Journal articles on the topic 'SMSF'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: SMSF.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'SMSF.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Bird, Ron, F. Douglas Foster, Jack Gray, Adrian M. Raftery, Susan Thorp, and Danny Yeung. "Who starts a self-managed superannuation fund and why?" Australian Journal of Management 43, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 373–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896217747331.
Full textAbstract:
Self-managed superannuation funds (SMSFs) – small retirement savings funds with four or fewer members – now manage almost one-third of retirement savings in Australia, and serve over 1 million members. The number of SMSFs has increased to more than half a million in two decades, yet little is known about the reasons people start the funds and how they operate. We use a survey of more than 500 SMSF members and 500 large superannuation fund members to analyse why SMSF members commence and manage their own fund, compared to similar people who stay with a large fund. We find that control over investments and tax minimisation are the most common reasons for starting a SMSF, while satisfaction with large funds and unwillingness to take on the administrative burden of self-management are the most common reasons for not doing so. SMSF members do not show any greater financial skills than non-members, but they do display overconfidence, a higher risk tolerance and a more trusting attitude to financial professionals. Model results show that the majority of SMSF members start their funds at the suggestion of financial professionals. We also show that those who say they are thinking about starting a SMSF are different in significant ways from the eventual SMSF members, further evidence of the influence of the advice industry.
2
Chen, Yang, and Yu Cao. "The sphingomyelin synthase family: proteins, diseases, and inhibitors." Biological Chemistry 398, no. 12 (November 27, 2017): 1319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2017-0148.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSphingomyelin (SM) is among the most important biomolecules in eukaryotes and acts as both constructive components and signal carrier in physiological processes. SM is catalyzed by a membrane protein family, sphingomyelin synthases (SMSs), consisting of three members, SMS1, SMS2 and SMSr. SMSs modulate sphingomyelin and other sphingolipids levels, thereby regulating membrane mobility, ceramide-dependent apoptosis and DAG-dependent signaling pathways. SMSs was found associated with various diseases. Downregulation of SMS2 activity results in protective effects against obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes and makes SMS2 inhibitors potential medicines. Structural guided specific drug design could be the next breakthrough, discriminating SMS2 from other homologs.
3
Ji, Xiaowei, Qiang Yang, and Linwei Wang. "A Self-Regulating Multi-Clutter Suppression Framework for Small Aperture HFSWR Systems." Remote Sensing 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081901.
Full textAbstract:
The problem that this paper is concerned with is High Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) detection of desired targets against a complex interference background consisting of sea clutter, ionosphere clutter, Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and atmospheric noise. Eliminating unwanted echoes and exploring obscured targets contribute to achieving ideal surveillance of sea surface targets. In this paper, a Self-regulating Multi-clutter Suppression Framework (SMSF) has been proposed for small aperture HFSWR. SMSF can remove many types of clutter or RFI; meanwhile, it mines the targets merged into clutter and tracks the travelling path of the ship. In SMSF, a novel Dynamic Threshold Mapping Recognition (DTMR) method is first proposed to reduce the atmospheric noise and recognize each type of unwanted echo; these recognized echoes are fed into the proposed Adaptive Prophase-current Dictionary Learning (APDL) algorithm. To make a comprehensive evaluation, we also designed three novel assessment parameters: Obscured Targets Detection Rate (OTDR), Clutter Purification Rate (CPR) and Erroneous Suppression Rate (ESR). The experiment data collected from a small aperture HFSWR system confirm that SMSF has precise suppression performance over most of the classical algorithms and concurrently reveals the moving targets, and OTDR of SMSF is usually higher than compared methods.
4
Fernández-García, Paula, Catalina A. Rosselló, Raquel Rodríguez-Lorca, Roberto Beteta-Göbel, Javier Fernández-Díaz, Victoria Lladó, Xavier Busquets, and Pablo V. Escribá. "The Opposing Contribution of SMS1 and SMS2 to Glioma Progression and Their Value in the Therapeutic Response to 2OHOA." Cancers 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11010088.
Full textAbstract:
Background: 2-Hydroxyoleic acid (2OHOA) is particularly active against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and successfully finished a phase I/IIA trial in patients with glioma and other advanced solid tumors. However, its mechanism of action is not fully known. Methods: The relationship between SMS1 and SMS2 expressions (mRNA) and overall survival in 329 glioma patients was investigated, and so was the correlation between SMS expression and 2OHOA’s efficacy. The opposing role of SMS isoforms in 2OHOA’s mechanism of action and in GBM cell growth, differentiation and death, was studied overexpressing or silencing them in human GBM cells. Results: Patients with high-SMS1 plus low-SMS2 expression had a 5-year survival ~10-fold higher than patients with low-SMS1 plus high-SMS2 expression. SMS1 and SMS2 also had opposing effect on GBM cell survival and 2OHOA’s IC50 correlated with basal SMS1 levels and treatment induced changes in SMS1/SMS2 ratio. SMSs expression disparately affected 2OHOA’s cancer cell proliferation, differentiation, ER-stress and autophagy. Conclusions: SMS1 and SMS2 showed opposite associations with glioma patient survival, glioma cell growth and response to 2OHOA treatment. SMSs signature could constitute a valuable prognostic biomarker, with high SMS1 and low SMS2 being a better disease prognosis. Additionally, low basal SMS1 mRNA levels predict positive response to 2OHOA.
5
Polo Peña, Ana Isabel, Dolores María Frías Jamilena, and José Alberto Castañeda García. "Market orientation and business results among small‐scale service firms." Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración 28, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 135–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arla-04-2013-0005.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to validate market orientation (MO) and business results scales in an area of significant interest for the literature: namely, service firms of a small and micro‐scale in a market sharing many similarities with Latin America (cultural, social and economic), specifically the Spanish rural tourism market. Design/methodology/approach On the basis of a literature review covering works specializing in MO and its impact on the service sector, and in the characteristics of small‐ and micro‐sized service firms (SMSF), a qualitative and a quantitative study are carried out in Spain, at a national level. Findings The results validate the scales and identify that MO comprises the following dimensions: information‐gathering, dissemination of information, and response to the market. The validated business results scale includes economic/financial results and others of a more personal nature linked to the entrepreneur business owner. Practical implications The work provides knowledge regarding the activities undertaken by SMSF in the area of MO. Professionals from the small‐ and micro‐sized service sector can use this knowledge to plan and design market‐focussed actions that will lead to improved business performance. Originality/value The work validates MO and business results scales that have been widely studied throughout the literature but that leave a significant gap in the case of SMSF operating in Latin American countries. The business base in these countries comprises a large percentage of such small‐scale operations.
6
Arnold, Bruce, Hazel Bateman, Andrew Ferguson, and Adrian Raftery. "Partner-Scale Economies, Service Bundling, and Auditor Independence in the Australian Self-Managed Superannuation (Pension) Fund Industry." AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 36, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ajpt-51573.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARY Using proprietary Australian Taxation Office (ATO) data, this study examines audit pricing, service bundling, and independence issues in the self-managed superannuation fund (SMSF) sector, the fastest growing and largest segment of the Australian $2 trillion retirement savings industry. We consider the impact of partner-level scale effects for a large sample of SMSF audits for the three years to June 2010. After controlling for factors known to determine audit fees, we find evidence of fee discounting by partners with large client portfolios. However, when the dependent variable is redefined to the total “bundle” of services (including audit and non-audit fees), the firms of partners with larger client portfolios are shown to earn bundling fee premiums. This finding suggests industry specialists price strategically using audits as a conduit to supply higher margin non-audit services (NAS) to clients with more resources. Last, we find no evidence the supply of NAS impairs auditor independence, alleviating joint supply concerns raised in the Cooper Review.
7
Villani, Maristella, Marimuthu Subathra, Yeong-Bin Im, Young Choi, Paola Signorelli, Maurizio Del Poeta, and Chiara Luberto. "Sphingomyelin synthases regulate production of diacylglycerol at the Golgi." Biochemical Journal 414, no. 1 (July 29, 2008): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20071240.
Full textAbstract:
SMS [SM (sphingomyelin) synthase] is a class of enzymes that produces SM by transferring a phosphocholine moiety on to ceramide. PC (phosphatidylcholine) is believed to be the phosphocholine donor of the reaction with consequent production of DAG (diacylglycerol), an important bioactive lipid. In the present study, by modulating SMS1 and SMS2 expression, the role of these enzymes on the elusive regulation of DAG was investigated. Because we found that modulation of SMS1 or SMS2 did not affect total levels of endogenous DAG in resting cells, whereas they produce DAG in vitro, the possibility that SMSs could modulate subcellular pools of DAG, once acute activation of the enzymes is triggered, was investigated. Stimulation of SM synthesis was induced by either treatment with short-chain ceramide analogues or by increasing endogenous ceramide at the plasma membrane, and a fluorescently labelled conventional C1 domain [from PKC (protein kinase C)] enhanced in its DAG binding activity was used to probe subcellular pools of DAG in the cell. With this approach, we found, using confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation, that modulation of SMS1 and, to a lesser extent, SMS2 affected the formation of DAG at the Golgi apparatus. Similarly, down-regulation of SMS1 and SMS2 reduced the localization of the DAG-binding protein PKD (protein kinase D) to the Golgi. These results provide direct evidence that both enzymes are capable of regulating the formation of DAG in cells, that this pool of DAG is biologically active, and for the first time directly implicate SMS1 and SMS2 as regulators of DAG-binding proteins in the Golgi apparatus.
8
Shakor, Abo Bakr Abdel, Makoto Taniguchi, Kazuyuki Kitatani, Mayumi Hashimoto, Satoshi Asano, Akira Hayashi, Kenichi Nomura, et al. "Sphingomyelin Synthase 1-generated Sphingomyelin Plays an Important Role in Transferrin Trafficking and Cell Proliferation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 286, no. 41 (August 19, 2011): 36053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m111.228593.
Full textAbstract:
Transferrin (Tf) endocytosis and recycling are essential for iron uptake and the regulation of cell proliferation. Tf and Tf receptor (TfR) complexes are internalized via clathrin-coated pits composed of a variety of proteins and lipids and pass through early endosomes to recycling endosomes. We investigated the role of sphingomyelin (SM) synthases (SMS1 and SMS2) in clathrin-dependent trafficking of Tf and cell proliferation. We employed SM-deficient lymphoma cells that lacked SMSs and that failed to proliferate in response to Tf. Transfection of SMS1, but not SMS2, enabled these cells to incorporate SM into the plasma membrane, restoring Tf-mediated proliferation. SM-deficient cells showed a significant reduction in clathrin-dependent Tf uptake compared with the parental SM-producing cells. Both SMS1 gene transfection and exogenous short-chain SM treatment increased clathrin-dependent Tf uptake in SM-deficient cells, with the Tf being subsequently sorted to Rab11-positive recycling endosomes. We observed trafficking of the internalized Tf to late/endolysosomal compartments, and this was not dependent on the clathrin pathway in SM-deficient cells. Thus, SMS1-mediated SM synthesis directs Tf-TfR to undergo clathrin-dependent endocytosis and recycling, promoting the proliferation of lymphoma cells.
9
Wang, Yuan, Henrik Beuther, Qizhou Zhang, Arjan Bik, Javier A. Rodón, Zhibo Jiang, and Cassandra Fallscheer. "Different Evolutionary Stages in the Massive Star-forming Complex W3 Main." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 8, S292 (August 2012): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921313000768.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe observed with the Submillimeter Array and IRAM 30 m telescope three high-mass star-forming regions in different evolutionary stages in the W3 high-mass star formation complex. These regions, i.e. W3 SMS1 (W3 IRS5), SMS2 (W3 IRS4) and SMS3, are located within the same large-scale environment, which allows us to study rotation and outflows as well as chemical properties in an evolutionary sense. While we find multiple mm continuum sources toward all regions, these three subregions exhibit different dynamical and chemical properties, which indicates that they are in different evolutionary stages. Even within each sub-region, massive cores of different ages are found, e.g. in SMS2, sub-sources from the most evolved UCHii region to potential starless cores exist within 30 000 AU (left panel, Fig. 1). Outflows and rotational structures are found in SMS1 and SMS2. Evidence for interactions between the molecular cloud and the HII regions is found in the 13CO channel maps (right panel, Fig. 1), which may indicate triggered star formation.
10
Façanha, Mônica Cardoso, Alicemaria Ciarlini Pinheiro, José Rubens Costa Lima, Maria Lucy Landim Tavares Ferreira, Gisele Façanha Diógenes Teixeira, and Maria Zélia Rouquayrol. "Hanseníase: subnotificação de casos em Fortaleza - Ceará, Brasil." Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 81, no. 4 (August 2006): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0365-05962006000400004.
Full textAbstract:
FUNDAMENTO: Visando à eliminação da hanseníase como problema de saúde pública no Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde tem como meta alcançar taxa de prevalência de menos de 1 caso/10.000 habitantes, estimulando o diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos e reduzindo a disseminação da doença. O Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) foi designado para acompanhar o cumprimento dessa meta. OBJETIVO: Verificar a proporção dos casos de hanseníase diagnosticados nas unidades de saúde do município de Fortaleza que foi notificada ao SINAN. MÉTODOS: Foi feita a identificação dos casos diagnosticados e registrados nas unidades de saúde e notificados à Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza (SMSF) entre 2002 e 2004 por meio da comparação nominal entre os registros locais e os registros do SINAN. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados e resgatados para o SINAN 411 casos que haviam sido diagnosticados e não notificados (17,5% do total informado) de 15 (64%) das unidades que informaram pelo menos um caso no período. Cerca 342 casos constavam nos livros e estavam notificados no banco de dados do SINAN das unidades de atendimento, mas não compunham o banco de dados do SINAN da SMSF. CONCLUSÕES: Constatou-se subnotificação de 14,9% dos casos detectados, fato que precisa ser prevenido para que os indicadores reflitam a real freqüência dos casos no município.
11
Sun, Jiu-Xun, Qiang Wu, Yang Guo, and Ling-Cang Cai. "Two Universal Equations of State for Solids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 65, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2010): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2010-1-202.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn this paper, two equations of state (EOSs) (Sun Jiu-Xun-Morse with parameters n = 3 and 4, designated by SMS3 and SMS4) with two parameters are proposed to satisfy four merits proposed previously and give improved results for the cohesive energy. By applying ten typical EOSs to fit experimental compression data of 50 materials, it is shown that the SMS4 EOS gives the best results; the Baonza and Morse EOSs give the second best results; the SMS3 and modified generalized Lennard-Jones (mGLJ) EOSs give the third best results. However, the Baonza and mGLJ EOSs cannot give physically reasonable values of cohesive energy and P-V curves in the expansion region; the SMS3 and SMS4 EOS give fairly good results, and have some advantages over the Baonza and mGLJ EOSs in practical applications.
12
Vacaru, Ana M., Fikadu G. Tafesse, Philipp Ternes, Vangelis Kondylis, Martin Hermansson, Jos F. H. M. Brouwers, Pentti Somerharju, Catherine Rabouille, and Joost C. M. Holthuis. "Sphingomyelin synthase-related protein SMSr controls ceramide homeostasis in the ER." Journal of Cell Biology 185, no. 6 (June 8, 2009): 1013–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200903152.
Full textAbstract:
Ceramides are central intermediates of sphingolipid metabolism with critical functions in cell organization and survival. They are synthesized on the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported by ceramide transfer protein to the Golgi for conversion to sphingomyelin (SM) by SM synthase SMS1. In this study, we report the identification of an SMS1-related (SMSr) enzyme, which catalyses the synthesis of the SM analogue ceramide phosphoethanolamine (CPE) in the ER lumen. Strikingly, SMSr produces only trace amounts of CPE, i.e., 300-fold less than SMS1-derived SM. Nevertheless, blocking its catalytic activity causes a substantial rise in ER ceramide levels and a structural collapse of the early secretory pathway. We find that the latter phenotype is not caused by depletion of CPE but rather a consequence of ceramide accumulation in the ER. Our results establish SMSr as a key regulator of ceramide homeostasis that seems to operate as a sensor rather than a converter of ceramides in the ER.
13
Hayashi, Yasuhiro, Yoko Nemoto-Sasaki, Takashi Tanikawa, Saori Oka, Kiyoto Tsuchiya, Kouta Zama, Susumu Mitsutake, Takayuki Sugiura, and Atsushi Yamashita. "Sphingomyelin Synthase 2, but Not Sphingomyelin Synthase 1, Is Involved in HIV-1 Envelope-mediated Membrane Fusion." Journal of Biological Chemistry 289, no. 44 (September 17, 2014): 30842–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m114.574285.
Full textAbstract:
Membrane fusion between the viral envelope and plasma membranes of target cells has previously been correlated with HIV-1 infection. Lipids in the plasma membrane, including sphingomyelin, may be crucially involved in HIV-1 infection; however, the role of lipid-metabolic enzymes in membrane fusion remains unclear. In this study, we examined the roles of sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) in HIV-1 Env-mediated membrane fusion using a cell-cell fusion assay with HIV-1 mimetics and their target cells. We employed reconstituted cells as target cells that stably express Sms1 or Sms2 in Sms-deficient cells. Fusion susceptibility was ∼5-fold higher in Sms2-expressing cells (not in Sms1-expressing cells) than in Sms-deficient cells. The enhancement of fusion susceptibility observed in Sms2-expressing cells was reversed and reduced by Sms2 knockdown. We also found that catalytically nonactive Sms2 promoted membrane fusion susceptibility. Moreover, SMS2 co-localized and was constitutively associated with the HIV receptor·co-receptor complex in the plasma membrane. In addition, HIV-1 Env treatment resulted in a transient increase in nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) phosphorylation in Sms2-expressing and catalytically nonactive Sms2-expressing cells. We observed that F-actin polymerization in the region of membrane fusion was more prominent in Sms2-expressing cells than Sms-deficient cells. Taken together, our research provides insight into a novel function of SMS2 which is the regulation of HIV-1 Env-mediated membrane fusion via actin rearrangement.
14
Murakami, Chiaki, Fumi Hoshino, Hiromichi Sakai, Yasuhiro Hayashi, Atsushi Yamashita, and Fumio Sakane. "Diacylglycerol kinase δ and sphingomyelin synthase–related protein functionally interact via their sterile α motif domains." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 10 (January 24, 2020): 2932–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.012369.
Full textAbstract:
The δ isozyme of diacylglycerol kinase (DGKδ) plays critical roles in lipid signaling by converting diacylglycerol (DG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). We previously demonstrated that DGKδ preferably phosphorylates palmitic acid (16:0)- and/or palmitoleic acid (16:1)-containing DG molecular species, but not arachidonic acid (20:4)-containing DG species, which are recognized as DGK substrates derived from phosphatidylinositol turnover, in high glucose-stimulated myoblasts. However, little is known about the origin of these DG molecular species. DGKδ and two DG-generating enzymes, sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) 1 and SMS-related protein (SMSr), contain a sterile α motif domain (SAMD). In this study, we found that SMSr–SAMD, but not SMS1–SAMD, co-immunoprecipitates with DGKδ–SAMD. Full-length DGKδ co-precipitated with full-length SMSr more strongly than with SMS1. However, SAMD-deleted variants of SMSr and DGKδ interacted only weakly with full-length DGKδ and SMSr, respectively. These results strongly suggested that DGKδ interacts with SMSr through their respective SAMDs. To determine the functional outcomes of the relationship between DGKδ and SMSr, we used LC-MS/MS to investigate whether overexpression of DGKδ and/or SMSr in COS-7 cells alters the levels of PA species. We found that SMSr overexpression significantly enhances the production of 16:0- or 16:1-containing PA species such as 14:0/16:0-, 16:0/16:0-, 16:0/18:1-, and/or 16:1/18:1-PA in DGKδ-overexpressing COS-7 cells. Moreover, SMSr enhanced DGKδ activity via their SAMDs in vitro. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that SMSr is a candidate DG-providing enzyme upstream of DGKδ and that the two enzymes represent a new pathway independent of phosphatidylinositol turnover.
15
Wang, Penghui, Zhining Li, Lulu Jiang, Lu Zhou, and Deyong Ye. "Design and Synthesis of the Diazirine-based Clickable Photo-affinity Probe Targeting Sphingomyelin Synthase 2." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 16, no. 6 (May 24, 2019): 678–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180816666181106154601.
Full textAbstract:
Background:SMS family plays a very important role in sphingolipids metabolism and is involved in the membrane mobility and signaling transduction.Methods:SMS2 subtype was related to a variety of diseases and could be regarded as a promising potential drug target. However, the uncertainty of the binding sites and the molecular mechanism of action limited the development of SMS2 inhibitors. Herein, we discovered a photo-affinity probe PAL-1 targeting SMS2.Results:The enzyme inhibitory activity and the photo-affinity labeling experiments showed that PAL-1 could be mono-labeled on SMS2.Conclusion:In summary, starting from the N-arylbenzamides core structure and the minimalist terminal alkyne-containing diazirine photo-crosslinker, we designed and synthesized a photoaffinity probe PAL-1 targeting SMS2. The enzymatic inhibitory activity study showed that PAL-1 exhibited superior selectivities for SMS2 with an IC50 of 0.37 µM over SMS1.
16
Gowda, Satish, Calvin Yeang, Sunil Wadgaonkar, Fatima Anjum, Natalia Grinkina, Michael Cutaia, Xian-Chen Jiang, and Raj Wadgaonkar. "Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) deficiency attenuates LPS-induced lung injury." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 300, no. 3 (March 2011): L430—L440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00208.2010.
Full textAbstract:
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) catalyzes the synthesis of sphingomyelin (SM) and is required for maintenance of plasma membrane microdomain fluidity. Of the two isoforms of mammalian SMS, SMS1 is mostly present in the trans-Golgi apparatus, whereas SMS2 is predominantly found at the plasma membrane. SMS2 has a role in receptor mediated response to inflammation in macrophages, however, the role of SMS2 in vascular permeability, pulmonary edema, and lung injury have not been investigated. To define the role of SMS activation in lung injury, we utilized a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung edema model. SMS activity was measured and correlated with the severity of lung injury. Within 4 h of LPS treatment, SMS activity was increased significantly and remained upregulated up to 24 h. Comparison of LPS-induced lung injury in SMS2 knockout (SMS2−/−) and wild-type littermate control mice showed that inflammation, cytokine induction, and lung injury were significantly inhibited in SMS2−/− mice. Our results suggest that a deficiency of SMS2 can diminish the extent of pulmonary edema and lung injury. Furthermore, we show that depletion of SMS2 was sufficient to decrease MAP kinase-JNK activation, severity of LPS-induced pulmonary neutrophil influx, and inflammation, suggesting a novel role of SMS2 activation in lung injury.
17
Fujii, Yoritaka, Makoto Taniguchi, Shingo Nagaya, Yoshibumi Ueda, Chieko Hashizume, Ken Watanabe, Hiroyuki Takeya, Takeo Kosaka, and Toshiro Okazaki. "A novel mechanism of thrombocytopenia by PS exposure through TMEM16F in sphingomyelin synthase 1 deficiency." Blood Advances 5, no. 20 (October 26, 2021): 4265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002922.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) contributes to the generation of membrane sphingomyelin (SM) and affects SM-mediated physiological functions. Here, we describe the hematologic phenotypes, such as reduced circulating platelets and dysfunctional hemostasis, in SMS1-deficient (SMS1-KO) mice. SMS1-KO mice display pathologic manifestations related to idiopathic thrombocytopenia (ITP), including relatively high amounts of peripheral blood reticulated platelets, enhanced megakaryopoiesis in the bone marrow and spleen, and splenomegaly. Deficiency of SMS1, but not SMS2, prevented SM production and enhanced phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization on the plasma membranes of platelets and megakaryocytes. Consequently, SMS1-KO platelets were excessively cleared by macrophages in the spleen. Multimer formation in the plasma membrane of TMEM16F, a known calcium (Ca2+)-activated nonselective ion channel and Ca2+-dependent PS scramblase, was enhanced; the result was PS externalization to outer leaflets through increased Ca2+ influx in immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts established from SMS1-KO mice (SMS1-KO tMEFs), as seen with SMS1-KO platelets. Thus, SMS1 deficiency changed the TMEM16F distribution on the membrane microdomain, regulating Ca2+ influx-dependent PS exposure. SMS1-KO tMEFs in which TMEM16F was knocked out by using the CRISPR/Cas9 system lacked both the Ca2+ influx and excess PS exposure seen in SMS1-KO tMEFs. Therefore, SM depletion on platelet membrane microdomains due to SMS1 deficiency enhanced PS externalization via a Ca2+ influx through TMEM16F activation, leading to elevated platelet clearance and causing hemostasis dysfunction through thrombocytopenia. Our current findings show that the SM-rich microdomain generated by SMS1 is a potent regulator of thrombocytopenia through TMEM16F, suggesting that its dysfunction may be a novel additional mechanism of ITP.
18
Wu, Meikui, Makoto Takemoto, Makoto Taniguchi, Toru Takumi, Toshiro Okazaki, and Wen-Jie Song. "Regulation of membrane KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel density by sphingomyelin synthase 1." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 311, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): C15—C23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00272.2015.
Full textAbstract:
Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylcholine and ceramide to sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol. We previously showed that SMS1 deficiency leads to a reduction in expression of the K+ channel KCNQ1 in the inner ear (Lu MH, Takemoto M, Watanabe K, Luo H, Nishimura M, Yano M, Tomimoto H, Okazaki T, Oike Y, and Song WJ. J Physiol 590: 4029–4044, 2012), causing hearing loss. However, it remains unknown whether this change in expression is attributable to a cellular process or a systemic effect in the knockout animal. Here, we examined whether manipulation of SMS1 activity affects KCNQ1/KCNE1 currents in individual cells. To this end, we expressed the KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel in human embryonic kidney 293T cells and evaluated the effect of SMS1 manipulations on the channel using whole cell recording. Application of tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate, a nonspecific inhibitor of SMSs, significantly reduced current density and altered channel voltage dependence. Knockdown of SMS1 by a short hairpin RNA, however, reduced current density alone. Consistent with this, overexpression of SMS1 increased the current density without changing channel properties. Furthermore, application of protein kinase D inhibitors also suppressed current density without changing channel properties; this effect was nonadditive with that of SMS1 short hairpin RNA. These results suggest that SMS1 positively regulates KCNQ1/KCNE1 channel density in a protein kinase D-dependent manner.
19
Wang, Jue, Usha Pendurthi, and L. Vijaya Mohan Rao. "Alterations in Sphingomyelin Metabolism Influences Tissue Factor Procoagulant Activity and the Release of TF-Positive Microvesicles." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125933.
Full textAbstract:
Tissue factor (TF), an integral membrane glycoprotein, is a cofactor for coagulation factor VIIa (FVIIa) and primary cellular initiator of the coagulation. Upon vascular injury or in disease conditions, blood comes in contact with TF, and the formation of TF-FVIIa complex initiates activation of the coagulation cascade. While TF is critical for the maintenance of hemostasis, aberrant expression of TF activity could lead to thrombotic disorders. Typically, most of TF on cell surfaces exist in a cryptic, coagulant inactive state, and an "activation" step (decryption) is essential for the transformation of cryptic TF to prothrombotic TF. Our recent studies showed that sphingomyelin (SM) in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is responsible for maintaining TF in an encrypted state in resting cells. The hydrolysis of SM, by either bacterial sphingomyelinase (bSMase) or acid-sphingomyelinase (ASMase) translocated from lysosomes to the outer leaflet in response to ATP, LPS or cytokine stimulation, increased TF activity on intact cells without altering TF protein levels. SM hydrolysis also led to the release of TF+ microvesicles (MVs). Inhibition of ASMase by functional inhibitors blocked LPS-induced TF procoagulant activity without impairing LPS-induced TF antigen levels in both in vitro and in vivo model systems. SM levels in the plasma membrane are regulated primarily by SM synthesizing enzymes, such as sphingomyelin synthases (SMS) 1 and 2 or SM hydrolyzing enzymes, such as ASMase and neutral SMases (nSMase). Many disease conditions, including diabetes, ischemia/hypoxia, and cancer, alter SM metabolism by altering the activities of the above enzymes. These diseases are also known to have increased thrombotic risk. To investigate the importance of SM metabolism in regulating TF procoagulant activity through TF encryption and decryption, we either overexpressed or silenced the enzymes involved in SM metabolism and determined their effect on TF procoagulant activity on intact cells and the release of TF+ MVs. Human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) or human embilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were chosen as cell model systems. In the first set of experiments, MDMs were transfected with adenovirus encoding SMS1, SMS2, or both to overexpress SMS. Analysis of SM levels in the outer leaflet by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry using SM specific binding protein (lysenin) revealed that overexpression of SMS1 or SMS2 increased SM levels in the outer leaflet. Measurement of TF activity on intact cells showed that overexpression of either SMS1 or SMS2 reduced both basal TF activity and the extent of increased TF activity following ATP or bSMase treatment. Overexpression of SMS1 or SMS2 also decreased the release of TF+ MVs. Overexpression of SMS1 or SMS2 had no significant effect on TF antigen levels. In the next set of experiments, MDMS were transfected with control scrambled RNA (scRNA) or siRNA specific for ASMase, nSMase1, nSMase2, or nSMase3. As expected from our earlier studies, ASMase silencing attenuated both basal and ATP-induced increased TF activity in MDMs. In case of nSMases, the knock-down of nSMase2 or nSMase3, but not nSMase1, reduced basal TF activity as well as ATP-induced TF decryption in MDMs. Analysis of SM levels in the outer leaflet showed that silencing of ASMase, nSMase2, or nSMase3 enhanced the SM content. The knock-down of either ASMase or nSMases did not affect TF antigen levels. In additional studies, HUVECs were transfected with control scRNA or siRNA specific for nSMase1, nSMAse2, or nSMase3. Forty eight hour post-transfection, HUVECs were stimulated with TNFα (10 ng/ml) plus IL-1β (10 ng/ml) for 6 h to induce TF expression. Analysis of cell surface TF activity showed that silencing nSMase2 or nSMase3, but not nSMase1, attenuated TNFα+IL-1β-induced TF procoagulant activity without decreasing TNFα+IL-1β-induced TF antigen levels. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that alterations in SM metabolism regulate TF procoagulant activity through encryption and decryption. Disclosures Rao: Takeda: Research Funding.
20
Ortiz-Reyes, Alma D., José R. Valdez-Lazalde, Gregorio Ángeles-Pérez, Héctor M. de los Santos-Posadas, Laura Schneider, Carlos Arturo Aguirre-Salado, and Alicia Peduzzi. "Synergy of Landsat, climate and LiDAR data for aboveground biomass mapping in medium-stature tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico." Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente 27, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2020.08.050.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Tropical forests represent complex and dynamic ecosystems that cover extensive areas, hence the importance of determining biomass content and representing spatial variability. Objective: Estimating and mapping aboveground biomass and its associated uncertainty for medium-stature semi-evergreen (SMSP) and semi-deciduous (SMSC) tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula. Materials and methods: Aboveground biomass was estimated as a function of explanatory variables taken from Landsat images and climatic variables, using the random Forest algorithm. Aboveground biomass was mapped from previous biomass estimates for stripes of the territory with the presence of LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) and field data. Uncertainty at the pixel level was estimated as the coefficient of variation. Results and discussion: A combination of climatic and spectral variables showed acceptable capacity to estimate biomass in the medium-stature semi-evergreen and semi-deciduous tropical forest with an explained variance of 50 % and RMSE (root mean squared error) of 34.2 Mg·ha -1 and 26.2 Mg·ha -1 , respectively, prevailing climate variables. SMSP biomass ranged from 4.0 to 185.7 Mg·ha -1 and SMSC ranged from 11.7 to 117 Mg·ha -1 . The lowest values of uncertainty were recorded for the medium-stature semi-evergreen tropical forest, being higher in areas with lower amounts of aboveground biomass. Conclusion: Aboveground biomass was estimated and mapped by the combined use of auxiliary variables with an acceptable accuracy, against uncertainty of predictions, which represents an opportunity for future improvement.
21
Przybyłko, Sebastian, Ewa Szpadzik, Jacek Marszał, Wojciech Kowalczyk, and Dariusz Wrona. "Different Floor Management Systems Affect Soil Properties and Initial Development of Apple Tree (Malus × domestica Borkh.) in an Orchard." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 2070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122070.
Full textAbstract:
In order to achieve sustainable food production, non-chemical weed management practices need to be developed for fruit growing. Tailor-made floor management systems enable efficient weed regulation, but they also affect the soil quality in an orchard. In this article, the effects of various floor management systems in a ‘Red Jonaprince’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) orchard on the soil properties and the trees’ nutritional status and initial development during the first two years after the orchard’s establishment were assessed. The experiment was set up in the spring of 2017 in the Experimental Orchard of WULS. ‘Red Jonaprince’ cv. trees grafted on M.9 rootstock were planted with 3.5 × 1 m spacing between them. Different floor management systems were applied to the rows, including the selected organic mulches: Miscanthus × giganteus straw (MG1 and MG2), spent mushroom substrates (SMS1 and SMS2), herbicide strip (HS), clear mechanical soil cultivation (MC), and synthetic black mulch (BC). The organic mulches affected the soil properties significantly. Spent mushroom substrates (SMS1, SMS2) increased the P and K contents in the soil, increased the salinity 10-fold, and retarded the growth in terms of the trunk cross-section area (TCSA) and its increment compared with other systems. Miscanthus × giganteus straw mulch (MG1, MG2) was associated with a more vigorous shoot growth compared with other combinations in the first year of the study as it provided a better tree nitrogen nutritional status. The floor management system affected the generative development of the trees. Mulching with a spent mushroom substrate boosted the flower bud formation intensity, but it did not affect the yielding quantity. Moreover, due to the poor fruit set, the trees mulched with a spent mushroom substrate (SMS2) gave a low initial bearing. High crop loads were noted for the trees treated with black synthetic mulch (BC) and the trees mulched with Miscanthus × giganteus straw (MG1). This was an effect of the tree size rather than the blooming intensity, while there were no differences in the cropping efficiency index (CEI) parameter.
22
Sessa, Lucia, Anna Maria Nardiello, Jacopo Santoro, Simona Concilio, and Stefano Piotto. "Hydroxylated Fatty Acids: The Role of the Sphingomyelin Synthase and the Origin of Selectivity." Membranes 11, no. 10 (October 16, 2021): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11100787.
Full textAbstract:
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids acting as key modulators of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Hydroxylation patterns have a major influence on the biophysical properties of sphingolipids. In this work, we have studied the mechanism of action of hydroxylated lipids in sphingomyelin synthase (SMS). The structures of the two human isoforms, SMS1 and SMS2, have been generated through neural network supported homology. Furthermore, we have elucidated the reaction mechanism that allows SMS to recover the choline head from a phosphocholine (PC) and transfer it to ceramide, and we have clarified the role of the hydroxyl group in the interaction with the enzyme. Finally, the effect of partial inhibition of SMS on the levels of PC and sphingomyelin was calculated for different rate constants solving ordinary differential equation systems.
23
Taniguchi, Makoto, Shingo Nagaya, Kohei Yuyama, Ai Kotani, Yasuyuki Igarashi, and Toshiro Okazaki. "Ceramide Metabolism Regulated by Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Is Associated with Acquisition of Chemoresistance via Exosomes in Human Leukemia Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 10648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810648.
Full textAbstract:
Ceramide levels controlled by the sphingomyelin (SM) cycle have essential roles in cancer cell fate through the regulation of cell proliferation, death, metastasis, and drug resistance. Recent studies suggest that exosomes confer cancer malignancy. However, the relationship between ceramide metabolism and exosome-mediated cancer malignancy is unclear. In this study, we elucidated the role of ceramide metabolism via the SM cycle in exosomes and drug resistance in human leukemia HL-60 and adriamycin-resistant HL-60/ADR cells. HL-60/ADR cells showed significantly increased exosome production and release compared with parental chemosensitive HL-60 cells. In HL-60/ADR cells, increased SM synthase (SMS) activity reduced ceramide levels, although released exosomes exhibited a high ceramide ratio in both HL-60- and HL-60/ADR-derived exosomes. Overexpression of SMS2 but not SMS1 suppressed intracellular ceramide levels and accelerated exosome production and release in HL-60 cells. Notably, HL-60/ADR exosomes conferred cell proliferation and doxorubicin resistance properties to HL-60 cells. Finally, microRNA analysis in HL-60 and HL-60/ADR cells and exosomes showed that miR-484 elevation in HL-60/ADR cells and exosomes was associated with exosome-mediated cell proliferation. This suggests that intracellular ceramide metabolism by SMS2 regulates exosome production and release, leading to acquisition of drug resistance and enhanced cell proliferation in leukemia cells.
24
Susanti, Laila, Resmi Mustarichie, Eli Halimah, Dikdik Kurnia, Andi Setiawan, and Yustinus Maladan. "Anti-Alopecia Activity of Alkaloids Group from Noni Fruit against Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Male Rabbits and Its Molecular Mechanism: In Vivo and In Silico Studies." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15121557.
Full textAbstract:
Androgenic alopecia (AA) is a condition that most commonly affects adult men and is caused by an increase in the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the hair follicles. Anti-alopecia drugs should be discovered for hair follicles to enter the anagen growth phase. Therefore, this study evaluated the hair growth-promoting activity of Noni fruit’s water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane fractions, and sub-fractions from the active fraction in the alopecia male white rabbit model. The Matias method was modified by inducing rabbits using DHT for 17 days, followed by topical application of Noni fruit solution for 21 days. Meanwhile, hair growth was evaluated by histological observation of the follicular density and the anagen/telogen (A/T) ratio in skin tissue. In the first stage, five groups of male white rabbits were studied to obtain the active fraction; DHT+Minoxidil as standard, DHT+vehicle (NaCMC 1%), DHT+FW, DHT+FEA, and DHT+FH. The FEA as the active fraction was followed by open-column chromatography separation (DCM:Methanol) with a gradient of 10% to produce sub-fractions. In the second stage, the six main sub-fraction groups of male rabbits studied were DHT+FEA-1 to DHT+FEA-6. The follicular density of groups FEA-3 was 78.00 ± 1.52 compared with 31.55 ± 1.64 and 80.12 ± 1.02 in the Vehicle and Minoxidil groups. Additionally, group FEA-3 showed large numbers of anagen follicles with an A/T ratio of 1.64/1 compared to the vehicle group of 1/1.50 and 1.39/1 for Minoxidil control. Group FEA-3 was identified by LC-MS/MS-QTOF, followed by molecular docking to the androgen receptor (PDB: 4K7A), causing alopecia. The results showed that three alkaloid compounds with skeleton piperazine and piperidine, namely (compounds 2 (−4.99 Kcal/mol), 3 (−4.60 Kcal/mol), and 4 (−4.57 Kcal/mol)) had a binding affinity similar to Minoxidil, with also has alkaloid skeleton piperidine–pyrimidine (−4.83 Kcal/mol). The dynamic behavior showed the stability of all androgen receptor compounds with good RMSD, SMSF, and SASA values after being studied with 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This study produced a common thread in discovering a class of alkaloid compounds as inhibitors of androgen receptors that cause alopecia.
25
Morillo, J., G. Bordier, C. H. de Novion, J. P. Sénateur, and J. Jun. "Radiation damage in SmS, SmS1−xPx and SmB6." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 47-48 (February 1985): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(85)90466-4.
Full text
26
Mulyadi, Dedy. "Komparasi Metode Logika Fuzzy Mamdani dan Metode Logika Fuzzy Sugeno Sebagai Pendukung Keputusan Seleksi Bertahap." Teknois : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknologi Informasi dan Sains 6, no. 1 (August 13, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36350/jbs.v6i1.43.
Full textAbstract:
Seleksi bertahap pada penerimaan mahasiswa baru program studi Diploma III Akuntansi STIE Binaniaga Bogor melalui jalur beasiswa selama ini menggunakan metode rata-rata. Harapan minimal yang diinginkan STIE Binaniaga adalah semakin tinggi nilai hasil seleksi bertahap maka akan semakin tinggi pula prestasi akademik dalam perjalanan studi mahasiswa. Penggunaan metode rata-rata belum menunjukan hasil sebagaimana harapan minimal yang diinginkan, ditunjukkan dengan pola visualisasi prestasi akademik yang masih terdapat beberapa fluktuasi menaik dan menurun. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah membandingkan metode logika fuzzy Mamdani dengan metode logika fuzzy Sugeno untuk dapat ditentukan metode logika fuzzy mana yang lebih baik diterapkan pada setiap tahapan seleksi. Alat analisa yang digunakan adalah perbandingan (komparasi) berdasarkan hubungan (korelasi) antara prestasi akademik dengan masing-masing penerapan kombinasi metode logika fuzzy pada seluruh tahapan seleksi. Korelasi antara indeks prestasi kumulatif dengan hasil akhir dari penerapan metode rata-rata adalah sebesar 0,559. Penerapan kombinasi metode logika fuzzy yang dapat menghasilkan korelasi dengan indeks prestasi kumulatif melebihi 0,559 merupakan alternatif penerapan metode yang lebih baik untuk menggantikan metode rata-rata yang selama ini digunakan. Hal tersebut tercapai pada kombinasi penerapan logika fuzzy: SMMM (0,570), SMSM (0,570), SSMM (0,571), SSSM (0,570), SMSS (0,579), dan SSSS (0,569). Mengingat nilai koefisien korelasi linier antara indeks prestasi kumulatif dengan hasil seleksi bertahap dari penerapan kombinasi metode logika fuzzy tertinggi dan lebih besar dari 0,559 dicapai pada penerapan kombinasi metode logika fuzzy SMSS yaitu sebesar 0,579 maka kombinasi logika fuzzy SMSS (Sugeno, Mamdani, Sugeno, Sugeno) lebih baik untuk diterapkan pada setiap tahapan seleksi yang bersesuaian. Sehingga, kesimpulan penelitian yang didapatkan adalah: metode logika fuzzy Sugeno lebih baik untuk diterapkan sebagai pendukung keputusan pada seleksi tahap pertama, metode logika fuzzy Mamdani lebih baik untuk diterapkan sebagai pendukung keputusan pada seleksi tahap kedua, metode logika fuzzy Sugeno lebih baik untuk diterapkan sebagai pendukung keputusan pada seleksi tahap ketiga, dan metode logika fuzzy Sugeno lebih baik untuk diterapkan sebagai pendukung keputusan pada seleksi tahap akhir.
27
Seal, Bruce S., James A. House, Cecelia A. Whetstone, and John D. Neill. "Analysis of the Serologic Relationship among San Miguel Sea Lion Virus and Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus Isolates. Application of the Western Blot Assay for Detection of Antibodies in Swine Sera to these Virus Types." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, no. 2 (April 1995): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700204.
Full textAbstract:
Caliciviruses are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a single capsid protein. The serotypes of the marine mammal calicivirus, San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV), are antigenically related to vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) and are potentially hazardous to swine. Western blot assays using purified SMSV serotypes 1 and 4 were used to further examine the serologic relationship among SMSV and VESV isolates. With the exception of SMSV 8 and SMSV 12, rabbit polyclonal antisera generated against all the available SMSV and VESV isolates reacted positively, as assessed by western blot, with purified capsid protein from SMSV 1 and SMSV 4. Consequently, the SMSV 8 and SMSV 12 virus isolates may not be members of the SMSV/VESV calicivirus group. Using antisera from pigs experimentally inoculated with SMSV and VESV as positive controls, a western blot assay for these virus types was utilized to check for the presence of antibodies to caliciviruses in swine sera. Sera from colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic pigs were used as a negative control in all experiments. Examination of sera from domestic and feral swine collected in Iowa, California, and Florida was completed using this technique. The presence of antibodies to these virus types was not detected in any of the porcine sera tested.
28
Kong, Ruina, Jie Gao, Ju Zhang, Lianmei Ji, Yiyi Yu, Lanling Zhang, and Dongbao Zhao. "Synovial mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-320c enhances chondrogenesis by targeting ADAM19." Future Medicinal Chemistry 14, no. 2 (January 2022): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2021-0177.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Synovial mesenchymal stem cell (SMSC)-derived exosomes show treatment potential in osteoarthritis, although their functional mechanism is still unclear. Materials & methods: Osteoarthritis chondrocytes and normal SMSC were cultured. Subsequently, chondrocytes were co-cultured with SMSC or miR-320c-overexpressing SMSC-derived exosomes, or directly transfected with miR-320c mimic. Furthermore, compensate experiments were conducted. Results: SMSC promoted chondrocyte proliferation, migration, COL2A1 and ACAN expressions while suppressing apoptosis by transmitting exosomes. Furthermore, miR-320c-overexpressing SMSC-derived exosomes and direct miR-320c overexpression in chondrocytes presented more significant effect on enhancing chondrogenesis. In addition, miR-320c directly targeted ADAM19, and ADAM19 overexpression compensated the regulation of miR-320c on chondrogenesis. Conclusion: SMSC-derived exosomal miR-320c enhances chondrogenesis through targeting ADAM19, highlighting a potentially novel mechanism of SMSC in treating osteoarthritis.
29
Sidhu, Mayenaaz, David Tate, Lobke Desomer, Gregor Brown, Luke Hourigan, Eric Lee, Alan Moss, et al. "The size, morphology, site, and access score predicts critical outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection in the colon." Endoscopy 50, no. 07 (January 25, 2018): 684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-124081.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background The SMSA (size, morphology, site, access) polyp scoring system is a method of stratifying the difficulty of polypectomy through assessment of four domains. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of SMSA to predict critical outcomes of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). Methods We retrospectively applied SMSA to a prospectively collected multicenter database of large colonic laterally spreading lesions (LSLs) ≥ 20 mm referred for EMR. Standard inject-and-resect EMR procedures were performed. The primary end points were correlation of SMSA level with technical success, adverse events, and endoscopic recurrence. Results 2675 lesions in 2675 patients (52.6 % male) underwent EMR. Failed single-session EMR occurred in 124 LSLs (4.6 %) and was predicted by the SMSA score (P < 0.001). Intraprocedural and clinically significant postendoscopic bleeding was significantly less common for SMSA 2 LSLs (odds ratio [OR] 0.36, P < 0.001 and OR 0.23, P < 0.01) and SMSA 3 LSLs (OR 0.41, P < 0.001 and OR 0.60, P = 0.05) compared with SMSA 4 lesions. Similarly, endoscopic recurrence at first surveillance was less likely among SMSA 2 (OR 0.19, P < 0.001) and SMSA 3 (OR 0.33, P < 0.001) lesions compared with SMSA 4 lesions. This also extended to second surveillance among SMSA 4 LSLs. Conclusion SMSA is a simple, readily applicable, clinical score that identifies a subgroup of patients who are at increased risk of failed EMR, adverse events, and adenoma recurrence at surveillance colonoscopy. This information may be useful for improving informed consent, planning endoscopy lists, and developing quality control measures for practitioners of EMR, with potential implications for EMR benchmarking and training.
30
Deevska, Gergana, Patrick P. Dotson, Mihail Mitov, D. Allan Butterfield, and Mariana Nikolova-Karakashian. "Onset of Senescence and Steatosis in Hepatocytes as a Consequence of a Shift in the Diacylglycerol/Ceramide Balance at the Plasma Membrane." Cells 10, no. 6 (May 21, 2021): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061278.
Full textAbstract:
Ceramide and diacylglycerol (DAG) are bioactive lipids and mediate many cellular signaling pathways. Sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) is the single metabolic link between the two, while SMS2 is the only SMS form located at the plasma membrane. SMS2 functions were investigated in HepG2 cell lines stably expressing SMS2. SMS2 overexpression did not alter sphingomyelin (SM), phosphatidylcholine (PC), or ceramide levels. DAG content increased by approx. 40% and led to downregulation of DAG-dependent protein kinase C (PKC). SMS2 overexpression also induced senescence, characterized by positivity for β-galactosidase activity and heterochromatin foci. HepG2-SMS2 cells exhibited protruded mitochondria and suppressed mitochondrial respiration rates. ATP production and the abundance of Complex V were substantially lower in HepG2-SMS2 cells as compared to controls. SMS2 overexpression was associated with inflammasome activation based on increases in IL-1β and nlpr3 mRNA levels. HepG2-SMS2 cells exhibited lipid droplet accumulation, constitutive activation of AMPK based on elevated 172Thr phosphorylation, increased AMPK abundance, and insensitivity to insulin suppression of AMPK. Thus, our results show that SMS2 regulates DAG homeostasis and signaling in hepatocytes and also provide proof of principle for the concept that offset in bioactive lipids’ production at the plasma membrane can drive the senescence program in association with steatosis and, seemingly, by cell-autonomous mechanisms.
31
Leibig, Wibke, Sebastian Kuhn, Thomas Patzelt, Claudia Mugler, Bai Ren-Yuan, Leticia Quintanilla-Fend, Irmgard Förster, Christian Peschel, Jürgen Ruland, and Justus Duyster. "Smif (Smad4 Interacting Factor) Is a Negative Regulator of T Cell Activation and Autoimmunity In Vivo." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.712.712.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Abstract 712 Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a critical role in regulating cellular processes like proliferation, extracellular matrix production, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis as well as immunomodulation. TGFβ is a pluripotent cytokine with a pronounced immunosuppressive effect by controlling proliferation, differentiation and activation of immune cells. TGFβ binding to its receptor leads to the phosphorylation of R-Smads. R-Smads again form a heteromeric complex with the cytosolic common Smad4. This Smad complex, together with additional cofactors, translocate into the nucleus, where they control the transcription of TGFβ target genes. Smif was originally identified in our lab as an interaction partner of Smad4. Functional analysis revealed a stimulatory effect in regulating TGFβ-dependent genes like the early target gene JunB. After TGFβ stimulation, Smif tranlocates, together with Smad4, into the nucleus, where Smif acts as a coactivator. To investigate the role of Smif in mammals, we generated a Smif knockout mouse. To this end exon 2 of Smif was replaced by GFP and an inverted neomycin selection cassette. Smif-deficient mice were viable but exhibit a shortened life span. On the average, these mice die at 12 month of age due to multifocal inflammatory disease. Overall pathological analysis of diseased mice revealed extensive lymphocytic infiltrates in multiple organs. Moreover, Smif-deficiency caused immune complex induced glomerulonephritis associated with proteinuria. In line with these findings, autoantibodies could be detected in the serum of Smif knockout mice. Interestingly, we identified T cells and not B-cells as the important target in Smif-deficient mice. T cells lacking Smif were spontaneously activated. In addition, TGFβ was not able to block T cell proliferation of CD4+ cells in vitro, whereas B cells isolated from Smif knockout spleens behave as wildtype. Transcription of TGFβ responsive reporter constructs was greatly reduced in Smif knockout Mefs and could be rescued by the reexpression of functional Smif. Taken all together, the observed autoimmune phenotype found in Smif-deficient mice is at least partially caused by overactivated T cells due to downregulation of the inhibitory TGFβ pathway. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
32
Hardy, J., A. L. Bertone, and W. W. Muir. "Joint pressure influences synovial tissue blood flow as determined by colored microspheres." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): 1225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.4.1225.
Full textAbstract:
We measured regional blood flow in synovial tissue of the antebrachiocarpal, midcarpal, and metacarpophalangeal joints of six normal adult anesthetized horses by using 15-microns-diameter polystyrene colored microspheres. The midcarpal fibrous capsule and synovial membrane blood flows (SMBF) were compared, and the effect of increased intra-articular pressure (30 and 60 mmHg) on midcarpal SMBF was investigated. Dorsal, medial palmar, and lateral palmar midcarpal SMBF measured 108 +/- 36, 61 +/- 12, and 50 +/- 11 microliters.min-1.g-1, respectively. Antebrachiocarpal, dorsal, and palmar metacarpophalangeal SMBF measured 103 +/- 8, 17 +/- 3, and 26 +/- 5 microliters.min-1.g-1, respectively. Midcarpal fibrous joint capsule blood flow was significantly lower than that of the synovial membrane. An increase in midcarpal intra-articular pressure to 30 or 60 mmHg resulted in an 84% decrease in SMBF. Colored microspheres provided a useful technique to determine sequential SMBF. Increased intra-articular pressure significantly altered SMBF, suggesting a role of the regional circulation in the pathogenesis of joint disease.
33
Singhal, R. K., U. Chandra, and K. B. Garg. "X-ray absorption study of valence fluctuations in alloys of SmSe with SmSb." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 123, no. 3 (May 1993): 311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(93)90457-d.
Full text
34
Li, Xiatian, Tao Luo, Hua Li, and Nianlong Yan. "Sphingomyelin Synthase 2 Participate in the Regulation of Sperm Motility and Apoptosis." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184231.
Full textAbstract:
Sphingomylin participates in sperm function in animals, and also regulates the Akt and ERK signaling pathways, both of which are associated with the asthenospermia. Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) is involved in the biosynthesis of sphingomylin. To determine the relationship between SMS2 and human sperm function, we analyzed the distribution of SMS2 in human sperm and testes, and SMS2 expression in patients with asthenospermia and normozoospermia; human sperm were treated with anti-SMS2, and the sperm motility, penetration ability into methylcellulose, capacitation and acrosome reaction, and sperm [Ca2+]i imaging were evaluated, while the Akt and ERK pathway and cleaved caspase 3 were also analyzed. Results showed that SMS2 was localized in the testis and human sperm, and the protein levels of normozoospermia were higher than asthenospermia. Inhibition of SMS2 activity significantly decreased sperm motility and penetration ability into methylcellulose, but had no influence on capacitation and acrosome reaction, or on intracellular [Ca2+]i compared to IgG-treated control groups. Moreover, the phosphorylation level of Akt was decreased, whereas the phosphorylation of ERK and cleaved-caspase 3 levels were significantly increased. Taken together, SMS2 can affect sperm motility and penetration ability into methylcellulose, and participate in apoptosis associated with the Akt and ERK signaling pathways.
35
Abbas, Aymn T., Nagla A. El-Shitany, Lamiaa A. Shaala, Soad S. Ali, Esam I. Azhar, Umama A. Abdel-dayem, and Diaa T. A. Youssef. "Red SeaSuberea mollisSponge Extract Protects against CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Rats via an Antioxidant Mechanism." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/745606.
Full textAbstract:
Recent studies have demonstrated that marine sponges and their active constituents exhibited several potential medical applications. This study aimed to evaluate the possible hepatoprotective role as well as the antioxidant effect of the Red SeaSuberea mollissponge extract (SMSE) on carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced acute liver injury in rats. In vitro antioxidant activity of SMSE was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay. Rats were orally administered three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) of SMSE and silymarin (100 mg/kg) along with CCl4(1 mL/kg, i.p., every 72 hr) for 14 days. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin were measured. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) were also measured. Liver specimens were histopathologically examined. SMSE showed strong scavenging activity against free radicals in DPPH assay. SMSE significantly reduced liver enzyme activities. Moreover, SMSE significantly reduced hepatic MDA formation. In addition, SMSE restored GSH, NO, SOD, GPx, and CAT. The histopathological results confirmed these findings. The results of this study suggested a potent protective effect of the SMSE against CCl4-induced hepatic injury. This may be due to its antioxidant and radical scavenging activity.
36
Chaplin, William J., Andrew M. Dumbill, Yvonne P. Elsworth, George R. Isaak, Clive P. McLeod, Brek A. Miller, Roger New, and Balázs Pintér. "The Search for Correlation between BiSON SMMF Data and CME Events." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600015410.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe present first attempts to compare the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON) high precision solar mean magnetic field (SMMF) data of four years with the occurrence of CMEs (coronal mass ejections) as recorded by LASCO on board SOHO. The BiSON magnetic measurement technique is given in Chaplin et al. (2003). Particularly interesting results of recent SMMF high-cadence observations have come from studies of correlation between the SMMF determined by MDI and the occurrence of CMEs (Boberg and Lundstedt 2000 and Boberg et al 2002). Two frequency ranges, centered on 13 and 90 minutes, have been identified as possibly correlating with CME occurrence.We have used BiSON SMMF data from two sites to investigate CME related SMMF signals to try to confirm the MDI results. To search methodically through our data set we have developed two correlation techniques suited to short (up to 32 minutes) and long (up to 3 hours) period wavelets, respectively. For short periods we analyzed SMMF data in the vicinity of CMEs, and for long periods we compared SMMF results for days with and without recorded CMEs. In neither period range have we yet clearly identified correlations between SMMF power excesses and CME onsets. For the details of the techniques and the results see Chaplin et al. (2004).
37
Singh, Sanjay Kumar, Parameswara Rao Vuddanda, Sanjay Singh, and Anand Kumar Srivastava. "A Comparison between Use of Spray and Freeze Drying Techniques for Preparation of Solid Self-Microemulsifying Formulation of Valsartan andIn VitroandIn VivoEvaluation." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/909045.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the present study was to develop self micro emulsifying formulation (SMEF) of valsartan to improve its oral bioavailability. The formulations were screened on the basis of solubility, stability, emulsification efficiency, particle size and zeta potential. The optimized liquid SMEF contains valsartan (20% w/w), Capmul MCM C8 (16% w/w), Tween 80 (42.66% w/w) and PEG 400 (21.33% w/w) as drug, oil, surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. Further, Liquid SMEF was adsorbed on Aerosol 200 by spray and freeze drying methods in the ratio of 2 : 1 and transformed into free flowing powder. Both the optimized liquid and solid SMEF had the particle size <200 nm with rapid reconstitution properties. Both drying methods are equally capable for producing stable solid SMEF and immediate release of drug inin vitroandin vivoconditions. However, the solid SMEF produced by spray drying method showed high flowability and compressibility. The solid state characterization employing the FTIR, DSC and XRD studies indicated insignificant interaction of drug with lipid and adsorbed excipient. The relative bioavailability of solid SMEF was approximately 1.5 to 3.0 folds higher than marketed formulation and pure drug. Thus, the developed solid SMEF illustrates an alternative delivery of valsartan as compared to existing formulations with improved bioavailability.
38
Lee, Da-Young, Sun-Mi Yun, Moon-Young Song, Sang-Deok Ji, Jong-Gon Son, and Eun-Hee Kim. "Administration of Steamed and Freeze-Dried Mature Silkworm Larval Powder Prevents Hepatic Fibrosis and Hepatocellular Carcinogenesis by Blocking TGF-β/STAT3 Signaling Cascades in Rats." Cells 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030568.
Full textAbstract:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and the majority of HCC patients occur with a background of hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. We have previously reported the hepatoprotective effects of steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP) in a chronic ethanol-treated rat model. Here, we assessed the anti-fibrotic and anti-carcinogenic effects of SMSP on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-treated rats. Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with DEN once a week for 12 or 16 weeks with or without SMSP administration (0.1 and 1 g/kg). SMSP administration significantly attenuated tumor foci formation and proliferation in the livers of the rats treated with DEN for 16 weeks. SMSP administration also inhibited hepatic fibrosis by decreasing the levels of collagen fiber and the expression of pro-collagen I and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Moreover, SMSP supplementation improved the major parameters of fibrosis such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and collagen type I (Col1A1) in the livers from the rats treated with DEN for 16 weeks. As s possible mechanisms, we investigated the effects of SMSP on the TGF-β and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-mediated signaling cascades, which are known to promote hepatic fibrosis. We found that SMSP treatment inhibited the activation of TGF-β and the phosphorylation of STAT3 pathway in DEN-treated rats. Moreover, SMSP administration suppressed the expressions of the target genes of TGF-β and STAT3 induced by DEN treatment. Our findings provide experimental evidences that SMSP administration has inhibitory effects of hepatic fibrosis and HCC induced by DEN In Vivo and could be a promising strategy for the prevention or treatment of hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
39
Chen, I.-Lun, Chih-Hsing Hung, and Hsin-Chun Huang. "Smoflipid Is Better Than Lipofundin for Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 2548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082548.
Full textAbstract:
Neurodevelopmental morbidities developed more commonly in low-birth-weight premature infants. We sought to determine the effects of different lipid emulsions on the neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born prematurely. This retrospective cross-sectional study had two intervention legs, Lipofundin® MCT/LCT (LIPO) versus Smoflipid® (SMOF), which are mainly differentiated by fish oil. Data of premature neonates born between 2001 and 2015 from the research database of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital with corresponding individual medical records up to July 2020 were analyzed. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes were defined by the international classification of disease codes −9 or −10. The prevalence of diseases was compared between LIPO and SMOF groups at five and five years old and further analyzed by stratification of 1500 g birth weight. The LIPO and SMOF groups each included 1120 neonates. Epilepsy, cerebral palsy, developmental disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were significantly decreased at age two years in the SMOF group, and epilepsy, language delay (LD), ADHD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were significantly decreased in the SMOF group at age five years. In children with birth weight < 1500 g, ADHD was decreased in the SMOF group at ages two and five years, and ASD was decreased in the SMOF group at age five years. In children with birth weight ≥ 1500 g, epilepsy, LD and ADHD were decreased in the SMOF group at age two years. LD was decreased in the SMOF group at age five years. We conclude that lipid emulsions with fish oil improve the neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born prematurely.
40
Peck, Lauren H., Pavel Prusakov, and Ethan A. Mezoff. "Biochemical Parameters in Extremely Preterm Infants Receiving Mixed Lipid Emulsions." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 26, no. 8 (November 10, 2021): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-26.8.841.
Full textAbstract:
OBJECTIVE A mixture of soybean, medium-chain triglycerides, olive, and fish oils (SMOF) contains higher α-tocopherol and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and lower phytosterol content compared with conventional soybean oil lipid emulsions (SOLE). We sought to characterize plasma total fatty acid profiles (FAPs) and assess the tolerability of long-term SMOF therapy in extremely preterm infants. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated infants born <28 weeks gestational age who received at least 30 consecutive days of SMOF between July 2016 and June 2019. We evaluated monthly FAPs and biochemical tolerance to SMOF using direct bilirubin (DB) and triglyceride (TG) levels. Growth parameters were evaluated longitudinally until discharge. RESULTS Sixteen patients with median gestational age 24 weeks (IQR, 23–25 weeks) received SMOF for median 76 days (IQR, 52–130 days). Fourteen patients had necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) requiring surgical intervention and 15 patients received SOLE for median 19 days (IQR, 14–26 days) prior to switching to SMOF. Median docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels were elevated, whereas the remaining fatty acid levels fell within reported reference ranges. There were no incidents of essential fatty acid deficiency (triene to tetraene ratio >0.2) or hypertriglyceridemia (TG >200 mg/dL) with a general downtrend in DB after the first month on SMOF. All growth Z-scores declined throughout hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS Infants who received SMOF had a more pronounced elevation in DHA than EPA, of which the clinical significance remains unknown. Growth Z-scores declined with SMOF but were confounded by a high prevalence of surgically treated NEC.
41
Grandgeorge, Naia, Giovanni Barchetti, Solange Grunenwald, Fabrice Bonneville, and Philippe Caron. "Is MRI follow-up relevant in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas primarily treated and responsive to long-acting somatostatin analogues (SMSa)?" European Journal of Endocrinology 182, no. 1 (January 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-19-0681.
Full textAbstract:
Objective Primary SMSa treatment can be associated with hormonal control and tumor shrinkage in patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether regular MRI follow-up was necessary in patients with acromegaly-treated and responsive to first-generation long-acting SMSa. Patients and methods In this retrospective monocentric study we included patients with GH/IGF-1 hypersecretion and pituitary adenomas with normal visual field, primarily treated with first-generation long-acting SMSa between 1995 and 2015 and regularly monitored (clinical evaluation, GH/IGF-1 levels and pituitary MRI) for at least 3 years. Results We included 83 patients (32 men and 51 women, mean age at diagnosis 50 ± 12 years) with mean GH = 19.3 ± 25.6 ng/mL, IGF-1 = 284 ± 110% ULN and pituitary adenoma height = 12.9 ± 4.7 mm. Mean follow-up was 8.9 ± 4.9 years in 36 controlled patients and 2.0 ± 1.6 years in 47 partial responders to SMSa alone. No significant increase in pituitary adenoma height was observed. Pituitary adenoma height decreased significantly in controlled patients (diagnosis: 11.9 ± 4.8 mm, SMSa: 9.6 ± 3.3 mm, P < 0.001), and in partially responders (diagnosis: 13.6 ± 4.5 mm, SMSa: 11.5 ± 4.5 mm, P < 0.001). Conclusion During SMSa treatment, no significant increase in GH-secreting adenoma size was observed. Primary SMSa treatment was associated with a significantly decrease in adenoma height in our population. Our cohort data suggest that regular MRI follow-up does not seem relevant in patients with acromegaly who are responsive to SMSa treatment.
42
Wang, Fang, Haili Li, Hang Zhao, Ya Zhang, Pengcheng Qiu, Jie Li, and Siwang Wang. "Antidiabetic Activity and Chemical Composition ofSanbaiMelon Seed Oil." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5434156.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives.Many fruits and herbs had been used in Traditional Chinese Medicines for treating diabetes mellitus (DM); however, scientific and accurate evidences regarding their efficacy and possible mechanisms were largely unknown.Sanbaimelon seed oil (SMSO) was used in folk medicine in treating DM, but there is no literature about these effects. The present study was aimed at confirming the treatment effects of SMSO in type 1 DM.Methods.Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 65 mg/kg body weight. After diabetes induction, mice were treated with SMSO at dose of 1 g/kg, 2 g/kg, and 4 g/kg. Drugs were given by gavage administration once a day continuously for 28 days. At the end of treatment, several biochemical parameters and molecular mechanisms were determined by biochemical assays, ELISA, and Western blotting. The chemical compositions of SMSO were also tested.Results.SMSO treatment significantly improved the symptoms of weight loss, polydipsia, reduced FBG level, increased plasma insulin levels, reduced plasma lipids levels, and protected islet injury. The results also showed that SMSO mitigated oxidative stress and alleviated the liver and renal injury in diabetes mice. SMSO also protected islet cells from apoptotic damage by suppressing ER mediated and mitochondrial dependent apoptotic pathways. Further constituent analysis results showed that SMSO had rich natural resources which had beneficial effects on DM.Conclusions.This study showed that SMSO had excellent antidiabetes effect and provided scientific basis for the use of SMSO as the functional ingredients production and dietary supplements production in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
43
Long, Jin Ming, Quan Bin Liu, Kun Yu Zhao, Qi Long Yong, and Jie Su. "Effect of Cl- Content, pH Value and CO2 on Electrochemical Corrosion Features of Cr15 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 738 (August 2013): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.738.92.
Full textAbstract:
The corrosion behavior of a Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel (Cr15 SMSS) was investigated in NaCl solutions by means of potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Effects of Cl-content, pH value and saturated CO2on corrosion were sdudied. It was found that the parameters of maintaining passivity current density (ip), the critical pitting potential (Eb) and charge transfer resistance (Rt) of Cr15 SMSS varied widely under different conditions. The corrosion resistance of Cr15 SMSS decrease with increasing Cl-concentration and lowering pH value. BothipandEbincrease for Cr15 SMSS in CO2-saturated NaCl solution, which verified that the CO2in NaCl solution can result in lower pitting sensitivity and higher uniform corrosion rate to Cr15 SMSS.
44
Holzhauer, Hunter M., Timothy A. Krause, Judson Russell, Deborah Harrell, and Arindam Bandopadhyaya. "Student Managed Funds – a panel discussion." Managerial Finance 46, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 458–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-08-2018-0406.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose Student Managed Funds (SMFs) are extremely popular investment programs at many colleges and universities that provide their students with experiential learning opportunities to manage real money. However, the size, scope and specific features of these SMFs differ substantially. The purpose of this paper is to deliberate about a panel discussion on several important SMF issues that took place at the Southern Finance Association conference in November, 2016. Design/methodology/approach The panel includes one moderator and four panelists, all of whom serve as SMF faculty directors at their respective schools. Findings The panelists’ answers show that almost no two SMFs are created the same, supervised the same way by different faculty directors or managed the same way by their respective students. Originality/value The panelists provide insight about their respective SMFs and offer advice on how to create SMFs and how to supervise students managing SMFs in a more effective manner.
45
Fan, Shumin, Shuai Pei, Tianyu Shen, Guangri Xu, Yuanchao Li, and Wenxiu Fan. "Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Magnetic Sawdust as Effective and Recyclable Oil Sorbents." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 20, 2019): 3432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203432.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, a novel superhydrophobic magnetic sawdust (SMSD) was fabricated as an oil sorbent. The SMSD was functionalized with Fe3O4 nanoparticles using melamine formaldehyde resin (MFR) as a coupling agent and subsequently hydrophobically-treated with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS). The SMSD showed excellent superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle of 155.3 ± 0.9°. Meanwhile it had remarkable environmental durability, long-term stability, and mechanical durable properties. Taking advantage of its magnetic characteristics, the SMSD could be easily controlled to absorb oil to separate oil–water mixtures with high oil absorption capacity and good reusability. Moreover, the emulsion was successfully separated by SMSD, including water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. This study developed an effective oil absorbent, which was low cost and environmentally-friendly.
46
Lee, Da-Young, Kyung-Sook Hong, Moon-Young Song, Sun-Mi Yun, Sang-Deok Ji, Jong-Gon Son, and Eun-Hee Kim. "Hepatoprotective Effects of Steamed and Freeze-Dried Mature Silkworm Larval Powder against Ethanol-Induced Fatty Liver Disease in Rats." Foods 9, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9030285.
Full textAbstract:
Silkworm, Bombyx mori, contains high amounts of beneficial nutrients, including amino acids, proteins, essential minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. We have previously reported a technique for producing steamed and freeze-dried mature silkworm larval powder (SMSP), which makes it easier to digest mature silkworm. In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of SMSP on alcoholic fatty liver disease and elucidated its mechanism of action. Male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with SMSP (50 mg/kg) or normal diet (AIN-76A) were administered 25% ethanol (3 g/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 4 weeks. SMSP administration for 4 weeks significantly decreased hepatic fat accumulation in ethanol-treated rats by modulating lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation-related molecules such as sirtuin 1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1. Moreover, SMSP administration significantly diminished the levels of triglyceride in liver tissues by as much as 35%, as well as lowering the serum levels of triglyceride, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase in ethanol-treated rats. SMSP supplementation also decreased the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 1 beta levels and cytochrome P450 2E1 generating oxidative stress. These results suggest that SMSP administration may be possible for the prevention of alcoholic liver disease.
47
Binder, Christoph, Hannah Schned, Nicholas Longford, Eva Schwindt, Margarita Thanhaeuser, Alexandra Thajer, Katharina Goeral, et al. "A Mixed-Lipid Emulsion Containing Fish Oil for the Parenteral Nutrition of Preterm Infants: No Impact on Visual Neuronal Conduction." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 4241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124241.
Full textAbstract:
Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and essential for neuronal myelination and maturation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of a mixed-lipid emulsion composed of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOF-LE) compared to a pure soybean oil-based lipid emulsion (S-LE) for parenteral nutrition had an impact on neuronal conduction in preterm infants. This study is a retrospective matched cohort study comparing preterm infants <1000 g who received SMOF-LE in comparison to S-LE for parenteral nutrition. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were assessed longitudinally from birth until discharge. The latencies of the evoked peaks N2 and P2 were analyzed. The analysis included 76 infants (SMOF-LE: n = 41 and S-LE: n = 35) with 344 VEP measurements (SMOF-LE: n= 191 and S-LE n = 153). Values of N2 and P2 were not significantly different between the SMOF-LE and S-LE groups. A possible better treatment effect in the SMOF-LE group was seen as a trend toward a shorter latency, indicating faster neural conduction at around term-equivalent age. Prospective trials and follow-up studies are necessary in order to evaluate the potential positive effect of SMOF-LE on neuronal conduction and visual pathway maturation.
48
Massa, Olga Isengildina, and A. Ford Ramsey. "Student-Managed Commodity Fund—A New Frontier in Experiential Learning." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.33.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study provides a road map for creating and operating a student-managed investment fund (SMIF) as an experiential learning opportunity in commodity market analysis. We describe the reasons for implementing a SMIF and the benefits it offers relative to traditional simulation approaches. We outline the necessary steps for starting a SMIF and explain its organizational structure. We discuss a SMIF’s operation and main activities, which include recruitment, training, trading, and interaction with the client and alumni. The implications of participating in a SMIF are reviewed within a cost-benefit framework.
49
Carrozzo, Romeo, Irene Bonicelli, Chiara Caldiani, Monica Altobelli, Marzia Bacchini, Alberto Vitali, Claudia Contardi, and Danila Mariani. "OctoberFAST: segni e sintomi dei bambini sottoposti a tampone per SARS-CoV-2." Medico e Bambino pagine elettroniche 40, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53126/mebxxiv001.
Full textAbstract:
Background - From the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak one major issue has been the early identification of infectious cases. It is particularly challenging to perform a symptom-based screening in the paediatric population because of the seeming overlap of early clinical manifestations between Covid-19 and other common viral infections. Aims - This study was aimed to assess the likelihood that clinical scenarios driving to the SARS-CoV-2 molecular swab test (SMST) might be suggestive for Covid-19 in children. Materials and methods - A survey was proposed to the family paediatricians of the Province of Bergamo (Italy). For all the patients referred for SMST due to symptoms in the period 28/Sep/2020 - 31/Oct/2020, the request was to gather the following data: symptoms, outcome of the SMST, school level, and period between onset of symptom/s and SMST. Data were centralised in anonymous format, making use of pivot-table with aggregate data for final statistical analysis. Results - Data were exploitable for 75 family paediatricians, for a total 3,093 SMST. SMST were positive in 119 cases (3.85%). The rate of SMST positivity was: 1) higher when the interval between symptoms and SMST was shorter than 24h; 2) slightly higher at middle school vs. pre-school or elementary school. Among the observed symptoms, a robust positive association with SMST positivity was observed (OR = 7.77) with a high PPV (22.5%) only for anosmia/ageusia. Conclusion - Although this study detected a few more suggestive signs/symptoms for Covid-19 with respect to other common viral illnesses, a symptom-based screening for SARS-CoV-2 appears less effective to flush out the virus in children. The estimation of the pre-test probability should also rely on the concurrent evaluation of the epidemiological setting.
50
Lee, Nikki P. Y., Dolores D. Mruk, Weiliang Xia, and C. Yan Cheng. "Cellular localization of sphingomyelin synthase 2 in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat testes." Journal of Endocrinology 192, no. 1 (January 2007): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe-06-0002.
Full textAbstract:
Sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylcholine and ceramide to sphingomyelin and diacylglycerol, and it is crucial to cellular lipid metabolism. Using the technique of subtraction hybridization, we have isolated a full-length cDNA encoding SMS2 from rat testes, which shared 93 and 87% identity at the nucleotide level with SMS2 in mice and humans respectively. A specific polyclonal antibody was prepared against a 20 amino acid peptide of NH2-FSWPLSWPPGCFKSSCKKYS-COOH near the C-terminus of SMS2. Studies by RT-PCR and immunoblotting have shown that the expression of SMS2 was limited to late round spermatids and elongating spermatids, but it was not detected in late elongate spermatids and Sertoli cells. Furthermore, SMS2 was shown to associate with the developing acrosome beginning in late round spermatid through elongating spermatids (but not late elongate spermatids) and the cell membrane in studies using fluorescent microscopy and immunohistochemistry. These data were further confirmed by studies using immunogold electron microscopy. The expression of SMS2 in the seminiferous epithelium is stage-specific with its highest expression detected in the acrosome region in late round spermatids from stages VIII–IX, and also in the acrosome in elongating spermatids with diminished intensity in stages X–V; however, it was not found in the acrosome in elongate spermatids in stages VI–VIII. Collectively, these results suggest that SMS2 may play a crucial role in the lipid metabolism in acrosome formation and the plasma membrane restructuring from late round spermatids to early elongating spermatids.