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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SMOOTH BLADES'

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Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Manry, Rebecca A. "Performance comparison between rough and smooth-cast blades in a low-speed multistage compressor." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FManry.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Garth V. Hobson. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p.103). Also available in print.

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2

Murtada, Sae-Il. "Smooth muscle modeling activation and contraction of contractile units in smooth muscle /." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Skolan för teknikvetenskap, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11349.

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3

Mattern, Heather M. "Lipotoxicity in smooth muscle." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4411.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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4

Masters, Jonathan Grenville. "Sources of calcium involved in detrusor smooth muscle contraction." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312030.

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5

Summers, Martin J. "The preparation and properties of some bladder smooth muscle relaxants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337709.

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6

Almasri, Atheer. "MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND LENGTH ADAPTATION OF RABBIT BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1967.

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Overactive bladder (OAB), involuntary contractions during bladder filling, is a common condition affecting 17% of the adult population worldwide, and in the U.S. ranks ahead of diabetes in a list of the 10 most common chronic disorders (Mullins 2009). Mechanical mechanisms contributing to OAB are not completely understood and because of the unique function and broad volume range of the bladder, there may be mechanical characteristics that distinguish detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) in bladder from other smooth muscles. Recent studies have shown that the length-passive tension curve in DSM exhibits adjustable passive stiffness (APS) characterized by a passive curve that can be shifted along the length axis as a function of strain history and activation history; however, the mechanical mechanisms responsible for APS remain to be determined. Also, whether DSM exhibits a dynamic length-active tension relationship, as has been identified in airway and vascular smooth muscles, has not been investigated. This dissertation focused on both the passive and active length-tension relationships in DSM and the mechanical mechanisms responsible for these relationships. The first objective was to study the impact of APS on the length-total tension relationship and identify the mechanical mechanisms responsible for generating APS. The second objective was to determine whether the length-active tension relationship is adaptive and identify specific mechanical mechanisms contributing to any adaptive behavior. The results showed that a shift in the length-passive tension curve due to APS corresponded with a shift in the length-total tension curve in DSM, and that APS was 27.0±8.4% of active tension at the optimum length for active tension generation. Most importantly, low-grade rhythmic contraction (RC), which can occur spontaneously in rabbit and human bladders, regenerated APS. Results also showed that the length-active tension curve shifted due to stretch to and then activation at long lengths, as well as either multiple KCl-induced maximal contractions or RC. Thus, DSM exhibits length adaptation, and RC may contribute to both APS and length adaptation. Because increased RC has been correlated with OAB, understanding RC, APS and length-adaptation in bladder may enable the identification of specific targets for new treatments for OAB.

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7

Chambers, Pauline. "Intracellular Ca'2'+ signalling in cultured detrusor smooth muscle cells." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361555.

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8

King, Julie Ann. "Purinergic modulation of rat and human urinary bladder smooth muscle and observations on human bladder hypertrophy." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317617.

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9

Woolsey, S. M. "Characterisation of currents in human urethral / bladder neck smooth muscle cells." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403437.

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10

Kajioka, Shunichi. "Properties and roles of ion channels in urinary bladder smooth muscle cells." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289448.

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11

Drumm, Margaret Rebecca. "The effect of sustained hydrostatic pressure on bladder smooth muscle cell function." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1247508387/.

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12

Davis, Clare Louise. "The expression and regulation of kinin receptors in rat bladder smooth muscle cells." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250725.

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13

Abu, Baker Salah. "Molecular and functional identification of the two-pore K+ channels in bladder smooth muscle." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3320570.

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14

Guiping, Sui. "The electrophysiological properties of freshly isolated and cultured human and guinea-pig detrusor smooth muscle cells." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312183.

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15

Nishikawa, Nobuyuki. "PTHrP is endogenous relaxant for spontaneous smooth muscle contraction in urinary bladder of female rat." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180605.

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16

Yianni, Nicolette. "The role of nitric oxide in the micturition reflex and modulation of smooth muscle tone of the lower urinary tract." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242706.

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17

Carson, C. "Potassium Channels in Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Smooth Muscle Cells of the Urinary Bladder." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517245.

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18

komariza, Seyed Omid. "ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF THE ROLES OF ACTIN-MYOSIN INTERACTIONS IN BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE BIOMECHANICS." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3651.

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Muscle mechanical behavior potentially plays an important role in some of the most common bladder disorders. These include overactive bladder, which can involve involuntary contractions during bladder filling, and impaired contractility or underactive bladder, which may involve weak or incomplete contractions during voiding. Actin-myosin cross-bridges in detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) are responsible for contracting and emptying the bladder. The total tension produced by muscle is the sum of its preload and active tensions. Studies suggest that actin-myosin cross-links are involved in adjustable preload stiffness (APS), which is characterized by a preload tension curve that can be shifted along the length axis as a function of strain history and activation history. DSM also exhibits length adaptation in which the active tension curve can exhibit a similar shift. Actin-myosin cross-bridges are also responsible for myogenic contractions in response to quick stretch of DSM strips and spontaneous rhythmic contractions (SRC) that may occur during bladder filling. Studies show that SRC may participate in the mechanical regulation of both APS and length adaptation. However, the mechanical mechanisms by which actin-myosin interactions enable this interrelated combination of behaviors remain to be determined and were the primary focus of this dissertation. The objectives of this study were to: 1) provide evidence to support the hypothesis that a common mechanism is responsible for SRC and myogenic contraction, 2) develop a sensor-based mechanical model to demonstrate that SRC in one cell is sufficient to trigger stretch-induced myogenic contraction in surrounding cells and propagate the contraction, and 3) develop a conceptual model with actin-myosin cross-bridges and cross-links that produces the coupled mechanical behaviors of APS, SRC, and length adaptation in DSM. Improved understanding of bladder biomechanics may enable the identification of specific targets for the development of new treatments for overactive and underactive bladder.

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19

Imamura, Masaaki. "Basic fibroblast growth factor modulates proliferation and collagen expression in urinary bladder smooth muscle cells." Kyoto University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/135823.

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20

Vittur, Shannon Marlece. "The effect of an in vitro mechanical environment on the proliferation and phenotype of bladder smooth muscle cells." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17270.

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21

Dambros, Miriam. "Efeito relaxante e protetor do flavonoide galangina sobre a contratilidade detrusora de suinos." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/311591.

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Orientador: Paulo Cesar Rodrigues Palma
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T10:03:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dambros_Miriam_D.pdf: 5436149 bytes, checksum: adcf62040b0e93aa24e7479ee60c4ebb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Resumo: Os agentes antimuscarínicos permanecem como drogas de primeira linha para o tratamento da Síndrome da Bexiga Hiperativa (SBH), a despeito das dúvidas ainda existentes sobre a significância clínica e sua eficácia. Poucos fármacos que atuam por meio de mecanismos distintos dos antimuscarínicos, têm demonstrado eficácia no tratamento da SBH. Ravonóides são um grupo de compostos polifenólicos que têm recebido especial atenção dentro da pesquisa básica e clínica devido ao seu amplo espectro de atividade farmacológica. Recentemente, um estudo in vitro demonstrou que o fIavonóide galangina exerce uma atividade inibitória sobre a contratilidade da bexiga de ratos. Esta tese foi desenvolvida a fim de examinar os efeitos da galangina sobre a resposta contrátil da bexiga de suínos e testar a hipótese de um efeito sobre a mobilização do cálcio. Além disso, investigou-se a eficácia da galangina em promover uma ação protetora sobre o dano da musculatura lisa da bexiga causada por um período de estimulação elétrica repetitiva, o qual é empregado como um modelo, in vitro, de hiperrefIexia. Em um grupo de experimentos, fragmentos do detrusor de suínos foram submetidos a um período de 90 mÍn de estimulação elétrica de repetição. Galangina, em diferentes concentrações, foi adicionada ao banho do órgão a fim de determinar seu possível efeito protetor durante a estimulação elétrica. Em outro grupo de experimentos, a resposta contrátil ao carbacol, cafeína, potássio e eletroestímulo foi determinada antes e após a adição de galangina (3xl0-sM) ao meio. Os efeitos do fIavonóide foram também avaliados após a administração de diferentes antagonistas no banho de órgão. Galangina (1O-7M) evitou o decréscimo da resposta contrátil do músculo liso causada por um período de estimulação elétrica de repetição. vesical Galangina inibiu a amplitude da contração detrusora induzi da pelo eletro-estímulo, carbacol, cafeína e potássio (p<0.05). O efeito inibitório do fIavonóide foi deixado inalterado após a introdução de diferentes antagonistas: propranolol, fentolamina e capsazepina, no banho de órgão (p>0,05). Entretanto, quando verapamil foi adicionado ao meio de estudo, a inibição da contração foi parcialmente abolida. Concluindo, os experimentos acima descritos demonstraram que a galangina, em concentração nanomolar, exerceu um efeito protetor sobre a musculatura detrusora. Entretanto, quando empregado em uma concentração micromolar, o flavonóide promoveu einibição da musculatura lisa vesical, o qual resultou de uma ação sobre a mobilização do cálcio extra e intracelular
Abstract: Antimuscarinjc agents remain first-line therapy for the overactive bladder syndrome (OAB), despite doubts about the clinjcal signifjcance of their effectiveness. Few drugs acting through other mechanisms have been found to be efficacious for treatment of GAB. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds and have recently gained tremendous interest, due to their broad pharmacologjcal activity. Recently, the inhibitory effect of galangin, a member of the flavonol class of flavonoid, on rat bladder contractility has been investigated. This thesis was undertaken to further examine the actions of galangin on the contractile responses of bladder strips and to test the hypothesis that an effect on calcium mobilization in smooth muscle cells is involved. Furthermore, it was investigated the efficacy of galangin to counteract the detrusor damage caused by the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder being exposed to repetitive field stimulation (RFS), as a model of hyperreflexia. In one experiment, pig detrusor strips were mounted for tension recording in organ baths and were subjected to RFS for 90min. Galangin, at different concentrations, was added to the organ bath in order to determine its protective effect on RFS. In another experiment the contractile response to carbachol, potassium and electrical field stimulation - EFS were determined before and after the addition of galangin (3xlO-sM). Furthermore, the effect of galangin was also evaluated after the administration in the bath of a number of antagonists. Galangin (1O-7M)avoided the decrease in contractile smooth muscle response of strips to EFS during RFS. Galangin inhibited the maximal contractile response to EFS, carbachol, caffeine media and potassium (pO,O5).However, when verapamil was added to the medium, the inhibitory effects of galangin were partially blocked. In summary, the current experiments have shown that galangin, in subllmol concentrations, exerted a protective effect on bladder smooth muscle contractility. Furthermore, galangin, in !lIDO!concentrations inhibited pig bladder contractility, which probably resulted from an action on Ca2+mobilization from intracellu!ar stores as well as influx of calcium. At the present, there is no proof that our results are reproducible in functional or dysfunctional human bladders. Further study is needed to investigate the potential of ga!anginto be used to inhibited overactive bladder syndrome in vivo
Doutorado
Cirurgia
Doutor em Cirurgia

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22

Adelöw, Catharina. "Tissue engineering of the bladder : exploiting a 3D hydrogel for modulation of the smooth muscle cell phenotype /." Lausanne : EPFL, 2009. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=4385.

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Thèse Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, no 4385 (2009), Faculté des sciences de la vie SV, Programme doctoral Biotechnologie et Génie biologique, Institut interfacultaire de Bioingénierie (SV/STI) IBI1 (Laboratoire de médecine régénérative et de pharmacobiologie (SV/SB/STI) LMRP1). Dir.: Jeffrey A. Hubbell, Peter Frey.

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23

Gever, J. L. "Purinergic receptor expression in neuronal, bladder smooth muscle and urothelial cells : characterization and inhibition by low molecular weight antagonists." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18997/.

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P2 purinoceptors comprise ionotropic (P2X) and metabotropic (P2Y) receptor families, responsive to nucleotide ligands and diversely distributed on virtually every mammalian cell. Most cells and tissues co-express multiple subtypes of purinoceptor; thus, unraveling the functional role – and pharmacological potential – of any subtype is a complex task. Additionally limiting is the paucity of potent, selective antagonists, particularly those with suitable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties for animals models and clinical development. These studies address questions initially debated >10 years ago, following the successful cloning of purinoceptor families. First, given the large, polyanionic or nucleotide chemical probes available for pharmacology, are these receptors medicinally tractable? Secondly, given the admixture of purinoceptor expression in mammalian cells, would selective interference impact pathophysiology and disease burden; or would redundancy dominate? Through the current investigations some answers can be offered. First, a resounding “yes”, second, a more equivocal “possibly”. Importantly, in addressing these queries, our investigations – and others - have furnished both important data on biological relevance of P2 subtype expression and function, as well as excellent chemical and biological tools for future investigators, so that more answers can be found. Meanwhile, the pharmacological characteristics of two novel prototype antagonists have been detailed: for P2X1 (RO-1) and P2X3-containing receptors (RO-4). Additionally, the potential value of these compounds for the study of P2X signaling in vitro and in vivo, as well as templates for candidate medicines with a wide variety of potential therapeutic uses are demonstrated. It has also been possible to elucidate the potential of selective interference in certain target tissues – urological and sensory – and increasing the apparent therapeutic potential. We can indeed conclude that P2X channels of focus in this work, P2X1, P2X3 and P2X2/3, are druggable; the true therapeutic value of antagonists of these channels is awaited.

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24

Tseng, Huan-Wan. "Hybrid analysis of em radiation and scattering by composite slot-blade cavity backed antennas on the surface of electrically large smooth convex cylinders /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487949508371203.

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25

Liu, Li. "Roles of PMCA Isoforms in Ca²⁺-Homeostasis and Contractility of Bladder Smooth Muscle: Evidence from PMCA Gene-Ablated Mice." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1178307168.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Cincinnati, 2007.
Advisor: Richard J. Paul. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Apr. 4, 2009). Keywords: PMCA (human gene symbols; ATP2B); SERCA2 (human gene symbols; ATP2A2); NCX; bladder smooth muscle; Ca²⁺ homeostasis; gene-altered mice. Ca²⁺ waves; Ca²⁺ sparks; Fura-PE3; Fluo-4; Indo-1; multi-photon microscopy. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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26

Sasahara, Tais Harumi de Castro. "Efeitos da obstrução parcial da uretra na musculatura da bexiga urinária de coelhos: estudo morfométrico e estereológico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-02042007-122032/.

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Os efeitos da obstrução uretral parcial na musculatura da bexiga urinária de coelhos foram investigadas usando as ferramentas estereológicas. Foram utilizadas 12 fêmeas de coelhos da raça Norfolk, com três meses de idade e peso corporal variando de 2,5-3,0 kg. O procedimento cirúrgico consistiu de celiotomia mediana retro-umbilical para exposição da bexiga urinária. A parede dorsal da uretra foi divulsionada de sua íntima associação com o útero e vagina, o suficiente para a passagem de fio nylon 2-0. Um pino de Steinmann (3 mm de diâmetro) foi interposto temporariamente entre a uretra e o fio para determinar indiretamente o grau de obstrução uretral. Após três, sete e doze semanas os animais foram ortotanasiados e comparados com o grupo de animais controle (não obstruídos). Os fragmentos da bexiga foram preparados para microscopia de luz. Cortes seriados foram realizados para o estudo morfométrico e estereológico. Os três eixos: crânio-caudal (CC), dorso-ventral (DV) e latero-lateral (LL) aumentaram em todos os grupos analisados: controle, 3, 7 e 12 semanas. Os valores para CC foram estatisticamente similares para 3, 7 e 12 semanas. O mesmo foi observado no eixo DV. Os valores para o eixo LL foram similares para os grupos de 7 e 12 semanas. O estudo morfométrico baseou-se em determinar o tamanho da fibra (área seccional) e comprimento da fibra muscular. Nos animais do grupo de 3, 7 e 12 semanas foi observado um aumento de 4,63x, 4,32x e 7,10x no tamanho celular e um decréscimo de 2,55x, 1,94x e 4,04x no comprimento da fibra muscular quando comparados ao grupo controle. O estudo estereológico baseou-se em estimar o volume referência (Vref), a densidade numérica (Nv), o número total de fibras musculares (N), a densidade de volume (Vv) e o volume da fibra muscular (Vn). O Vref apresentou um aumento de 11,07x, 7,98x e 31,7x quando comparado com o grupo controle. A densidade numérica (Nv) aumentou 0,06x e 0,05x para os grupos de 3 e 7 semanas, respectivamente, em relação ao grupo controle. O grupo de 12 semanas, no entanto, apresentou um decréscimo de 0,01x em comparação com o grupo controle. Os grupos de 3, 7 e 12 semanas apresentaram, respectivamente, um aumento de 0,81x, 12,56x e 38,43x em número total de células. A densidade de volume (Vv) para os grupos de 3, 7 e 12 semanas apresentou um aumento de 0,97x, 0,56x e 0,86x em relação ao grupo controle. E finalmente, o volume médio da fibra muscular apresentou um aumento de 0,62x, 0,81x e 0,82x, respectivamente para os animais de 3, 7 e 12 semanas. Os dois mecanismos: hipertrofia e hiperplasia ocorrem na bexiga urinária de coelhos, porém não sabemos a seqüência exata em que aparecem.
The effects of partial urethral obstruction on rabbit´s urinary bladder musculature were investigated using stereological designed methods. A total of 12 female Norfolk rabbits weighing from 2.5 to 3 kg were used. A retro-umbilical celiotomy was made to expose the urinary bladder. The urethra´s dorsal wall was isolated from its association with the uterus. A 3mm-Steinmann-pin was positioned on the urethra to produce a standard degree of obstruction and a ligature was tied up around it, using a 2-0 nylon silk. Three, seven and twelve weeks after the surgery procedures the rabbits were euthanised. Bladder fragments were prepared for light microscopy. Serial sections were performed to morphometric and stereological study. In relation to the bladder axis: cranio-caudal (CC), dorso-ventral (DV) and latero-lateral (LL) increased in all groups analysed: control, 3, 7 and 12 week-obstructed animals. Values for CC were statistically similar for 3, 7 and 12-week-obstructed groups. The same was observed for DV axis. The LL axis showed values statistically similar for 7 and 12-week-obstructed groups. The morphometric study was based on the muscle fibre size (sectional area) and the muscle fibre length. In 3, 7 and 12-week-obstructed animals, it was observed a 4.63, 4.32 and 7.10-fold cell size increase and a 2.55, 1.94 and 4.04-fold decrease in length, respectively, when compared to control group. As for the stereological study. Vref presented a 11.07, 7.98 and 31.7-fold increase when compared to control subjects. Numerical density (Nv) increased by 0.06 and 0.05 in 3 and 7-week-obstructed groups, respectively, in relation to control group. Twelve week-obstructed group. Presented however a 0.01x-decrease compared to control animals. Three, seven and twelve-week-obstructed groups presented, respectively, 0.81, 12.56 and 38.43-fold increase in total number of cells (N). Volume density presented a 0.97, 0.56 and 0.86-fold increase in 3, 7 and 12-week-obstructed groups, respectively. And finally, mean muscle cell volume (Vn) presented a 0.62, 0.81 and 0.82-fold in 3, 7 and 12-week obstructed groups, respectively. Both mechanisms: hypertrophy and hyperplasia happened to occur on rabbit´s urinary bladder, thought we do not know the exact sequence in which they appear altogether.

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27

Bengreed, Amal H. I. "Characterisation of P2Y receptor-mediated contractile signalling and its regulation by G protein coupled receptor kinases and arrestin proteins in a rat bladder smooth muscle." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42795.

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ATP released from parasympathetic nerves can mediated bladder contraction, can activate purinergic P2Y/Gq/11-coupled G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) expressed on detrusor (bladder) smooth muscle cells (DSMC). P2Y/Gq/11 signalling activates phospholipase C (PLC) and increases intracellular calcium concentrations to induce contraction. DSMC contractile GPCR activity is tightly regulated to prevent inappropriate contraction/incontinence. Additionally, GPCRs activity is regulated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) and arrestin proteins, it is likely that they play a similar role in DSMC, and may help to maintain continence. Combining confocal imaging, calcium-sensitive dyes and selective P2X and P2Y receptor agonists/antagonists, showed that after 3-4 days in culture DSMC calcium signals were mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y2, but not P2X, P2Y4 or P2Y6 receptors. Repeated agonist additions indicated a desensitization of P2Y1 and P2Y2 activated phospholipase C (PLC)/Ca2+ signals, which was restored when the washout period between agonist challenges was increased. Transfection of DSMC with dominant-negative, catalytically inactive GRK mutants, which block endogenous GRK function, showed that P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptor stimulated calcium signalling was selectively regulated by GRK3 and GRK2, respectively. Furthermore, desensitization of P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptor PLC/Ca2+ was attenuated following RNAi-mediated knockdown of arrestin2 or arrestin3, suggesting both arrestins were able to regulate P2Y1/2 receptor signalling. To mimic the effects of obstructive bladder, DSMC were mechanically stretched which resulted in increased GRK2, and decreased GRK3/5/6 expression. These data show that DSMC express functional P2Y1/P2Y2 receptors which mediate purinergic agonist PLC/Ca2+ signalling, implying roles for P2Y1 and P2Y2 in bladder contraction and voiding. Furthermore, P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptor are selectively regulated by GRK and arrestin proteins, which suggests that GRK and arrestin proteins play an important role in the regulation of bladder tone. Furthermore, since GRK expression following mechanical stretch this may in turn affect GPCR signalling and produce dysregulation of DSMC contraction observed during incontinence.

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28

Hemerly, Thiago Souto. "Expressão gênica de fatores relacionados à hipóxia e fibrose em pacientes submetidos à ampliação vesical por disfunção neurogênica do trato urinário inferior." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5153/tde-13092018-090230/.

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Introdução: A disfunção neurogênica do trato urinário inferior (DNTUI) é comum, tendo como causa diversas doenças neurológicas e se apresentando de maneira diversa e heterogênea. O tratamento da DNTUI pode incluir medicamentos, utilização de toxina botulínica intravesical e tratamento cirúrgico. A cirurgia de ampliação vesical é uma alternativa consagrada, usada principalmente no caso de bexigas fibrosadas ou em pacientes refratários ao tratamento conservador ou minimamente invasivo. Os mecanismos que levam à progressão da fibrose vesical e à refratariedade aos tratamentos conservadores nessa população de pacientes não são bem conhecidos. Objetivos: Avaliar a expressão gênica dos fatores relacionados à hipóxia e fibrose nos pacientes com DNTUI e correlacionar o padrão de expressão gênica com as características urodinâmicas dos pacientes estudados. Métodos: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 17 pacientes com DNTUI que foram submetidos à cirurgia de ampliação vesical pelo Departamento de Urologia do HCFMUSP. Os pacientes foram avaliados de acordo com os sintomas clínicos, exames laboratoriais e avaliação urodinâmica completa. Durante a cirurgia foi obtido um fragmento vesical interessando todas as camadas da bexiga para análise de expressão gênica com utilização de qRT-PCR de MMP-1, TIMP-1, HIF1alfa, HIF2alfa, HIF3alfa, iNOS, eNOS, VEGF e CTGF. Amostras vesicais de 9 doadores cadavéricos foram utilizados como controles. Resultados: A média dos pacientes estudados foi de 37,5 anos, com complacência vesical variando entre 3,8 e 50 ml/cmH20, com média de 11,16ml/cmH20. Os pacientes apresentaram superexpressão estatisticamente significativa de TIMP-1 e HIF3alfa e subexpressão estatisticamente significativa de MMP-1. A expressão gênica de HIF1alfa e HIF2alfa também apresentou uma tendência à superexpressão, apesar de não ser estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,14 e p = 0,11). Os outros genes avaliados foram expressos de forma heterogênea. Conclusão: Em pacientes com DNTUI associados a fibrose vesical e/ou refratariedade ao tratamento conservador, que foram submetidos à cirurgia de ampliação vesical, os fatores relacionados ao aumento da deposição da matriz extracelular e à hipóxia parecem ser relevantes na progressão da disfunção vesical. Esse achados são compatíveis com estudos em modelos animais de obstrução infravesical e hipóxia e reforçam a necessidade de estudos complementares para o melhor entendimento da fisiopatologia da progressão da disfunção vesical na DNTUI
Introduction: The neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is a common complication of a variety of neurological diseases and can present itself in a diverse and heterogeneous way. NLUTD can be treated with anticholinergic or alfa3 agonists drugs, intravesical botulinum toxin and/or surgical treatment. The bladder augmentation surgery is a classic alternative, used mainly in cases of fibrotic bladders or in patients with refractory symptoms with conservative treatment. The mechanisms that lead to the progression of bladder fibrosis and to conservative treatments failure are not well known. Objectives: To evaluate the expression of fibrosis and hypoxia related genes in patients with NLTUD and correlate the pattern of gene expression with urodynamic data of the population studied. Methods: We analyzed bladder specimens of 17 patients with NLUTD undergoing bladder augmentation surgery due to bladder fibrosis or conservative treatment failure. Urodynamic tests were performed in all patients. A bladder fragment was obtained during surgery for relative gene epression with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of MMP-1, TIMP-1, HIF1alfa, HIF2alfa, HIF3alfa, iNOS, eNOS, VEGF e CTGF. 9 cadaveric organ donors composed the control group. Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.5 years. Bladder compliance ranged form 3,8 to 50 ml/cmH20, with a mean of 11,16 ml/cmH20. Patients undergoing bladder augmentation surgery presented a statistically significant overexpression of TIMP-1 and HIF3alfa. MMP-1 was statistically significant underexpressed. The gene expression of HIF1alfa and HIF2alfa also showed a tendency to overexpression, although it was not statistically significant (p = 0,14 and p = 0,11). The other genes were expressed heterogenously. Discussion: In patients with NLUTD associated with bladder fibrosis and/or failure to conservative treatment, the gene expression of factors related to increased extracellular matrix deposition and hypoxia appears to be relevant in the progression of bladder dysfunction. These findings are comparable with studies in animal models of bladder oulet obstrucion and hypoxia and reinforces the need for complentary studies to better understand the pathophysiology of the progression of bladder dysfunction in the NLTUD

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SATYAVANA, DAMYANTI. "EFFECT OF LOCALIZED BLADE ROUGHNESS WITH DIFFERENT VELOCITIES IN AN AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSOR CASCADE." Thesis, 2014. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/15620.

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A computational study has been conducted for different inlet velocities in linear axial flow Compressor Cascade focusing mainly on analysis of the effect of Localized blade roughness with different velocities on the aerodynamic performance of the Cascade. Measurement of pressure loss was carried out for various values of velocities with different Localized roughness on the blades of Cascade because the roughness on the blade surfaces can never be same. Except this the effect of different inlet velocities on pressure losses are also analyzed. The Gambit 2.4.6® was used for creating geometry and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial software FLUENT 6.2.16 was used to solve the governing equations. Initially, both surfaces of the blades of the cascade are kept as smooth and total pressure loss is analyzed for the different velocities like 250m/s, 300m/s and 350m/s. Then Suction surfaces and Pressure surfaces are kept as smooth separately for the inlet velocities 250m/s, 300m/s and 350m/s and Percentage profile losses are found. Then Suction and Pressure surfaces are divided into three equal parts and different roughnesses are given on the surfaces and % Profile losses are found for different inlet velocities as 250m/s, 300m/s, and 350m/s. It is observed that for the smooth and rough blades Profile loss reduced with the increase of inlet velocity but this reduction in Profile losses is very less. But with the Localized roughness the Profile loss changes considerably. It is observed that Profile loss in case of Smooth blades for the inlet velocity from 250 m/s to 300 m/s is reduced by 7.02 %. For the wholly rough, only suction surface rough and only pressure surface rough Profile loss for the same inlet velocity increase is reduced by about 6.98 %. In case of localized roughness profile loss reduced by about 3.6 %.

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Huh, Michael. "Heat Transfer in Smooth and Ribbed Rectangular Two-Pass Channels with a Developing Flow Entrance at High Rotation Numbers." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2009-08-831.

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Cooling channels with a developing flow entrance condition and aspect ratios of 1:4 and 2:1 were studied. The range of the rotation number and buoyancy parameter for the selected AR channels was extended. The maximum Ro and Bo for the 1:4 channel was 0.67 and 1.9, respectively. For the 2:1 channel, these values were 0.45 and 0.85, respectively. The effect of rib spacing and rib height on heat transfer in the 1:4 channel is investigated. Three rib spacing configurations were considered: P/e=2.5, 5, 10 with a constant e/Dh ratio of 0.078. To investigate the effect of rib height, a rib configuration with an e/Dh ratio of 0.156 and P/e ratio of 10 was considered. For the 2:1 channel, a smooth channel surface condition was studied. For each channel aspect ratio and surface condition, five Reynolds numbers were studied up to 40K. At each Re, five rotational speeds are considered up to 400 rpm. The results of this research work indicate that rotation can cause a significant increase in heat transfer on the first pass trailing surface of both aspect ratio channels. The leading surface in ribbed channels has shown a dramatic decrease in heat transfer with rotation in the first pass. Reductions in heat transfer by as much as 50% were observed. In the second pass, the leading and trailing surfaces with ribs showed very similar effects of rotation. Also, the effect of rotation seems to vary with the rib spacing. The strength of rotation showed to be greater in the tight rib spacing of P/e=2.5. The rib height in the 1:4 channel had minimal impact due to the large distance between the leading and trailing surfaces. The tip cap heat transfer for both channels showed large increases with rotation. This is very beneficial since tip cooling is an important part of maintaining the life a turbine blade. Finally, the buoyancy parameter proved to be very useful in predicting heat transfer in rotating conditions. The correlations developed showed very acceptable accuracy when compared to the experimental data.

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Tan, Si Wei, and 譚思濰. "The effects of Er-Jin decalculous decoction on the experimental bladder calculi and isolated ureteral smooth muscle." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34275539182444394704.

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