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Journal articles on the topic 'Smoothness of motion'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

WEN, Chung-Lin, Bing-Yu CHEN, and Yoichi SATO. "Video Segmentation with Motion Smoothness." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D, no. 4 (2010): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e93.d.873.

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2

Luo, Jiayuan, Xiangyang Xu, Peitang Wei, Chengxiang Shi, and Guofeng Liu. "Machining Path Optimization of 3C Locking Robots Using Adaptive Ant Colony Optimization." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (September 27, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2642805.

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The motion smoothness of 3C locking robot directly affects the machining performance. Improving the motion smoothness can optimize the motion trajectory and reduce the processing time. In this paper, a novel machining path optimization model including motion smoothness is built by employing the coordinate boundary of velocity and acceleration after evaluating the machining motion smoothness of the 3C locking robot. Secondly, based on the creation of the ant colony of adaptive function algorithm, the optimization model of the 3C locking robot in the situation of fixed bolt hole position and floating bolt hole position is resolved. Lastly, the proposed approach collects and analyses a huge amount of data to enable robots to make on-the-fly decisions in the middle of production, even when faced with unexpected circumstances. In the Spark distributed environment, we use the conventional K clustering technique to improve the final output utilizing clustering means. The results show that the machining path optimization of fixed hole considering the motion smoothness improves the smoothness but extends the machining path; the cooperative machining path optimization of multiregion floating bolt holes can significantly improve the motion smoothness and effectively reduce the length of the path. The research results provide theoretical support and design guidance for designers.

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3

Ajayi, Joseph O. "Fabric Smoothness, Friction, and Handle." Textile Research Journal 62, no. 1 (January 1992): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206200108.

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In general investigation of factional properties of fabrics, we demonstrate the influence of experimental variables on some new frictional parameters. Subjectively, fabrics with similar (or different) coefficients of friction yield different (or similar) tactile sensations of smoothness. Objectively, an examination of the stick-slip motion shows a good correlation between the number of stick-slip peaks and yarn sett (woven fabrics) or number of ribs (knitted fabrics). A relation also exists between the amplitude of the stick-slip motion and some structural protrusions, i.e., twills and ribs. These features are also detectable visually and tactually.

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4

Shimojima, Hiroshi, Shinya Kijimoto, Osamu Sato, Shigeru Maeda, and Atushi Saito. "Evaluation of the Smoothness of Human Motion." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 59, no. 562 (1993): 1803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.59.1803.

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5

Siti, Nor Zawani Ahmmad, Su Lee Ming Eileen, and Che Fai Yeong. "Effect of Intermittent Haptic Disturbance in Motor Skill Training." Applied Mechanics and Materials 432 (September 2013): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.432.403.

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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of haptic disturbance where the intermittent force field will applied in training motor skill. A test group (4 subjects) was trained using intermittent divergent force field while a control group (4 subjects) was trained in null force field. The parameter such as error trajectories, motion smoothness and the trial time were measured and a statistical analysis was done in order to identify motion improvement when using the proposed training method. Both groups showed motion improvement in reducing mean error, mean number of zero crossing (indicate the motion smoothness) and mean trial time after training. Only the motion smoothness in the test group improved significantly after training, in contrast to the control group, which showed no significant difference.

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Ghalenoei, E., M. A. Sharifi, and M. Hasanlou. "Investigation of Optical Flow Techniques for Extracting Non-Rigid Sea Surface Currents." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W3 (October 22, 2014): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w3-121-2014.

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This paper is about performance evaluation of two optical flow (OF) methods for extracting sea surface curved motions like eddies. By incorporating a simple matrix and its rotation in programming procedure, curved motion can be obtained. These two OF methods are Horn/Schunk and Lucas/Kanade. The Horn/Schunk method depends on a smoothness parameter (α) and when it changes, smoothness and reality change too. The Lucas/Kanade method is more complex than previous one. It depends on two parameters, smoothness parameter (Sigma) and window size (Win). Different values for Win and Sigma change smoothness and reality of the flows. Sea surface currents are extracted from two sequential sea surface temperature (SST) images by using OF methods. By using these methods and selecting the appropriate parameters like smoothness (for Horn/Schunk) and window size and smoothness (for Lucas/Kanade) extracting real flows or smooth flows are possible and investigated in this paper.

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Сливинский, Евгений, Evgeniy Slivinskiy, Татьяна Митина, and Tatyana Mitina. "MOTION STABILITY INCREASE IN FRIGHT CARS AND PASSENGER CARS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2017, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/24902.

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It is well known that the most significant moment in motion smoothness increase of freight and passenger train is a motion stability of running gears in a rolling stock. The promising designs of car running gears are developed in Bunin State University of Yelets at the level of inventions and a set of computations on the substantiation of rational parameters of such struc-tures allowing not only the increase of car motion smoothness, but also the creation of conditions for car serviceability.

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8

Xie, Kan. "Hierarchical motion estimation with smoothness constraints and postprocessing." Optical Engineering 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.600885.

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9

Ghasemloonia, Ahmad, Yaser Maddahi, Kourosh Zareinia, Sanju Lama, Joseph C. Dort, and Garnette R. Sutherland. "Surgical Skill Assessment Using Motion Quality and Smoothness." Journal of Surgical Education 74, no. 2 (March 2017): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2016.10.006.

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10

Fujii, Yoshitaka, Takeharu Seno, and Robert S. Allison. "Smoothness of stimulus motion can affect vection strength." Experimental Brain Research 236, no. 1 (November 20, 2017): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-017-5122-1.

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11

Liu, Yang Ke, Chun Zhao Lv, and Chang Li. "Motion Correction With Adaptive Karlman Filter." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 1768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.1768.

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In the digital image stabilization system, Kalman filter is the most commonly used filter for motion correction. When the wanted movements have large assumptions deviation with the movement model, the result of motion correction will cause divergence and even error. For this problem, a novel motion correction method with adaptive Karlman filter is proposed. The back and forth characteristic of the unwanted motion and the smoothness characteristic of the wanted motion is used to adjust the system noise and the observation error adaptively. Experiment results show that the proposed method can effectively distinguish the wanted and the unwanted movement. Compared with the method with fixed parameters, the proposed method takes into account the smoothness and delay of wanted motion at the same time and it is more adaptively.

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12

Rizk, Jacques K., Mark Chappell, and Trevor J. Hine. "Effect of motion smoothness on the flash-lag illusion." Vision Research 49, no. 17 (August 2009): 2201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2009.06.010.

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13

Maruya, Kazushi, Takahiro Kawabe, and Shin'ya Nishida. "Adaptation to the spatial smoothness of visual motion flow." Journal of Vision 15, no. 12 (September 1, 2015): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/15.12.1011.

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14

Calabro, Finnegan J., and Lucia M. Vaina. "Stereo Motion Transparency Processing Implements an Ecological Smoothness Constraint." Perception 35, no. 9 (September 2006): 1219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5426.

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15

Cranston, M., P. Hsu, and P. March. "Smoothness of the Convex Hull of Planar Brownian Motion." Annals of Probability 17, no. 1 (January 1989): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aop/1176991500.

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16

Dong, Liguo, Wenchao Xu, and Xianxian Zeng. "Human Facial Feature Matching based on Motion-Smoothness Constraint." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 526 (July 8, 2020): 012138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/526/1/012138.

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17

Liu, Hong, Hugh Gong, Pinghua Xu, Xuemei Ding, and Xiongying Wu. "The mechanism of wrinkling of cotton fabric in a front-loading washer: The effect of mechanical action." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 18 (January 2, 2019): 3802–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518821909.

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In order to understand the impact of mechanical action on the wrinkling of cotton fabrics in a drum washer, fabric movement was observed and a movement index system was developed to characterize the textile motion. Results showed that spinning speed and wash load were the major factors influencing the smoothness of cotton fabrics, with p values of 0.000 and 0.032, respectively. The analysis of fabric movement illustrated that when the wash load increased, the free motion region decreased and the ratio of passive motion region increased, resulting in severe wrinkling of cotton fabric. A regression model was developed to characterize the relationship between fabric movement and smoothness. These findings help the understanding of the mechanism of wrinkling during a drum washer washing.

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18

Guillén Ruiz, Silvia, Luis V. Calderita, Alejandro Hidalgo-Paniagua, and Juan P. Bandera Rubio. "Measuring Smoothness as a Factor for Efficient and Socially Accepted Robot Motion." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 29, 2020): 6822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236822.

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Social robots, designed to interact and assist people in social daily life scenarios, require adequate path planning algorithms to navigate autonomously through these environments. These algorithms have not only to find feasible paths but also to consider other requirements, such as optimizing energy consumption or making the robot behave in a socially accepted way. Path planning can be tuned according to a set of factors, being the most common path length, safety, and smoothness. This last factor may have a strong relation with energy consumption and social acceptability of produced motion, but this possible relation has never been deeply studied. The current paper focuses on performing a double analysis through two experiments. One of them analyzes energy consumption in a real robot for trajectories that use different smoothness factors. The other analyzes social acceptance for different smoothness factors by presenting different simulated situations to different people and collecting their impressions. The results of these experiments show that, in general terms, smoother paths decrease energy consumption and increase acceptability, as far as other key factors, such as distance to people, are fulfilled.

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19

Spelke, Elizabeth S., Roberta Kestenbaum, Daniel J. Simons, and Debra Wein. "Spatiotemporal continuity, smoothness of motion and object identity in infancy." British Journal of Developmental Psychology 13, no. 2 (June 1995): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835x.1995.tb00669.x.

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20

Inagawa, Jun, and Tsukasa Maejima. "Nonrigid motion tracking of image sequences based on smoothness constraints." Systems and Computers in Japan 26, no. 2 (1995): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.4690260205.

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21

Mitchell, M. R., R. E. Link, Dar-Hao Chen, and Feng Hong. "Field Verification of Smoothness Requirements for Weigh-in-Motion Approaches." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 37, no. 1 (2009): 101723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte101723.

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22

Dong, Qiulei, and Hong Wang. "Latent-Smoothness Nonrigid Structure From Motion by Revisiting Multilinear Factorization." IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 49, no. 9 (September 2019): 3557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcyb.2018.2849146.

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23

Chou, Chia-Pei, Wan-Ju Lee, Ai-Chin Chen, Ren-Zuo Wang, I.-Chun Tseng, and Cheng-Chun Lee. "Simulation of Bicycle-Riding Smoothness by Bicycle Motion Analysis Model." Journal of Transportation Engineering 141, no. 12 (December 2015): 04015031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)te.1943-5436.0000802.

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24

Ishwar, P., and P. Moulin. "On spatial adaptation of motion-field smoothness in video coding." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 10, no. 6 (2000): 980–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/76.867937.

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25

Novikova, Elena, Dmitry Shtykh, Alexey Zhdanov, and Valentin Morozov. "Increase in Accuracy and Smoothness of Movement of the Mechatronic Unit of Linear Micromotions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.137.

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Application spheres of exact linear motions actuator were examined. Typical complexes of requirements to parameters of movement of the output link were defined. Methods of evaluation of the quality of movement of the output link were carried out. The analysis of possibilities of the technical characteristics increase of linear micro motions actuators was carried out. The method of increase in accuracy and smoothness of motion of the output link actuators through optimization of the management system based on kinematic error of the actuating mechanism was examined.

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26

Pauwels, E. J. "Smooth first-passage densities for one-dimensional diffusions." Journal of Applied Probability 24, no. 2 (June 1987): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3214261.

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The purpose of this paper is to show that smoothness conditions on the diffusion and drift coefficient of a one-dimensional stochastic differential equation imply the existence and smoothness of a first-passage density.In order to be able to prove this, we shall show that Brownian motion conditioned to first hit a point at a specified time has the same distribution as a Bessel (3)-process with changed time scale.

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27

Pauwels, E. J. "Smooth first-passage densities for one-dimensional diffusions." Journal of Applied Probability 24, no. 02 (June 1987): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200031016.

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The purpose of this paper is to show that smoothness conditions on the diffusion and drift coefficient of a one-dimensional stochastic differential equation imply the existence and smoothness of a first-passage density. In order to be able to prove this, we shall show that Brownian motion conditioned to first hit a point at a specified time has the same distribution as a Bessel (3)-process with changed time scale.

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28

Gdanskiy, N. I., A. V. Karpov, and A. A. Bugaenko. "The direct method and algorithm of construction of splines of the third order in the control problems of drives performance movement." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 7, no. 1-4 (July 10, 2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67777.

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When using predictions in the controling of the rotational motion arises the need to build a double-smooth trajectory passing through its previously measured key points. As piecewise polynomial curve, providing the desired smoothness, there is considered the interpolation by cubic splines that in the intervals between the nodes are actually the cubic parabola, continuously connecting the nodes with the degree of smoothness. When imposing additional boundary conditions, data splines minimize its total curvature.

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29

Zulkarnain, Rizki Fajar, Ga-Yeong Kim, Arnold Adikrishna, Han Pyo Hong, Yoon Jeong Kim, and In-Ho Jeon. "Digital data acquisition of shoulder range of motion and arm motion smoothness using Kinect v2." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 26, no. 5 (May 2017): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2016.10.026.

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30

Pandey, Shivam, Michael D. Byrne, William H. Jantscher, Marcia K. O’Malley, and Priyanshu Agarwal. "Toward training surgeons with motion-based feedback: Initial validation of smoothness as a measure of motor learning." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 1531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601747.

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Surgery is a challenging domain for motor skill acquisition. A critical contributing factor in this difficulty is that feedback is often delayed from performance and qualitative in nature. Collection of highdensity motion information may offer a solution. Metrics derived from this motion capture, in particular indices of movement smoothness, have been shown to correlate with task outcomes in multiple domains, including endovascular surgery. The open question is whether providing feedback based on these metrics can be used to accelerate learning. In pursuit of that goal, we examined the relationship between a motion metric that is computationally simple to compute—spectral arc length—and performance on a simple but challenging motor task, mirror tracing. We were able to replicate previous results showing that movement smoothness measures are linked to overall performance, and now have performance thresholds to use in subsequent work on using these metrics for training.

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31

Mei, Jiangping, Fan Zhang, Jiawei Zang, Yanqin Zhao, and Han Yan. "Trajectory optimization of the 6-degrees-of-freedom high-speed parallel robot based on B-spline curve." Science Progress 103, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 003685041988011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419880115.

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According to the problem that the existing high-speed parallel robot cannot satisfy the operation requirements of non-planar industrial production line, a 6-degrees-of-freedom high-speed parallel robot is proposed to carry out the kinematic and dynamic analyses. Combining with the door-type trajectory commonly used by the parallel robot, it adopts 3-, 5-, and 7-time B-spline curve motion law to conduct the trajectory planning in operation space. Taking the average cumulative effect of joint jerky as the optimization target, a trajectory optimization method is proposed to improve the smoothness of robot end-effector motion with the selected motion law. Furthermore, to solve the deformation problem of the horizontal motion stage of the trajectory, a mapping model between the control point subset of B-spline and the motion point subset of trajectory is established. Based on the main diagonally dominant characteristic of the coefficient matrix, the trajectory deformation evaluation index is constructed to optimize the smoothness and minimum deformation of the robot motion trajectory. Finally, compared to without the optimization, the maximum robot joint jerk decreases by 69.4% and 72.3%, respectively, and the maximum torque decreases by 51.4% and 38.9%, respectively, under a suitable trajectory deformation.

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32

Legrand, L., A. Dipanda, F. Marzani, and M. Kardouchi. "Using Fourier local magnitude in adaptive smoothness constraints in motion estimation." Pattern Recognition Letters 28, no. 9 (July 2007): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2006.12.012.

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33

He, Jiping, and Chun-Xiang Tian. "A statistical smoothness measure to eliminate outliers in motion trajectory tracking." Human Movement Science 17, no. 2 (April 1998): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9457(97)00029-8.

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34

Bartels, Chris, and Gerard de Haan. "Smoothness Constraints in Recursive Search Motion Estimation for Picture Rate Conversion." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 20, no. 10 (October 2010): 1310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2010.2058474.

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35

Yu, Xianye. "Smoothness of self-intersection local time of multidimensional fractional Brownian motion." Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 48, no. 17 (October 23, 2018): 4278–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2018.1493508.

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36

Driscoll, Patrick. "Smoothness of densities for area-like processes of fractional Brownian motion." Probability Theory and Related Fields 155, no. 1-2 (September 23, 2011): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00440-011-0389-9.

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37

Srinivasan, L. N., and Q. J. Ge. "Parametric Continuous and Smooth Motion Interpolation." Journal of Mechanical Design 118, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826918.

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This paper deals with the synthesis of a second order parametrically continuous (C2) motion that interpolates through a given set of configurations of an object. It derives conditions for blending two motion segments with C2 continuity and develops an algorithm for constructing a C2 composite Be´zier type motion that has similarities to Beta-splines in the field of Computer Aided Geometric Design. A criterion for evaluating the smoothness of a motion is established and is used to synthesize a “globally smooth” motion. The results have applications in trajectory generation in robotics, mechanical systems animation and CAD/CAM.

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38

BARDET, JEAN-MARC, and PIERRE BERTRAND. "DEFINITION, PROPERTIES AND WAVELET ANALYSIS OF MULTISCALE FRACTIONAL BROWNIAN MOTION." Fractals 15, no. 01 (March 2007): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x07003356.

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In some applications, for instance, finance, biomechanics, turbulence or internet traffic, it is relevant to model data with a generalization of a fractional Brownian motion for which the Hurst parameter H is dependent on the frequency. In this contribution, we describe the multiscale fractional Brownian motions which present a parameter H as a piecewise constant function of the frequency. We provide the main properties of these processes: long-memory and smoothness of the paths. Then we propose a statistical method based on wavelet analysis to estimate the different parameters and prove a functional Central Limit Theorem satisfied by the empirical variance of the wavelet coefficients.

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FUKAYA, TAKASHI, HIROTAKA MUTSUZAKI, and YASUYOSHI WADANO. "SMOOTHNESS USING ANGULAR JERK COST OF THE KNEE JOINT MOVEMENT AFTER A REDUCTION IN WALKING SPEED." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 13, no. 03 (May 14, 2013): 1350037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519413500371.

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The angular jerk cost (AJC) was proposed to objectively represent the smoothness of joint movement by calculating the time-dependent changes in acceleration during motion. There are currently no reports focusing on smoothness using AJC measurements of the knee joint movement during the stance phase of gait. The purpose of this study was to verify whether a reduced walking speed affects the smoothness of the knee joint movement during the stance phase of gait. The gaits of 12 healthy adults were assessed. A slower walker showed a significant reduction in the AJC value in the period between the initial contact and the loading response, as compared with someone walking at a comfortable speed. The maximum ground reaction force of the stance phase at a comfortable walking speed was significantly larger than that at a slower walking speed. Thus, although the smoothness of the knee joint was impaired by a rapid load in the early stance phase, a slower walking speed reduced the ground reaction force and angular acceleration of the knee joint and created a smoother movement. The AJC can be an important index for understanding the smoothness of the knee joint in the early stance phase.

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Belyakov, P. V., M. B. Nikiforov, E. R. Muratov, and O. V. Melnik. "Stereo vision-based variational optical flow estimation." E3S Web of Conferences 224 (2020): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022401027.

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Optical flow computation is one of the most important tasks in computer vision. The article deals with a modification of the variational method of the optical flow computation, according to its application in stereo vision. Such approaches are traditionally based on a brightness constancy assumption and a gradient constancy assumption during pixels motion. Smoothness assumption also restricts motion discontinuities, i.e. the smoothness of the vector field of pixel velocity is assumed. It is proposed to extend the functional of the optical flow computation in a similar way by adding a priori known stereo cameras extrinsic parameters and minimize such jointed model of optical flow computation. The article presents a partial differential equations framework in image processing and numerical scheme for its implementation. Performed experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed method gives smaller errors than traditional methods of optical flow computation.

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41

Rojas, Rafael A., Erich Wehrle, and Renato Vidoni. "A Multicriteria Motion Planning Approach for Combining Smoothness and Speed in Collaborative Assembly Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10155086.

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Human–robot interaction is an important aspect of Industry 4.0, and the extended use of robotics in industrial environments will not be possible without enabling them to safely interact with humans. This imposes relevant constraints in the qualitative characterization of the motions of robots when sharing their workspace with humans. In this paper, we address the trade-off between two such constraints, namely the smoothness, which is related to the cognitive stress that a person undergoes when interacting with a robot, and the speed, which is related to normative safety requirements. Given an execution time, such an approach will allow us to plan safe trajectories without neglecting cognitive ergonomics and production efficiency aspects. We first present the methodology able to express the balance between these qualities in the form of a composite objective function. Thanks to the variational formalism, we identify the related set of optimal trajectories with respect to the given criterion and give a suitable parametrization to them. Then, we are able to formulate the safety requirements in terms of a reparametrization of the motion. Finally, numerical and experimental results are provided. This allows the identification of the preferable sets of the possible motions that satisfy the operator’s psychological well-being and the assembly process performance by complying with the safety requirements in terms of mechanical risk prevention.

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42

Dingwell, Jonathan B., Christopher D. Mah, and Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi. "Experimentally Confirmed Mathematical Model for Human Control of a Non-Rigid Object." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00704.2003.

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Determining the principles used to plan and execute movements is a fundamental question in neuroscience research. When humans reach to a target with their hand, they exhibit stereotypical movements that closely follow an optimally smooth trajectory. Even when faced with various perceptual or mechanical perturbations, subjects readily adapt their motor output to preserve this stereotypical trajectory. When humans manipulate non-rigid objects, however, they must control the movements of the object as well as the hand. Such tasks impose a fundamentally different control problem than that of moving one's arm alone. Here, we developed a mathematical model for transporting a mass-on-a-spring to a target in an optimally smooth way. We demonstrate that the well-known “minimum-jerk” model for smooth reaching movements cannot accomplish this task. Our model extends the concept of smoothness to allow for the control of non-rigid objects. Although our model makes some predictions that are similar to minimum jerk, it predicts distinctly different optimal trajectories in several specific cases. In particular, when the relative speed of the movement becomes fast enough or when the object stiffness becomes small enough, the model predicts that subjects will transition from a uni-phasic hand motion to a bi-phasic hand motion. We directly tested these predictions in human subjects. Our subjects adopted trajectories that were well-predicted by our model, including all of the predicted transitions between uni- and bi-phasic hand motions. These findings suggest that smoothness of motion is a general principle of movement planning that extends beyond the control of hand trajectories.

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43

Österberg, Johanna, Arestis Sokratous, Konstantinos Georgiou, and Lars Enochsson. "Can 3D Vision Improve Laparoscopic Performance in Box Simulation Training when Compared to Conventional 2D Vision?" Folia Medica 61, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.61.e47958.

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Introduction: Three-dimensional (3D) imaging systems have been introduced in laparoscopic surgery to facilitate binocular vision and dexterity to improve surgical performance and safety. Several studies have shown the benefits of 3D imaging in laparoscopy, but until now only a few studies have assessed the outcome by using objective variables. Box trainers are affordable alternatives to virtual laparoscopic surgical training, and the possibility of using real surgical instruments makes them more realistic to use. However, the data and feedback by a virtual simulator have not, until now, been able to assess. Simball Box®, equipped with G-coder sensors®, registers the instrument movements during training and gives the same feedback like a virtual simulator.Aim: The aim of this study was to objectively evaluate the laparoscopic performance in 3D compared to conventional 2D vision by using a box simulation trainer.Materials and methods: Thirty surgeons, residents and consultants, participated in the study. Eighteen had no, or minimal, laparoscopic experience (novices) whereas 12 were experts. They all performed three standard box training exercises (rope race, precision cutting, and basic suturing) in Simball Box. The participants were randomized and started with either 3D HD or traditional 2D HD cameras. The exercises were instructed and supervised. All instrument movements were registered. Variations in time, linear distance, average speed, and motion smoothness were analyzed.Results: The parameters time, distance, speed, and motion smoothness were significantly better when the 3D camera was used.Conclusion: All individuals of both subgroups achieved significantly higher speed and better motion smoothness when using 3D.

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Weber, Bernhard, Cornelia Riecke, and Freek Stulp. "Sensorimotor impairment and haptic support in microgravity." Experimental Brain Research 239, no. 3 (January 19, 2021): 967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-06024-1.

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AbstractFuture space missions envisage human operators teleoperating robotic systems from orbital spacecraft. A potential risk for such missions is the observation that sensorimotor performance deteriorates during spaceflight. This article describes an experiment on sensorimotor performance in two-dimensional manual tracking during different stages of a space mission. We investigated whether there are optimal haptic settings of the human-machine interface for microgravity conditions. Two empirical studies using the same task paradigm with a force feedback joystick with different haptic settings (no haptics, four spring stiffnesses, two motion dampings, three masses) are presented in this paper. (1) A terrestrial control study ($$N=20$$N=20subjects) with five experimental sessions to explore potential learning effects and interactions with haptic settings. (2) A space experiment ($$N=3$$N=3cosmonauts) with a pre-mission, three mission sessions on board the ISS (2, 4, and 6 weeks in space), and a post-mission session. Results provide evidence that distorted proprioception significantly affects motion smoothness in the early phase of adaptation to microgravity, while the magnitude of this effect was moderated by cosmonauts’ sensorimotor capabilities. Moreover, this sensorimotor impairment can be compensated by providing subtle haptic cues. Specifically, low damping improved tracking smoothness for both motion directions (sagittal and transverse motion plane) and low stiffness improved performance in the transverse motion plane.

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Zaïdi, Noureddine, and David Nualart. "Smoothness of the law of the supremum of the fractional Brownian motion." Electronic Communications in Probability 8 (2003): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/ecp.v8-1079.

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Estrada, Sean, Cassidy Duran, Daryl Schulz, Jean Bismuth, Michael D. Byrne, and Marcia K. O'Malley. "Smoothness of surgical tool tip motion correlates to skill in endovascular tasks." IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 46, no. 5 (October 2016): 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/thms.2016.2545247.

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Eddahbi, M’hamed, and Josep Vives. "Chaotic expansion and smoothness of some functionals of the fractional Brownian motion." Journal of Mathematics of Kyoto University 43, no. 2 (2003): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/kjm/1250283731.

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Zhang, Li-Bing, You-Peng You, and Xue-Feng Yang. "A control strategy with motion smoothness and machining precision for multi-axis coordinated motion CNC machine tools." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 64, no. 1-4 (March 7, 2012): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-4019-1.

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Van Tan, Nguyen. "Smoothness and Gaussian Density Estimates for Stochastic Functional Differential Equations with Fractional Noise." Statistics, Optimization & Information Computing 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 822–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19139/soic-2310-5070-784.

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In this paper, we study the density of the solution to a class of stochastic functional differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion. Based on the techniques of Malliavin calculus, we prove the smoothness and establish upper and lower Gaussian estimates for the density.

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Zhu, Bin, Zhaodong Wang, Lianfang Tian, Jinmei Guo, Lingjian Wang, and Jameel Bhutto. "An Improved Fractional-Order Variational Optical Flow Model Combining Structure Tensor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (July 26, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9960784.

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Dealing with problems of illumination changes in optical flow estimation, an improved variational optical flow model is proposed in this paper. The local structure constancy constraint (LSCC) is applied in the data term of the traditional HS (Horn & Schunck) optical flow model to substitute the brightness constancy constraint. The fractional-order smoothness constraint (FSC) is applied in the smoothness term of the HS model. Then, the detailed calculation processes from the optical flow model to the optical flow value are explained. The structure tensor in LSCC is an image feature that is constant in the illumination changes scene. The fractional differential coefficient in FSC can fuse the local neighborhood optical flow vector into the optical flow vector of the target pixel, which can improve the integrity of the motion region with the same motion speed. Combining LSCC with FSC, our improved optical flow model can obtain an accurate optical flow field with clear outline in the illumination abnormity scene. The experimental results show that, compared with other optical flow models, our model is more suitable for the illumination changes scene and can be employed in outdoor motion detection projects.

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