) and ages 2–33, while mahogany snapper ranged from 270–416 mm TL and ages 2–18. The Von Bertalanffy growth equations were Lt = 746(1–e(−0.20(t−0.32))) and Lt = 334(1–e(0.31(t+1.19))) for dog snapper and mahogany snapper, respectively. The weight-length relations were W = 1.31 × 10−5L3.03(n = 78, r2 = 0.99) and W = 5.40 × 10−6L3.15(n = 79, r2 = 0.79) for dog snapper and mahogany snapper, respectively, where W = whole weight in grams.
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Frédou, Thierry, and Beatrice Padovani Ferreira. "Bathymetric trends of northeastern Brazilian snappers (Pisces, Lutjanidae): implications for the reef fishery dynamic." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 5 (September 2005): 787–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000600015.
The investigation of bathymetric distribution of five snappers caught along the Brazilian Northeastern coast by artisanal fleets through the analysis of the catch composition and relative abundance (CPUE) showed that, on the overall, fished mean size increased along depth and that particular species dominated the catch according to the depth strata. Mutton snapper, L. analis, yellowtail snapper, L. chrysurus, and dog snapper, L. jocu were mainly caught at intermediate depth (20-80m) whereas lane snapper, L. synagris, and silk snapper, L. vivanus, inhabit respectively shallow (<20m) and deep (>80 m) waters. Each fleet category exploited preferentially a particular combination of species and their size range. The fleet dynamic of the Northeast Brazil is technologically heterogeneous and determines the catch composition. Geographical distribution of the fishery and technical interaction between fleets and gears should be considered by the management of these species in order to maintain the sustainability of the stock and to guarantee the continuance of the resource.
Red snappers in the Gulf of Mexico once hovered on the brink of extinction, their population having dropped to 2 percent of what had historically swum in the Gulf. But thanks to a recently introduced plan that turns the conventional wisdom of fisheries management on its head, the picture has begun to change. Called Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQs), the new regulations, which give a guaranteed allotment of fish to each participant instead of applying industry-wide quotas, went into effect for Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in early 2007. The results were immediate and so profound that the Gulf Fishery Management Council voted earlier this year to increase the annual limit on red snapper to nearly 7 million pounds from 5 million.
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Pedraza-Marrón, Carmen del R., Raimundo Silva, Jonathan Deeds, Steven M. Van Belleghem, Alicia Mastretta-Yanes, Omar Domínguez-Domínguez, Rafael A. Rivero-Vega, et al. "Genomics overrules mitochondrial DNA, siding with morphology on a controversial case of species delimitation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1900 (April 3, 2019): 20182924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2924.
Species delimitation is a major quest in biology and is essential for adequate management of the organismal diversity. A challenging example comprises the fish species of red snappers in the Western Atlantic. Red snappers have been traditionally recognized as two separate species based on morphology: Lutjanus campechanus (northern red snapper) and L. purpureus (southern red snapper). Recent genetic studies using mitochondrial markers, however, failed to delineate these nominal species, leading to the current lumping of the northern and southern populations into a single species ( L. campechanus ). This decision carries broad implications for conservation and management as red snappers have been commercially over-exploited across the Western Atlantic and are currently listed as vulnerable. To address this conflict, we examine genome-wide data collected throughout the range of the two species. Population genomics, phylogenetic and coalescent analyses favour the existence of two independent evolutionary lineages, a result that confirms the morphology-based delimitation scenario in agreement with conventional taxonomy. Despite finding evidence of introgression in geographically neighbouring populations in northern South America, our genomic analyses strongly support isolation and differentiation of these species, suggesting that the northern and southern red snappers should be treated as distinct taxonomic entities.
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Nuraini, Siti, and Tri Ernawati. "CHANGES TO THE RED SNAPPER FISHERIES IN THE ARAFURA SEA FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AREA." Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 15, no. 2 (May 24, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.15.2.2009.9-16.
Red snappers are target species and exploited by industrial fisheries off the Bottom longline, trap and as by product of fish net in Arafura Sea. This study proposed to identify effect of industrial fishing on red snapper fishery; on size and catch composition.
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Williams, Ashley J., Stephen J. Newman, Corey B. Wakefield, Melanie Bunel, Tuikolongahau Halafihi, Jeremie Kaltavara, and Simon J. Nicol. "Evaluating the performance of otolith morphometrics in deriving age compositions and mortality rates for assessment of data-poor tropical fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 7 (March 15, 2015): 2098–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv042.
Abstract Deepwater snappers (Family Lutjanidae) are important to artisanal and subsistence fisheries in Pacific Island countries. Most species of deepwater snapper are considered vulnerable to exploitation due to their extended longevity and low natural mortality rates. However, the sustainability of deepwater snapper fisheries in Pacific Island countries remains uncertain because there are limited resources available to collect the required data for comprehensive stock assessments. Reliable estimates of the age composition for exploited deepwater snapper populations are limited primarily because of the lack of skills and resources required for routine age estimation from sectioned otoliths. The development of alternative low-cost approaches to derive estimates of age for deepwater snappers is required. We evaluated the performance of using otolith morphometrics (weight, length, width, and thickness) to obtain estimates of age for the most important target species in these fisheries: Etelis carbunculus, E. marshi, E. coruscans, and Pristipomoides filamentosus. We compared age compositions and fishing mortality rates (F) derived from otolith morphometrics with those derived from counts of annual increments in otoliths. We then used the ratio of F to natural mortality (M) as a biological indicator to evaluate the potential effects on management responses by comparing estimates of F/M derived from otolith morphometrics with those derived from annual increment counts. Age compositions and estimates of F and F/M did not differ significantly between those derived from otolith morphometrics and those derived from annual increment counts for all species. These results demonstrate that management responses would likely be similar whether based on age estimates derived from sectioned otoliths, or predicted from otolith morphometrics. In the absence of sufficient resources to section otoliths for age estimation, we recommend that otolith morphometrics be used as a proxy for age in assessments of deepwater snapper fisheries in Pacific Island countries, and potentially for other similar data-limited fisheries.
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Robertson, D. Ross, Carol D. Cox, and Robert L. Cox. "Lutjanus inermis (Peters, 1869), Golden Snapper, range extension to the Galapagos Islands." Check List 17, no. 6 (November 25, 2021): 1633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/17.6.1633.
The well-cataloged marine fish fauna of the Galapagos Islands includes eight of the 12 species of snappers (Lutjanidae) found in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. A recent recreational scuba dive in the Galapagos produced photographs of an additional snapper species, Lutjanus inermis (Peters, 1869), which was sufficiently common as to likely have a recently established resident population.
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Fodrie, FJ, KL Heck, CFT Andrus, and SP Powers. "Determinants of the nursery role of seagrass meadows in the sub-tropical Gulf of Mexico: inshore-offshore connectivity for snapper and grouper." Marine Ecology Progress Series 647 (August 13, 2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13403.
Quantifying the nursery role of habitats or locations in supporting fisheries is central to understanding population-scale animal-habitat relationships, and in guiding ecosystem-based management. We assessed the nursery role of northern Gulf of Mexico seagrass meadows for gray snapper, lane snapper, and gag recruiting to Alabama’s extensive offshore reef complex. We accomplished this using broadscale juvenile trawl surveys and geochemical tags—indicative of past habitat use—stored in the otoliths of >2200 fishes. These natural tags revealed that 47-61% of snapper and gag recruits to Alabama reefs originated in Florida panhandle seagrass nurseries. Seagrass meadows in Alabama and Mississippi were also important nurseries for snappers and gag, contributing 26-46% of recruits. Despite high juvenile snapper and gag catches along the extensive Chandeleur Islands, Louisiana, relatively few of those fishes recruited to Alabama’s reefs (<13% of total recruits, across species), although they may have recruited to populations outside our sampling domain. Beyond the applied value of these data for resource management (i.e. interstate connectivity), our findings highlight broadscale drivers of the nursery role of juvenile habitats for coastal marine populations. These factors include: (1) juvenile habitat extent (i.e. extensive Florida panhandle meadows sourced the most recruits for Alabama fisheries); (2) proximity between juvenile and adult habitats (i.e. highest unit-area contribution from Alabama-Mississippi meadows); and (3) unidirectional, alongshore migration of egressing juveniles (i.e. primarily east-to-west movement, enhancing connectivity with Florida panhandle nurseries, and dampening connectivity with Chandeleur nurseries).
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Saillant, Eric, S. Coleen Bradfield, and John R. Gold. "Genetic impacts of shrimp trawling on red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the northern Gulf of Mexico." ICES Journal of Marine Science 63, no. 4 (January 1, 2006): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.12.005.
Abstract Genetic variation and genetic relatedness are investigated among age-0 red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) sampled as bycatch in shrimp trawls from five localities in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Reference samples from the same geographic areas were obtained by sampling a few juveniles at a time during multiple trawl tows. No significant differences in allelic richness, gene diversity, or allele (or genotype) distributions at 16 nuclear-encoded microsatellites were found between the five bycatch samples and reference samples taken from the same geographic area. These results indicate that red snappers taken as bycatch neither have reduced genetic variation relative to the local population nor do they appear to represent a non-random sample from the local population in terms of allele or genotype distributions. Estimates of the within-sample variance of pairwise relatedness did not differ significantly from zero for any bycatch or reference sample. Hence, red snapper in the bycatch samples are not more closely related genetically to one another than would be expected when sampling individuals at random from the local population. These results indicate that there are no direct, detectable genetic impacts of shrimp trawling on red snapper at the localities sampled.
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Pearce, J., and C. K. Govind. "Spontaneous generation of bilateral symmetry in the paired claws and closer muscles of adult snapping shrimps." Development 100, no. 1 (May 1, 1987): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.100.1.57.
Adult snapping shrimps Alpheus heterochelis (Say) have paired asymmetric claws consisting of a major or snapper claw and a minor or pincer claw. An unusual condition of bilateral symmetry consisting of paired snapper claws arose spontaneously in several snapping shrimps by transformation of the pincer to a snapper in the presence of an existing contralateral snapper claw. Transformation in the external morphology and fibre composition of the closer muscle was completed within two intermoult periods in the majority of cases where true symmetry was achieved and once established became permanent. Thus snapping shrimps, which are by nature solitary, when continually exposed to each other in the laboratory may transform their pincer to a snapper without any trauma to the existing snapper claw.
Topping, Darin Thomas Szedlmayer Stephen T. "The use of ultrasonic telemetry to estimate residency, movement patterns, and mortality of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1771.
Shulzitshi, Kathryn. "A genetic assessment of population connectivity in mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis /." Electronic version (PDF), 2005. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2005/shulzitskik/kathrynshulzitski.pdf.
McInerny, Stephanie A. "Age and growth of red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, from the southeastern United States /." Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-2/mcinernys/stephaniemcinerny.pdf.
English, Daniel Patrick Phelps Ronald Paul. "Use of primary nursery ponds for red snapper larvae culture and associated zooplankton dynamics." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Fisheries_and_Allied_Aquacultures/Thesis/English_Daniel_53.pdf.
Beyer, Sabrina G. Szedlmayer Stephen T. "Age determination through shape analysis and validation of otolith annular increments in red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Fisheries_and_Allied_Aquacultures/Thesis/Beyer_Sabrina_2.pdf.
Case, Janelle Elaine. "The feeding biomechanics of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico." Thesis, [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1386.
Sumpton, Wayne Donald. "Population biology and management of snapper (Pagrus auratus) in Queensland /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16381.pdf.
Simmons, Carrie M. Szedlmayer Stephen T. "Gray triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, reproductive behavior, early life history, and competitive interactions between red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, in the northern Gulf of Mexico." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Fisheries_and_Allied_Aquacultures/Dissertation/Mackichan_Carrie_37.pdf.
Francis, Malcolm 1954. "Population dynamics of juvenile snapper (Pagrus auratus) in the Hauraki Gulf." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/1976.
The population dynamics of juvenile snapper, Pagrus auratus, were investigated in the Hauraki Gulf, north-eastern New Zealand, between 1982 and 1990. Attention focused on age and growth, temporal and spatial variation in abundance, and recruitment. Daily increment formation was validated in the sagittae of snapper up to about 160 days old. Increment width varied with time of year, and snapper age, and increments were not resolvable with a light microscope during winter. Increment counts inside a prominent metamorphic mark showed that larval duration was 18-32 days, and was inversely related to water temperature. Spawning dates were back-calculated from increment counts in settled juveniles, and ranged from September to March with a peak in November-January. The onset of spawning was temperature dependent. Fast-growing snapper had smaller sagittae than slow-growing snapper, indicating an uncoupling of otolith and somatic growth. Snapper gonads differentiated first as ovaries during the second year of life, and then some juveniles changed sex to become males during their third year. Sex change occurred before maturity, so snapper are functionally gonochoristic. Growth was slow during the larval phase, but increased rapidly after metamorphosis to about 0.6-0.9 mm.day-1. From the first winter, growth followed a well-defined annual cycle, with little or no growth during winter, and linear growth of 0.16-0.43 mm.day-1 during spring-autumn for 0+/1+ and 1+/2+ snapper. Snapper grew faster at higher temperatures. Trawl catch rates were affected by numerous gear and environmental factors, but probably provided reasonable estimates of snapper relative abundance. Recommendations are made for improving snapper trawl survey procedures. There was a strong annual abundance cycle in the Kawau region, peaking in spring, and declining to a minimum in winter. Snapper were patchily distributed at a spatial scale of 1-2 km, probably because of preference for specific micro-habitats. Year class strength of 1+ snapper varied 17-fold over seven years, and was strongly positively correlated with autumn sea surface temperature during the 0+ year. The strengths of the 1991 and 1992 year classes are predicted to be below average, and extremely weak, respectively.
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Rhodes, Melanie Anne. "Evaluation of Fabrea salina and other ciliates as alternative live foods for first-feeding red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, larvae." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/RHODES_MELANIE_33.pdf.
Cunningham, Mark. "Snapper part 3: Snapped." In Game Programming with Code Angel, 87–99. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5305-2_8.
Cunningham, Mark. "Snapper part 2: Say cheese." In Game Programming with Code Angel, 71–85. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5305-2_7.
Cunningham, Mark. "Snapper part 1: In the woods." In Game Programming with Code Angel, 61–70. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5305-2_6.
Christensen, Joseph, and Gary Jackson. "Shark Bay Snapper: Science, Policy, and the Decline and Recovery of a Marine Recreational Fishery." In Historical Perspectives of Fisheries Exploitation in the Indo-Pacific, 251–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8727-7_13.
Blaylock, R. B., R. M. Overstreet, and M. A. Klich. "Mycoses in red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) caused by two deuteromycete fungi (Penicillium corylophilum and Cladosporium sphaerospermum)." In The Ecology and Etiology of Newly Emerging Marine Diseases, 221–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3284-0_20.
Samulowitz, Horst, Chandra Reddy, Ashish Sabharwal, and Meinolf Sellmann. "Snappy: A Simple Algorithm Portfolio." In Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing – SAT 2013, 422–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39071-5_33.
Adesanya, Aderonke Adesola. "The Masked Snap, The Snapped Mask: Mask, Power, and Betrayal in African Cultures." In The Palgrave Handbook of African Oral Traditions and Folklore, 735–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55517-7_36.
Sowmya, K., S. Aparna, G. Dhivya Praba, P. R. Ramya, V. Krishnaveni, and K. R. Radhakrishnan. "Door Snapper - A Smart Way of Surveillance." In 2013 Texas Instruments India Educators' Conference (TIIEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiiec.2013.51.
McKeever, P., Chang Ng, B. Caffrey, R. Crazier, and E. Spooner. ""Snapper" wave energy - the machine and grid interface system development." In IET Conference on Renewable Power Generation (RPG 2011). IET, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2011.0123.
Bailey, H., R. C. Crozier, A. McDonald, M. A. Mueller, E. Spooner, and P. McKeever. "Hydrodynamic and electromechanical simulation of a snapper based wave energy converter." In IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2010.5674966.
Wanti, Linda Perdana, and Oman Somantri. "The Comparison of Quality Snapper Selection Results Using WASPAS and WP Methods." In 2020 International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (iCAST). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icast51016.2020.9557684.
Takarina, N. D., and A. A. Fanani. "Characterization of chitin and chitosan synthesized from red snapper (Lutjanus sp.) scale’s waste." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2016 (ISCPMS 2016): Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4991212.
Husain, Rahim, Suparmo, Eni Harmayani, and Chusnul Hidayat. "Kinetic oxidation of protein and fat in snapper (Lutjanus sp) fillet during storage." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SYNCHROTRON RADIATION INSTRUMENTATION – SRI2015. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4958489.
Sari, Wahyu Eka, M. Nur Salim, Teuku Reza Ferasyi, Muhammad Hambal, Henni Vanda, T. Zahrial Helmi, Mudhita Zikkrullah Ritonga, Sukmawan Fajar Santosa, and Windy Budi Setiawandi. "Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Snapper Fish (Lutjanus sp.) from Banda Aceh Waters." In 2nd International Conference on Veterinary, Animal, and Environmental Sciences (ICVAES 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210420.033.
Yeboah-Forson, Albert, and Dean Whitman. "GEOPHYSICAL FLOW ANALYSIS OF ANISOTROPY: A CASE STUDY OF SNAPPER CREEK MUNICIPAL WELL FIELD, MIAMI, FL." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/sageep.27-077.
Yeboah-Forson, Albert, and Dean Whitman. "GEOPHYSICAL FLOW ANALYSIS OF ANISOTROPY: A CASE STUDY OF SNAPPER CREEK MUNICIPAL WELL FIELD, MIAMI, FL." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sageep.27-077.
Deaton, Angus, and Arthur Stone. Grandpa and the Snapper: the Wellbeing of the Elderly who Live with Children. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19100.
Goetz, J., J. Klemm, and E. Ortlieb. Analysis of Radiation Exposure for Observers and Maneuver Troops. Exercise Desert Rock IV, Operation Tumbler-Snapper. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada171179.
Koven, William, Gordon Grau, Benny Ron, and Tetsuya Hirano. Improving fry quality, survival and growth in commercially farmed fish by dietary stimulation of thyroid hormone production in premetamorphosing larvae. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695856.bard.
There is a direct correlation between successful metamorphosis from larvae to post-larvae and the quality of the resultant juveniles or fry. Juvenile quality, in turn, is a major factor influencing fish production level and market price. However, following the profound morphological and physiological changes occurring during metamorphosis, the emerging juveniles in some species characteristically demonstrate heterotrophic growth, poor pigmentation, cannibalism and generally poor survival. The white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus) in Israel and the Pacific threadfin (Polydactylussexfilis) in Hawaii are two promising candidates for mariculture that have high market value but a natural fishery that has sharply declined in recent years. Unfortunately, their potential for culture is severely hampered by variable metamorphic success limiting their production. The main objective was to compare the efficacy and economic viability of dietary or environmental iodine on metamorphic success and juvenile quality in the white grouper and the pink snapper which would lead to improved commercial rearing protocols and increased production of these species both in Israel and the US. The Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology encountered problems with the availability of pink snapper brood stock and larvae and changed to Pacific threadfin or moi which is rapidly becoming a premier aquaculture species in Hawaii and throughout the Indo-Pacific. The white grouper brood stock at the National Center for Mariculture was lost as a result of a viral outbreak following the sudden breakdown of the ozone purification system. In addition, the NCM suffered a devastating fire in the fall of 2007 that completely destroyed the hatchery and laboratory facilities although the BARD project samples were saved. Nevertheless, by studying alternate species a number of valuable findings and conclusions that can contribute to improved metamorphosis in commercially valuable marine species resulted from this collaborative effort. The Israeli group found that exposing white grouper larvae to external TH levels synchronized and increased the rate of metamorphosis. This suggested that sub-optimal synthesis of TH may be a major factor causing size heterogeneity in the larval population and high mortality through cannibalism by their larger more metamorphosed cohorts. Two protocols were developed to enrich the larvae with higher levels of the TH precursor, iodine; feeding iodine enriched Artemia or increasing the level of seawater iodine the larvae are exposed to. Results of accumulated iodine in gilthead seabream larvae indicated that the absorption of iodine from the water is markedly more efficient than feeding iodine enriched Artemia nauplii. Samples for TH, which will be analyzed shortly, will be able to determine if another dietary factor is lacking to effectively utilize surplus tissue iodine for TH synthesis. Moreover, these samples will also clarify which approach to enriching larvae with iodine, through the live food or exposure to iodine enriched seawater is the most efficient and cost effective. The American group found that moi larvae reared in ocean water, which possessed substantially higher iodine levels than those found in seawater well water, grew significantly larger, and showed increased survival compared with well water reared larvae. Larvae reared in ocean water also progressed more rapidly through developmental stages than those in low-iodine well seawater. In collaboration with Israeli counterparts, a highly specific and precise radioimmunoassay procedure for thyroid hormones and cortisol was developed. Taken altogether, the combined Hawaiian and Israeli collaborative research suggests that for teleost species of commercial value, adequate levels of environmental iodine are more determinate in metamorphosis than iodine levels in the live zooplankton food provided to the larvae. Insuring sufficiently high enough iodine in the ambient seawater offers a much more economical solution to improved metamorphosis than enriching the live food with costly liposomes incorporating iodine rich oils.
