Journal articles: 'Snakes – Classification'

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Pamungkas, Yoga Widi, Adiwijaya Adiwijaya, and Dody Qori Utama. "Klasifikasi Gambar Gigitan Ular Menggunakan Regionprops dan Algoritma Decision Tree." Jurnal Sistem Komputer dan Informatika (JSON) 1, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/json.v1i2.1789.

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Indonesia has a high biodiversity of snakes. Snake species that exist throughout Indonesia, consisting of venomous and non-venomous snakes. One of the dangers that can be posed by snakes is the bite of several types of deadly snakes. Snake bite cases recorded in Indonesia are quite high with not a few fatalities. Most of the deaths caused by snakebite occur due to errors in the handling procedure for the bite wound. This problem can be overcome one of them if we know how to classify snake bite wounds, whether venomous or non-venomous. In this study, a classification system for snake bite wound image was built using Regionprops feature extraction and Decision Tree algorithm. Snake bite images are classified as either venomous or non-venomous without knowing the kind of the snake. In Regionprops several features are used to help the process of feature extraction, including the number of centroids, area, distance, and eccentricity. Evaluation of the model that was built was found that the parameters of the number of centroids and the distance between centroids had the most significant influence in helping the classification of images of snakebite wounds with an accuracy of 97.14%, precision 92.85%, recall 91.42%, and F1 score 92.06%.

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RIEPPEL, O. "Pattern and process: the early classification of snakes." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 31, no. 4 (August 1987): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb02000.x.

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Lbova, Lyudmila. "Malta Bestiary: Birds, Snakes and Others…" Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp2115773.

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The paper presents the results of a complex study of the collection of zoomorphic figurines from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Malta in the Angara region of Eastern Siberia. The materials described and analyzed in the paper were obtained during the excavations by M. M. Gerasimov in 1928—1958 and are currently divided between four museums in Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Irkutsk. Based on morphometric, stylistic, technological and use wear analyses in combination with zoological, archaeozoological and ethnographic evidence, the authors propose new classification and interpretation of the zoomorphic figurines they studied. The Malta zoomorphic sculpture is notable for its realism, attention to details and sophisticated techniques of manufacture and decoration. The proposed classification forms the basis of the information system “Art of Malta culture”.

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White, Julian. "The generic classification of the Australian terrestrial elapid snakes." Toxicon 30, no. 8 (August 1992): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90416-3.

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Chaaithanya, Itta Krishna, Dipak Abnave, Himmatrao Bawaskar, Ujwal Pachalkar, Sandip Tarukar, Neha Salvi, Prabhakar Bhoye, Arun Yadav, Smita D. Mahale, and Rahul K. Gajbhiye. "Perceptions, awareness on snakebite envenoming among the tribal community and health care providers of Dahanu block, Palghar District in Maharashtra, India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0255657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255657.

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Introduction India has remarkably the highest number of snakebite cases contributing to nearly 50% of the global snakebite deaths. Despite this fact, there is limited knowledge and awareness regarding the management practices for snakebite in the Indian population. The study aimed to explore the knowledge, awareness, and perception of snakes and snakebites, first aid, and treatment amongst the community and the frontline health workers in a tribal block of Dahanu, Maharashtra, India. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from June 2016 to October 2018 in the Dahanu Block, Maharashtra. Perceptions, knowledge, awareness, and first-aid practices on the snakebites among the community were studied through focus group discussions (FGDs). Semi-structured questionnaires were used to assess the knowledge, awareness, and experience of the traditional faith healers, snake rescuers, frontline health workers on the snakebites and their management. A facility check survey was conducted using pre-tested questionnaires for different levels of the government health care facilities. Results Most of the tribal community was aware of the commonly found snakes and their hiding places. However, there was inadequate knowledge on the identification and classification of venomous snakes. Belief in a snake god, the perception that snakes will not come out during thunderstorms, change in taste sensation, the ability of tamarind seeds or magnet to reduce the venom effect were some of the superstitions reported by the tribal community. The application of a harmful method (Tourniquet) as the first aid for snakebite was practiced by the tribal community. They preferred herbal medicines and visiting the traditional faith healers before shifting the patient to the government health facility. The knowledge on the ability to identify venomous snakebites and anti-venom was significantly higher amongst nurses and accredited social health activists (ASHAs) than auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) and multi-purpose workers (MPWs) (p < 0.05). None of the traditional faith healers; but nearly 60% of snake rescuers were aware of anti-venom. Fifty percent of the medical officers in Dahanu block did not have correct knowledge about the Krait bite symptoms, and renal complications due to the Russell viper bite. Conclusions Inappropriate perception, inadequate awareness, and knowledge about snakes and snakebites may predispose the tribal community to increased risks of venomous snakebites. Unproven and harmful methods for snakebite treatment practiced by the community and traditional faith healers could be dangerous leading to high mortality. Therefore, a multi-sectoral approach of community awareness, mapping of vulnerable populations, capacity building of health care facility, empowerment of health care workers (HCWs) could be useful for reducing the mortality and morbidity due to snakebite envenoming in India.

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Patel, Anika, Lisa Cheung, Nandini Khatod, Irina Matijosaitiene, Alejandro Arteaga, and Joseph W. Gilkey. "Revealing the Unknown: Real-Time Recognition of Galápagos Snake Species Using Deep Learning." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050806.

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Real-time identification of wildlife is an upcoming and promising tool for the preservation of wildlife. In this research project, we aimed to use object detection and image classification for the racer snakes of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. The final target of this project was to build an artificial intelligence (AI) platform, in terms of a web or mobile application, which would serve as a real-time decision making and supporting mechanism for the visitors and park rangers of the Galápagos Islands, to correctly identify a snake species from the user’s uploaded image. Using the deep learning and machine learning algorithms and libraries, we modified and successfully implemented four region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) architectures (models for image classification): Inception V2, ResNet, MobileNet, and VGG16. Inception V2, ResNet and VGG16 reached an overall accuracy of 75%.

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Rieppel, O. "A cladistic classification of primitive snakes based on skull structure." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 17, no. 2 (April 27, 2009): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1979.tb00696.x.

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HEDGES, S. BLAIR. "The type species of the threadsnake genus Tricheilostoma Jan revisited (Squamata, Leptotyphlopidae)." Zootaxa 3027, no. 1 (September 14, 2011): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3027.1.7.

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For most of the last 150 years, Tricheilostoma Jan, 1860 has resided in the synonymy of other snake genera such as Glauconia Gray, 1845 and Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 (Boulenger, 1893; McDiarmid et al., 1999). Thus there has been less practical concern over the identity of the type species. This changed recently with the proposal of a new classification of the family Leptotyphlopidae and resurrection of the Genus Tricheilostoma (Adalsteinsson et al., 2009). Pinto et al. (2010) alluded to a potential taxonomic problem with the type species of that genus, but determined that no change was necessary. However, the problem remains and affects 15 species of South American and African snakes. The purpose of this note is to resolve the issue and make the necessary taxonomic changes.

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HEDGES, S. BLAIR, ARNAUD COULOUX, and NICOLAS VIDAL. "Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae)." Zootaxa 2067, no. 1 (April 8, 2009): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2067.1.1.

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Most West Indian snakes of the family Dipsadidae belong to the Subfamily Xenodontinae and Tribe Alsophiini. As recognized here, alsophiine snakes are exclusively West Indian and comprise 43 species distributed throughout the region. These snakes are slender and typically fast-moving (active foraging), diurnal species often called racers. For the last four decades, their classification into six genera was based on a study utilizing hemipenial and external morphology and which concluded that their biogeographic history involved multiple colonizations from the mainland. Although subsequent studies have mostly disagreed with that phylogeny and taxonomy, no major changes in the classification have been proposed until now. Here we present a DNA sequence analysis of five mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene in 35 species and subspecies of alsophiines. Our results are more consistent with geography than previous classifications based on morphology, and support a reclassification of the species of alsophiines into seven named and three new genera: Alsophis Fitzinger (Lesser Antilles), Arrhyton Günther (Cuba), Borikenophis Hedges & Vidal gen. nov. (Puerto Rican Bank and nearby islands), Caraiba Zaher et al. (Cuba), Cubophis Hedges & Vidal gen. nov. (primarily Cuba but extending throughout the western Caribbean and Bahamas Bank), Haitiophis Hedges & Vidal gen. nov. (Hispaniola), Hypsirhynchus Günther (Hispaniola and Jamaica), Ialtris Cope (Hispaniola), Magliophis Zaher et al. (Puerto Rican Bank), and Uromacer Duméril & Bibron (Hispaniola). Several subspecies are recognized as full species. Three subtribes are recognized within the tribe Alsophiini Fitzinger: Alsophiina Fitzinger (for Alsophis, Borikenophis, Caraiba, Cubophis, Haitiophis, Hypsirhynchus, Ialtris, and Magliophis), Arrhytonina Hedges & Vidal subtribus nov. (for Arrhyton), and Uromacerina Hedges & Vidal subtribus nov. (for Uromacer). Divergence time estimates based on the molecular data indicate a relatively recent (~17–13 million years ago, Ma) origin for alsophiines. A single species apparently dispersed from South America, probably colonizing Hispaniola or Cuba and then later (13–0 Ma) there was dispersal to other islands and subsequent adaptive radiation, mostly in the Pliocene (5.3–1.8 Ma) and Pleistocene (1.8–0.01 Ma). More evidence will be needed to resolve all relationships among the genera and species groups and further details of their biogeographic history.

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Khunteta, Ajay, and D. Ghosh. "Object Boundary Detection Using Active Contour Model via Multiswarm PSO with Fuzzy-Rule Based Adaptation of Inertia Factor." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2016 (2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6179576.

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Active contour models, colloquially known as snakes, are quite popular for several applications such as object boundary detection, image segmentation, object tracking, and classification via energy minimization. While energy minimization may be accomplished using traditional optimization methods, approaches based on nature-inspired evolutionary algorithms have been developed in recent years. One such evolutionary algorithm that has been used extensively in active contours is the particle swarm optimization (PSO). However, conventional PSO converges slowly and gets trapped in local minimum easily which results in inaccurate detection of concavities in the object boundary. This is taken care of by using proposed multiswarm PSO in which a swarm is set for every control point in the snake and then all the swarms search for their best points simultaneously through information sharing among them. The performance of the multiswarm PSO-based search process is further enhanced by using dynamic adaptation of the inertia factor. In this paper, we propose using a set of fuzzy rules to adjust the inertia weight on the basis of the current normalized snake energy and the current value of inertia. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to conventional approaches.

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Suranse, Vivek, Timothy N. W. Jackson, and Kartik Sunagar. "Contextual Constraints: Dynamic Evolution of Snake Venom Phospholipase A2." Toxins 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14060420.

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Venom is a dynamic trait that has contributed to the success of numerous organismal lineages. Predominantly composed of proteins, these complex cocktails are deployed for predation and/or self-defence. Many non-toxic physiological proteins have been convergently and recurrently recruited by venomous animals into their toxin arsenal. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is one such protein and features in the venoms of many organisms across the animal kingdom, including snakes of the families Elapidae and Viperidae. Understanding the evolutionary history of this superfamily would therefore provide insight into the origin and diversification of venom toxins and the evolution of novelty more broadly. The literature is replete with studies that have identified diversifying selection as the sole influence on PLA2 evolution. However, these studies have largely neglected the structural/functional constraints on PLA2s, and the ecology and evolutionary histories of the diverse snake lineages that produce them. By considering these crucial factors and employing evolutionary analyses integrated with a schema for the classification of PLA2s, we uncovered lineage-specific differences in selection regimes. Thus, our work provides novel insights into the evolution of this major snake venom toxin superfamily and underscores the importance of considering the influence of evolutionary and ecological contexts on molecular evolution.

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Macdonald, Cheryl A., and Daniel R. Brooks. "Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the North American species of Telorchis Luehe, 1899 (Cercomeria: Trematoda: Digenea: Telorchiidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 2301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-324.

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Telorchiids are plagiorchiform digeneans inhabiting the intestines of freshwater turtles, snakes, and salamanders. Previous systematic revisions of the group have been problematical because of a lack of information on intraspecific morphological variation. In the present study, examination of substantial numbers of specimens leads to the conclusion that 11 of the 31 nominal species of Telorchis reported from North America are valid. Numerical phylogenetic systematic analysis based on 18 homologous series and 30 total characters resulted in a single tree with a consistency index of 94%, due to two homoplasious characters. To maintain a classification consistent with the phylogenetic tree that is also most similar to previous nomenclature, only one of four previously proposed genera is recognized. The two relatively most plesiomorphic species are found in salamanders, whereas the rest inhabit amniotes (specifically turtles and snakes). Five of the nine species inhabiting amniotes appear to have co-speciated with their hosts. Two of the remaining four species appear to have evolved sympatrically via host switching from turtles to snakes. The remaining two species appear to have evolved sympatrically and without host switching, facilitated by mechanical premating isolation due to the appearance of an apomorphic genital pore position. Using the number of host species inhabited as an index of host specificity, it appears that the more recently evolved the species of Telorchis, the fewer hosts it inhabits.

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Coz-Rakovac, Rozelindra, Duje Lisicic, Tomislav Smuc, Natalija Topic Popovic, Ivancica Strunjak-Perovic, Margita Jadan, Zoran Tadic, and Jurica Jug Dujakovic. "Classification Modeling of Physiological Stages in Captive Balkan Whip Snakes Using Blood Biochemistry Parameters." Journal of Herpetology 45, no. 4 (December 2011): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/10-234.1.

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Vidal, Nicolas, Anne-Sophie Delmas, Patrick David, Corinne Cruaud, Arnaud Couloux, and S. Blair Hedges. "The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes." Comptes Rendus Biologies 330, no. 2 (February 2007): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2006.10.001.

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Alshammari, Ahmed M., Eman El-Abd, Massimo Ciccozzi, Alessandra Lo Presti, Marta Giovanetti, and Eleonora Cella. "Single-Gene Versus Double-Gene Tree Analyses in Molecular Classification of Saudi Venomous Snakes." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 40, no. 1 (November 22, 2014): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1491-y.

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Pyron, R., Frank T. Burbrink, and John J. Wiens. "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes." BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 1 (2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93.

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Dave, Himank, Nikhil Kant, Nishank Dave, and Divya Ghorui. "BRAIN TUMOR CLASSIFICATION USING DEEP LEARNING." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 7 (November 1, 2021): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i07.037.

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The early detection of the tumor plays an important role in the recovery of the patient. In our proposed model, we have collected MRI scans as it helps with the information about the blood supply inside the brain. Thus, for the recognition of anomaly, for examining the increasing of the ailment, and for the diagnosis, we prepared a data set consisting of various MRI images. We then focused on removing unwanted noise and image enhancement. The image characteristics can be enhanced by using image preprocessing techniques. The image enhancement depends upon different factors like computational time, computational cost, quality of the uncorrupted image, and the techniques used for noise elimination. We have made use of various filters for the image pre-processing. In our next step, image segmentation, an image is divided into several regions. We have implemented different types of segmentation techniques including active contours snakes, fuzzy C means, and regionderived triple thresholding. We have further implemented two hybrid segmentation models and used computer-aided detection techniques. Post-processing of the data is done using artificial bee colony optimization and watershed filtering and extraction. We then classify two images into tumor and non-tumor category using the VGG-16 CNN model. The features of the segmented images were further classified into various types of tumors, including Glioma tumor, Meningioma tumor, Pituitary tumor, and no tumor using one-hot encoding. This approach was further validated using synthetic and real MR image dataset from Kaggle (name of data set), to detect and classify different types of tumor.

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Tan, Hock Heng. "Epidemiology of Snakebites from A General Hospital in Singapore: A 5-year Retrospective Review (2004-2008)." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 8 (August 15, 2010): 640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n8p640.

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Introduction: This is a retrospective study on the epidemiology of snakebites that were presented to an emergency department (ED) between 2004 and 2008. Materials and Methods: Snakebite cases were identified from International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code E905 and E906, as well as cases referred for eye injury from snake spit and records of antivenom use. Results: Fifty-two cases were identified: 13 patients witnessed the snake biting or spitting at them, 22 patients had fang marks and/or clinical features of envenomations and a snake was seen and the remaining 17 patients did not see any snake but had fang marks suggestive of snakebite. Most of the patients were young (mean age 33) and male (83%). The three most commonly identified snakes were cobras (7), pythons (4) and vipers (3). One third of cases occurred during work. Half of the bites were on the upper limbs and about half were on the lower limbs. One patient was spat in the eye by a cobra. Most of the patients (83%) arrived at the ED within 4 hours of the bite. Pain and swelling were the most common presentations. There were no significant systemic effects reported. Two patients had infection and 5 patients had elevated creatine kinase (>600U/L). Two thirds of the patients were admitted. One patient received antivenom therapy and 5 patients had some form of surgical intervention, of which 2 had residual disability. One patient had heparin instilled in the eye for eye injury from cobra spit. Conclusions: Snakebite infrequently presents to the ED. Most of the patients developed local effects that do well with supportive treatment. Key words: Antivenom, Cobra, Envenomomation, Spit, Viper

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Al-Quraishy, Saleh, Fathy Abdel-Ghaffar, Mohamed A. Dkhil, and Rewaida Abdel-Gaber. "Haemogregarines and Criteria for Identification." Animals 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010170.

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Apicomplexa is a phylum that includes all parasitic protozoa sharing unique ultrastructural features. Haemogregarines are sophisticated apicomplexan blood parasites with an obligatory heteroxenous life cycle and haplohomophasic alternation of generations. Haemogregarines are common blood parasites of fish, amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodilians, birds, and mammals. Haemogregarine ultrastructure has been so far examined only for stages from the vertebrate host. PCR-based assays and the sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene are helpful methods to further characterize this parasite group. The proper classification for the haemogregarine complex is available with the criteria of generic and unique diagnosis of these parasites.

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Mukhopadhyay, Partha Pratim, Sulekha Ghosh, and Tapan Kumar Ghosh. "Forensic diagnosis and classification of snakebite (neurotoxic and haemotoxic) from renal changes at autopsy: morphological and histological determinants using a semi-quantitative method." Medicine, Science and the Law 50, no. 3 (July 2010): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/msl.2010.010090.

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Mortality due to poisonous snakebite is an emerging public health concern. Of late, snakebite has drawn global attention. Snakebite is a well-known cause of renal pathology especially in the haemotoxic group. Deaths due to renal failure are very common in envenomation due to poisonous snakebite. In this investigation our aim was to devise autopsy-proven diagnostic criteria of snakebite from the renal changes to confirm and classify the type of snakebite in forensic casework. That would be of practical help to the forensic pathologist with access to limited resources. An arbitrary scoring system from histology was adopted for the present semi-quantitative analysis. The scoring system (with scores from 0 to 5) developed by the present study was effective, valid and was able to distinguish between snakebite and control. The score obtained at histology in cases of snakebite was significantly different from the control group (Mann-Whitney U = 71.5; P = 0.011). Using stepwise linear discriminant function (DF) analysis, the score (Mukhopadhyay's score [MS]) was seen to be the only predictor of the type of snakebite. This model (DF = 1.05 × MS–1.78) could correctly classify 93.3% of the cases into neurotoxic and haemotoxic variety of offending snake. This is an effective, cheap and easy semi-quantitative method of distinguishing neurotoxic and haematoxic snakes from the renal changes at autopsy. It would be useful for practical application in centres where sophisticated biochemical or immunological analyses are not available due to limited resources.

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Danilov, I. G. "W.A. Lindholm’s contributions to herpetology with an annotated bibliography of his herpetological publications." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 323, no. 3 (October 1, 2019): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2019.323.3.253.

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This paper presents notes on the herpetological biography of W.A. Lindholm (1874–1935), a Russian-Soviet zoologist known mostly by his contributions to malacology and herpetology. His 15 herpetological publications, which are annotated in this paper, include naturalistic observations of amphibians and reptiles, commentaries on the catalogue of reptiles and amphibians from the collection of the Museum Wiesbaden, descriptions of new taxa of lizards, snakes, and turtles, revision of the classification of Recent turtles and studies on the nomenclature of some amphibians and reptiles. This paper also contains a list of 21 reptilian taxa introduced by Lindholm and a list of four reptilian taxa named in honour of him.

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Fontanella, Frank M., Emily Miles, and Polly Strott. "Integrated analysis of the ringneck snake Diadophis punctatus complex (Colubridae: Dipsadidae) in a biodiversity hotspot provides the foundation for conservation reassessment." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 133, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab028.

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Abstract Species classification may not reflect the underlying/cryptic genetic diversity and focusing on groups that do not represent historically independent units can misdirect conservation efforts. The identification of evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) allows cryptic genetic diversity to be accounted for when designating conservation priorities. We used multi-locus coalescent-based species delimitation methods and multivariate analyses of morphological data to examine whether the subspecies merit conservation recognition and infer the ESUs in ringneck snakes (Diadophis punctatus) throughout the California Floristic Province. Species delimitation methods failed to recover groups consistent with designated subspecies and instead inferred three well supported, mostly geographically isolated lineages. Divergence time estimates suggest that the divergences were driven by historical isolation associated with Pleistocene climate shifts. We found a correlation between increased morphological differentiation and time since divergence, and greater niche similarity between the more recently diverged eastern California and western California groups. Based on these results, we propose that the morphological similarities are due to a combination of morphological conservatism and evolutionary stasis. Our study provides the foundation necessary to re-assess the biodiversity and conservation status of ringneck snakes and offers an important step in unveiling the diversity within the western portion of the genus’ range.

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Melo-Sampaio, Paulo R., Paulo Passos, Angele R. Martins, W. Bryan Jennings, Julio C. Moura-Leite, Sérgio A. A. Morato, Pablo J. Venegas, Germán Chávez, Nathocley M. Venâncio, and Moisés B. Souza. "A phantom on the trees: Integrative taxonomy supports a reappraisal of rear-fanged snakes classification (Dipsadidae: Philodryadini)." Zoologischer Anzeiger 290 (January 2021): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2020.10.008.

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CURCIO, FELIPE F., VÍTOR DE Q. PIACENTINI, and DANIEL S. FERNANDES. "On the status of the snake genera Erythrolamprus Boie, Liophis Wagler and Lygophis Fitzinger (Serpentes, Xenodontinae)." Zootaxa 2173, no. 1 (July 31, 2009): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2173.1.7.

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The genus Erythrolamprus Boie (1826) comprises six species of Central and South American false coral snakes (Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970; Zaher 1999; Curcio et al. 2009). It is traditionally allocated in the tribe Xenodontini (subfamily Xenodontinae), along with the genera Liophis, Lystrophis, Umbrivaga, Waglerophis and Xenodon (sensu Dixon 1980; Cadle 1984; Myers 1986; Ferrarezzi 1994; Zaher 1999). Although Xenodontini is supported by morphological and molecular evidence, phylogenetic relationships and classification within the tribe have been the subject of recent debate. Molecular phylogenetic studies have recovered clades with Erythrolamprus nested within some representatives of the genus Liophis (Vidal et al. 2000; Zaher et al. 2009), partly corroborating previous hypotheses based on morphology (e.g. Dixon 1980).

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Rajalakshmi, T., U. Snekhalatha, and Jisha Baby. "SEGMENTATION OF LIVER TUMOR USING FAST GREEDY SNAKE ALGORITHM." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 31, no. 02 (April 2019): 1950013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237219500133.

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Back Ground: Liver tumors are a type of growth found in the liver which can be categorized as malignant or benign. It is also called as hepatic tumors. Early stage detection of tumor could be treated at a faster phase; if it is left undiagnosed it may lead to several complications. Traditional method adopted for diagnosis can be time consuming, error-prone and also requires an experts study. Hence a non invasive diagnostic method is required which overcomes the flaws of conventional method. Liver segmentation from CT images in post processing techniques not only is an essential prerequisite, but, by playing an important role in confirming liver function, pathological, and anatomical studies, is also a key technique for diagnosis of liver disease. Hence in the proposed study Fast greedy snakes algorithm in abdominal CT images were used for segmenting tumor portion. Aim & Objectives: The aim and objectives of study is: (i) to segment tumor region in the liver image using Fast Greedy Snakes Algorithm (FGSA); (ii) to extract the GLCM features from the segmented region; (iii) to classify the normal and abnormal liver image using neural network classifier. Methodology: The study involved a total of 30 normal and 30 abnormal Images from database. In the proposed study automated segmentation was performed using Fast Greedy Snakes (FGS) Algorithm and the features were extracted using GLCM method. Classification of normal and abnormal images was carried out using Back propagation Neural Network classifier. Result: The proposed FGS algorithm provides accurate segmentation in liver images. Statistical features like mean, kurtosis, correlation and Entropy showed a higher value for the normal image than liver tumor image. On the other hand, features like Skewness, Homogeneity, contrast, Energy and standard deviation showed a comparatively higher value for a liver tumor image than the normal. Statistical features such as Mean, Contrast, Homogeneity and standard deviation are statistically significant at [Formula: see text]. Features like correlation, entropy and energy exhibits significance at [Formula: see text]. The feature extracted values provided significant difference between the normal and abnormal liver images. The neural network classifier yields the sensitivity of 95.8%, sensitivity of 81.4% and achieved the overall accuracy of 92%. Conclusion: A most accurate, reliable and fast automated method was implemented to segment the liver tumor image using Fast Greedy snakes algorithm. Hence the proposed algorithm resulted in effective segmentation and the classifier could classify the normal and abnormal images with greater accuracy.

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Kleiz-Ferreira, Jessica Matos, Nuria Cirauqui, Edson Araujo Trajano, Marcius da Silva Almeida, and Russolina Benedeta Zingali. "Three-Finger Toxins from Brazilian Coral Snakes: From Molecular Framework to Insights in Biological Function." Toxins 13, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050328.

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Studies on 3FTxs around the world are showing the amazing diversity in these proteins both in structure and function. In Brazil, we have not realized the broad variety of their amino acid sequences and probable diversified structures and targets. In this context, this work aims to conduct an in silico systematic study on available 3FTxs found in Micrurus species from Brazil. We elaborated a specific guideline for this toxin family. First, we grouped them according to their structural homologue predicted by HHPred server and further curated manually. For each group, we selected one sequence and constructed a representative structural model. By looking at conserved features and comparing with the information available in the literature for this toxin family, we managed to point to potential biological functions. In parallel, the phylogenetic relationship was estimated for our database by maximum likelihood analyses and a phylogenetic tree was constructed including the homologous 3FTx previously characterized. Our results highlighted an astonishing diversity inside this family of toxins, showing some groups with expected functional similarities to known 3FTxs, and pointing out others with potential novel roles and perhaps structures. Moreover, this classification guideline may be useful to aid future studies on these abundant toxins.

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Zaher, Hussam, Felipe Gobbi Grazziotin, John E. Cadle, Robert W. Murphy, Julio Cesar de Moura-Leite, and Sandro L. Bonatto. "Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 49, no. 11 (2009): 115–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001.

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Nielsen, Stuart V., Juan D. Daza, Brendan J. Pinto, and Tony Gamble. "ZZ/ZW Sex Chromosomes in the Endemic Puerto Rican Leaf-Toed Gecko (Phyllodactylus wirshingi)." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 157, no. 1-2 (2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000496379.

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Investigating the evolutionary processes influencing the origin, evolution, and turnover of vertebrate sex chromosomes requires the classification of sex chromosome systems in a great diversity of species. Among amniotes, squamates (lizards and snakes) - and gecko lizards in particular - are worthy of additional study. Geckos possess all major vertebrate sex-determining systems, as well as multiple transitions among them, yet we still lack data on the sex-determining systems for the vast majority of species. We here utilize restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) to identify the sex chromosome system of the Puerto Rican endemic leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylidae: Phyllodactylus wirshingi), in order to confirm a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system within the genus, as well as to better categorize the diversity within this poorly characterized family. RADseq has proven an effective alternative to cytogenetic methods for determining whether a species has an XX/XY or ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system - particularly in taxa with non-differentiated sex chromosomes - but can also be used to identify which chromosomes in the genome are the sex chromosomes. We here identify a ZZ/ZW sex chromosome system in P. wirshingi. Furthermore, we show that 4 of the female-specific markers contain fragments of genes found on the avian Z and discuss homology with P. wirshingi sex chromosomes.

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Dreier, Larissa Alice, Tugba Kapanci, Katharina Lonnemann, Margarete Koch-Hogrebe, Lucia Wiethoff-Ubrig, Markus Rauchenzauner, Markus Blankenburg, Boris Zernikow, Julia Wager, and Kevin Rostasy. "Assessment of Sleep-Related Problems in Children with Cerebral Palsy Using the SNAKE Sleep Questionnaire." Children 8, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8090772.

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Cerebral palsy (CP) represents the most common motor impairment in childhood. The presence of sleep problems has not yet been investigated with an instrument specifically designed for this population. In this hospital-based, prospective study, N = 100 children (M = 7.9, range: 2–18 years) with CP were included. All patients underwent pediatric neurologists’ screening incorporating instruments (Data Collection Form; Gross Motor Functions Classification System, GMFCS; Bimanual Fine Motor Function, BFMF) recommended by the “Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe (SCPE)”. Parents completed the “Sleep Questionnaire for Children with Severe Psychomotor Impairment (SNAKE)”. Children’s sleep behavior was increasingly conspicuous, with greater gross motor (SNAKE scales: disturbances remaining asleep, daytime sleepiness) and fine motor (additionally SNAKE scale arousal and breathing problems) functional impairment. Overall, a proportion of children showed sleep behavior outside the SNAKE’s normal range. No relevant sleep differences were identified between different CP subtypes and comorbidities. Applying a population-specific questionnaire, children’s functional impairment seems to be more relevant to their sleep behavior than the CP subtype or CP comorbidities.

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Avella, Ignazio, Wolfgang Wüster, Luca Luiselli, and Fernando Martínez-Freiría. "Toxic Habits: An Analysis of General Trends and Biases in Snake Venom Research." Toxins 14, no. 12 (December 17, 2022): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120884.

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Biases in snake venom research have been partially identified but seldomly quantified. Using the Google Scholar web search engine, we collected a total of 267 articles published between 1964 and 2021, and reviewed them to assess the main trends in this field of study. We developed a 4-category classification of the harmful potential of each of the 298 snake species retrieved from the analysed publications, and tested whether taxonomy, realm of origin, and/or assigned hazard category could affect how often each of them appeared in the articles considered. Overall, viperids were significantly more represented than any other snake taxon retrieved. The Neotropics were the most represented biogeographic realm for number of studied species, whereas information about the country of origin of the analysed specimens was often incomplete. The vast majority of the publications focused on snake venom characterisation, whereas more ecology-related topics were rarely considered. Hazard category and biogeographic realm of origin of each species had a significant effect on the number of articles dedicated to it, suggesting that a snake’s harmful potential and place of origin influence its popularity in venom studies. Our analysis showed an overall positive trend in the number of snake venom studies published yearly, but also underlined severe neglect of snake families of supposedly minor medical relevance (e.g., Atractaspididae), underrepresentation of some of the areas most impacted by snakebite (i.e., Indomalayan and Afrotropic realms), and limited interest in the ecological and functional context of snake venom.

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Wagner, Matthias P., and Natascha Oppelt. "Extracting Agricultural Fields from Remote Sensing Imagery Using Graph-Based Growing Contours." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071205.

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Knowledge of the location and extent of agricultural fields is required for many applications, including agricultural statistics, environmental monitoring, and administrative policies. Furthermore, many mapping applications, such as object-based classification, crop type distinction, or large-scale yield prediction benefit significantly from the accurate delineation of fields. Still, most existing field maps and observation systems rely on historic administrative maps or labor-intensive field campaigns. These are often expensive to maintain and quickly become outdated, especially in regions of frequently changing agricultural patterns. However, exploiting openly available remote sensing imagery (e.g., from the European Union’s Copernicus programme) may allow for frequent and efficient field mapping with minimal human interaction. We present a new approach to extracting agricultural fields at the sub-pixel level. It consists of boundary detection and a field polygon extraction step based on a newly developed, modified version of the growing snakes active contours model we refer to as graph-based growing contours. This technique is capable of extracting complex networks of boundaries present in agricultural landscapes, and is largely automatic with little supervision required. The whole detection and extraction process is designed to work independently of sensor type, resolution, or wavelength. As a test case, we applied the method to two regions of interest in a study area in the northern Germany using multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imagery. Extracted fields were compared visually and quantitatively to ground reference data. The technique proved reliable in producing polygons closely matching reference data, both in terms of boundary location and statistical proxies such as median field size and total acreage.

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Blackburn, Daniel G. "Evolutionary Origins of Viviparity in the Reptilia. II. Serpentes, Amphisbaenia, and Ichthyosauria." Amphibia-Reptilia 6, no. 3 (1985): 259–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853885x00290.

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AbstractSuperimposition of reproductive mode data from the literature over phylogenetic classification systems reveals that viviparity (live-bearing reproduction) has evolved on at least 35 independent occasions among the Serpentes, once in the Amphisbaenia, and once in the Ichthyosauria. Of the ophidian origins of the live-bearing mode, at least fourteen have occurred in the Colubridae, twelve in the Viperidae, three in the Hydrophiidae (used in the sense of Smith et al., 1977), and one in each of the following groups: Boidae, Acrochordidae, Tropidophiidae, Uropeltidae, Typhlopidae, and Elapidae. Previous analysis has distinguished and defined 45 origins of viviparity among the lizards. Here, ten additional saurian origins are recognized on the basis of unpublished and recently published evidence, three in the Iguanidae, two in the Scincidae, and one in each of the following groups: Agamidae, Chamaeleontidae, Anguidae, Xenosauridae, and Anniellidae. As phylogenetic relationships are clarified, further origins seem likely to be detected, particularly in the Colubridae, Hydrophiidae, Scincidae, and Iguanidae. At present, however, at least 92 origins of viviparity can be recognized within the class Reptilia. Reptilian viviparity has arisen on multiple occasions in each of the six major biogeographic regions, with a majority of the origins having occurred in the Old World. Nearly 19% of the extant reptile species are probably live-bearers, including more than 20% of the snakes and over 19% of the lizards. About 71 % of the viviparous species belong to either the Scincidae, Colubridae, Viperidae, or Iguanidae. The discontinuous distribution of the origins of viviparity among the reptilian families supports the hypothesis that selective pressures, preadaptations, and constraints vary at high taxonomic levels.

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Su, Tao, Mei Han, Dan Cao, and Mingyue Xu. "Molecular and Biological Properties of Snakins: The Foremost Cysteine-Rich Plant Host Defense Peptides." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040220.

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Plant host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are regarded as one of the most prevalent barriers elaborated by plants to combat various infective agents. Among the multiple classes of HDPs, the Snakin class attracts special concern, as they carry 12 cysteine residues, being the foremost cysteine-rich peptides of the plant HDPs. Also, their cysteines are present at very highly conserved positions and arranged in an extremely similar way among different members. Like other plant HDPs, Snakins have been shown to exhibit strong antifungal and antibacterial activity against a wide range of plant pathogens. Moreover, they display diversified biological activities in many aspects of plant growth and the development process. This review is devoted to present the general characters of the Snakin class of plant HDPs, as well as the individual features of different Snakin family members. Specifically, the sequence properties, spatial structures, distributions, expression patterns and biological activities of Snakins are described. In addition, further detailed classification of the Snakin family members, along with their possible mode of action and potential applications in the field of agronomy and pathology are discussed.

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Chistyakova, Agniya N. "Mirrors With the Boju Pattern Origin; Evolution; and Meaning." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 468 (2021): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/468/22.

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The article presents an investigation of the ancient Chinese mirrors with the TLV or Boju patternW^XX In the course of the research, the author 1) identified the evolution of the pattern names, 2) summarized and outlined composition versions, performed their time-based classification, and 3) represented the semantic interpretation of the subject. The author also discovered that the period of such mirrors' popularity coincides with the Han dynasty period, which incorporated all religious traditions of the previous periods and experienced the joining of the ‘Central' (Confucian) and the ‘Southern' (Chu state's) cultural subtraditions. This article presents the 'classical diagram of the Boju mirrors”. In general, the support is surrounded with a square with “pearls” as well as various hieroglyphic signs containing the following: “Never forget each other. Eternal Joy” Kffll'S'S Lcfi^ifeand “A person with pure thoughts. Never forgets affairs of the great kings” (''DS-MAffE'SKzEl. Another variant of signs is: “Dragon leftwards and tiger rightwards protect against disasters, the bird and Xuanwu favor yin and yang” (^ЙЁЙЗЙГ^ИВЙЗЙИЯЯ). All the signs are bless wishing. The author has established that the wide variety of names of this plot is not related to absence of any clear and unified classification of Chinese mirrors only, but also to the presence of various interpretations of designs and their origin. The compositions vary. The author has discovered that the pattern on mirrors is multilayered; includes such religions and beliefs as worshiping the Sky and the Earth, worshiping the five sacred peaks/mountains, the cult of Four Spirits (Si Shen) - tomb guards; and correlates with the concept of five elements Wu Xing, with Xi Wang Mu, the Queen Mother of the West, the astromancy board, and the Boju, a game of immortals. The pattern in the form of calipers and triangles is related to mythological plots about deities - World Creators - Fu-Xi and Nuwa. Immortality, continuity of a life cycle form a unified universal concept that can be observed in all depictions of the pattern on mirrors of this kind. Moreover, the author has discovered that the earliest and the most widely known name of the pattern is TLV, which is commonly used by European researchers up to today. Chinese scientists supported this concept until a version appeared that all images are similar to the Ludo board game. Today, this pattern is called Boju. However, the Boju pattern displays its nonhomogeneity and variety. Following the Chinese researcher Fu Juyu, the author classified patterns into seven typed based on their popularity: 1) Boju - huddled dragon Chi (W^®®X), 2) Boju - grass and leaves (W^X^DIX), 3) Boju - four snakes Hui (W^®8X), 4) Boju - four deities Sishen 5) Boju - Shou birds and animals (ffl^SSSX), 6) Boju - geometric pattern (W^HiIrXO, 7) modified or simplified Boju (^^j(MHb)W©X ). This classification allowed reviewing pattern evolution and plots development. The author considers that this article can contribute to a more detailed time- and pattern-based classification of mirrors related to the Han dynasty period.

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van Wilgen, Nicola J., Micaela S. Gillespie, David M. Richardson, and John Measey. "A taxonomically and geographically constrained information base limits non-native reptile and amphibian risk assessment: a systematic review." PeerJ 6 (November 8, 2018): e5850. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5850.

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For many taxa, new records of non-native introductions globally occur at a near exponential rate. We undertook a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on non-native herpetofauna, to assess the information base available for assessing risks of future invasions, resulting in 836 relevant papers. The taxonomic and geographic scope of the literature was also compared to a published database of all known invasions globally. We found 1,116 species of herpetofauna, 95% of which were present in fewer than 12 studies. Nearly all literature on the invasion ecology of herpetofauna has appeared since 2000, with a strong focus on frogs (58%), particularly cane toads (Rhinella marina) and their impacts in Australia. While fewer papers have been published on turtles and snakes, proportionately more species from both these groups have been studied than for frogs. Within each herpetofaunal group, there are a handful of well-studied species:R. marina,Lithobates catesbeianus, Xenopus laevis,Trachemys scripta,Boiga irregularisandAnolis sagrei. Most research (416 papers; 50%) has addressed impacts, with far fewer studies on aspects like trade (2%). Besides Australia (213 studies), most countries have little location-specific peer-reviewed literature on non-native herpetofauna (on average 1.1 papers per established species). Other exceptions were Guam, the UK, China, California and France, but even their publication coverage across established species was not even. New methods for assessing and prioritizing invasive species such as the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa provide useful frameworks for risk assessment, but require robust species-level studies. Global initiatives, similar to the Global Amphibian Assessment, using the species and taxonomic groups identified here, are needed to derive the level of information across broad geographic ranges required to apply these frameworks. Expansive studies on model species can be used to indicate productive research foci for understudied taxa.

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Tahara, Tomomitsu, Noriyuki Horiguchi, Tsuyoshi Terada, Hyuga Yamada, Dai Yoshida, Masaaki Okubo, Kohei Funasaka, et al. "Diagnostic utility of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy in superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors." Endoscopy International Open 07, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): E1515—E1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0999-5282.

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Abstract Background and study aims Endoscopic diagnosis of superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (SNADETs) has not been established. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE: Cellvizio) provides real-time endomicroscopic analysis. We developed and validated a new pCLE classification of SNADET based on abnormal findings. Patients and methods pCLE scanning of 20 SNADET lesions including 16 adenomas and four carcinomas was retrospectively evaluated to explore abnormal pCLE findings in relation to histological features. Diagnostic yield of pCLE findings was prospectively evaluated in an additional 20 SNADET lesions including 16 adenomas and four carcinomas. Results In a retrospective study, we identified four abnormal pCLE findings of SNADETs: (1) dark epithelium, (2) columnar cells irregularly extending to the lumen, (3) distorted crypt structure, and (4) fluorescein leakage. Dark epithelium distinguished neoplastic lesions (adenomas and carcinomas) from non-neoplastic duodenal mucosa with a sensitivity of 90 % and a specificity of 100 %. Distorted crypt structure distinguished carcinomas from adenomas and non-neoplastic duodenal mucosa with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94 %. In the prospective study, the sensitivity and the specificity of the dark epithelium for the diagnosis of neoplastic lesions (adenomas + carcinomas) was 75% and 100 %. Sensitivity and the specificity of the distorted crypt structure for discrimination of carcinoma from adenoma were 100 % and 94 %, respectively. Conclusions The pCLE findings correlated with the histopathology of the SNADETs. Dark epithelium and distorted crypt structure were informative pCLE findings to predict presence of neoplasia and cancer in the SNADET, respectively.UMIN-CTR UMIN000013857 TRIAL REGISTRATION: Single-Center, prospective observational trial UMIN000013857 at upload.umin.ac.jp

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Izzati Rusli, Nur Liyana, Amiza Amir, Nik Adilah Hanin Zahri, and R. Badlishah Ahmad. "Snake species identification by using natural language processing." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 13, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v13.i3.pp999-1006.

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<span>The paper presents the snake species identification by using natural language processing. It aims to help medical professionals in predicting the snake species for snake-bite treatments based on the patient’s description of the snake. The decision in suitable anti-venom critically depends on the type of snake species. Wrong anti-venom may result in severe morbidity and mortality. This research investigates the human perception and the selection of words in describing a snake based on their visual view. The descriptions were presented in unstructured text, and the NLP processing involves pre-processing, feature extraction and classification. Four machine learning algorithms (naïve Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbour, Support Vector Machine, and Decision Trees J48) were used during training and classification. Our results show that J48 algorithm obtained the highest classification accuracy of 71.6% correct prediction for the NLP-Snake data set with high precision and recall.</span>

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Gawade, Shivaji P. "Snake Venom Neurotoxins: Pharmacological Classification." Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews 23, no. 1 (January 2004): 37–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/txr-120030647.

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Urakov, Alexander L. "Medications and bruises: past, present, and future." Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 18, no. 2 (August 16, 2020): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rcf182161-170.

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The literature review shows that modern standards of treatment of diseases, as well as forms of statistical reporting of medical institutions do not include bruising as an independent disease and/or complication of drug therapy. Ancient and modern textbooks and reference books on drugs do not contain indications of the presence of drugs that cause bruising and/or vice versa, discoloring the skin in the area of bruises. Official medicine does not offer medications for urgent skin discoloration in the area of bruises. However, bruises have been known for a long time, and people have been fighting them for a long time, but without much success. It is shown that bruises are blood-stained areas of the skin that often occur when hitting hard objects in everyday life, injuries and wounds, as well as when injecting drugs and using drugs that thin the blood. Usually bruises disappear on their own after 5 to 8 days. The true bruising is most likely to occur when bites of snakes such as Gyurza and Viper, when injecting drugs such as heparin and its substitutes, as well as when injecting donor blood and when through-piercing veins with injection needles. Throughout the history of mankind, these facts have not been used sufficiently to analyze the causes of bruising, the possibilities of their diagnosis, prevention and elimination. This was done at the beginning of the 21st century in Russia. At the same time, the biological and clinical essence of the bruises was revealed. This scientific discovery made it possible to explain the absence of bruises in the list of diseases, offer a clinical classification of bruises, and discover drugs that can immediately discolor the skin in the area of bruises. This group of drugs has received names such as bruising bleachers, oxygen-alkaline bleachers, oxygen-alkaline bleach cleaners, blood bleachers and bleaching agents over the years. Their main ingredients are water, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hydrocarbonate.

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Nag, Akash, and Sunil Karforma. "Snake Toxin Classification using Neural Networks." International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology 40, no. 2 (October 25, 2016): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22312803/ijctt-v40p114.

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Todorovic, D., and S. Zdravkovic. "Snake illusion, edge classification, and edge curvature." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 6, 2010): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.420.

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Zhang, Xue Fei. "An Improved Directional GVF Snake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4501.

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Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) Snake has been extensively utilized in handling image segmentation and classification problems. However, GVF Snake has a drawback in that it sometimes may fail to stop the snake at weak edges, especially at the locations where a weak edge is very close to a strong one or some noise. To guide the snake toward the appropriate edges, we have added gradient directional information to the external image force to create a “directional snake”. Experiments prove that the new model limits the influence of false edge, avoid the edge leak, and obtains desired segmentation results.

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Ganuzin, V. M. "Classification, clinical symptoms and emergency medical aid at the pre-hospital stage for venomous snake bites." Practical medicine 19, no. 2 (2021): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2021-2-39-42.

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The research objective is to present the modern aspects of poisoning after a snake bite. The work presents the classification, clinical symptoms and syndromes of poisoning after a bite of a poisonous snake — a viper. A scale for assessing the intoxication severity, a formulation of the diagnosis with substantiation of the condition severity and the presence of complications is given. An algorithm for the emergency medical aid provision at the pre-hospital stage after a poisonous snake bite is presented.

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Gâz Florea, Şerban Andrei, Adriana Gâz Florea, Hajnal Kelemen, and Daniela-Lucia Muntean. "Snake Venom Metalloproteinases." Acta Medica Marisiensis 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amma-2015-0114.

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AbstractAs more data are generated from proteome and transcriptome analysis revealing that metalloproteinases represent most of the Viperid and Colubrid venom components authors decided to describe in a short review a classification and some of the multiple activities of snake venom metalloproteinases. SVMPs are classified in three major classes (P-I, P-II and P-III classes) based on the presence of various domain structures and according to their domain organization. Furthermore, P-II and P-III classes were separated in subclasses based on distinctive post-translational modifications. SVMPs are synthesized in a latent form, being activated through a Cys-switch mechanism similar to matrix metalloproteinases. Most of the metalloproteinases of the snake venom are responsible for the hemorrhagic events but also have fibrinogenolytic activity, poses apoptotic activity, activate blood coagulation factor II and X, inhibit platelet aggregation, demonstrating that SVMPs have multiple functions in addition to well-known hemorrhagic function.

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Morita, Takashi, Jan Rosing, and Manjunatha Kini. "Classification and Nomenclature of Prothrombin Activators Isolated from Snake Venoms." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 86, no. 08 (2001): 710–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1616108.

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Putra, Rayiemas Manggala, Adiwijaya, and Dody Qori Utama. "Snake bite classification using Chain code and K nearest neighbour." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1192 (March 2019): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1192/1/012015.

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McLane, Mary Ann. "A classification and nomenclature of disintegrins isolated from snake venoms." Toxicon 51, no. 5 (April 2008): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.018.

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Hamed, Abass Mohamed Elhag, Motasim Hyder Abdelwahab, and El Mamoun Haroun Osman. "Land Suitability and Characterization Study of Soils, Natural Vegetation Cover in Wahat Elnukhila area, Northern Darfur State, Sudan." IRA-International Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2455-4499) 17, no. 4 (January 4, 2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jas.v17.n4.p4.

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This study was conducted in the Wahat Elnukhila area, about 600 km northeast of El-fashier town, northern Darfur State, to produce broad–base data on the geographical distribution of soils, characterization of soils using some soil indicators (ECe, pH and SAR), explore the natural land cover and evaluate the soil suitability for agricultural activities in the study area. The study area covers (20000 feddans). This research was based on the data and information extracted from the soil survey, remote sensed landsat, Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images dated 2018, in addition to field observation aided by GPS receivers and geographic information system were used to generate soil map in the study area. By using the American soil classification system (FAO, 1990 and 2006) study area may be classified into three units, the total area of the three units and natural vegetation cover decreased in the following order: unit1 (12734 feddans) > unit 2 (3994 feddans) > unit 3 (3272 feddans), green covers as a result of the availability of quantities of ground and surface water, which distinguishes it from the rest of the surrounding desert lands. The predominant vegetation cover is Imperata cylindrica (halfa), Tamarix (Tarfa), phragmites (communist)“ Alboes”, Citrullus Colocynthis (Hanzal), Ischaemum muticum and p. dactylifera (date palm). Regarding soil texture, drainage, soil depth, and fertility status for units 1, unit 2, and unit 3, can be described as follows: sandy to loamy sand, well-drained, shallow and low fertile, coarse texture to moderate, moderately drained, shallow to moderate and low fertile, gravelly surface, moderatly drained, shallow to moderate and very low fertile respectively. Soil analysis reveled that there was high inherent risk of soil salinity and sodicity, especially unit 1. In general, the result showed that there were clear aspects of wind erosion represented as large areas affected by the sand encroachment form of crescent dunes and rocks interspersed with hills and plateaus. Furthermore, soils of the targeted area were formed from the accumulation of creeping and portable aeolian sands. The research site lies in the southeastern part of the border triangle between Sudan, Egypt, Libya and Chad, which is severely affected by wind erosion because the site was bare, open with no wind barriers or shelter belts, also this area falls under the sand moving winds of the Sahara. These are the northerly winds that prevail in Northern Darfur State. Furthermore, the prevalent climatic conditions including high temperature, rainless area and relatively high wind speed are conducive to high wind erosion. The area in danger unless serious measures carried out to reduce wind erosion. The area has very low potential suitability for agriculture. The study area was rich in wild life such as deer, rabbits, birds, many insects and snakes.

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Badmaev, A. A. "Chthonic Animals in the Traditional Buryat Culture." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 4 (December 23, 2018): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.4.094-099.

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This study, based on archival, literary, and field data collected by the author, discusses the role of the snake, the frog, and the mouse in the Buryat mythology, folklore, and ritual. Using the respective lexemes, categories of these animals in the folk ethnozoological classification are described and are shown to be overlapping. The meaning of the principal zoonyms––mogoy, khorkhoy, bakha, and khulgana––is assessed. In traditional beliefs, “reptiles”, “amphibians”, and “murines” have a mostly negative connotation. The snake, however, is ambivalent but mostly positive. Chthonic animals in general are ambivalent, like the elements such as water and earth. Their symbolism is related to the ideas of vital energy, fertility, wealth, but also to illness and death.

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Graf, Carmen T., Dietmar Riedel, Hans Dieter Schmitt, and Reinhard Jahn. "Identification of Functionally Interacting SNAREs by Using Complementary Substitutions in the Conserved `0' Layer." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 5 (May 2005): 2263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-09-0830.

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Abstract:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes form bundles of four parallel α-helices. The central `0' layer of interacting amino acid side chains is highly conserved and contains one arginine and three glutamines, leading to the classification of SNAREs into R, Qa, Qb, and Qc-SNAREs. Replacing one of the glutamines with arginine in the yeast exocytotic SNARE complex is either lethal or causes a conditional growth defect that is compensated by replacing the R-SNARE arginine with glutamine. Using the yeast SNARE complex mediating traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, we now show that functionally interacting SNAREs can be mapped by systematically exchanging glutamines and arginines in the `0' layer. The Q→ R replacement in the Qb-SNARE Bos1p has the strongest effect and can be alleviated by an Q→ R replacement in the R-SNARE Sec22p. Four Q residues in the central layer caused growth defects above 30°C that were rescued by Q→ R substitutions in the Qa and Qc SNAREs Sed5p and Bet1p, respectively. The sec22(Q)/sed5(R) mutant is temperature sensitive and is rescued by a compensating R→ Q replacement in the R-SNARE Ykt6p. This rescue is attributed to the involvement of Sed5p and Ykt6p in a different SNARE complex that functions in intra-Golgi trafficking.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Snakes – Classification'

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