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Journal articles on the topic 'Snake'
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Khoerunisa, Ira, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, and Ani Mardiasturi. "DIVERSITY OF SNAKE RESCUED FROM RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN GREATER JAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA, INDONESIA." Media Konservasi 26, no. 3 (January 17, 2022): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.26.3.231-238.
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Development and habitat loss in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area affected snakes and forced them to adapt in urban areas. Snakes in residential areas might increase encounter rate with humans which lead to human-snake conflict. The objectives of this research were to identify the diversity of snakes in residential areas based on rescue effort and to documents effort of those organizations on how to mitigate human-snake conflict through snake relocation. From 2015-2019, 37 snake species were reported found around residential areas in Jakarta Metropolitan Area. Javan spitting cobra Naja sputatrix and reticulated python Malayopython reticulatus are the most encountered snakes in residential areas. Jakarta has the highest total encounter of snakes compared to other area but Bogor has the highest diversity of snake species. Snake found in residential areas are sometimes “rescued” by snake reptile enthusiasts who formed a group. Most of these group does not have standard operating procedure when rescuing snake. Human-snake conflict can be mitigated by relocation of snakes, education, and translocation, although the impact of translocation should be evaluated further.
Key words: Jakarta Metropolitan Area, human-snake conflict, Urban area, snake rescue
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Manjarrez, Javier, Martha Pacheco-Tinoco, and Crystian S. Venegas-Barrera. "Intraspecific variation in the diet of the Mexican garter snakeThamnophis eques." PeerJ 5 (November 14, 2017): e4036. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4036.
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The Mexican Garter Snake (Thamnophis eques)is a terrestrial-aquatic generalist that feeds on both aquatic and terrestrial prey. We describe size-related variation and sexual variation in the diet ofT. equesthrough analysis of 262 samples of identifiable stomach contents in snakes from 23 locations on the Mexican Plateau. The snakeT. equeswe studied consumed mostly fish, followed in lesser amounts by leeches, earthworms, frogs, and tadpoles. Correspondence analysis suggested that the frequency of consumption of various prey items differed between the categories of age but not between sex of snakes, and the general pattern was a reduction of prey item diversity with size of snake. Snake length was correlated positively with mass of ingested prey. Large snakes consumed large prey and continued to consume smaller prey. In general, no differences were found between the prey taxa of male and female snakes, although males ate two times more tadpoles than females. Males and females did not differ in the mass of leeches, earthworms, fishes, frogs and tadpoles that they ate, and males and females that ate each prey taxon were similar in length. We discuss proximate and functional determinants of diet and suggest that the observed intraspecific variation inT. equescould be explored by temporal variation in prey availability, proportions of snake size classes and possible sexual dimorphism in head traits and prey dimensions to assess the role of intersexual resource competition.
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Kabir, Ashraful. "Biography of a snake charmer in Saidpur, Bangladesh." MOJ Biology and Medicine 3, no. 4 (2018): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2018.03.00090.
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Though Saidpur Upazila under Nilphamari district is very small but here pigeonry, goat rearing, herbal treatments, circus team, monkey charmer, horse race and snake charmers are available. Snake charmers are not living well in this modern era. Their kids are not safe at home for snake rearing. In Savar, Dhaka there is a snake market where some tribal people buy it as food. People who are engaged with snake catching and snake-based superstitions go to that market. They support medical science and are waiting to get a good job. Who take snakes as food they say its meat is very hot. Depending on body size its price varies from 1000 to 2000 taka of a poisonous snake. People of the circus team, zoo committee and intersex people collects snakes from the snake charmer. Tradition of snake charming in Bangladesh is very ancient. Once upon a time most of the villagers liked it. Some peoples were considered as bede or tribal people who caught snakes from the jungle. Though Bangladesh is a small country but its 80 species of snakes are remarkable. Within these only cobras, kraits and sea snakes are poisonous and most of the cobras are bicellate type. Common vine snakes, tree snake and rat snakes are very common and nonpoisonous snakes of Bangladesh. After catching a snake, the charmer cuts the poison sac or rubs both fangs of the snakes. As poison of the snakes are digestive juice so that those snakes can suffer digestive ailments and ultimately die. The temperature of Rangpur division of Bangladesh is 350-370F which is suitable for snakes’ survival. There were 30.77% poisonous and 69.23% non poisonous snakes’ in Bangladesh in three families.1 In Bangladesh out of 82 species 28 are venomous and 12 are sea snakes.2 Estimates indicate ˃5 million bites annually by venomous snakes worldwide where ˃12500 deaths.3,4 Some research work have completed on snakes taxonomy, status, distribution and epidemiology of snake bite.5‒7 India has the highest number of snake bites in the world with 35000-50000 annually according to World Health Organization.8,9 In Bangladesh this is 4.3per 100000 an annual incidence and case fatality is 20%.10
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Hossain, Md Sakhawat, Md Abu Saeed, Md Farid Ahsan, Mohammad Firoj Jaman, Hasan Al Razi Chayan, Sabit Hasan, Sajib Biswas, and Md Asaduzzaman. "Present Status, Challenges and Prospects of Snake Farming in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v50i1.60096.
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Venomous snakes are one of the most dreadful animals globally that kill their victims by injecting venoms (toxic substances) using fangs. However, snakes are being used for numerous vital life-saving purposes, including antivenom and traditional medicines, pain killers, cancer treatment, cardiac arrest, paralysis, arthritis, anti-ageing, and cosmetics to leather products, foods, display and research. This study was conducted to investigate the current status, challenges and prospects of snake farming in Bangladesh using self-structured questionnaires surveys. In this study, in total, 281 snakes belonging to 12 species i.e., common krait Bungarus caeruleus, banded krait B. fasciatus, greater black krait Bungarus niger, monocled cobra Naja kaouthia, spectacled cobra Naja naja, king cobra Ophiophagus hannah, russell's viper Daboia russelii, indian python Python molurus, common sand boa Eryx conicus, common cat snake Boiga trigonata, common wolf snake Lycodon aulicus and rat snake Ptyas mucosa were observed. This study also showed that the largest snake farm was at Patuakhali, where about 231 venomous snake individuals were reared, while 35 snakes were reared in Rajshahi farm, eight and seven snakes were reared in Rajbari and Gazipur farms, respectively. These snakes were collected from snake catchers/charmers and rescued from several places and nature. Snakes were fed on natural feeds (toad, frog, rat, and snake) and chickens. These farms had small to medium tin-shed building infrastructure with minimal facilities and used tanks, cages, and vivaria for snake rearing, breeding, and displaying. Snake farmers had not received any training, but some skilled snake handlers operated these farms. These snake farms did not keep managemental activities records and lack of proper design. These were not collected and preserved snake venom and were mainly involved in snake displaying. Although this study did not explore much information but snake farming may have great potential in Bangladesh; thus, more research is warranted on proper snake farming facilities. However, the government could be initiated the establishment of a modern and sophisticated snake farm for research, development, conservation, and venom collection including antivenom production and pharmaceutical purposes. Hence, the existing snake resources and skilled professionals may assist the government in snake farming activities. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (1): 121-133, 2022
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R, Roshnath. "SNAKE RESCUES; A CONSERVATION EFFORT IN KANNUR DISTRICT." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj193.
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Snakes can be found near human habitation because of different reasons of which abundance of prey (rodents) is the major fact. This draws conflict between snakes and humans. Even though snakes are protected with Indian Wildlife Act of 1972, they are generally regarded dangerous creatures to man and whenever spotted deserve no mercy. Hence, recues of the snake is an important factor for conserving the species. Trends in the population of snakes are difficult to monitor due to its sporadic distribution and secretive nature of snakes. Lack of knowledge about the population concerns any conservational plans. Thisdata attempt to document the diversity, population and seasonality of the snakes rescued in Kannur by Rapid response team from October 2011 to October 2014 in Kannur district. A total of 1427 snakes comprising 16 species were rescued in Kannur district of which 65% were venomous snakes. Indian Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja; 44.1%) were found to be common venomous snake encountered in the district. Russell’s Viper (Daboia russelii; 14.8%), Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus; 3.4%), King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah;2.5%) and few cases of Malabar Pit-Viper (Trimeresurus malabaricus;0.1%), Common Cat Snake ( Boiga trigonata;0.2%) and Forsten’s Cat snake (Boiga forsteni;0.1%) are the other venomous species.. Indian Rock Python (Python molurus; 30.1%) was the commonly rescued non-venomous snake in Kannur. Other non-venomous snakes were Rat snake (Ptyas mucosa; 1.8%), Common Trinket snake (Coelognathus helena; 1.3%), Wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus; 0.4%), Common Kukri (Oligodon arnensis; 0.1%), Common sand boa (Eryx conicus; 0.3%) and Red sand boa (Eryx johnii; 0.5%). Seasonal variations in the number of rescued snakes were discussed. Knowledge of activity pattern of the snake in the district can be used for successful management and conservational plans. Waste management, rodent control, reducing hideout places etc were suggested to decrease the number of snakes entering into house compound. Promoting awareness about the local snake among the public is as important as rescue activities. The increase in rescue call by 40% in 2013 can be taken as one of the successes of the awareness programs conducted across the district.
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S.T., Bhong, Pathan T.S., and Kudale S.R. "Study of Ophio Fauna in and Around Indapur of Pune District, Maharashtra, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.080.
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One of the most widely distributed vertebrates on the planet, snakes tend to prefer arid regions due to their diversity. The present paper deals with geographical, ecological distribution and biodiversity of snakes in the area of Indapur tehsil district Pune, India. The present investigation was undertaken to study the diversity of Ophio fauna from Indapur tehsil Pune district. In this study there was 15 species of snakes belonging to 14 genera, 5 families. In which Colubridae is most diverse snakes family from Indapur tehsil. The findings indicated that there are 15 species of snakes from 5 families present in the Indapur tehsil; Eight genera and eight species belonging to the family Colubridae, including the rat snake, water snake, grass snake, banded racer, wolf snake, Trinket, Kukri, and cat snake; two genus and two species of elapids- Common krait and Indian cobra. Viper and saw scaled viper are two species belonging tothe family Viperidae.
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Chandrachood, Mandar V., and Snehal P. Chavhan. "Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding snakes and snake bite among students of industrial training institute in tribal area of Maharashtra." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 5 (April 24, 2020): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202009.
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Background: Snake bite is an important public health issue and an occupational hazard in India often faced by farmers and villagers. Most vulnerable are people in rural and tribal area but they are poorly informed about the snake bite. This study was undertaken with objective of assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding snakes and snake bite among students of Industrial Training Institute (ITI) in tribal area. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in all students of the institute to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding snakes and snake bite. Data was collected in a predesigned and pretested proforma by oral questionnaire method and was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests of significance.Results: Knowledge about identification of snakes was low. Most correctly identified snake was spectacled cobra (92.3%). Snakes are fond of milk was the most prevailing myth (60%). There was inadequate knowledge about proper first aid and treatment measures of snake bite. Participants from urban area and having higher secondary education had significantly higher knowledge, (p=0.015, p=0.025 respectively). Conclusions: Participants had inadequate knowledge about identification of snakes with various prevailing myths. Most of the participants were not aware of proper first aid measures but all knew that the patient should be taken to a hospital. There is a need to educate rural and tribal population about snakes and about first aid and treatment measures for snake bite.
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Rowe, Matthew, Donald Owings, Diane McKernon, Patricia Arrowood, and Richard Coss. "SNAKE-DIRECTED ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR OF ROCK SQUIRRELS (SPERMOPHILUS VARIEGATUS): POPULATION DIFFERENCES AND SNAKE-SPECIES DISCRIMINATION." Behaviour 138, no. 5 (2001): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901316924485.
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AbstractThe purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the snake-directed antipredator behavior of rock squirrels; (2) to assess whether rock squirrels distinguish nonvenomous gopher snakes from venomous rattlesnakes; (3) to compare antisnake behavior in a snake-rare urban site and a snake-abundant wilderness site as a means of assessing whether natural selection or experience has generated population differences in behavior; (4) to assess snake densities in the two study sites; (5) to compare the antisnake behavior of rock squirrels with that of their closest relatives, California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), a species that appears to differ from rock squirrels in exhibiting marked sexual-size dimorphism; and (6) to gather additional data on sexual size dimorphism in these two ground squirrel species. We tethered nonvenomous gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and venomous western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) in the field near burrows of marked squirrels and videotaped the ensuing interactions. Rock squirrels from both urban and wilderness populations confronted snakes while waving their fluffed tails from side to side, throwing substrate at the snakes, and even attacking snakes on occasion. Survey data confirmed large differences in snake densities between the two sites. Squirrels from the snake-abundant wilderness site distinguished rattlesnakes from gopher snakes, but squirrels from the snake-rare urban site did not. Since these squirrels show similar evidence of selection from snakes, as revealed by their equivalent physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom, we attributed these behavioral differences to the effects of snake experience. Rock squirrel antisnake behavior was very similar to that of California ground squirrels. Where the two species' behavior was dissimilar, the differences may be due in part to the interspecies variation in sexual size dimorphism confirmed in this study, and to the greater number of rattlesnake species that rock squirrels encounter.
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Fattakhovna, Ilimbetova Azaliya. "“Healer Snake” in the Bashkir mythological and ritual tradition." Turkic Studies Journal 4, no. 1 (2022): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2022-1-25-33.
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In the oral tradition and everyday rituals of the Bashkirs, the snake, as the first ancestor and patroness, acts as a healer of people. In Bashkir folklore, beneficent snakes resurrect heroes cut into pieces, restore their sight and give advice on how to revive a person. The Bashkirs believed that at home, yards where snakes live, diseases are bypassed. In the mystical views and magical practice of the Bashkirs, healing properties were attributed to individual parts of the snake body. So, the Bashkirs, when abscesses appeared under the nails, applied a snake crawl to the sore spot. Snake skin was also used for eye diseases, and also as a wet poultice for joint pain and swelling. Stewed meat of a black snake was used for damage to vision. In Bashkir folklore, plots of the use of the ashes of a burnt snake for medicinal purposes are recorded. Snakes resorted to help not only in case of illness of people, but also in case of illness of livestock. The snake, having the gift of healing ailments, can at the same time endow people with these abilities. According to the prejudices of the Bashkirs, the hands of a person who found a snake crawled out were recognized as healing. Similar ideas about the «healer snake» are in the religious and mythological beliefs of the most diverse peoples of the world
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Ayunda Pratiska, I. Gusti Putu, Ida Bagus Made Suaskara, Joko Wiryatno, and I. Gede Agus Pradana Putra. "INVENTARISASI JENIS – JENIS ULAR YANG DITEMUKAN DI SEKITAR PANTAI MERTA SARI DAN PADANG GALAK." SIMBIOSIS Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2017.v05.i02.p07.
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Sea snakes have a strong venom and when they bite can be fatal for humans, whereas snakes found in mangrove areas are weak venomous snakes and non-venomous snakes (McKay, 2006). The low understanding public aboutthe snakes has led to the assumption that any snakes found are dangerous, so research needs to be done in order to provide information on the types of venomous and non-venomous snakes present in coastal areas and around mangrove forest areas. This research was conducted from early January to the end of January located around Merta Sari Beach to Padang Galak. The method used is the method of cruising method is done by determining the habitat that is likely suitable for snake habitat (Asad et al., 2011). Data collected in the morning and at night, by capturing and identifying snakes found in situ refers to the snake identification titled '107+ Ular Indonesia' (Riza Marlon, 2014), and the book 'Reptiles and Amphibians in Bali 'By Mckay (2006). Based on the results of the study, snakes found around Merta Sari Beach and Padang Galak Beach numbered 61 individual snakes with two different families namely Colubridae and Elapidae. Snake species of the Colubridae family found are Dog-faced Water Snake (Cerberus rynchops) and the Elapidae family is the Erabu/Yellow-lipped Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) snake
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Uyeda, Linda T., Ardiantiono Ardiantiono, Entang Iskandar, Aaron J. Wirsing, and Randall C. Kyes. "Snakebite Envenomation, Attitudes, and Behavior toward Snakes in Banten, Indonesia." Animals 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12162051.
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Snakes are commonly associated with feelings of anxiety or disgust, and snake conservation is often hindered by negative attitudes and perceptions. Although global snake populations are generally in decline, snakebite envenomation (SBE) continues to be recognized as a serious public health issue, particularly in rural areas of tropical and subtropical countries. Data on SBE, a neglected tropical disease, are lacking, and Indonesia, a hotspot of venomous snake diversity, has no snake bite reporting system. We analyzed 127 survey results in Banten, Indonesia with the aim of documenting SBE and exploring the relationships between respondents’ experiences, attitudes, and behaviors toward snakes. Nine percent of respondents had experienced SBE, and knowledge of SBE incidents was associated with negative attitudes toward snake populations, with negative attitudes toward snakes associated with a higher likelihood of anti-conservation behavior. Women were more fearful than men, and women and those with lower education levels were more negative toward pythons (Malayopython reticulatus), suggesting that increased knowledge may aid in snake conservation efforts. Universally negative risk beliefs and attitudes toward venomous snakes indicate a need to reduce the threat of SBE in our study area.
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Pathak, Ishan, and Chandra Metgud. "Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding snakes and snake bite among rural adult of Belagavi, Karnataka." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 12 (November 23, 2017): 4527. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175324.
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Background: India is home to over 270 species of snakes, including 60 venomous. Belagavi, set in foothills of Western Ghats, is home to four major venomous snakes viz. Russell’ s viper, spectacled cobra, common krait and saw scaled viper. Surveys suggest that around half of the snake bite related deaths take place in India and are largely avoidable and treatable. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Snakes and Snake bite among adult in a rural area of Belagavi, Karnataka.Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adults who were permanent residents of Kinaye village located in the field practice area of JN Medical College, Belagavi. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice after taking written informed consent. Results: Most of the study participants when shown different photographs could differentiate between venomous and non-venomous snakes and their bite marks. 100% of the study participants knew that medical treatment was available for snakebite and would rush to a health facility in an event of snakebite. Most common venomous Snake to be identified was Spectacled Cobra (72%) while Common Krait was the least identified (24%). About 75% of study subjects correctly differentiated between the pictures of venomous and non-venomous Snake bite marks. Nearly 90.5% believed that Snakes bite for self-defence. Conclusions: In the present study majority of the participants had basic knowledge about Snake identification and snakebite. Most correctly identified venomous and non-venomous Snakes was Spectacled Cobra and Green Vine Snake respectively, while most incorrectly identified venomous Snake was common Krait. All the participants knew that there is medical treatment available for snakebite and most of them were in favour of not killing Snakes.
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Stefano, Bovero, and Trovò Paola Viviana. "Into the Deep: Diving Record for the Dice Snake Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) in Lake Orta, NW Italy." IgMin Research 2, no. 5 (May 2, 2024): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.61927/igmin179.
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Many snakes live close to water, with several groups displaying morphological, physiological, or behavioral adaptions to aquatic environments. Although marine snakes have been found at depths beyond 200 m, freshwater snakes are rarely reported at depths larger than a few meters. Here we report freshwater depth records for the dice snake Natrix tessellata, an aquatic snake belonging to the family Natricidae. Dice snake was observed at depths down to 17 m, including in habitats below the thermocline, in Lake Orta (Northern Italy). These observations open new perspectives related to the biology and physiology of Palearctic freshwater snakes belonging to the family Natricidae.
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Fuentes Magallón, Rogemif, Melquiades Castillo, Edmundo Belton, Eduardo Zambrano, Helio Quintero-Arrieta, and Abel Batista. "Dead snake! A strategy for survival: Thanatosis in some Panamanian snakes with a review of death-feigning in American snakes." Reptiles & Amphibians 28, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v28i3.15753.
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Thanatosis (pretending to be dead), sometimes called letisimulation, is widely used as an anti-predator strategy by snakes. Herein we report six cases of death-feigning in six species of Panamanian snakes (Dark-headed Red Falseboa, Pseudoboa neuwiedii; Double-banded False Coralsnake, Erythrolamprus bizona; Forest Flamesnake, Oxyrhopus petolarius; Rufous-headed Snake, Amastridium veliferum; Colombian Long-tailed Snake, Enuliophis sclateri; and Pacific Banded Coffee Snake, Ninia maculata). We also present a literature review of thanatosis in American snakes and discuss the terminology associated with this behavior.
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Fu, Qiyuan, and Chen Li. "Robotic modelling of snake traversing large, smooth obstacles reveals stability benefits of body compliance." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 2 (February 2020): 191192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191192.
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Snakes can move through almost any terrain. Although their locomotion on flat surfaces using planar gaits is inherently stable, when snakes deform their body out of plane to traverse complex terrain, maintaining stability becomes a challenge. On trees and desert dunes, snakes grip branches or brace against depressed sand for stability. However, how they stably surmount obstacles like boulders too large and smooth to gain such ‘anchor points’ is less understood. Similarly, snake robots are challenged to stably traverse large, smooth obstacles for search and rescue and building inspection. Our recent study discovered that snakes combine body lateral undulation and cantilevering to stably traverse large steps. Here, we developed a snake robot with this gait and snake-like anisotropic friction and used it as a physical model to understand stability principles. The robot traversed steps as high as a third of its body length rapidly and stably. However, on higher steps, it was more likely to fail due to more frequent rolling and flipping over, which was absent in the snake with a compliant body. Adding body compliance reduced the robot's roll instability by statistically improving surface contact, without reducing speed. Besides advancing understanding of snake locomotion, our robot achieved high traversal speed surpassing most previous snake robots and approaching snakes, while maintaining high traversal probability.
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Dewangga, Dhiya Ulhaq, Adiwijaya Adiwijaya, and Dody Qori Utama. "Identifikasi Citra berdasarkan Gigitan Ular menggunakan Metode Active Contour Model dan Support Vector Machine." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 3, no. 4 (October 6, 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v3i4.1409.
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Tropical countries have a warm and humid climate are suitable habitat for the lives of reptile animals, especially snakes. Snakes are a type of reptile animal that is widely found in tropical countries, especially in Indonesia. The worst thing that happens when meeting a snake is the bite of snake. If the bite comes from a venomous snake it can cause a more serious problem than the bite from non-venomous snake is, which can cause paralysis, disability, and the worst is death. According to the WHO (World Health Organization) an estimated 5.4 million people are bitten by snakes each year with almost 2.7 million being bitten by venomous snakes and get affected symptoms. Around 81,000 to 138,000 people die every year. This research uses image processing technic to make the identification system of snake bites whether venomous or non-venomous. The method used in this system is Active Contour Model and Support Vector Machine. By using these methods, the highest accuracy is obtained in the best of SVM kernel, on RBF kernel and Polynomial kernel.
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Howell, Tiffani Josey, Clifford Warwick, and Pauleen C. Bennett. "Self-reported snake management practices among owners in Victoria, Australia." Veterinary Record 187, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105409.
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BackgroundA large number of snakes are kept as pets in Western societies. Few studies have been undertaken to assess keeping practices of snakes by private owners in Australia. Therefore, there is concern that some owners may not understand even basic husbandry requirements. The aim of this preliminary study was to identify the most common practices used by snake owners in Victoria, Australia.MethodAn online survey asked 251 snake owners to describe ways in which they attempt to meet their snake’s environmental, behavioural, dietary, social and health needs.ResultsFewer than half of participants had an enclosure large enough for the snake to fully stretch out, and just over half had an enclosure large enough to meet the requirements in the Victorian Code of Practice. Only 60 per cent of owners correctly identified their snake’s activity patterns based on information about wild snakes of the same species.ConclusionEducational campaigns may help improve outcomes for snakes in the future, but more research is needed about captive snake husbandry, to provide an evidence base for informing snake management recommendations.
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Goldingay, Ross L. "Can a common snake provide conservation insights?" Australian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (2018): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo18079.
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The small-eyed snake (Cryptophis nigrescens) is a common non-threatened species in eastern Australia. It coexists with the threatened broad-headed snake (Hoplocephalus bungaroides), a species adversely affected by habitat disturbance and subject to poaching. The small-eyed snake is a habitat generalist and not subject to poaching. It may prey on other snakes, including the broad-headed snake, and, like the broad-headed snake, may shelter under thermally favourable loose rocks during the cooler months of the year. This may lead to interactions between these species due to the limited availability of such rocks, and possibly exacerbate other threats to the broad-headed snake, such as poaching and the loss of thermally favourable rocks. I conducted repeat surveys for snakes at 64 rock outcrops in Royal National Park over a 16-year period. I predicted that site use by the small-eyed snake would not be influenced by a disturbance variable previously documented to influence site use by the broad-headed snake. Observations were consistent with this prediction, confirming the unique vulnerability of the broad-headed snake. I used my long-term data to analyse the co-occurrence of the two species. The broad-headed snake was detected as frequently at sites with and without the small-eyed snake, suggesting that these species occupy outcrops independently of each other. Therefore, interactions with the small-eyed snake will not reduce the effectiveness of habitat restoration for the broad-headed snake in Royal National Park.
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HUSSAIN, IFTIKHAR. "BRAIN DEATH CRITERIA." Professional Medical Journal 16, no. 03 (September 10, 2009): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2009.16.03.2886.
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Snake bite is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. It is estimated that each year snake bite is responsible for 30,000 to 40,000 deaths world wide1. Most snake bites are innocuous and are delivered by non poisonous species. There are 15% of the more than 3000 species of snakes, which are considered dangerous to humans2. The family Viperidae (Pit vipers) is the largest family of venomous snakes
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Pamungkas, Yoga Widi, Adiwijaya Adiwijaya, and Dody Qori Utama. "Klasifikasi Gambar Gigitan Ular Menggunakan Regionprops dan Algoritma Decision Tree." Jurnal Sistem Komputer dan Informatika (JSON) 1, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/json.v1i2.1789.
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Indonesia has a high biodiversity of snakes. Snake species that exist throughout Indonesia, consisting of venomous and non-venomous snakes. One of the dangers that can be posed by snakes is the bite of several types of deadly snakes. Snake bite cases recorded in Indonesia are quite high with not a few fatalities. Most of the deaths caused by snakebite occur due to errors in the handling procedure for the bite wound. This problem can be overcome one of them if we know how to classify snake bite wounds, whether venomous or non-venomous. In this study, a classification system for snake bite wound image was built using Regionprops feature extraction and Decision Tree algorithm. Snake bite images are classified as either venomous or non-venomous without knowing the kind of the snake. In Regionprops several features are used to help the process of feature extraction, including the number of centroids, area, distance, and eccentricity. Evaluation of the model that was built was found that the parameters of the number of centroids and the distance between centroids had the most significant influence in helping the classification of images of snakebite wounds with an accuracy of 97.14%, precision 92.85%, recall 91.42%, and F1 score 92.06%.
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Durand, Jonas, Arnaud Legrand, Mélodie Tort, Alice Thiney, Radika J. Michniewicz, Aurélie Coulon, and Fabien Aubret. "Effects of geographic isolation on anti-snakes responses in the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis." Amphibia-Reptilia 33, no. 2 (2012): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853812x636448.
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Alteration in anti-predatory behaviour following geographic isolation has been observed in a number of taxa. Such alteration was attributed to the effect of relaxed selection in the novel environment, reinforced by the cost of anti-predatory behaviours. We studied aspects of anti-snake behaviour in 987 adult and juvenile wall lizards Podarcis muralis from two mainland areas (heavy snake predatory pressure) and two islands (low snake predatory pressure), isolated from the mainland 5000 and 7000 years ago. We conducted a scented retreat site choice experiment using the odours of five different snake species (saurophagous, piscivorous or generalist feeder). Mainland lizards avoided shelters scented by saurophagous snakes, but not those scented by non saurophagous snake species. Long isolated lizards (7000 years ago) showed no anti-predator response to any snake, suggesting a total loss of anti-predatory behaviour towards saurophagous snakes. More recently isolated lizards (5000 years ago) however showed anti-snake behaviour towards a former sympatric adder species, and a tendency to avoid the scent of a sympatric generalist feeder snake. There was no difference in the anti-snake responses between adult and juvenile wall lizards from all four sites, suggesting a limited role for experience (behavioural plasticity) in the expression of anti-snake behaviour in wall lizards.
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Asad, Sami, Shi Teng Ng, Julsun Sikui, and Mark-Oliver Rödel. "Variable detectability and El-Niño associations with riparian snakes in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo." Journal of Tropical Ecology 38, no. 1 (November 15, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000468.
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AbstractAlthough snake populations are suffering numerous local declines, determining the scale of these declines is problematic due to the elusive nature of snakes. Determining the factors associated with species detection is therefore essential for quantifying disturbance effects on populations. From 2017 to 2019, we assessed the detectability associations of five river-associated snake species and all snake detections in general within two logging concessions in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Data collected from both stream transects and visual encounter surveys at 47 stream sites were incorporated into an occupancy-modelling framework to determine the climatological, temporal and survey distance associations with species detection probability. Detection probability of riparian snake species was significantly associated with humidity, month (2 spp. each), survey distance and total rainfall over 60 days (1 spp. each). Pooled snake species detectability was significantly positively associated with transect distance and the 2019 El-Niño year, whilst yearly pooled snake species detections in stream transects spiked during El-Niño (2017 = 2.05, 2018 = 2.47, 2019 = 4.5 snakes per km). This study provides new insights into the detectability of riparian rainforest snakes and suggests that future studies should account for short-term (climatological and temporal) and long-term (El-Niño) factors associated with detection probability when surveying and assessing snake populations.
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Durso, A. M., I. Bolon, A. R. Kleinhesselink, M. R. Mondardini, J. L. Fernandez-Marquez, F. Gutsche-Jones, C. Gwilliams, et al. "Crowdsourcing snake identification with online communities of professional herpetologists and avocational snake enthusiasts." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 201273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201273.
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Species identification can be challenging for biologists, healthcare practitioners and members of the general public. Snakes are no exception, and the potential medical consequences of venomous snake misidentification can be significant. Here, we collected data on identification of 100 snake species by building a week-long online citizen science challenge which attracted more than 1000 participants from around the world. We show that a large community including both professional herpetologists and skilled avocational snake enthusiasts with the potential to quickly (less than 2 min) and accurately (69–90%; see text) identify snakes is active online around the clock, but that only a small fraction of community members are proficient at identifying snakes to the species level, even when provided with the snake's geographical origin. Nevertheless, participants showed great enthusiasm and engagement, and our study provides evidence that innovative citizen science/crowdsourcing approaches can play significant roles in training and building capacity. Although identification by an expert familiar with the local snake fauna will always be the gold standard, we suggest that healthcare workers, clinicians, epidemiologists and other parties interested in snakebite could become more connected to these communities, and that professional herpetologists and skilled avocational snake enthusiasts could organize ways to help connect medical professionals to crowdsourcing platforms. Involving skilled avocational snake enthusiasts in decision making could build the capacity of healthcare workers to identify snakes more quickly, specifically and accurately, and ultimately improve snakebite treatment data and outcomes.
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Cooper, J., and M. Cooper. "Snakes and snake-bite." Veterinary Record 129, no. 9 (August 31, 1991): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.9.203.
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Peterson, Michael E. "Snake Bite: Coral Snakes." Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 21, no. 4 (November 2006): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ctsap.2006.10.005.
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Ahmad, Syed Farhan, Worapong Singchat, Thitipong Panthum, and Kornsorn Srikulnath. "Impact of Repetitive DNA Elements on Snake Genome Biology and Evolution." Cells 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071707.
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The distinctive biology and unique evolutionary features of snakes make them fascinating model systems to elucidate how genomes evolve and how variation at the genomic level is interlinked with phenotypic-level evolution. Similar to other eukaryotic genomes, large proportions of snake genomes contain repetitive DNA, including transposable elements (TEs) and satellite repeats. The importance of repetitive DNA and its structural and functional role in the snake genome, remain unclear. This review highlights the major types of repeats and their proportions in snake genomes, reflecting the high diversity and composition of snake repeats. We present snakes as an emerging and important model system for the study of repetitive DNA under the impact of sex and microchromosome evolution. We assemble evidence to show that certain repetitive elements in snakes are transcriptionally active and demonstrate highly dynamic lineage-specific patterns as repeat sequences. We hypothesize that particular TEs can trigger different genomic mechanisms that might contribute to driving adaptive evolution in snakes. Finally, we review emerging approaches that may be used to study the expression of repetitive elements in complex genomes, such as snakes. The specific aspects presented here will stimulate further discussion on the role of genomic repeats in shaping snake evolution.
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Alharbi, Hibah A., lujain M. Alabbas, Raghad I. Sumnudi, Shaima Felemban, and Yosra Alhindi. "A Review on Anti-Thrombotic Agents Derived from Snake Venom Protein." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (July 30, 2022): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22167948.
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Background: Snakes have always attracted scientists and it caused awe and fear because of the harmful strength of its toxins and the components of various toxins from one snake to another. In 2017, the World Health Organization (WHO) listed snake venom as a neglected high-priority disease, with snakes causing up to 2.7 million venomous bites, nearly 100,000 victims, and nearly three times the number of human disabilities. Objective: i- Snake venom background and therapeutics properties ii- The effects of snake bite iii- the mechanism of haemostasis iv- Types of antithrombotic agents derived from snake venom proteins. Conclusion: Snake venoms are a group of diverse compounds and because of their diversity, they lead to many effects that have different effects on the body, causing an imbalance and mastery of the victim. Just as these components have toxic effects, they have clinical and therapeutic effects. The previous research shown the clinical benefits of snake venom, such as the drug captopril used to treat high blood pressure, And the defibrase used for the prevention of thrombotic disease. Therefore, snake venom components need several studies. They are still unidentified due to the difficulty of obtaining them adequate. Keywords: Snake venoms, antithrombotic, haemostasis, venom proteins.
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Aust, Patrick W., Ngo Van Tri, Daniel J. D. Natusch, and Graham J. Alexander. "Asian snake farms: conservation curse or sustainable enterprise?" Oryx 51, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531600034x.
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AbstractSnake farming in Asia has increased over the past decade, and conservationists have expressed concerns that farms may foster overexploitation of wild populations and create legal conduits for illegally harvested wild individuals. We conducted face-to-face interviews with snake farmers in Viet Nam and China, with the aim of describing the basic models under which snakes are farmed for meat. We synthesized this information to assess the feasibility of farming snakes for human consumption, drawing conclusions about the impact of this industry on the conservation of wild snake populations. The most commonly farmed snakes include the monocled cobra Naja kaouthia, the Chinese cobra Naja atra, the oriental rat snake Ptyas mucosus and the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah. These species have life histories that are compatible with the demands of intensive livestock production, including early maturity, rapid growth rates, high reproductive output, efficient food assimilation rates and undemanding space requirements. Snake farmers appear to be capitalizing on the unique energy-efficiency of snakes to produce meat for human consumption. We conclude that the ease and profitability of farming snakes in China and Viet Nam make farming a viable substitute for harvesting wild snakes, with apparently minimal threat to wild populations. Snake farming offers a range of novel agricultural opportunities and has the potential to play a pivotal role in sustainable development.
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Mcalees, Trudi J., and Linda A. Abraham. "Australian elapid snake envenomation in cats: Clinical priorities and approach." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 11 (October 25, 2017): 1131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x17735761.
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Practical relevance: No fewer than 140 species of terrestrial snakes reside in Australia, 92 of which possess venom glands. With the exception of the brown tree snake, the venom-producing snakes belong to the family Elapidae. The venom of a number of elapid species is more toxic than that of the Indian cobra and eastern diamondback rattle snake, which has earned Australia its reputation for being home to the world’s most venomous snakes. Clinical challenges: The diagnosis of elapid snake envenomation is not always easy. Identification of Australian snakes is not straightforward and there are no pathognomonic clinical signs. In cats, diagnosis of envenomation is confounded by the fact that, in most cases, there is a delay in seeking veterinary attention, probably because snake encounters are not usually witnessed by owners, and also because of the tendency of cats to hide and seek seclusion when unwell. Although the administration of antivenom is associated with improved outcomes, the snake venom detection kit and antivenom are expensive and so their use may be precluded if there are financial constraints. Evidence base: In providing comprehensive guidance on the diagnosis and treatment of Australian elapid snake envenomation in cats, the authors of this review draw on the published veterinary, medical and toxicology literature, as well as their professional experience as specialists in medicine, and emergency medicine and critical care.
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Köppel, C., and F. Martens. "Clinical Experience in the Therapy of Bites from Exotic Snakes in Berlin." Human & Experimental Toxicology 11, no. 6 (November 1992): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719201100619.
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Since there are nearly no indigenous poisonous snakes in Germany, snake bites by poisonous snakes are rare. Most serious snake bites reported to poison information centres or treated at hospitals are caused by exotic snakes that are kept in private households. Only few types of antivenom are stored in emergency depots in Germany including polyvalent antivenoms from commercial sources. Since experience with the treatment of poisonous snake bites is limited, the records of the Intensive Care Unit and the Poison Information Centre of the Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow from 1980-1991 were evaluated. During this period, 51 snake bites were reported. Eleven patients who had been bitten by exotic poisonous snakes were treated in intensive care. In eight of the cases, ethanol (blood levels on admission 1.2-4.2 g-1) had played an important role in the cause of the bite. A moderate to severe local inflammation at the site of the bite followed by oedema and necrosis was typical. One patient developed respiratory failure, probably because of the neurotoxic effects of the snake venom and a compartment syndrome necessitating fasciotomy. Haemolysis was observed in four patients and coagulopathy in six patients. All patients received polyvalent antivenom within 2-12 h of the snake bite. Despite serious coagulopathy in two of the patients and respiratory arrest in one, all survived without sequelae.
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Reading, Christopher, and Gabriela Jofré. "Smooth snake population decline and its link with prey availability." Amphibia-Reptilia 41, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-20191237.
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Abstract The relationship between the numbers of smooth snakes, Coronella austriaca, and common lizards, Zootoca vivipara, was investigated in a 6.5 ha area of lowland heath within Wareham Forest in southern England. With the exception of 2002 the numbers of lizards, small mammals and individual smooth snakes captured, or observed, were recorded during each of 21 annual surveys between May and October 1997-2018. Smooth snake diet was investigated annually between 2004 and 2015 by analysing faecal samples and showed that lizards, particularly the common lizard, and pigmy shrews, Sorex minutus, were important prey species. There was no significant correlation between the occurrence of any small mammal species and either snake numbers or their presence in smooth snake diet. Over the study period there was an overall decline in the number of smooth snakes captured whilst there was an overall increase in the number of common lizard sightings. The frequency of common lizards found in the diet of smooth snakes was positively correlated with their abundance within the study area. There was a significant correlation between the decline of smooth snake numbers and the subsequent increase in the number of common lizard sightings suggesting that lizard abundance may be controlled by snake numbers. Conversely, we found no evidence indicating that smooth snake numbers were dependent on lizard numbers suggesting that factors other than prey availability e.g. habitat change due to cattle grazing, blocking ground water drainage ditches, or climatic variables, were impacting on snake numbers, particularly between 2012 and 2018.
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Suzuki, Toshitaka N. "Alarm calls evoke a visual search image of a predator in birds." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 7 (January 29, 2018): 1541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718884115.
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One of the core features of human speech is that words cause listeners to retrieve corresponding visual mental images. However, whether vocalizations similarly evoke mental images in animal communication systems is surprisingly unknown. Japanese tits (Parus minor) produce specific alarm calls when and only when encountering a predatory snake. Here, I show that simply hearing these calls causes tits to become more visually perceptive to objects resembling snakes. During playback of snake-specific alarm calls, tits approach a wooden stick being moved in a snake-like fashion. However, tits do not respond to the same stick when hearing other call types or if the stick’s movement is dissimilar to that of a snake. Thus, before detecting a real snake, tits retrieve its visual image from snake-specific alarm calls and use this to search out snakes. This study provides evidence for a call-evoked visual search image in a nonhuman animal, offering a paradigm to explore the cognitive basis for animal vocal communication in the wild.
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Gomes, Cícera Maria, Karen de Morais-Zani, Stephen Lu, Diego de Souza Buarque, Glória Regina Cardoso Braz, Kathleen Fernandes Grego, Aparecida Sadae Tanaka, and Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo. "Differential transcript profile of inhibitors with potential anti-venom role in the liver of juvenile and adultBothrops jararacasnake." PeerJ 5 (April 27, 2017): e3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3203.
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BackgroundSnakes belonging to theBothropsgenus are vastly distributed in Central and South America and are responsible for most cases of reported snake bites in Latin America. The clinical manifestations of the envenomation caused by this genus are due to three major activities—proteolytic, hemorrhagic and coagulant—mediated by metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, phospholipases A2and other toxic compounds present in snake venom. Interestingly, it was observed that snakes are resistant to the toxic effects of its own and other snake’s venoms. This natural immunity may occur due the absence of toxin target or the presence of molecules in the snake plasma able to neutralize such toxins.MethodsIn order to identify anti-venom molecules, we construct a cDNA library from the liver ofB. jararacasnakes. Moreover, we analyzed the expression profile of four molecules—the already known anti-hemorrhagic factor Bj46a, one gamma-phospholipase A2inhibitor, one inter-alpha inhibitor and one C1 plasma protease inhibitor—in the liver of juvenile and adult snakes by qPCR.ResultsThe results revealed a 30-fold increase of gamma-phospholipase A2inhibitor and a minor increase of the inter-alpha inhibitor (5-fold) and of the C1 inhibitor (3-fold) in adults. However, the Bj46a factor seems to be equally transcribed in adults and juveniles.DiscussionThe results suggest the up-regulation of different inhibitors observed in the adult snakes might be a physiological adaptation to the recurrent contact with their own and even other snake’s venoms throughout its lifespan. This is the first comparative analysis of ontogenetic variation of expression profiles of plasmatic proteins with potential anti-venom activities of the venomous snakeB. jararaca. Furthermore, the present data contributes to the understanding of the natural resistance described in these snakes.
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Onofre, Nuno, and Luís Sampaio. "Feeding Ecology of Short-Toed Snake-Eagle (Circaetus gallicus [Gmelin, 1788]) in the Montados of Iberian Peninsula." Silva Lusitana 28, no. 2 (2020): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/silu/20202802139.
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The diet of Short-toed Snake-eagle (Circaetus gallicus) during the breeding season in an area dominated by cork and holm oak parkland forests (Montados) was analyzed in this study. As expected, results showed that snakes are the dominant prey in the diet of this eagle, comprising up to 92.5% of the identified items, if potential secondary prey species were excluded. The Montpellier Snake (Malpolon monspessulanus) was the most consumed one (42.2%), followed by the Ladder Snake (Zamenis scalaris) (28.0%), and the water snakes (Natrix spp.) (14.2%). According to the same criteria, lizards (mainly Psammodromus algirus) and mammals represent between 4.8 and 2.2%, respectively. Other animals such as pond turtle and amphibians are irregular prey (<1%), and no bird remains were found at all. Short-toed Snake-eagle is usually referred as a stenophagic predator where snakes are by far its most important prey type, and where within this taxonomic group it behaves as a generalist predator. In this study this premise was then tested comparing the relative abundance of the snake species with their proportion in the diet composition of the eagle in order to know whether or not prey selection exists with regard to the species of snakes in this region. Results point to a quite plausible "preference" for the Ladder Snake and an "avoidance" for the smooth snakes group (Macroprotodon brevis/Coronella girondica), and possibly for the Horseshoe Whip (Hemorrhois hippocrepis). The avoidance to the Horseshoe Whip must be indirect and habitat related, while in relation to the two smooth snakes it may be due in large extend to its small size, in particular.
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Fu, Qiyuan, Sean W. Gart, Thomas W. Mitchel, Jin Seob Kim, Gregory S. Chirikjian, and Chen Li. "Lateral Oscillation and Body Compliance Help Snakes and Snake Robots Stably Traverse Large, Smooth Obstacles." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 1 (March 26, 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa013.
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Abstract Snakes can move through almost any terrain. Similarly, snake robots hold the promise as a versatile platform to traverse complex environments such as earthquake rubble. Unlike snake locomotion on flat surfaces which is inherently stable, when snakes traverse complex terrain by deforming their body out of plane, it becomes challenging to maintain stability. Here, we review our recent progress in understanding how snakes and snake robots traverse large, smooth obstacles such as boulders and felled trees that lack “anchor points” for gripping or bracing. First, we discovered that the generalist variable kingsnake combines lateral oscillation and cantilevering. Regardless of step height and surface friction, the overall gait is preserved. Next, to quantify static stability of the snake, we developed a method to interpolate continuous body in three dimensions (3D) (both position and orientation) between discrete tracked markers. By analyzing the base of support using the interpolated continuous body 3-D kinematics, we discovered that the snake maintained perfect stability during traversal, even on the most challenging low friction, high step. Finally, we applied this gait to a snake robot and systematically tested its performance traversing large steps with variable heights to further understand stability principles. The robot rapidly and stably traversed steps nearly as high as a third of its body length. As step height increased, the robot rolled more frequently to the extent of flipping over, reducing traversal probability. The absence of such failure in the snake with a compliant body inspired us to add body compliance to the robot. With better surface contact, the compliant body robot suffered less roll instability and traversed high steps at higher probability, without sacrificing traversal speed. Our robot traversed large step-like obstacles more rapidly than most previous snake robots, approaching that of the animal. The combination of lateral oscillation and body compliance to form a large, reliable base of support may be useful for snakes and snake robots to traverse diverse 3-D environments with large, smooth obstacles.
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Audini, Inggarsetya Syah, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Setiawan Koesdarto, and Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto. "Acanthocephalan in Xenochrophis piscator Snake in Sidoarjo Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1102.
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Xenochrophis piscator is a snake that often found in Indonesia, particularly in Java Island. Xenochrophis piscator is a non-venomous snake and often used for food, traditional medicine and as pets in Indonesia. Snakes can be infected by different types of parasites which are zoonotic. One of the zoonotic helminth infect snakes is acanthocephalan. Acanthocephalan can be transmitted to humans by ingesting snake products. We investigate the incidence of helminthiasis in X. piscator from snakes collector in Tulangan district, Sidoarjo, East Java. Parasites were collected from X. piscator organs. Identification of parasites was in carmine stain using light microscope for examination. Sixty snakes were observed and sixteen snakes were positively infected by adult acanthocephalan (26.67%). Acanthocephalan was found in mesenterium and fascia of X. piscator. Keyword : Xenochrophis piscator, acanthocephalan, helminthiasis, zoonosis.
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Visvanathan, Avinash, Sandeep Anne, Aditya Kesav Kolli, and Sathwik Mohan Vangari. "Snakes of Telangana: An annotated checklist with new locality records and notes on natural history." Reptiles & Amphibians 29, no. 1 (August 4, 2022): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v29i1.16316.
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With every growing human population and the resultant shrinkage of natural habitats, snakes are frequently encountered in and around human settlements, leading to widespread human-wildlife conflict. Conservation efforts involve rescue & relocation of 'stray' snakes, to mitigate snakebites, human deaths & snake mortality. We utilized snake rescue data of Friends of Snakes Society, Hyderabad, Telangana, recorded between the years 1995 and 2020, to present an annotated snake checklist for Telangana, along with their distribution. Further, opportunistic encounters and temporary captive care of the rescued species yielded significant insights into habitat preferences, dietary choices, aposematic responses, breeding cycles, etc., of various species of this region.
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Ceron, Karoline, Cássia Vieira, Priscila Santos Carvalho, Juan Fernando Cuestas Carrillo, Jaqueline Alonso, and Diego José Santana. "Epidemiology of snake envenomation from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): e0009737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009737.
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Snake envenomation is considered a public health problem in tropical countries, where they occur in a high incidence. The present study reports the snake envenomation that occurred in Mato Grosso do Sul state (Brazil) between 2007 and 2017. Epidemiological data were obtained from the online platform of the Notification Disease Information System and were analyzed according to biome. A total of 5568 cases of snake envenomations were recorded during the study period, where the highest frequency was registered between October and April. The majority of envenomations occurred in working-age males (20 to 39 years), caused mainly by Bothrops snakes, and the duration of care after the envenomation in most cases took three hours. The municipalities that showed the highest snake envenomations case per 100,000 inhabitants presents low population density, and have their economy based on agricultural activity, which is a risk factor to snake envenomations. To the Mato Grosso do Sul state, the total number of snake envenomations had a positive relationship with the size of the municipality. Since this, larger areas usually have a mosaic of environments, which may harbor higher richness and abundance of snakes, and can cause more snake encounters with the population, resulting in more snake envenomations.
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Bleicher, Sonny S., Joel S. Brown, Keren Embar, and Burt P. Kotler. "Novel predator recognition by Allenby's gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi): do gerbils learn to respond to a snake that can “see” in the dark?" Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 62, no. 3-4 (May 18, 2016): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15659801.2016.1176614.
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Unlike desert rodents from North America, Allenby's gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi) from the Negev Desert, Israel has evolved with snakes that do not have heat-sensitive sensory pits that enhance night vision. Does this history affect their ability to assess and respond to a snake that has this ability? As a test, we exposed gerbils to risk of predation from various predators, including snakes, owls, and foxes. The snakes included the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) and the sidewinder rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes). The former snake lacks sensory pits and shares a common evolutionary history with the gerbil. The latter snake, while convergent evolutionarily on the horned viper, has sensory pits and no prior history with the gerbil. The gerbils exploited depletable resource patches similarly, regardless of snake species and moon phase. While the gerbils did not respond to the novel snake as a greater threat than their familiar horned viper, the gerbils were cognizant that the novel predator was a threat. In response to both snakes, giving-up densities (GUDs; the amount of food left in a resource patch following exploitation) of the gerbils were higher in the bush than open microhabitat. In response to moonlight, GUDs were higher on full than on the new moon. Based on GUDs, the gerbils responded most to the risk of predation from the red fox, least from the two snake species, and intermediate for the barn owl.
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Gasso, V. Y., A. N. Hahut, S. V. Yermolenko, I. A. Hasso, C. A. Agca, E. V. Sukharenko, and V. S. Nedzvetsky. "Local industrial pollution induces astrocyte cytoskeleton rearrangement in the dice snake brain: GFAP as a biomarker." Biosystems Diversity 28, no. 3 (July 18, 2020): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012033.
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The present study was designed to evaluate the responsiveness of modulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) content and its fragmentation in the snake brain as a biomarker of local industrial pollution of aquatic ecosystems. Despite GFAP being a well known cytoskeleton marker of astrocytes’ reactivity in the brain of vertebrates, its expression in the snake brain remains insufficiently described. The GFAP expression and its fragmentation were detected using the immunoblot method in the snake brain. ROS level was determined with dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence. The content of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) of filament (cytoskeleton) and soluble (cytosol) fractions in the brain of dice snake Natrix tessellata from three ecosystems with different rates of industrial pollution were studied (two polluted and one clean control site). Characteristic increase in GFAP fragmentation was noted for the snakes from both the researched polluted sites. Significant increase in the content of the GFAP cleaved polypeptide fragments induced by industrial pollution exposure was confirmed in the snakes’ brains. Meaningful GFAP fragmentation was determined in snake brain astrocytes as an increase in cleaved fragments of 47–35 kDa molecular weight for both soluble and cytoskeletal GFAP fractions. We found significant abnormality in the ratio of the GFAP soluble fraction to the cytoskeletal one in contaminant-exposed dice snakes. It should testify to significant metabolic disturbance in nerve cells of the dice snakes. Furthermore, growth of reactive oxygen species level as the main cause of oxidative stress was determined in brains of the snakes exposed to environmental toxicity. Thus, astrocyte cytoskeleton disorders are associated with pollutant-induced redox imbalance in the snake brain. Despite the limited data on glial cell biology in the reptilian brain, the observed results prove that snake astrocytes can respond to the environmental toxicity using typical astroglial response. The presented results evidence that monitoring of molecular characteristics of glial cytoskeleton in dice snakes could be used as reliable biomarker of neurotoxicity and adverse effects of industrial pollution. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of astrocyte cytoskeleton in the response against neurotoxic contaminants.
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Puinongpo, Weerada, Worapong Singchat, Supaporn Petpradub, Ekaphan Kraichak, Mitsuo Nunome, Nararat Laopichienpong, Ratchaphol Thongchum, et al. "Existence of Bov-B LINE Retrotransposons in Snake Lineages Reveals Recent Multiple Horizontal Gene Transfers with Copy Number Variation." Genes 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11111241.
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Transposable elements (TEs) are dynamic elements present in all eukaryotic genomes. They can “jump” and amplify within the genome and promote segmental genome rearrangements on both autosomes and sex chromosomes by disruption of gene structures. The Bovine-B long interspersed nuclear element (Bov-B LINE) is among the most abundant TE-retrotransposon families in vertebrates due to horizontal transfer (HT) among vertebrate lineages. Recent studies have shown multiple HTs or the presence of diverse Bov-B LINE groups in the snake lineage. It is hypothesized that Bov-B LINEs are highly dynamic and that the diversity reflects multiple HTs in snake lineages. Partial sequences of Bov-B LINE from 23 snake species were characterized. Phylogenetic analysis resolved at least two Bov-B LINE groups that might correspond to henophidian and caenophidian snakes; however, the tree topology differed from that based on functional nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Several Bov-B LINEs of snakes showed greater than 80% similarity to sequences obtained from insects, whereas the two Bov-B LINE groups as well as sequences from the same snake species classified in different Bov-B LINE groups showed sequence similarities of less than 80%. Calculation of estimated divergence time and pairwise divergence between all individual Bov-B LINE copies suggest invasion times ranging from 79.19 to 98.8 million years ago in snakes. Accumulation of elements in a lineage-specific fashion ranged from 9 × 10−6% to 5.63 × 10−2% per genome. The genomic proportion of Bov-B LINEs varied among snake species but was not directly associated with genome size or invasion time. No differentiation in Bov-B LINE copy number between males and females was observed in any of the snake species examined. Incongruence in tree topology between Bov-B LINEs and other snake phylogenies may reflect past HT events. Sequence divergence of Bov-B LINEs between copies suggests that recent multiple HTs occurred within the same evolutionary timeframe in the snake lineage. The proportion of Bov-B LINEs varies among species, reflecting species specificity in TE invasion. The rapid speciation of snakes, coinciding with Bov-B LINE invasion in snake genomes, leads us to better understand the effect of Bov-B LINEs on snake genome evolution.
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Coss, Richard G., Naomie S. Poran, Kevin L. Gusé, and David G. Smith. "Development of Antisnake Defenses in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus Beecheyi): II. Microevolutionary Effects of Relaxed Selection From Rattlesnakes." Behaviour 124, no. 1-2 (1993): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853993x00542.
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AbstractNonvenomous Pacific gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer) and venomous northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) have coexisted in a predator-prey relationship with California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) for many thousands of generations. This long-term relationship has fostered in ground squirrels the evolution of antisnake defenses that consist of physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom and behavioral tactics of probing and harassing that might facilitate snake-species discrimination. Snake harassment by adults might also protect pups by interfering with snake hunting activities. Some ground squirrel populations have colonized habitats where rattlesnakes, but not gopher snakes, are rare or absent. Initial research indicates that squirrels experiencing relaxed selection from rattlesnakes are very aggressive toward their remaining nonvenomous snake predator, the gopher snake. Two experiments investigated the effects of relaxed selection from rattlesnakes by examining: 1) changes in level of venom resistance, 2) the reorganization of antisnake behaviors in lab-born pups and wild-caught adults from different sites, and 3) the role of natural experiences on the development of antisnake behavior in a rattlesnake-adapted population. Level of venom resistance was examined by an in vitro radioimmunoassay of serum-to-venom binding of two populations of Douglas ground squirrels (S. b. douglasii). The ancestors of one population are estimated to have experienced relaxed selection from rattlesnakes for about 9,000 years based on genetic distance and radiocarbon analyses. The antisnake behavior of 60-73 day-old lab-born pups from these two populations was video taped during presentations of a caged rattlesnake or gophcr snake for alternate 5-min trials in a seminatural laboratory setting. Two groups of wild-caught adult Beechey groundsquirrels (S. b. beecheyi) were studied using the same protocol for examining antisnake behavior. One group was obtained from a population that recently colonized a rattlesnake-rare site and exhibits moderate venom resistance. The second group came from a population that exhibits very low venom resistance and inhabits a rattlesnake-free site; relaxed selection from rattlesnakes for this population is estimated to span approximately 60,000 years. Comparisons of Douglas ground squirrels from rattlesnake-abundant and rettlesnakerare sites revealed that venom resistance declined approximately 59% after an estimated 9,000 years of relaxed selection from rattlesnakes. Lab-born Douglas pups from the same rattlesnake-rare site were more aggressive toward the gopher snake than toward the rattlesnake whereas pups from the population experiencing predation from both species of snake treated both snakes as similarly dangerous. Unlike pups, wild-caught adults from the rattesnake-adapted population harassed the rattlesnake more intensely than the gopher snake, a phenomenon that may reflect their experience with snakes in nature and larger body size that reduces their vulnerability to envenomation. Wild-caught Beechey ground squirrels that recently colonized a rattlesnake-rare site did not differentiate the rattlesnake and gopher snake whereas Beechey ground squirrels whose ancestors have experienced prolonged relaxed selection from rattlesnakes were more aggressive toward the gopher snake. Consistent with previous findings, prolonged relaxed selection from rattlesnakes, but not gopher snakes, appears to have reduced the inhibition to harass large gopher snakes. This microevolutionary shift in increased aggressiveness toward the gopher snake could result from the virtual absence of any risk in misidentifying rattlesnakes from gopher snakes.
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Gautreau, Elie, Xavier Bonnet, Juan Sandoval, Guillaume Fosseries, Anthony Herrel, Marc Arsicault, Saïd Zeghloul, and Med Amine Laribi. "A Biomimetic Method to Replicate the Natural Fluid Movements of Swimming Snakes to Design Aquatic Robots." Biomimetics 7, no. 4 (December 3, 2022): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics7040223.
Full textAbstract:
Replicating animal movements with robots provides powerful research tools because key parameters can be manipulated at will. Facing the lack of standard methods and the high complexity of biological systems, an incremental bioinspired approach is required. We followed this method to design a snake robot capable of reproducing the natural swimming gait of snakes, i.e., the lateral undulations of the whole body. Our goal was to shift away from the classical broken line design of poly-articulated snake robots to mimic the far more complex fluid movements of snakes. First, we examined the musculoskeletal systems of different snake species to extract key information, such as the flexibility or stiffness of the body. Second, we gathered the swimming kinematics of living snakes. Third, we developed a toolbox to implement the data that are relevant to technical solutions. We eventually built a prototype of an artificial body (not yet fitted with motors) that successfully reproduced the natural fluid lateral undulations of snakes when they swim. This basis is an essential step for designing realistic autonomous snake robots.
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Öhman, Arne, and Susan Mineka. "The Malicious Serpent." Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 1 (February 2003): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01211.
Full textAbstract:
As reptiles, snakes may have signified deadly threats in the environment of early mammals. We review findings suggesting that snakes remain special stimuli for humans. Intense snake fear is prevalent in both humans and other primates. Humans and monkeys learn snake fear more easily than fear of most other stimuli through direct or vicarious conditioning. Neither the elicitation nor the conditioning of snake fear in humans requires that snakes be consciously perceived; rather, both processes can occur with masked stimuli. Humans tend to perceive illusory correlations between snakes and aversive stimuli, and their attention is automatically captured by snakes in complex visual displays. Together, these and other findings delineate an evolved fear module in the brain. This module is selectively and automatically activated by once-threatening stimuli, is relatively encapsulated from cognition, and derives from specialized neural circuitry.
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Smetona, Marius. "Euphemistic names of a snake based on its habitat and behaviour." Lietuvių kalba, no. 8 (December 22, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2014.22651.
Full textAbstract:
Scholarly works on snake euphemisms have not been numerous, yet it is worth mentioning a recent article “Euphemistic snake names” by B. Jasiūnaitė and M. Smetona (2013). This publication deals with euphemistic words that refer to a snake, the motivation of which is based on a snake’s appearance. The article “Euphemistic names of a snake based on its habitat and behaviour” may be considered as a further study on euphemistic snake names adding further knowledge to the above-mentioned publication. The present article relies on the definitions of euphemisms provided in the works by V. Želvis and J. Frazer and aims at classifying, analysing and describing 66 euphemistic snake names which appeared on the basis of the habitats snakes like to live in, their supposed or actual traits and behaviour. With respect to function, the majority of snake euphemisms are enigmatic (serving the functional purpose of disguise) and only a small part constitutes the class of complimentary euphemisms. Both enigmatic and complimentary euphemisms most often are suffixal derivatives. It is common that the motivating factors for such euphemisms to occur are physical reality related to snakes. In other words, once people have encountered a snake and got familiar with its environment, they have ascribed certain behavioural traits to it and noted in which areas it is usually known to occur. Euphemisms the base word of which refers to mystical beliefs (skraiduõlė and skraiduõlinė paskraiduõlinė) or euphemisms that are based on words the meaning of which presumably has nothing in common to snakes which are used in order to flatter them (e.g., čilbùtė, čiulbùtė ) are not common.
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Bringsøe, Henrik, and Niels Poul Dreyer. "Kleptoparasitism in Micrurus mipartitus (Squamata, Elapidae) competing for the same Caecilia sp. (Gymnophiona, Caeciliidae) in western Colombia." Herpetozoa 37 (March 22, 2024): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e112716.
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Kleptoparasitism, or food theft, is seldom reported in wild populations of snakes. Here, we describe as case where two Red-tailed Coral Snakes, Micrurus mipartitus, were observed competing for the same caecilian prey, either Caecilia leucocephala or C. perdita. This took place at night in a rainforest habitat in Valle del Cauca Department, western Colombia. Upon our arrival, the battle had already started as the two coral snakes kept bite-holds on the caecilian. They continued biting the prey at different places on the anterior parts and tugging in opposite directions. The snakes also made rotations along the longitudinal axis as they maintained their bite-holds. Surprisingly, one snake also bit the body of the other snake once. After 17 minutes of observation, the losing coral snake released its bite-hold on the caecilian. The winner then moved away from the losing snake which did not follow. It is well-known that M. mipartitus and other coral snakes eat caecilians, but this is the first observation of kleptoparasitism in elapid snakes in the wild. It is considered likely that they rely on chemoreception when detecting caecilians, notably in this case as two coral snakes detected the same prey item. In general, kleptoparasitism may occur more frequently amongst snakes than indicated by the very few published cases considering that numerous cases from captivity are known.
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Williams, Harry F., Karin Moejes, Jarred Williams, José R. Almeida, Ravi Savania, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ketan Patel, and Sakthivel Vaiyapuri. "Ashes to eye: A skilled snake handler’s experience with ophthalmic envenomation." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17, no. 4 (April 26, 2023): e0011264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011264.
Full textAbstract:
With the continued growth of human populations, rural urbanisation and habitat degradation are on the rise, resulting in the displacement of native wildlife and an increase in human-wildlife conflicts. The presence of human habitation and waste often attracts rodents and thereby, snakes, leading to increased snake sightings in homes. To address this problem, snake handlers, who are volunteers that remove and relocate snakes away from human development areas, are called upon. However, snake removal is a high-risk task that poses a risk of envenomation, particularly when dealing with spitting snakes. Several cobra species have the ability to spit venom. If the venom enters a person’s eye, it can result in ophthalmic envenomation, which can have serious consequences for their eyesight. Therefore, snake handlers should take precautions, wear suitable eye protection, and use appropriate tools to ensure their safety and that of the snake. In this case, an experienced snake handler was called to remove a spitting cobra, but they were ill-equipped. During the removal, the venom was sprayed across the handler’s face, and some of it entered their eye, resulting in ophthalmic envenomation. The handler promptly irrigated their eye, but medical treatment was still necessary. This report highlights the risks and consequences of ophthalmic injury and the importance of wearing appropriate eye protection and taking due care when dealing with venomous species, particularly those that can spit venom. It serves as a reminder that accidents can happen at any time and experienced snake handlers are not exempt from the risks.
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Barazandeh, Farshad, Hossein Rahnamafard, Mehdi Rajabizadeh, and Hossein Faraji. "Engineering observation of lateral undulation in colubrid snakes for wheel-less locomotion." Robotica 30, no. 7 (December 14, 2011): 1079–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574711001251.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYNature has always inspired engineers. This research tries to understand the contribution of snake anatomy in its locomotion from engineering point of view to be adopted in the design of snake robots. Rib design and muscular structure of snake robots will have a great impact on snake robot flexibility, weight, and actuators' torque. It will help to eliminate wheels in snake robots during serpentine locomotion. The result of this research shows that snakes can establish the required peg points on smooth surfaces by deflecting the body and ribs. The results are verified by both field observations and simulation.
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Roshnath, Ramesh. "Solving species quandary: why awareness programs are pivotal in snake conservation." Herpetological Journal, Volume 29, Number 4 (January 1, 2019): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/29.4.214218.
Full textAbstract:
Snakes are feared but largely misunderstood by the public. In India, a country with ancient cultures and traditions, snakes were historically worshiped and their habitats were protected as sacred. However, over time these values have shifted to non-conservative approaches, even with people killing snakes on encountering them. This attitudinal change is an indication of knowledge erosion. A closed-ended survey was conducted for 300 randomly selected people in Kerala, India in the age range of 21-55 years to discern their skills in identifying common snake species, and evaluate their attitudes and knowledge about the importance of snakes in the environment. The study showed a lack of knowledge among the responders regarding snakes. Common snakes were not familiar, venomous and non-venomous snakes were mis-classified, and a lack of knowledge about post-bite treatment was observed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for planned conservation education and awareness programmes to build a snake-friendly society. A better understanding of snakes will supplement conservation in the future, and can minimise human-snake conflicts.
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Klenina, Anastasia A. "Differences in Features of External Morphology Traits of Young and Adult Snakes of the Family Colubridae (Reptilia)." Current Studies in Herpetology 20, no. 3/4 (December 15, 2020): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1814-6090-2020-20-3-4-116-127.
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Characteristics of the meristic features of the external morphology of young and adult snakes (the Colubridae family) of three species, namely, the grass snake Natrix natrix, the dice snake N. tessellata and the Pallas’ coluber Elaphe dione, living in the Samara region, are described. For the first time, a comparative analysis was carried out of a number of morphological characters of uneven-aged snakes, namely: newborns obtained in laboratory conditions, juvenile specimens, and adult snakes captured in nature. It was revealed that those morphological features which remained unchanged during the snake's life (the number of Ventr., Scd., Lab. and Temp. scales) significantly differred in specimens of laboratory and natural origin. Statistically significant differences were also found between young and adult specimens of the dice snake from nature.