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1
Kauferstein, Silke, Christine Porth, Yvonne Kendel, Cora Wunder, Annette Nicke, Dusan Kordis, Philippe Favreau, Dominique Koua, Reto Stöcklin, and Dietrich Mebs. "Venomic study on cone snails (Conus spp.) from South Africa." Toxicon 57, no. 1 (January 2011): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.09.009.
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De Kock, K. N., and C. T. Wolmarans. "Distribution and habitats of Gyraulus costulatus, potential snail intermediate host of intestinal flukes of the family Echinostomatidae in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 25, no. 1 (September 22, 2006): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v25i1.141.
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This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and habitats of Gyraulus costulatus as reflected by the 736 localities currently on record in the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. Although a wide variety of water body types was reported for this species, the largest number of samples were yielded by rivers, streams and dams which were described as perennial with predominantly fresh and clear water. A mainly stony substrate and the presence of aquatic vegetation were recorded for the majority of localities at the time of survey. An integrated decision tree constructed from the data indicated that altitude, temperature and water bodies were the most important of the factors investigated that determined the documented geographical distribution of this species in South Africa. This was supported by the effect size values calculated separately for each factor. Since the early eighties of the previous century, surveys to monitor and update the geographical distribution of freshwater snails and snail-borne parasitic diseases have been relegated to a low priority issue and this is a matter of concern. It is recommended that the exact role of G. costulatus in the epidemiology of economically important helminth parasites in South Africa should be investigated.
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Butcher, Andrew R. "Children, snails and worms: the Brachylaima cribbi story." Microbiology Australia 37, no. 1 (2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma16012.
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Brachylaimids are parasitic trematode fluke worms that have a terrestrial life cycle involving land snails and slugs as the first and/or second intermediate hosts for the cercarial and metacercarial larval stages. A wide range of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians are the definitive hosts for the adult worm. Brachylaima spp. have been reported from most continents including Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America and Australia. There are over 70 described species in the genus with seven species indigenous to Australia. Although Brachylaima spp. are a cosmopolitan terrestrial trematode they have not been recorded to infect humans other than the three Brachylaima cribbi infections reported in two children and an adult from South Australia.
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Rapado, L. N., E. Nakano, F. P. Ohlweiler, M. J. Kato, L. F. Yamaguchi, C. A. B. Pereira, and T. Kawano. "Molluscicidal and ovicidal activities of plant extracts of the Piperaceae on Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)." Journal of Helminthology 85, no. 1 (May 6, 2010): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x10000258.
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AbstractSchistosomiasis is a tropical disease caused by Schistosoma and occurs in 54 countries, mainly in South America, the Caribbean region, Africa and the eastern Mediterranean. Currently, 5 to 6 million Brazilian people are infected and 30,000 are under infection risk. Typical of poor regions, this disease is associated with the lack of basic sanitation and very frequently to the use of contaminated water in agriculture, housework and leisure. One of the most efficient methods of controlling the disease is application of molluscicides to eliminate or to reduce the population of the intermediate host snail Biomphalaria glabrata. Studies on molluscicidal activity of plant extracts have been stimulated by issues such as environmental preservation, high cost and recurrent resistance of snails to synthetic molluscicides. The aim of this study was to determine the molluscicide action of extracts from Piperaceae species on adult and embryonic stages of B. glabrata. Fifteen extracts from 13 Piperaceae species were obtained from stems, leaves and roots. Toxicity of extracts was evaluated against snails at two different concentrations (500 and 100 ppm) and those causing 100% mortality at 100 ppm concentration were selected to obtain the LC90 (lethal concentration of 90% mortality). Piper aduncum, P. crassinervium, P. cuyabanum, P. diospyrifolium and P. hostmannianum gave 100% mortality of adult snails at concentrations ranging from 10 to 60 ppm. These extracts were also assayed on embryonic stages of B. glabrata and those from P. cuyabanum and P. hostmannianum showed 100% ovicidal action at 20 ppm.
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Baper, F. A. H., and L. Harrison Matthews. "Notes on a carnivorous oligochaete coniniensal on certain fresh-water snails in South Africa." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 125, no. 2 (August 20, 2009): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1955.tb00606.x.
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Perera, Sandun J., David G. Herbert, Şerban Procheş, and Syd Ramdhani. "Land snail biogeography and endemism in south-eastern Africa: Implications for the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0248040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248040.
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Invertebrates in general have long been underrepresented in studies on biodiversity, biogeography and conservation. Boundaries of biodiversity hotspots are often delimited intuitively based on floristic endemism and have seldom been empirically tested using actual species distributions, and especially invertebrates. Here we analyse the zoogeography of terrestrial malacofauna from south-eastern Africa (SEA), proposing the first mollusc-based numerical regionalisation for the area. We also discuss patterns and centres of land snail endemism, thence assessing the importance and the delimitation of the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany (MPA) biodiversity hotspot for their conservation. An incidence matrix compiled for relatively well-collected lineages of land snails and slugs (73 taxa in twelve genera) in 40 a priori operational geographic units was subjected to (a) phenetic agglomerative hierarchical clustering using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA), (b) parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and biotic element analysis (BEA). Fulfilling the primary objective of our study, the UPGMA dendrogram provided a hierarchical regionalisation and identified five centres of molluscan endemism for SEA, while the PAE confirmed six areas of endemism, also supported by the BEA. The regionalisation recovers a zoogeographic province similar to the MPA hotspot, but with a conspicuous westward extension into Knysna (towards the Cape). The MPA province, centres and areas of endemism, biotic elements as well as the spatial patterns of species richness and endemism, support the MPA hotspot, but suggest further extensions resulting in a greater MPA region of land snail endemism (also with a northward extension into sky islands—Soutpansberg and Wolkberg), similar to that noted for vertebrates. The greater MPA region provides a more robustly defined region of conservation concern, with centres of endemism serving as local conservation priorities.
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Maharaj, Rajendra, Inbarani Naidoo, and Christopher C. Appleton. "Susceptibility of schistosome host snails to predation by sciomyzid flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) in South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 30, no. 2 (August 2005): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085910509503853.
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Wilken, G. B., and C. C. Appleton. "Avoidance responses of some indigenous and exotic freshwater pulmonate snails to leech predation in South Africa." South African Journal of Zoology 26, no. 1 (January 1991): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1991.11448226.
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Appleton, C. C., and N. A. F. Miranda. "Two Asian Freshwater Snails Newly Introduced into South Africa and an Analysis of Alien Species Reported to Date." African Invertebrates 56, no. 1 (June 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5733/afin.056.0102.
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De Kock, K. N., and C. T. Wolmarans. "The geographical distribution and habitats of three liver fluke intermediate hosts in South - Africa and the health implications involved." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 1 (September 16, 2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i1.78.
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Account is given of the distribution and habitats of the three Lymnaea species currently on recordin the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. A total number of 616, 353and 202 loci (1/16th square degrees) was respectively recorded for Lymnaea natalensis, L. columellaand L. truncatula. The number of loci in which the collection sites of each species was located, wasdistributed in intervals of mean annual air temperature and rainfall, as well as intervals of meanaltitude. A temperature index was calculated for all mollusc species in the database and the resultsused to rank them in order of their association with low to high climatic temperatures. Chi-squareand effect size values were calculated to determine the significance in differences between frequencies of occurrence of each species in, on, or at the different options for each of the variables investigated and also to determine the significance of the differences between the three species. None of the three Lymnaea species were well represented in the arid regions of the Northern ,Western and Eastern Cape Province, and only L. truncatula was reported from Lesotho. Lymnaeanatalensis is the most widespread of the three species, while the distribution of L. truncatula displaysa sporadic and limited pattern. The alien invader species L. columella was first reported from SouthAfrica in the early 1940’s but was so successful in its invasion of water-bodies in South Africa thatit is currently considered the third most widespread freshwater snail in the country. Lymnaea truncatula was the only one of the three species not recovered from all 14 water-body types represented in the database. The largest number of samples of L. truncatula by far, was yielded by marshes while the largest number of samples of the other two species was collected in rivers, streams and dams. The highest percentage occurrence of all three species was in habitats in which the water conditions were described as permanent, standing, fresh and clear. Although the highest percentage of samples of all three species was reported from loci that fell within the interval ranging from 16-20°C, a significant number of samples of L. truncatula came from loci falling with in the 11-15°C interval. In view of the fact that Lymnaea species are well known as intermediate hosts for liver fluke in South Africa and elsewhere in the world, the widespread occurrence of these snails could have considerable health and economic consequences. Lymnaea natalenis is the most important and probably the only intermediate host of Fasciola gigantica, the most common liver fluke in Africa but F. gigantica has been reliably reported only from Lesotho where its traditional intermediate host, L. truncatula is widespread. However, the epidemiology of fasciolosis in South Africa has been complicated by the invasion of many water-bodies by L. columella because this species has proved to be a successful host for F. hepatica where it had been introduced elsewhere in the world. To our knowledge its role in South Africa in this respect has not yet been evaluated. Due to the fact that no statistics are available in print, the results of positive serological tests on cattle herds all over South Africa were used to compile a map depicting the possible occurrence of Fasciola species in livestock in this country. Although human infections with Fasciola in Africa was considered as very rare in 1975 the situation has changed. It is considered an underrated and underreported disease in humans in Ethiopia and in Egypt an increase in cases of fasciolosis and prevalence’s as high as 12.8% in humans have also recently been reported. To our knowledge the only cases of human fasciolosis reported in literature for South Africa were from northern KwaZulu-Natal where F. hepatica infections were found in 22 out of 7 569 school children examined in 1981. Efforts to obtain recent statisticson human infections from various persons and authorities were totally unsuccessful. In view of statistics available for elsewhere in the world, it would be unwise to assume that no problems exist in this regard in South Africa. The number of people suffering from fasciolosis was already estimated at 2.4 million in 61 countries in 1995 and another 180 million at risk of becoming infected, with the highest prevalence’s reported from Bolivia, China, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Iran, Peru and Portugal. The results of recent serological assays for the detection of fasciolosis in cattle herds in selected areas in South Africa indicated positive cases from localities that closely correspond to the geographical distribution of the three Lymnaea species in this country. According to reports in the literature, the high prevalence of fasciolosis in livestock in the highlands of Ethiopia couldhave serious health implications for people in the area because they have to use the same water resources. In many rural areas in South Africa local populations also have no other options than to share natural water resources with their livestock. In most instances these water bodies harbour at least one of the Lymnaea species which can maintain the life cycle of fasciola. Under such conditions residents could daily be exposed to the risk of becoming infected. It is a matter of concern that epidemiological research with regard to human fasciolosis is such aneglected subject in South Africa. In our opinion epidemiological surveys should be conducted to determine the prevalence of human fasciolosis in specific areas which could be selected on the basis of using the geographical distribution of the three Linnaean species as guidelines. Efforts should also be made to conduct surveys to update the geographical distribution of the snail intermediate hosts and awareness programmes should be launched in rural areas at risk.
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Zukowski, Sylvia, and Keith F. Walker. "Freshwater snails in competition: alien Physa acuta (Physidae) and native Glyptophysa gibbosa (Planorbidae) in the River Murray, South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 10 (2009): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08183.
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Physa acuta (Draparnaud), an invasive species from Europe, is the most abundant freshwater snail in the Lower River Murray. Its ascendancy follows a general decline of native species, including the morphologically and ecologically similar Glyptophysa gibbosa (Gould). We began with two hypotheses. The first required comparisons of the salinity and temperature tolerances and other attributes of eggs, juveniles and adults to reveal differences that might account for the relative abundances of the species. As anticipated, P. acuta proved to have higher fecundity, shorter hatching time and higher salinity and temperature tolerances than G. gibbosa. The second hypothesis concerned a possible competitive interaction between the species. This was confirmed, as when juveniles were kept together, under laboratory conditions, the growth rate of P. acuta increased and that of G. gibbosa decreased (with some mortality). We suggest that the apparent decline of G. gibbosa in the Lower Murray may reflect its sensitivity to salinity and its vulnerability in interactions with P. acuta. This is a global concern as P. acuta has spread also to North America, Japan and South Africa, and there have been reports of impacts on local species.
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De Kock, K. N. "Distribution and habitats of Ceratophallus natalensis (Mollusca: Planorbidae) in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, no. 2 (September 21, 2007): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i2.128.
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Species of the genus Ceratophallus are known only from some islands in the western Indian Ocean and Africa, where they occur in Eritrea and the area extending southwards and westwards into the Western Cape of South Africa. The most recent classification recognises nine species of this genus of which only two, namely Ceratophallus natalensis (Krauss) and Ceratophallus gibbonsi (Nelson) occur in South Africa. Although partially sympatric, C. gibbonsi is largely associated with a tropical climate and perennial water-bodies while C. natalensis is fairly common in cooler areas and are often found in ephemeral rain pools. This article focuses on the geographical distribution and habitats of C. natalensis, the most widespread species of the genus, as reflected by the data on record in the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC). Details pertaining to the habitats of 1 797 samples of C. natalensis as recorded at the time of collection were extracted from the database of the NFSC. In view of the finding of Brown1 that C. natalensis and C. gibbonsi are partly sympatric, but that the latter is associated with fully tropical climatic areas, samples of Ceratophallus collected in loci ( 1 / 16 th square degrees) that fall within the altitude interval ranging from 0-500 m, were selected for closer investigation. A number of 153 samples from 64 loci falling within this altitude interval was subsequently identified as C. natalensis. The number of loci in which the 1 797 collection sites were located, was distributed in intervals of mean annual air temperature and rainfall, as well as intervals of mean altitude, to illustrate the frequency of occurrence within specific intervals. A temperature index was calculated for all mollusc species in the database from their frequencies of occurrence within selected temperature intervals and the results were used to rank them in order of their association with low to high climatic temperatures. Chi-square values were calculated to evaluate the significance of the difference between the frequency of occurrence in, on, or at the different options for each variable. Additionally, an effect size value was calculated to determine the significance of the effect of all the different variables discussed in this paper on the geographical distribution of C. natalensis in South Africa. A multivariate analysis in the form of a decision tree was also constructed. This is a statistical model that enables the selection and ranking of those variables that can maximally discriminate between the frequency of occurrence of a given species under specific conditions as compared to all other mollusc species in the database.The 1 797 samples of C. natalensis of which the collection sites could be located on a 1:250 000 topo-cadastral map series of South Africa were spread over 334 loci. This species was recovered from all types of water-bodies represented in the database but the largest percentage was reported from dams (31.2%), streams (22.2%) and rivers (15.7%). The majority of samples came from habitats with perennial (60.0%), standing (62.9%), clear (63.8%) and fresh (76.7%) water, while 42.1% of the samples were recovered from habitats with a muddy substratum. More than 95% of the samples were reported from sites that fell within the temperature interval ranging from 16-20°C and the majority of samples (64.8%) came from sites falling within the rainfall interval ranging from 601–900 mm. More than 50% of the samples came from sites falling within the altitude interval ranging from 1 001–1 500 m and this differed significantly from the frequency of occurrence within all the alternative altitude intervals. The temperature index calculated for C. natalensis ranked it in the eighth position for all species in the database due to its association with low climatological temperatures. However, the effect size values calculated for this index for 18 of the other 53 species in the database did not differ significantly from the value calculated for C. natalensis. A moderate to large effect size value was calculated for temperature and altitude suggesting that these two variables played an important role in the geographical distribution of C. natalensis, a finding also substantiated by the results of the decision tree analysis. Harrison8 divided the riverine and stream invertebrates of southern Africa into two main groups – a so-called old element with Gondwanaland affinities with relatives in other southern continents and a Pan-Ethiopian (Sub-Saharan) element. Also included in this last element are some species associated with temperate climate and sometimes with mountains, that obviously related to the African fauna. According to this author this group includes the following four sub- groups: (1) widespread species found in tropical and temperate climates, (2) warm stenothermal, tropical species, (3) Highveld-temperate climate species, (4) montane, cold stenothermal species and (5) temporary mountain stream species. According to Brown9 C. natalensis could be placed in the more or less eurythermal sub-group (1). This is supported by the geographical distribution of the collection sites of the samples of C. natalensis depicted in figure 1. Presently this species is the only member of the subfamily Planorbinae reported from Lesotho and it is currently on record from nine loci in that country in our database. It is therefore not surprising that the temperature index calculated for this species ranked it under the eight species in the database most closely associated with cooler climatic conditions. It is reported in literature that this species can utilise a wide variety of habitats including ephemeral water-bodies like marshes, slow-flowing streams, natural depressions and ditches only briefly filled with water. This is supported by the results of the present investigation which indicated the presence of this species in all types of water-body on record in the database and that 26% of the samples came from temporary habitats. It is not known whether C. natalensis can serve as intermediate host for any human helminth parasite. However, Loker et al. 12 reported the shedding of 11 different trematode cercariae from naturally infected snails in Tanzania and Frandsen and Christensen13 mention at least 10 different cercariae which could be shed from species of Ceratophallus under natural conditions. To our knowledge no efforts have been made to establish the possible role of C. natalensis as intermediate host of economically important helminth parasites in South Africa. In view of its relatively wide distribution in this country and the reports that it can act as intermediate host of a variety of helminth parasites elsewhere in Africa, it is recommended that its role as potential intermediate host in South Africa should be investigated.
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Armstrong, Adrian John, and Martin H. Villet. "Checklist, endemism, English vernacular names and identification of the cicadas (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadidae) of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." African Invertebrates 60, no. 2 (August 19, 2019): 165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.60.35130.
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Public understanding of the goals of applied biology and conservation is promoted by showcasing charismatic or significant organisms using vernacular names. Conservation activities in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, are prioritising taxa that have high rates of provincial endemism, such as snails, earthworms, millipedes and cicadas. To assist wider public engagement in these activities, an assessment of endemism of the cicadas of KwaZulu-Natal is presented along with a dichotomous, 37-couplet key for the identification of males, based mainly on externally visible morphology and colouration. Standardised English vernacular names coined following a simple naming convention are proposed. Forty-two percent (16 out of 38) of the cicada species known from KwaZulu-Natal are endemic to the province. Photographs of some of the species are included to facilitate their identification. Photographs can be used for identification of various species providing that the diagnostic characters are visible in the photographs. For this purpose, photographs may have to be taken of hand-held individuals. Some of the endemic species are of particular concern for conservation because they are not known to occur in statutory protected areas or are only known from relatively small protected areas. The latter may not be able to ensure the long-term survival of the species. The rate and extent of loss of habitat outside protected areas is likely to be a grave threat to species that are not protected or that are inadequately conserved in statutory protected areas. The standardised vernacular names proposed here provide a tool for communicating provincial conservation plans and concerns with stakeholders in KwaZulu-Natal and for stimulating interest in cicadas amongst land users, environmental impact assessment practitioners, biologists, naturalists and citizen scientists.
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Bargues, Maria Dolores, Maria Adela Valero, Gabriel A. Trueba, Marco Fornasini, Angel F. Villavicencio, Rocío Guamán, Alejandra De Elías-Escribano, Ignacio Pérez-Crespo, Patricio Artigas, and Santiago Mas-Coma. "DNA Multi-Marker Genotyping and CIAS Morphometric Phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-Sized Flukes from Ecuador, with an Analysis of the Radix Absence in the New World and the Evolutionary Lymnaeid Snail Vector Filter." Animals 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 2495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092495.
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Fascioliasis is a disease caused by Fasciola hepatica worldwide transmitted by lymnaeid snails mainly of the Galba/Fossaria group and F. gigantica restricted to parts of Africa and Asia and transmitted by Radix lymnaeids. Concern has recently risen regarding the high pathogenicity and human infection capacity of F. gigantica. Abnormally big-sized fasciolids were found infecting sheep in Ecuador, the only South American country where F. gigantica has been reported. Their phenotypic comparison with F. hepatica infecting sheep from Peru, Bolivia and Spain, and F. gigantica from Egypt and Vietnam demonstrated the Ecuadorian fasciolids to have size-linked parameters of F. gigantica. Genotyping of these big-sized fasciolids by rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mtDNA cox1 and nad1 and their comparison with other countries proved the big-sized fasciolids to belong to F. hepatica. Neither heterozygotic ITS position differentiated the two species, and no introgressed fragments and heteroplasmic positions in mtDNA were found. The haplotype diversity indicates introductions mainly from other South American countries, Europe and North America. Big-sized fasciolids from Ecuador and USA are considered to be consequences of F.gigantica introductions by past livestock importations. The vector specificity filter due to Radix absence should act as driving force in the evolution in such lineages.
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Kruger, F. J., P. H. Joubert, and S. J. Pretorius. "Ratio of Schistosoma haematobium to S. mattheei infections in Bulinus africanus snails from rural areas in the eastern Transvaal lowveld in South Africa." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, no. 4 (July 1990): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(90)90038-g.
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Mamadou, Karamoko, Amani N’dri Saint-Clair, Touré Alassane, Komoin Oka Clarisse, Otchoumou Atcho, Fantodji Agathe, and Kouassi Kouassi Philippe. "Prevalence Of African Giant Snails For Parasites In A South-East Region Of Côte d'Ivoire." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 21 (July 29, 2016): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n21p186.
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Two species of snails (Achatina achatina and Archachatina ventricosa), from surrounding forest of Azaguié’s district, were collected at the market of the locality aforementioned in order to identify their various parasites. For that, 50 snails of each species were sacrificed. Parasites were searched on the level of the flesh, between the flesh and the shell, the stomach, the intestine, the liver and the reproductive apparatus. The collected parasites were Balantidium spp, the larvae of Protostrongylus spp, the larvae of Dicrocoelium spp and Trichomonas spp. Our results showed that 52% of Achatina achatina and 74% of Archachatina ventricosa were parasitized. Among the parasites collected in the snail Achatina achatina, 95.8% were nematodes and 4.1% were trematodes. Whereas in the snail Archachatina ventricosa, 97.7% were protozoa, 8.8% nematodes and 0.4% consisting with trematodes. The prevalence of Protostrongylus spp (48%) were higher than that of Dicrocoelium spp (4%) in Achatina achatina. For the snail Archachatina ventricosa, the prevalence of parasite were dominated by Trichomonas spp (38%) and Protostrongylus spp (24%).
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Salvador, Rodrigo B., and Jonathan D. Ablett. "Type specimens of Streptaxidae from Henry C. Burnup in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa." African Invertebrates 61, no. 2 (October 23, 2020): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.61.58085.
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A small collection containing thirty-nine lots of South African Streptaxidae land snails is housed in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (NMNZ). This material previously belonged to British/South African malacologist Henry C. Burnup, who either donated it to, or exchanged it with New Zealand-based Swiss malacologist Henry Suter, whose land snail collection was eventually acquired by the NMNZ. The lots contain type specimens of eight taxa (species and subspecies) and are presented herein in the form of an annotated and illustrated catalogue.
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de Kock, K. N., and P. H. Joubert. "SUITABILITY OF TROPICAL FISH FOODS FOR LABORATORY CULTURE OF FOUR SPECIES OF FRESHWATER SNAILS ACTING AS INTERMEDIATE HOSTS FOR ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT HELMINTH PARASITES IN SOUTH AFRICA." Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 15, no. 1 (June 1989): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10183469.1989.9631300.
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Malatji, Mokgadi P., Jennifer Lamb, and Samson Mukaratirwa. "Molecular characterization of liver fluke intermediate host lymnaeids (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) snails from selected regions of Okavango Delta of Botswana, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa." Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports 17 (August 2019): 100318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100318.
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Saha, Chilka, Saida Parveen, Joy Chakraborty, Soujita Pramanik, and Gautam Aditya. "Life table estimates of the invasive snail Physa acuta Draparnaud, 1805, occurring in India." Ekológia (Bratislava) 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2017-0006.
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Abstract The life table characteristics of the invasive snail Physa acuta were assessed in the laboratory using the individuals occurring in a newly colonised area in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Using the changes in the shell length and the body weight of the snails as surrogate, the population growth of the snails was estimated along with longevity and the fecundity schedule. The cohort of P. acuta lived for a maximum of 22 weeks with a life expectancy (ex) of 7.27 weeks and the age-specific survivorship being 0.825. Increment of the shell length of the snails complied with the von Bertalanffy growth equation, lt = 11.75(1 − exp−0.17(t−0.06)), and the observed and the expected data of the length at time t (lt) did not vary significantly (z score = 0.230; P = 0.818; n=20 pairs). Following attainment of sexual maturity between 28 and 42 days, oviposition continued till 20 weeks time, with 0.1-10 eggs laid by each individual. The eggs present per capsule remained between 01 and 11, whilst the net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were 116.07, 0.1 and 1.11, respectively. The observations are similar to those made earlier on the same species but from African and South American continents. The results of the present observation are pioneer in providing the initial studies about the life history of the invasive snail P. acuta in Indian context. Using the present information as a basis, further studies including long-term population monitoring should be initiated to understand the effects of the invasive snail P. acuta in the freshwater ecosystem of West Bengal, India.
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KNUTSON, LLOYD V., JOHN C. DEEMING, and MARTIN J. EBEJER. "The Snail-killing Flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) of West Africa." Zootaxa 4483, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.3.
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A review of the West African “snail-killing flies” or “marsh flies” (Sciomyzidae) shows that the fauna is not as dominated by the generally aquatic, predaceous genus Sepedon as was previously considered. Twenty species in seven genera, including three new species, Colobaea occidentalis, Pteromicra zariae and Sepedonella castanea are recorded. The Holarctic-Oriental genera Colobaea and Pteromicra are documented from Africa south of the Sahara for the first time. Biogeographical analyses based on the discovery of “Palaearctic” genera of Diptera south of the Sahara, faunal connections, and dispersal routes are presented. A key for identification and illustrations of diagnostic characters for some species are included.
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Khalid, Huda, Maowia Mohammed Mukhtar, and Nicki Konstantakopoulos. "Cytotoxiciy of Naja nubiae (Serpentes: Elapidae) and Echis ocellatus (Serpentes: Viperidae) Venoms from Sudan." Journal of Toxins 2015 (March 15, 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/167492.
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In Sudan, as in many African countries, no local specific antivenom is manufactured resulting in snake bite victims being treated by antivenoms imported from abroad. In the present work we measured the cytotoxic effect of the recently described spitting cobra (Naja nubiae) and the carpet viper (Echis ocellatus) snake venoms using a cell based assay. We also investigated the efficacy of four antivenoms CSL (Australia), SAIMR (South Africa), snake venom antiserum (India), and EchiTAb-Plus-ICP (Cost Rica) to neutralize the cytotoxic effect of the two venoms. The venoms resulted in a remarkable inhibition of cell viability with N. nubiae being more cytotoxic than E. ocellatus. The four antivenoms studied were effective in neutralizing N. nubiae cytotoxicity. However, only partial efficacy in neutralizing the cytotoxic effect of E. ocellatus was achieved using CSL (Australia) and SVA (India) antivenoms. Based on the cross neutralization by the four antivenoms, the Sudanese N. nubiae venom most likely has homologous epitopes with similar snakes from Australia, South Africa, India, and Cost Rica, while E. ocellatus venom from Sudan shares little homology with similar snakes from other countries.
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De Kock, K. N., C. T. Wolmarans, H. D. Strauss, and M. Killian. "Verspreiding en habitats van Lymnaea natalensis, tussengasheerslak van die lewerbot Fasciola gigantica, in Suid-Afrika." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 20, no. 2 (September 28, 2001): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v20i2.251.
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Hierdie artikel fokus op die geografiese verspreiding en die habitats van Lymnaea natalensis, die slaktussengasheer van die lewerbot, Fasciola gigantica, soos gereflekteer deur die vindplekke van sy 4 552 monsters wat tans in die Nasionale Varswaterslakversameling (NVV) van Suid-Afrika op rekord is. Alhoewel hierdie spesie in’n verskeidenheid van waterliggame aangetref is, was die meerderheid van die monsters (±70%) afkomstig vanuit riviere, spruite en damme en is die water in 70.8% van die gevalle as standhoudend en in 71.8% van die gevalle as stadigvloeiend, of staande beskryf. Die resultate van lewenstabeleksperimente deur verskeie outeurs het daarop gedui dat temperatuur ’n minder belangrike bepalende faktor in sy geografiese verspreiding blyk te wees, maar dat die beskikbaarheid van standhoudende water deurslaggewend vir sy voorkoms in ’n gegewe habitat mag wees. Hierdie resultate strook met die bevinding dat slegs 7.5% van die monsters van hierdie spesie in die NVV in habitats wat as seisoenaal beskryf is, versamel is. Verder bied dit’n logiese verklaring vir die sporadiese voorkoms, of totale afwesigheid van hierdie spesie in die droër streke van Suid-Afrika. Opgaardamme en besproeiingsnetwerke dra grootliks by tot die skepping van permanente habitats wat geskik sou wees vir L. natalensis. As tussengasheer vir een van die lewerbotspesies wat reeds ’n ekonomiese faktor in Suid-Afrika is, is dit ’n aspek waarmee beslis rekening gehou behoort te word in die beplanning en konstruksie van nuwe besproeiingsprojekte.AbstractDistribution and habitats of Lymnaea natalensis, snail intermediate host of the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica, in South Africa This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and the habitats of Lymnaea natalensis, the snail intermediate host of the liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica, as reflected by the collection sites of its 4 552 samples currently on record in the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. Although this species was represented in a variety of waterbodies, the majority of samples (±70%) came from rivers, brooks and dams and in 70.8% of the cases the water was described as permanent and in 71.8% as slow flowing or standing. The results of life-table studies conducted by various authors indicated that temperature should be a relatively unimportant factor in determining its geographical distribution, but that the availability of permanent water should be decisive for its presence in a given habitat. These results are in agreement with the finding that only 7.5% of the samples of this species in the NFSC were collected in habitats which were described as seasonal. Furthermore, it gives a logical explanation for the sporadic occurrence, or total absence of this species in the more arid regions of South Africa. Water impoundments and irrigation networks contribute to a large extent towards creating perennial habitats which would be suitable for L. natalensis. As intermediate host for one of the liver fluke species which already is an economic factor in South Africa, this certainly is an aspect which ought to be reckoned with in the planning and construction of new irrigation schemes.
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Idowu, A. B., and O. A. Akinnusi. "The structure of the ovotestis of the common African land snails found in Abeokuta, South Western Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 33, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v33i2.938.
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A comparative study of the structure of the ovotestis of African land snails found in Abeokuta was investigated. Of all the five snails species found and dissected, Archachatina marginata, Achatina achatina, A. fulica, Helix pomatia and Limcolaria aurora, only the ovotestis of H. pomatia could not be observed. The positioning, shape and arrangement of the ovotestis was the same for all the other four species. The ovotestis is embedded in the digestive gland at the anterior region of the coiled posterior end of the visceral mass. It is cream coloured and made up of sac-like lobes arranged on a single plane. It is differentiated into an ovariaon and testicular region. The number and size of the ovotestis differ significantly (P<0.05) in all the snails. Each lobe is made of several follicles and the number of which varied in the four species. Statistical analysis showed that live weight, shell length, shell width and shell circumference of the snails had no significant influence on the size on their ovotestis. Meiotic metaphase spreads of the ovotestis tissues revealed chromosome numbers 2n=56, 2n=44, 2n=54 and 2n=28 for A. marginata, A. achatina, A. fulica and L. aurora
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Akinnusi, F. A. O., O. O. Oni, and K. O. Ademolu. "Nutritional analysis of the albumen gland of giant African land snail (Archachatina marginata) from six Southwest states, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i5.1267.
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The albumen gland is a vital part of visceral mass of giant African land snail (GALS) and its very rich in nutrients. As with other parts of snails, its composition is influenced by diet, location, age and species. The chemical compositions of albumen gland of GALS across the south western states of Nigeria have not been evaluated despite their diverse climatic conditions. Three hundred and sixty (360) Archachatina marginata were obtained from six south west states (60 snails/ state) and the albumen gland samples were analyzed for their proximate composition (crude protein, fat, ash, fibre and carbohydrate), minerals content (K+, Ca2+, P, Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, Fe2+), anti-nutrients and vitamins composition. The crude protein of the gland ranged between 12.93% and 24.40% with Ekiti state recording the highest value and Osun the least. The fat content was low (1.14%-2.29%) and no fibre was detected in the albumen gland. Snails from Ekiti and Ondo states had significantly higher Ca2+, P and Mg2+ than other states. No Vitamin C was detected in the gland across the states while Vitamin A values ranged from 38.68 (Lagos) to 45.51 (Ondo). Least anti-nutrient concentrations were recorded by snails from Ondo and Ekiti states, while Lagos state recorded the highest (except flavonoid and oxalate). Albumen glands of snails from Ekiti and Ondo states are thus more nutritious than that from other states and can be safely consumed by both man and farm animals. La glande albumen est une partie vitale de la masse viscérale de l'escargot terrestre géant africain (le 'GALS') et elle est très riche en nutriments. Comme pour d'autres parties d'escargots, sa composition est influencée par le régime alimentaire, l'emplacement, l'âge et l'espèce. Les compositions chimiques de la glande albumine de 'GALS' dans les États du sudouest du Nigéria n'ont pas été évaluées malgré leurs conditions climatiques diverses. Trois cent soixante (360) Archachatinamarginata ont été obtenus de six états du sud-ouest (60 escargots / état) et les échantillons de glande albumen ont été analysés pour leur composition immédiate (protéines brutes, graisses, cendres, fibres et glucides), teneur en minéraux (K+, Ca2+, P, Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, Fe2+), composition anti-nutriments et vitamines. La protéine brute de la glande variait entre 12,93% et 24,40%, l'état d'Ekiti enregistrant la valeur la plus élevée et Osun le moins. La teneur en matières grasses était faible (1,14% -2,29%) et aucune fibre n'a été détectée dans l'albumen. Les escargots des états d'Ekiti et d'Ondo avaient des Ca2+, P et Mg2+ significativement plus élevés que les autres états. Aucune vitamine C n'a été détectée dans la glande à travers les États alors que les valeurs de vitamine A variaient de 38,68 (Lagos) à 45,51 (Ondo). Les plus faibles concentrations d'anti-nutriments ont été enregistrées par les escargots des états d'Ondo et d'Ekiti, tandis que l'état de Lagos a enregistré les plus élevées (sauf les flavonoïdes et l'oxalate). Les glandes d'albumen des escargots des états d'Ekiti et d'Ondo sont donc plus nutritives que celles des autres états et peuvent être consommées en toute sécurité par l'homme et les animaux de ferme.
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CONRADIE, WERNER, WILLIAM R. BRANCH, and GILLIAN WATSON. "Type specimens in the Port Elizabeth Museum, South Africa, including the historically important Albany Museum collection. Part 2: Reptiles (Squamata)." Zootaxa 4576, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4576.1.1.
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The Port Elizabeth Museum herpetology collection contains 407 type specimens, representing 70 primary and 55 secondary squamate types. The type series comprise 93 African taxa (84 lizards and 9 snakes), of which 75 are still regarded as valid. It is the third largest primary reptile type collection in Africa. This is the first catalogue of this important African squamate type collection. It provides the original name, original publication date, journal volume number and pagination, reference to illustrations, current name, museum collection number, type locality, and notes on the status of all types and important additional non-type material mentioned in historical descriptions. Photographs of all primary types, as well as original illustrated material are provided.
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Govender, I., and J. Tumbo. "The management of snakebites in South Africa." South African Family Practice 61, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v61i3.4971.
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Snake bites are common in southern Africa especially in the rural and remote areas. Although all snake bites are not venomous, people bitten by venomous snakes require urgent medical attention and many will require antivenom. In the healthcare facility, the type of toxin may be identified by the wound and presenting clinical features which then should be managed appropriately.
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Pieterse, Annika, Antoinette Paula Malan, and Jenna Louise Ross. "Efficacy of a Novel Metaldehyde Application Method to Control the Brown Garden Snail, Cornu aspersum (Helicidae), in South Africa." Insects 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11070437.
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Baitchain is a novel molluscicide system that consists of metaldehyde pellets arranged on a cord and is designed to be tied around the base of tree trunks and act as a physical and chemical control method for molluscs. In this study, Baitchain is tested in a South African apple orchard and compared with traditional metaldehyde pellets (Sluggit) applied to the soil surface to determine the efficacy of the products against the brown garden snail, Cornu aspersum (Helicidae). The products were applied at two different concentrations, including 15 g/kg (Baitchain 15 and Sluggit 15) and 40 g/kg (Baitchain 40 and Sluggit 40) metaldehyde, and the products were either applied on their own, or in combination. Both treatments at 40 g/kg metaldehyde caused significant snail mortality when applied either on their own or in combination. However, significant mortality was also achieved by Baitchain 15 when applied on its own as well as in combination with Sluggit 15. The increased efficacy achieved by using Baitchain, even at the lower concentration, indicates that this novel method offers a viable physical and chemical control option for molluscs and could be incorporated as part of an integrated pest management strategy in South Africa, as well as other parts of the world.
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Merlin, Tchowan Guy, Ngoula Ferdinand, Kenfack Augustave, and Tchoumboue Joseph. "Effects of Protein Levels on the Growth Performance of Giant African Land Snails (Achatina achatina) in Captivity." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n4p278.
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In order to preserve and conserve the Giant African Land Snails, a study was carried out between September 2015 and January 2017 at the University of Buea (South-West Region, Cameroon), to assess the effect of protein level on the characteristics of growth of Achatina achatina in captivity. 90 young snails of one month old, weighing between 1 and 1.5 g, of shell length between 15.5-23.85 mm and shell diameter between 12.60-16.85 mm and free from wounds or shell defects were divided into 3 groups of 5 snails each and 6 replicates in cages equipped with feeders and drinking troughs. Each treatment was randomly assigned to one of the experimental feed with variable protein levels (20, 22 and 24%) in addition to pawpaw leaves as a staple feed. These were previously weighed as well as the remnants using a 0.5g precision balance. The cultured substrates were watered daily (0.50 liter/substrate). At the beginning of the test, and then every week, the snails were weighed, and shell measurements done using a digital caliper of 0.05 mm accuracy. The animals were monitored for fourteen months. The results show that feed intake (3.01±1.57), weight gain (24.50±5.72), daily weight gain (0.058±0.016), gain of shell length (30.26±4.19) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in snails receiving 24% protein in the diet compared to snails from the other treatments. The highest consumption index was recorded in snails receiving 20% protein in the diet but the statistical analyses did not find any significant difference. In conclusion, the protein level of 24% can be retained in the diet of growing snails.
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Appleton, C. C. "Paragonimiasis in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 1 (December 20, 2012): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000831.
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AbstractNine cases of paragonimiasis have been reported from cats (4), dogs (2) and children (3) in South Africa, with an additional suspected case in an adult female patient. Details of these cases are reviewed. All nine cases, and perhaps the adult case as well, were from the province of KwaZulu-Natal but locality data are only available for six of them. These six cases represent four localities which all lie below 100 m above sea level in the province's lowlands, suggesting that there may be a focus of transmission here. The molluscan first intermediate host must be one of the two prosobranch snail species present in the area,Melanoides tuberculataorTomichia natalensis, and the decapod second intermediate host the common river crabPotamonautes sidneyi. All infected cats and dogs had pulmonary infections, while two human cases for which there is sufficient information had extrapulmonary infections. Transmission appears to be ongoing but the invasive snailTarebia graniferamay be competing with bothM. tuberculataandT. natalensis.If so, this may bring transmission to an end.
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Coombs, Gareth. "Quantifying predation pressure and the protective role of sheltered basking sites for small snakes in South Africa." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 15, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v15i2p155-162.
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Small snakes are frequent prey of predatory birds, reptiles, and mammals. The resulting mortality rate is difficult to quantify given the low likelihood of observing such predation events. However, studies using plasticine snake models have shown that small snakes may experience relatively high rates of predation. Model snakes constructed from slow-drying clay (as a substitute to plasticine) were used to assess the predation rate on small snakes in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The model snakes were used to test whether snakes basking in semi-shaded positions, with at least half of the body covered by overhanging vegetation are detected by bird and mammal predators. There were relatively high rates of predation, with half of the unconcealed snake models experiencing attacks. The predation rate on partially concealed models is lower than on unconcealed models, but the difference is not statistically significant. Thus, basking in sheltered areas may offer snakes protection against predators; however, predation attempts on concealed models suggests that predators actively seek out areas where prey might hide. This is the first quantification of predation on small snakes in South Africa, and the results generate numerous questions relating to the behavioral ecology of the diverse snake fauna found in this country
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Jacobs, Inarie, Christine Taljaard-Krugell, Cristian Ricci, Hester Vorster, Sabina Rinaldi, Herbert Cubasch, Ria Laubscher, et al. "Dietary intake and breast cancer risk in black South African women: the South African Breast Cancer study." British Journal of Nutrition 121, no. 5 (February 1, 2019): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518003744.
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AbstractIncidence rates of breast cancer (BC) are increasing in South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary intake and BC risk in black South African women. The study population included 396 BC cases and 396 population-based controls matched on age and residence, participating in the South African Breast Cancer study. Diet was assessed using a validated quantified FFQ from which twelve energy-adjusted food groups were formed and analysed. OR were estimated using conditional logistic regressions, adjusted for confounding factors, comparing highestv.lowest median intake. Fresh fruit consumption showed an inverse association with BC risk (OR=0·3, 95 % CI 0·12, 0·80) in premenopausal women, whilst red and organ meat consumption showed an overall inverse association with BC risk (OR=0·6, 95 % CI 0·49, 0·94 and OR=0·6, 95 % CI 0·47, 0·91). Savoury food consumption (sauces, soups and snacks) were positively associated with BC risk in postmenopausal women (OR=2·1, 95 % CI 1·15, 4·07). Oestrogen receptor-positive stratification showed an inverse association with BC risk and consumption of nuts and seeds (OR=0·2, 95 % CI 0·58, 0·86). Based on these results, it is recommended that black South African women follow a diet with more fruit and vegetables together with a decreased consumption of less energy-dense, micronutrient-poor foods such as savoury foods. More research is necessary to investigate the association between BC risk and red and organ meat consumption. Affordable and practical methods regarding these recommendations should be implemented within health intervention strategies.
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Office, Editorial. "Distribution and habitats of Lymnaea natalensis, snail intermediate host of the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica, in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 20, no. 2 (September 28, 2001): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v20i2.253.
Full textAbstract:
This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and the habitats of Lymnaea natalensis, the snail intermediate host of the liver fluke, Fasciola gigantica, as reflected by the collection sites of its 4 552 samples currently on record in the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. Although this species was represented in a variety of waterbodies, the majority of samples(±70%)came from rivers, brooks and dams and in 70.8% of the cases the water was described as permanent and in 71.8% as slow flowing or standing. The results of life-table studies conducted by various authors indicated that temperature should be a relatively unimportant factor in determining its geographical distribution, but that the availability of permanent water should be decisive for its presence in a given habitat. These results are in agreement with the finding that only 7.5% of the samples of this species in the NFSC were collected in habitats which were described as seasonal. Furthermore, it gives a logical explanation for the sporadic occurrence, or total absence of this species in the more arid regions of South Africa. Water impoundments and irrigation networks contribute to a large extent towards creating perennial habitats which would be suitable for L. natalensis. As intermediate host for one of the liver fluke species which already is an economic factor in South Africa, this certainly is an aspect which ought to be reckoned within the planning and construction of new irrigation schemes.
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Okocha, C. N., and D. N. Onunkwo. "Comparative study of three species of giant African land snail." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 45, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v45i2.478.
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A comparative study was carried out on three breeds of snails in South Eastern Nigeria to assess their growth performance and body morphology. The three breeds used were A. Fulica, A. achatina and A. marginata. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain Concentrate + Pawpaw (Diet I), Concentrate + Moringa oleifera (Diet II), Concentrate + Moringa oleifera + African spinach + Amaranthus hybridus (Diet III) and Concentrate + Moringa oleifera + Amaranthus spinosus (Diet IV). Fifteen 6-month old growing snails of each breed were assigned per dietary treatment and each dietary treatment was replicated three times to contain five snails per replicate, given a total of one hundred and eighty snails. The experiment involved a 3 x 4 factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Feed and water were given ad libitum throughout the duration of the experiment which lasted (56 days). Parameters measured were body parameters which include body weight, body width, body length, aperture length and aperture width; growth performance parameters obtained were initial weight, final weight, average weekly weight gain, average weekly feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The results showed that the A. achatina and A. marginata similarly recorded higher values in body parameters than the A. fulica. The A. marginata however was longer (12.69 cm) than the 8.95 and 12.32 cm recorded for A. fulica and A. marginata gain was only influenced by interaction effect of the breed x diet. The A. marginata and A. fulica revealed higher foot weight 58.81% and 57.59% respectively in relation to their live weight, which was associated with lower % shell weight (17.17 and 22.33% respectively), whereas, the higher shell weight (36.18%). The highest foot weight (57.50%) was observed in snails fed diet I, associated with relatively high live weight and highly reduced offal weight, which makes it comparatively better in improving carcass. Based on overall interaction effects, diet I is recommended for A. fulica, while diet III for A. marginata and diet II for A. marginata. The A. marginata performed better than the A. achatina and A. fulica in body size (body length) and foot weight, thus recommended.
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Collett, M. G., M. P. Versepul, and Charlotte C. Maree. "Newly Identified Virus Diseases of Captive Snakes in South Africa." Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 38, no. 1 (November 1990): 23–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04416651.1990.9650278.
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Donnelly, Fiona A., and C. C. Appleton. "Observations on the field transmission dynamics of Schistosoma mansoni and S. mattheei in southern Natal, South Africa." Parasitology 91, no. 2 (October 1985): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000057371.
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Cercarial transmission of Schistosoma mansoni and S. mattheei was monitored in two small rivers near Durban, South Africa. The seasonal patterns recorded corresponded to those already documented for these parasites. Tn the case of S. mansoni, however, this was interrupted at the height of the transmission season. The reason for this was believed to be very low oxygen concentrations in the snail habitat due to unusually extensive growth of the plant Ludwigia stolonifera over the water. The failure of the spring rains, which would normally have flushed the system is seen as contributing to this phenomenon. Infection rates in the snail intermediate hosts were low ( > 10%). A preponderance of male worms of both schistosome species was noted.
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Symonds, Edmond. "2. Notes on some Species of South-African Snakes." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 55, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1887.tb02994.x.
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Peigneur, Steve, Annelies Van Der Haegen, Carolina Möller, Etienne Waelkens, Elia Diego-García, Frank Marí, Ryno Naudé, and Jan Tytgat. "Unraveling the peptidome of the South African cone snails Conus pictus and Conus natalis." Peptides 41 (March 2013): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.07.002.
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Stekolnikov, Alexandr A. "African chiggers (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) in the collection of Alex Fain, with a description of a new genus and three new species." Acarologia 58, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24349/acarologia/20184240.
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A series of African chigger mites from the collection donated by Alex Fain (1912-2009) to the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences is revised. One new genus and species, Makwacarus petrodromi n. gen., n. sp. from an elephant shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus tordayi Thomas and two new species, Herpetacarus junkeri n. sp. from a snake Boaedon fuliginosus (Boie) and Microtrombicula livingstonei n. sp. from a lizard Holaspis guentheri Gray, are described from DR Congo. One new subjective synonym is proposed: Schoutedenichia musaranei Taufflieb, 1966 (= Schoutedenichia tanzaniaensis Goff, 1983, n. syn). Nineteen species have been recorded in new countries and/or on new hosts for the first time. Nine of them have been found outside their type localities for the first time. In total, the examined collection now includes 27 species belonging to 14 genera and collected from rodents, bats, tenrecs, elephant shrews, primates, birds, lizards and snakes of DR Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal and South Africa
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De Kock, K. N., C. T. Wolmarans, M. Bornman, and D. C. Maree. "Distribution and habitats of Bulinus tropicus, snail intermediate host of the conical fluke Calicophoron microbothrium, in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 21, no. 4 (September 28, 2002): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v21i4.236.
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This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and the habitats of Bulinus tropicus, the snail intermediate host of the conical fluke, Calicophoron microbothrium. Bulinus tropicus is the freshwater snail species with the most extensive geographical distribution, as reflected by the collection sites of the 7 992 samples currently on record in the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. The presence of this species was noted by collectors in a total of 14 different types of waterbodies, however, the largest number of samples was collected in dams and brooks and in habitats of which the water was described as standing, clear and fresh. The effect size was calculated for each variable separately to determine its importance in governing the distribution of this species. The data in the database were further processed and adapted to construct an integrated decision tree. This is a statistical model allowing the selection of those variables which can maximally discriminate between the frequency of occurrence of a given species and all other species in the database under specific conditions. The success of B. tropicus, as reflected by its extensive geographical distribution, can most probably be ascribed to the circumstance that population dynamic studies by various authors have shown, without any doubt, that it is highly r-selected and that it additionally has the ability to survive conditions of drought for elatively long periods. It does however, appear as if its limited tolerance to water with a relatively low conductivity could possibly be a limiting factor for its colonisation of specific areas in South Africa. As intermediate host of C. microbothrium which causes paramphistomosis in domestic stock and sometimes can lead to great losses, the wide distribution of B. tropicus has economic implications, especially for residents of informal, rural settlements whose livestock traditionally forms an integral part of their daily existence.
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Thiengo, Silvana C., Fábio André Faraco, Norma C. Salgado, Robert H. Cowie, and Monica A. Fernandez. "Rapid spread of an invasive snail in South America: the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, in Brasil." Biological Invasions 9, no. 6 (November 29, 2006): 693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9069-6.
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De Kock, K. N., and C. T. Wolmarans. "Distribution and habitats of Gyraulus connollyi, snail intermediate host of intestinal flukes of the family Echinostomatidae, in South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 23, no. 3 (September 23, 2004): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v23i3.196.
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This paper focuses on the geographical distribution and habitats of Gyraulus connollyi, snail intermediate host of intestinal flukes of the family Echinostomatidae as reflected by the 969 collection sites on record in the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. The presence of this species was reported from 13 different types of water-bodies, however, the highest percentage by far was collected in streams and rivers and in habitats of which the water was described as perennial, clear and fresh. A predominantly stony substratum and the presence of vegetation were also reported for the majority of habitats. The effect size was calculated for each variable to determine its importance for the occurrence of this species. An integrated decision tree constructed from the data indicated that temperature, altitude and type of water-body were the most important of the factors evaluated that could have an effect on the geographical distribution of this species. This was supported by the effect size values calculated for each variable. A temperature index calculated for each species in the database ranked G. connollyi seventh out of 53 due to its association with low temperatures. Although human echinostomosis has not yet been diagnosed in Africa, concern is expressed that G. connollyi is able to serve as first intermediate host in the transmission of echinostomosis.
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Dyer, B. M. "Predation by snakes on seabirds at three South African islands." South African Journal of Marine Science 17, no. 1 (June 1996): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776196784158374.
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De Kock, K. N., and C. T. Wolmarans. "Distribution and habitats of Unio caffer Krauss, 1848 (Bivalvia: Unionoida: Unionidae) in South Africa based on the records in the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 29, no. 4 (January 13, 2010): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v29i4.21.
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The distribution of the Unionoida is almost cosmopolitan and reaches its greatest diversity in North America with 860 currently recognized valid species. Two genera of the family Unionidae, Unio and Coelatura, comprising four species, occur in South Africa. This article focuses on the distribution and habitats of Unio caffer Krauss, 1848 based on the records in the database of the National Freshwater Snail Collection (NFSC) of South Africa. This bivalve is considered to be endemic to South Africa and although it was sporadically reported from elsewhere in South Africa, the Western Cape is the only province from which no samples are on record in the database of the NFSC. The majority of the 58 samples on record was recovered from rivers (32.8%) and dams (20.7%) and from water conditions described as perennial, clear and fresh and 22 of the samples were collected in water bodies with a predominantly sandy substratum. A temperature index calculated for this species ranked it in fi fth position of the 12 bivalve species represented in the database on account of its association with low climatic temperatures. An integrated decision-tree analysis indicated that temperature, substratum and water bodies per se were the most important factors of those investigated that played a signifi cant role in establishing the geographical distribution of this species in South Africa. Comprehensive surveys for freshwater molluscs conducted by state and local health authorities were discontinued during the eighties of the previous century and the majority of sampling sites have not been revisited since. Therefore hardly any recent data pertaining to the conservation status and species diversity of the mollusc fauna of South Africa are available. However, during relatively recent surveys conducted by the authors at three previously positive sites for U. caffer no specimens of this species could be recovered and it is also reported in literature that its range in the south-western Cape has decreased in recent years. With regard to its conservation status, the above findings seem to suggest that U. caffer should at least be considered as vulnerable – if not endangered – as reported for some related species elsewhere in the world. Although speculative, several reasons are suggested to explain the global phenomenon of decline in freshwater bivalves. These include, amongst others, construction of impoundments, introduction of alien species, wetland drainage and canalization and pollution. However, the unique lifecycle of the Unionoida could also play an important role in this respect due to the fact that their larval stages are obligatory parasites on fish. These bivalves are therefore dependent on fish for their survival and dispersal and without their host fish populations will disappear. To sustain a viable population a water body should therefore be suitable not only for the bivalves themselves but also for their host fi sh. As mentioned earlier, the majority of samples of U. caffer were recovered from dams and rivers, water body types both under pressure of over exploitation and pollution. It is therefore recommended that thorough surveys should be planned and conducted in specific areas which could be selected with the documented geographical distribution in the database of the NFSC as guideline. A comparison of the results of such surveys with the data in the database of the NFSC could make a considerable contribution towards assessing the current conservation status and diversity of the freshwater molluscs of South Africa.
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Vijayan, Keerthy, R. Sugantha Sakthivel, and T. V. Sajeev. "First record of body colour polymorphism in giant African snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich, 1822) - a comparative study using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene." ENTOMON 44, no. 2 (June 29, 2019): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v44i2.444.
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The presence of the body colour polymorphism in the tropical invasive pest giant African snail is reported for the first time from South India. Three different body colour polymorphs were recognised viz. grey, black and white. The grey body colour is the most common polymorph. The black and white colour polymorphs are found to be in almost equal proportions in the reported localities with the grey counterparts. The cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences of the three colour polymorphs are found to be identical. The presence of the body colour polymorphism in south India may be attributed to the avian predation and other selection pressures.
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Faber, Mieke, Anniza de Villiers, Jillian Hill, Paul J. van Jaarsveld, Alice P. Okeyo, and Eunice Seekoe. "Nutrient profile and energy cost of food sold by informal food vendors to learners in primary and secondary schools in the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 3 (December 26, 2018): 521–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018003464.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess type, nutrient profile and cost of food items sold by informal vendors to learners; and to determine nutrient content of corn-based processed snacks frequently sold.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingQuintile 1 to 3 schools (n 36) randomly selected from six education districts; Eastern Cape, South Africa.ParticipantsInformal food vendors (n 92) selling inside or immediately outside the school premises.ResultsFood items sold at most schools were corn-based processed snacks (94 % of schools), sweets (89 %), lollipops (72 %) and biscuits (62 %). Based on the South African Nutrient Profiling model, none of these foods were profiled as healthy. Foods less commonly sold were fruits (28 % of schools) and animal-source foods; these foods were profiled as healthy. Mean (sd) energy cost (per 418 kJ (100 kcal)) was highest for animal-source foods (R2·95 (1·16)) and lowest for bread and vetkoek (R0·76 (0·21)), snacks (R0·76 (0·30)) and confectionery products (R0·70 (0·28)). The nutrient profiling score was inversely related to the energy cost of the food item (r = −0·562, P = 0·010). Compared with brand-name corn-based processed snacks, non-branded snacks had lower energy (2177 v. 2061 kJ; P = 0·031) content per 100 g. None of the brand-name samples contained sucrose; six of the nine non-branded samples contained sucrose, ranging from 4·4 to 6·2 g/100 g.ConclusionsFoods mostly sold were unhealthy options, with the healthier food items being more expensive sources of energy.
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Luiselli, L. "Broad geographic, taxonomic and ecological patterns of interpopulation variation in the dietary habits of snakes." Web Ecology 6, no. 1 (June 6, 2006): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-6-2-2006.
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Abstract. Because of their unique morphological and ecological characteristics (i.e. being obligate carnivorous, solitary, and ingesting their prey whole), snakes are expected to show unusual dietary patterns compared to other ectothermic vertebrates, and the best way to explore this is to analyse the snake dietary patterns globally. Here I review and analyse the peer-reviewed snake diet literature available in order to explore whether there are broad patterns in the interpopulation variability of diet composition in these unique ectothermic predators. I collated data for 181 independent populations belonging to 58 species of snakes from some of the main families (1 Boidae, 2 Pythonidae, 27 Colubridae, 10 Elapidae, and 18 Viperidae) and from all the continents (4 from South and Central America, 13 from North America, 12 from Europe, 18 from Africa, 4 from Asia, and 7 from Australia). All these populations satisfied some precise criteria of inclusion, and were therefore re-analysed in a comparative perspective. I classified each literature entry according to 1) snake species, 2) snake family, 3) geographic position (continent) of the study areas, 4) climatic region (temperate versus tropical), 5) guild (if the species is aquatic, terrestrial, or arboreal), 6) hunting strategy (sit-and-wait versus active forager), and 7) venom (if the species is venomous or not). All these seven factors were analysed by GLM procedures to evaluate their effects on the interpopulation diet variation within snake species, that was assessed by using a univariate similarity index. The various taxonomical categories of snake prey were grouped according to two different levels of taxonomic affinity: a) general affinity, e.g. frogs and toads, salamanders, lizards, birds, etc., and b) close affinity, by grouping prey types belonging to a same genus. My study revealed that, within-species snake populations showed a very low variability in terms of diet composition. As for the general affinity criterion, there was no single factor that produced a significant effect on the interpopulation diet variation but, with regard to the interaction terms between factors, significant effects were determined by 1) continent × climatic region (with Asian, African and South-American tropical populations having significantly lesser similarity values), 2) continent × hunting strategy (diets being less diverse in ambush predators in Africa, Asia and South America), and 3) climatic region × guild (with arboreal tropical snakes showing less interpopulation similarity). As for the close affinity criterion, there was also no effect of single factors on interpopulation diet variability, but the interaction term hunting strategy × venom was significant, with sit-and-wait venomous species being less variable in their diet composition. Snake family was completely un-influent in determining any effect on snake interpopulation diet variation. The broad reasons that may explain these generalized patterns are discussed.
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Brown, D. S., and B. A. Curtis. "Taxonomy of the freshwater snail Afrogyrus anderssoni (Ancey, 1890, Planorbis) from Namibia (South West Africa)." Journal of Molluscan Studies 58, no. 4 (1992): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/58.4.443.
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Coombs, Gareth. "Does partial concealment influence predation attempts on small model snakes in South Africa?" African Journal of Herpetology 68, no. 1 (August 8, 2019): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2019.1645745.
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Albino, Adriana, Jorge D. Carrillo-Briceño, and James M. Neenan. "An enigmatic aquatic snake from the Cenomanian of Northern South America." PeerJ 4 (May 24, 2016): e2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2027.
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We report the first record of a snake from the Cretaceous of northern South America. The remains come from the La Luna Formation (La Aguada Member, Cenomanian of Venezuela) and consist of several vertebrae, which belong to the precloacal region of the vertebral column. Comparisons to extant and extinct snakes show that the remains represent a new taxon,Lunaophis aquaticusgen. et sp nov. An aquatic mode of life is supported by the ventral position of the ribs, indicating a laterally compressed body. The systematic relationships of this new taxon are difficult to determine due to the scarcity of fossil material; it is, however, a representative of an early lineage of snakes that exploited tropical marine pelagic environments, as reflected by the depositional conditions of the La Aguada Member.Lunaophisis also the first aquatic snake from the Cenomanian found outside of the African and European Tethyan and Boreal Zones.