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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Smoking'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Stahl, Naomi. "The Effects of Smoking Availability and Environmental Smoking Cues on Smoking Motivation." Thesis, American University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13426874.

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Conditioned reactions (e.g., cravings) to drug-related stimuli (e.g., objects, emotions, or situations associated with drug taking) have been examined as a potential mechanism to explain the maintenance of drug use and relapse. There is evidence that the expectation that a drug is available for consumption can enhance reactivity to environmental drug stimuli as well as possibly serve as a conditioned stimulus in its own right. Prior studies have found that smokers report greater urges to smoke when they expect to smoke sooner (e.g., 20 minutes) than later (e.g., 3 hours), with greater reactions when smoking stimuli (e.g., pack of cigarettes) are present. However, reactions to extended delays before smoking is available have not been adequately investigated (e.g., delays greater than 4 hours). Using a between-subjects factorial design, daily smokers (N = 180; 112 male, 68 female) were randomized into one of six conditions in which instructions about the next available opportunity to smoke (20 minutes, 3 hours, or 24 hours) were cross with exposure to stimuli (smoking-related or neutral cues). Smoking urge, withdrawal, mood, and reaction time were assessed before and after the manipulation. Then all participants were told that they would have an opportunity to smoke and took part in a smoking versus money choice procedure for 50 minutes. Analyses revealed a main effect of availability on withdrawal symptoms, F(2,173) = 5.414, p < .001 and negative mood, F(2,173) = 8.725, p < .001, which were highly correlated (r = .87). Post-hoc comparisons revealed that those told 24 hours had significantly greater withdrawal symptoms and negative mood compared to those told 20 min and 3 hrs. No main effects of availability were found for urge, positive mood, or reaction time. There were also no main effects for smoking stimuli and no availability by smoking stimuli interactions. Participants who were initially exposed to neutral stimuli and then exposed to smoking stimuli during the choice procedure were more likely to smoke than those already exposed to smoking stimuli. A better understanding of the influence of cognitive and environmental stimuli on smoking motivation and behavior may inform the development of innovative cognitive behavioral treatment strategies for smoking cessation.

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2

Veeranki, Sreenivas P., Hadii M. Mamudu, James L. Anderson, and Shimin Zheng. "Worldwide Never-Smoking Youth Susceptibility to Smoking." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/51.

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Purpose To estimate susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth globally and identify factors associated with such behavior. Methods Cross-sectional data for 168 countries were obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Frequencies and proportions for descriptive statistics, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for logistic regression models were reported. Results Approximately 12.5% of never-smoking youth worldwide were susceptible to smoking worldwide, of which 7.2% were males and 5.3% were females. Compared with youth in the Americas, those in other WHO regions were associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking. Regardless of gender, exposure to parental or peer smoking, secondhand smoke inside or outside home, and tobacco industry promotion was associated with increased smoking susceptibility. In contrast, support for smoke-free policies and school antismoking education was associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking among females. Moreover, exposure to antismoking media messages was associated with increased susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth. Conclusions Approximately 1 in 8 never-smoking youth worldwide was found to be susceptible to smoking. A comprehensive approach involving parental and peer education, smoke-free policies, ban on tobacco advertising and promotions, and antismoking education in schools should be developed by policy makers and public health professionals to protect never-smoking youth from being susceptible to smoking and transforming into future regular smokers.

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3

Reindahl, Rasmussen Susanne. "The lifetime costs of smoking and smoking cessation." København : DSI - Institut for Sundhedsvæsen, 2006. http://www.dsi.dk/Publikationer/DSI-rapporter/2006.01/Lifetime%20costs%20of%20smoking.pdf.

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4

Saloojee, Yussuf. "Motives for smoking and their relation to tobacco smoke inhalation, smoking habits, and smoking cessation." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338290.

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5

Dai, Anni, and 戴安妮. "Effect of exposure to smoking and anti-smoking in movies on smoking initiation in adolescents." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46935666.

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6

Chen, Weihong. "Susceptibility to smoking among Chinese-Canadian non-smoking adolescents." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/942.

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Susceptibility to smoking has been widely measured in an effort to detect those teens who lack of a firm commitment to not smoke. This measure, however, has not been applied to Chinese-Canadian adolescents. The overall goal of this study was to understand susceptibility to smoking among Chinese-Canadian non-smoking teens. The dissertation includes three papers, each of which has addressed one of the three primary aims of this study. The first paper aims to document the prevalence of susceptibility to smoking among a sample of non-smoking teens in British Columbia, Canada, and to examine the factors that explain the variation in susceptibility to smoking. I employed a quantitative secondary analysis of data from the BC Youth Survey of Smoking and Health. More than one quarter of the respondents were found to be susceptible. The Chinese-Canadian adolescents appeared to have a similar rate of susceptibility to smoking as their White/Caucasian counterparts, even though the smoking prevalence was lower among Chinese-Canadian group than in White/Caucasian group. In the second paper, I explored non-smoking Chinese-Canadian adolescents’ views about the protective factors and the risk factors that might lead them to be susceptible to smoking. In this paper I report an analysis of four qualitative focus groups which included 24 Chinese-Canadian participants. Negative attitudes toward smoking, befriending non-smoking teens, being peer pressured not to smoke and a collectivist cultural perspective were identified as protectors that helped Chinese Canadian teens remain tobacco free in their adolescence. The teens argued that authoritarian parenting had both positive and negative effects on Chinese teens’ susceptibility to smoking. These findings enhanced our understanding of the role that an ethnic group’s culture might play in adolescent smoking. In the third paper, I use Chinese-Canadian teens’ perspectives to reconsider the operationalization of the measure of susceptibility to smoking. Avoiding absolute answers was viewed by the participants as a unique cultural style among Chinese-Canadian teens. They also commented on the ambiguity of using the term “smoking” in the smoking susceptibility measure. Further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the operationalization of the measure in this cultural group.

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7

Taylor, Gemma Maria June. "The association between smoking, smoking cessation and mental health." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5534/.

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Introduction: Smoking is a major risk factor for development of serious disease and smoking cessation greatly reduces this risk. The association between smoking, smoking cessation and mental health however, is less clear-cut, therefore this thesis aimed to further investigate this association. Methods: The first part of the thesis reports a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to determine the difference in change in mental health between quitters and continuing smokers. The second part of the thesis reports three prospective analyses of individual level-patient data from five trials for smoking reduction treatment. The first analysis examined the association between cessation and change in mental health using propensity score matching (PSM). The second analysis examined the association between cessation and risk of psychiatric disorder using PSM. The final analysis examined the association between change in mental health after quitting and odds of relapse. Results and interpretations: Cessation was associated with improvements in mental health compared with continuing smoking; there was no association between cessation and risk of psychiatric disorder, and no association between change in mental health after cessation and future relapse. Results support the misattribution hypothesis, and have implications for future research, smoking cessation treatment and public health policy.

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8

Shahab, Lion. "The role of smoking-related biomarkers in smoking cessation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2010. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445840/.

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Much progress has been made in the field of tobacco control but the fact that the smoking prevalence in most Western countries is declining only slowly and still rising in many non-Western countries underlines the need to develop new ways to increase smoking cessation rates. Smoking-related biomarkers - biochemical, physiological or anatomical indices of exposure, risk and harm linked to smoke constituents - have been instrumental in furthering tobacco control, and this thesis examines the role of these biomarkers in smoking cessation. Study 1 evaluated whether biomarkers of exposure can be substituted by self-report and found that most smokers have only limited awareness regarding their level of exposure. Study 2 qualitatively explored smoking cessation in smokers and ex-smokers and examined their views on existing interventions in the NHS as well as on novel interventions involving biomarker feedback. Most participants commented positively on the Stop Smoking Services and welcomed the use of biomarkers in smoking cessation interventions. Study 3 tested the effectiveness of such an intervention adding feedback of an exposure and risk biomarker to brief advice in a randomised controlled trial. The intervention successfully altered cognitive antecedents of behaviour change but increased cessation rates only among smokers with high self-efficacy levels in comparison with the control group. Studies 4 and 5 used exposure and harm biomarkers from a nationally representative sample to determine smoking rates among people with objective signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) or cardiovascular (CVD) diseases and to evaluate the potential impact of a diagnosis on smoking cessation. People with COPD but not CVD were more likely to smoke a disease diagnosis was associated with higher motivation to stop among smokers with COPD and with higher cessation rates in smokers with a CVD. The importance of these findings for the measurement of smoke intake, improvement of interventions and detection and treatment of smokers with diseases is discussed.

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9

Mercelina-Roumans, Patricia E. A. M. "Smoking during pregnancy the haematological status of smoking and non-smoking pregnant women and their offspring /." Maastricht : Maastricht : UPM, Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1996. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7388.

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10

Als, Lorraine Carmen. "Restrained eating and smoking an examination of factors that may maintain smoking behaviour and inhibit smoking cessation." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436828.

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11

Franklin, Wanda J. "Spiritual Well Being, Stress, and Coping in Never Smoking, Ex-smoking, and Current Smoking African American Women." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1209392807.

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12

Yfantouda, Renata Pires. "Field : smoking cessation." Thesis, City University London, 2007. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8555/.

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The UK government white paper on tobacco "Smoking Kills" set targets to reduce rates of smoking among adults from 28% to 24% by 2010. The success of behavioural smoking cessation programmes varies according to the type of intervention delivered (Viswesvaran & Schimidt, 1992). Group support programmes are the most commonly delivered smoking cessation interventions in the NHS, although in order to understand which methods are most effective, it is necessary to identify which psychosocial baseline factors predict successful outcomes. This study analysed the role of psychosocial predictors of decision to quit and 4-week abstinence in a community smoking cessation programme.

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13

Adams, Angelique Fiona Pelicano. "The Smoking Lung." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579414.

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The goal of this honors thesis is to facilitate in the general public, an understanding of respiratory physiology and the effects of cigarette smoke on respiratory system function. To accomplish this task I created an art installation comprising acrylic paintings on canvas and physiologic forms modelled in clay. After researching the current literature on tobacco smoke and respiratory system function I created these nine art pieces over the course of 16 weeks culminating in a two week (May 4th – May 18th 2015) public health art exhibit in the Kachina Lounge, Student Union, at The University of Arizona. Three acrylic paintings introduced the audience to the respiratory system, stages of lung cancer and the cycle of nicotine addiction. Six accompanying clay sculptures served to illustrate the changes that occur in cilia, alveoli, and bronchioles with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

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14

Seguire, M. Marilyn. "Late adolescent female smoking, an exploration of smoking patterns and processes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23492.pdf.

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15

O'Neill, Terence. "'Smoking to forget' : the impact of prolonged smoking on prospective memory." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2010. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/572/.

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Prospective memory (PM) refers to remembering to remember and is essential for everyday living. Although recent research has focused upon PM deficits associated with recreational drug use, very little research to date has focused on smoking and PM. This thesis had four aims. Firstly, to verify whether PM deficits are associated with prolonged smoking could be replicated. Secondly, to observe whether such smoking-related deficits extended to objective measures of PM. Thirdly, to assess what effect, if any, abstinence from smoking had upon PM. Fourthly, to ascertain whether there was any difference in PM performance between regular (daily) smokers and social (binge) smokers. Participants were drawn primarily from undergraduates in North East universities. Studies 1–3 in this thesis studied self-reports and objective measures of PM in smokers, previous smokers and non-smokers. Across all three studies no consistent findings were observed on self-reported PM reflecting deficits associated with smoking, but smokers performed worse on the objective measures of PM than non-smokers, with previous smokers falling between the other two groups – suggesting that smokers’ PM is impaired and that those who stopped smoking appeared to recover a proportion of their PM function. Study 4 revealed smokers’ poor performance on objective tasks was not confounded by their being in a state of withdrawal. Studies 5 and 6 explored whether any difference was observed between ‘social’ (binge) smokers and ‘regular’ (daily) smokers on PM performance. Studies 5 and 6 found no difference between social and regular smokers on a video-based, nor a real-world PM task. Overall, it was concluded that self-reports of PM do not provide consistent findings (first aim), lowered PM performance on objective measures are associated with prolonged smoking (second aim), previous smokers show some recovery of PM function (third aim) and that the pattern of smoking does not affect PM performance in smokers’ (fourth aim).

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16

Ross, Nancy Annette. "Attitudes toward smoking in the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation, COMMIT." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ30168.pdf.

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17

Wang, Yun, and 王芸. "General parenting, smoking-specific parenting practices and adolescent smoking in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197510.

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Introduction Though the associations of general parenting styles and smoking-specific parenting practices with adolescent smoking have received much attention in recent years, important questions remain. Most general parenting studies focused on Caucasian parents but much less in the literature is known about Chinese parents. As for smoking-specific parenting practices in the household, anti-smoking practices have been the focus, with pro-smoking practices seldom being studied. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to examine general parenting styles of Hong Kong fathers and mothers, and their associations with adolescent current smoking; 2) to explore potential effect modifiers of the above associations—age/sex of the adolescent and parental smoking status; 3) to estimate the prevalence of adolescents’ exposure to smoking-specific parenting practices and the coexistence of pro-smoking and anti-smoking practices within a family; and 4) to examine the associations of smoking-specific parenting practices with adolescent current smoking status and their intention to smoke. Methods Data from 2 large-scale school surveys were used. In the Hong Kong Student Obesity Surveillance project (HKSOS), 34,678 secondary students aged 12-17 completed an anonymous questionnaire. Current smoking denoted any smoking in the past 30 days. The parenting style of each parent was classified as authoritative (high care/high control), authoritarian (low care/high control), permissive (high care/low control) or neglectful (low care/low control). Binary logistic regressions generated adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of current smoking for parenting styles, and parental care and control. In the Youth Smoking Survey (YSS) (2003/04), information of adolescent smoking behaviours, their exposure to smoking-specific parenting practices at home and socio-demographic characteristics was collected among 36,612 secondary 1-5 students. Pro-smoking practices included “buy cigarettes/hand cigarettes/light a cigarette/clean the ashtray for family members”, “easily see packages of cigarettes of family members at home”, “exposure to secondhand smoke at home” and “smoking among family members”. Anti-smoking practices were “parent-child communication about harms of smoking” and “anticipated control from father/mother if you were to smoke”. AORs of adolescent current smoking and their intention to smoke for each pro-smoking and anti-smoking practice were calculated. Results In HKSOS, over half of the fathers (51.5%) and mothers (66.2%) were authoritative. Current smoking (3.1%) was associated with lower levels of care both from father and mother, lower levels of maternal control, but higher levels of paternal control. Compared with authoritative fathers, the AORs (95% CI) of adolescent current smoking were 0.74 (0.59-0.93) for permissive, 1.13 (0.87-1.43) for authoritarian, and 0.99 (0.77-1.28) for neglectful. The corresponding AORs for mothers were 1.30 (1.04-1.61), 1.80 (1.34-2.41), and 2.49 (1.90-3.28). In YSS, 9.7% of adolescents were current smokers and 33.2% had the intention to smoke. About half the students (52.7%) reported pro-smoking practices and 87.8% reported anti-smoking practices at home. Anti-smoking practices were associated with lower odds of adolescent current smoking and intention to smoke, whereas pro-smoking practices were linked to higher odds. Conclusions Authoritative mothers and permissive fathers seemed to have protective effects against adolescent smoking. Pro-smoking practices were associated with higher odds of adolescent current smoking and intention to smoke, while anti-smoking practices were protective.
published_or_final_version
Community Medicine
Master
Master of Philosophy

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18

Alzahrani, Mohammed. "Quantifying crackles in the lung of smoking and non-smoking young adults." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/206525/.

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Crackle sounds are associated with a variety of lung disorders. Smoking is also associated with many of the changes in the lung and airways leading to crackles. However, studying crackles as an indication of pathologic changes related to cigarette smoking in the lung is an underdeveloped area of research which needs to be explored. This study was undertaken to investigate whether differences in the crackles' characteristics (duration of two cycle deflection (2CD) and number of crackles per breathing cycle (NCBC)) in the lung of smoking and non-smoking young adults could be found and to quantify these differences, if present, using a digital stethoscope and computer aided lung sound analysis (CALSA). Sixty male subjects (30 smokers and 30 non-smokers) with an average age of 26.6 years (SD ± 4.7) were recruited, drawn from students at the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom. The lung sound data were recorded on one occasion using a digital stethoscope connected to a laptop running MATLAB to record and store the lung sounds from seven anatomical sites on the chest. The 2CD and NCBC per site in 25 second recordings were calculated using data from each of the anatomical sites used for recording lung sounds (excluding the trachea). No statistically significant differences in NCBC per site were found between smokers and non-smokers at any anatomical location. The 2CD per site data revealed some statistically significant differences at both anterior sites (anterior left: F (2, 57) = 9.40, P = 0.00; anterior right: F (2, 57) = 9.51, P = 0.00)) and both lateral sites (middle left: F (2, 57) = 4.2, P = 0.02; middle right: F (2, 57) = 4.36, P = 0.02)). The hypothesis that lung crackle’s 2CD differ between smokers and non-smokers has been supported but the hypothesis that NCBC differ between smokers and non-smokers has not been supported.

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19

Hudson, Laura. "Smoking and negative affect." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423568.

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20

Lindqvist, Rune. "Smoking cessation during pregnancy /." Stockholm : [Karolinska Univ. Press], 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-034-2/.

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21

Nelson, Christopher B., and Hans-Ulrich Wittchen. "Smoking and Nicotine Dependence." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99925.

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This paper describes the distribution of dependence criteria and diagnoses in a sample of 14- to 24-year-olds from Munich, Germany (n = 3,021; 71% response rate), evaluates differences between nondependent and dependent smokers and examines associations of smoking with other substances, affective and anxiety disorders. Assessment was made using the M-CIDI. The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV nicotine dependence in the total sample is 19%, rising to 52% among regular smokers. No gender differences were seen in the progression from regular smoking to nicotine dependence, although men were more likely than women to initiate regular use. Analysis of daily cigarette use identified a significant dose-response relationship with the number of endorsed DSM-IV dependence criteria with unsuccessful cut-backs being the most prevalent criterion. As compared to nondependent smokers, dependent smokers were more likely to associate negative health effects with smoking and to have a desire to change and attempt a change in their pattern of use. Regular use of nicotine was found to be significantly associated with other substance and nonsubstance disorders, although dependent regular use was more strongly associated with these disorders than nondependent regular use. These results indicate that daily smoking is a behavior which is resistant to change despite an expressed desire and repeated cut-back attempts. Although initiation of regular smoking among nonsmokers does not occur frequently after the early twenties, the risk for dependent smoking among regular users persists into adulthood and is associated with a range of mental disorders.

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22

Gillies, P. A. "Preventing smoking in schoolchildren." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374317.

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23

Revell, Andrew D. "Smoking - a functional behaviour." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254462.

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24

Peacock, Janet Lesley. "Birthweight and cigarette smoking." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434249.

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Recent research has shown an association between smoking in pregnancy and low birthweight. Many authors have concluded that the relationship is causal but some have argued that it is the smoker rather than the smoke which is responsible. This thesis examines the relationship between the smoking habit in pregnancy and birthweight corrected for gestational age using data from the St. George's Hospital Birthweight Study. Adjustment is made for confounding factors so that the effect of smoking can be estimated. The statistical problem of adjusting birthweight for gestational age when very early births are included is discussed and a solution presented in the form of a birthweight ratio. The relationship is examined between birthweight ratio and many socioeconomic and psychological factors and shows that few are associated with reduced birthweight. Those associations which are observed can be explained by smoking. Alcohol and caffeine are only related to birthweight in smokers. When the smoking habit is analysed in terms of quantity and constituents, a threshold is observed whereby women smoking a low number of low yield cigarettes have mean birthweight similar to non-smokers. For women smoking higher numbers of cigarettes but a low yield brand mean birthweight is reduced by the same amount (6% or more) as women smoking high yield brands. The effect on birthweight of alcohol and caffeine in smokers only is adjusted for smoking by using this threshold. This shows that smoking, alcohol and caffeine are all associated with reduced birthweight. For alcohol and caffeine consumption this relationship is strongest in early pregnancy and weakest near delivery. The association between smoking and birthweight is not explained by any of the wide range of confounding factors examined. This provides evidence that the relationship is a causal one.

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25

Salman, Qusai. "Välkända och mindre kända samband mellan rökning och olika sjukdomar." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-58932.

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Bakgrund: Rökning står för mer än vart tionde dödsfall i Sverige och hälften av alla långsiktiga rökare avlider av rökrelaterade sjukdomar. Lungcancer är den femte vanligaste cancersjukdomen i Sverige och orsakas i första hand av rökning. Kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom (KOL) orsakas också i första hand av rökning och är den tredje vanligaste dödsorsaken i världen. Fler kvinnor än män dör av KOL i Sverige men förklaringen till detta är oklar. Den komplexa kemiska blandningen som inhaleras vid förbränning av tobak orsakar negativa hälsoresultat, särskilt cancer och lungsjukdomar. Risken för och svårighetsgraden av många negativa hälsoeffekter orsakade av rökning kan variera beroende på om man själv är rökare eller bara exponeras för tobaksrök. Rökavvänjningen är potentiellt den mest effektiva av alla förbyggande åtgärder. Rökning påverkar också metabolisering av olika läkemedel. Nikotin är den beroendeframkallande substansen i tobak som orsakar abstinensbesvär. Rökfri tobak t.ex. snustobak orsakar också sjukdomar men i mycket mindre utsträckning än cigaretter. Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete var att ytterligare belysa kända hälsoproblem med rökning samt att beskriva eventuella ytterligare, tidigare okända, hälsoproblem. Metod: Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie baserat på 6 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Rökning ökar mortalitet och förkortar därmed livslängd. En stor del av dessa dödsfall orsakas av hjärt-kärl sjukdomar, kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom och många olika cancersjukdomar. Det finns ingen riskfri nivå av exponering för tobaksrök. Slutsats: Rökning ökar risken för alla typer av hjärt-kärl sjukdomar, låg födelsevikt för barn och många olika typer av cancer. Risken för pankreascancer i samband med rökning är relaterat till mängden av tobak som rökts dagligen. Minskning av antal rökta cigaretter per dag eller förpackningar per år har annars ingen större effekt på att minska risken för sjukdomar eller minska mortaliteten.

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Miles, Stephanie. "A smokin' good ad how efficacy and emotional tone interact in anti-smoking messages /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5683.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 8, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

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27

Lo, Chi-kan Breaker. "An analysis of the policy making process of the HKSAR government anti-smoking policy." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38602209.

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28

Field, Matthew J. "Smoking expectancy and physiological, subjective and attentional responses to cues associated with smoking." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343371.

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29

Foulds, Jonathan Andrew. "An investigation into the role of nicotine in tobacco smoking and smoking cessation." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264960.

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30

Taveira, Mauricio Candido. "Interface, linguagem e fruição nas obras interativas - play smoking/no smoking e collabore." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27153/tde-18092009-005831/.

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Este trabalho realiza uma reflexao das obras interativas Play Smoking/No Smoking e Collabore; e traca, a partir destas, algumas consideracoes acerca de duas possiveis maneiras de se contar estorias interativas nos meios audiovisuais contemporaneos. Play Smoking/No Smoking e um DVD interativo que destaca a forma de narrar atraves de bifurcacoes e ao mesmo tempo a partir de multiplas escolhas. O interator nesta obra pode optar entre seguir o caminho sugerido pela trama ou navegar em pequenos ou em grandes saltos narrativos. Ja Collabore (do latim trabalhar juntos) e um blu ray interativo que propoe ao interator uma narrativa a partir de pontos de vistas. O interator tem alguns recursos que lhe permite eleger a forma de ver a cena. A interface da obra garante a ele a liberdade de escolher enquadramentos, angulacoes, e por conseguinte, o deslocamento do ponto de vista.
This work makes a study of interactives projects Play Smoking/No Smoking and Collabore and bring some considerations about two possible ways to tell interactive stories in contemporary audiovisual media. Play Smoking/No Smoking is a DVD that highlights the interactive way of narrating through bifurcations and at the same time from multiple choices. In this work the interator can choose between to follow the path suggested by the plot or navigate in small or large jumps narrative. In other way Collabore (from the Latin \"working together) is an interactive blu ray which proposes to the interator from a narrative point of view. The interator has some resources that allows to choose how to view the scene. The interface of the work guarantees the freedom to choose frameworks, angles, and therefore, the displacement of the point of view.

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Apodaca, Jose Xavier. "Tobacco policy attitudes, smoking health-risk knowledge, and smoking behavior in acculturating Latinos /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9961766.

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Jones, Matthew John. "The development of the 'Economic impacts of Smoking In Pregnancy' (ESIP) model for measuring the impacts of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/30604/.

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Background: Smoking in pregnancy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with a significant cost burden to the NHS. An estimated 26% of women still report smoking at the beginning of, or just before, pregnancy, with 12% reporting smoking throughout. While economic evaluations of cessation interventions in the non-pregnant population are well developed, similar evaluations of within-pregnancy interventions are not. Because of the special circumstances associated with pregnancy, general smoking evaluations cannot be applied in these settings. This thesis outlines the development of an improved economic model designed to capture the healthcare costs and benefits associated with smoking and cessation within pregnancy. Methods: A series of scoping reviews of the electronic resource Medline were conducted to identify either within-pregnancy or childhood morbidities which had potentially causal associations with smoking during or after pregnancy, as well as the incidences of morbidities and health related quality of life (HRQoL) scores attributable to those identified. A systematic review appraised the previous economic literature on cessation during pregnancy, to determine where improvements were needed. To ensure that relapse to smoking could be accounted for, a second systematic review generated pooled estimates of abstinence from smoking in the postpartum period. This information was used to develop and construct the improved economic model. Results: 11 conditions were identified as having a causal association with smoking during pregnancy. The systematic review of previous evaluations identified 17 studies; however, only three were considered high quality, suggesting the need for an improved model. The pooled estimates of abstinence suggested that by two years postpartum, most women had restarted smoking, with most relapsing after three, but before 12, months postpartum. The Economic impacts of Smoking In Pregnancy (ESIP) model consists of two linked decision trees which capture the within-pregnancy aspects, while two linked Markov chains capture the post-pregnancy smoking behaviour for both the mother and her child. ESIP was also extended to control for uncertainty. Conclusion: ESIP improves on the previous literature since it directly captures the impact of the mother’s smoking behaviour on the health of her offspring, both within-pregnancy and childhood, using the most accurate data currently available. Future extensions to ESIP include an adult component for the infant to capture their smoking behaviour.

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Akerstream, Jerry. "Investigating smoking behaviors and beliefs about smoking among Manitoba students aged 9-18 years." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23195.pdf.

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34

Johansson, AnnaKarin. "Passive Smoking in Children : The Importance of Parents’ Smoking and Use of Protective Measures." Doctoral thesis, Linköping, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5174.

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35

Howell, Jessica Lauren. "Examining the Association between Parental Smoking and Adolescent Age of Smoking Initiation in Africa." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/50.

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Tobacco use is responsible for millions of preventable illnesses and deaths throughout the world. Nevertheless, multitudes of people begin smoking every day, most before reaching the age of 18. Previous research suggests that parental smoking status is a significant predictor of adolescent smoking. Furthermore, parental smoking status may also be associated with a younger age of smoking initiation, which increases a person’s risk of nicotine dependence, cancer, and death. This study examines the association between parental smoking and adolescent age of smoking initiation in 14 African countries. Data for this study was obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey from 2003 – present. Parental smoking status was significantly associated with a younger age of adolescent smoking initiation; maternal smoking had a greater influence than paternal smoking. Gender was also significantly associated with age of initiation; girls are smoking at a younger age than boys. In addition, parental smoking was significantly associated with current smoking among adolescents. The tobacco industry is increasingly targeting these countries to market products to women and adolescents, among whom smoking prevalence is currently low. More rigorous examinations of the association between parent and adolescent smoking in developing countries are needed. Immediate and compelling interventions in the areas of education for parents and adolescents on the health consequences of smoking, access to cessation benefits, and policies to reduce the visibility of smoking are critical steps to preventing tobacco-related death and disease.

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Chen, Lili, and 陈丽丽. "Effectiveness of workplace smoking policy on smoking behavior in Asian population : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193768.

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Introduction: Smoking has been considered as one of the leading preventable cause of lung disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. China, has 20% of the population in the world, but consumes 30% of the world’s cigarette and has suffered 1 million deaths per year from tobacco use. The workplace is an important field for smoking control, but there are relatively few reports on the current situation of workplace smoking control with the exception of reports from North American countries. Objectives: This project aims to investigate the effectiveness of workplace smoking control policy on smokers’ behavior in Asian population, mainly the comparison of smoke free policy, smoke restriction ban with no smoking ban, and to identify the potential factors that associated with the compliance of smoking policy. Methods：Articles that are relevant to workplace smoking policy were searched and identified through PubMed and CNKI by using a combination of keywords. Articles that studied the effects of workplace smoking control policy on smoking behavior and the factors that associated the compliance of smoke control policy were included. All studies were conducted in the Asian countries and the outcome measures were current smoking prevalence, daily cigarette consumption, and willingness to quit smoking. Results: Of the 541 studies identified, 11 articles were identified to be relevant and included in this systematic review. Smoking-free policy was showed to be the most effective strategy to enhance the changes in smokers’ behavior. Eight of nine studies that compared smoke free with no smoke ban gave consistent conclusion that smoking free policy could reduce the prevalence of smoking dramatically. It was associated with higher willingness to quit smoking among smokers and could reduce the smokers’ daily cigarettes consumption by 3 to 4 cigarettes per day. There was limited evidence that smoke restriction policy could reduce the prevalence of smokers. Even though smoke restriction policy could reduce daily cigarettes consumption and increased the smokers’ willingness to quit smoking, but the effect was much lower than those in the workplace with smoke free policy. In addition, occupation, such as salesmen and marketing employee, the reason of implementing the smoke control policy(e.g. ‘workplace safety’, ‘maintain good air quality’, ‘reduce ETS in non-smokers’), and lack of knowledge of hazard in cigarettes were the factors contributed to the low compliance of smoke control policy. Conclusion: Overall, workplace smoke-free policy is the most effective way in changing smoking behavior. Workplace smoke-free should be implemented as a public health priority and accompanied with health education and smoking cessation service to assure the compliance.
published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health

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Yu, Hongyan, and 俞鸿雁. "The effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking since 2003 : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193776.

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Youth tobacco use is a major public health problem worldwide. Studies show that there is an association between exposure to anti-smoking advertising and youth smoking prevalence. Anti-smoking advertising can be used as an important tobacco control measure to prevent youth smoking. The objectives of this review mainly focus on evaluating the effectiveness of anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking, analyzing the influential factors that may affect the effectiveness. 4 main databases, PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus and Google Scholar were included for literature searching, as well as the reference lists, and 483 related articles were found initially. After restricted by the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 articles were included for analysis ultimately. According to this review, the influential factors included the exposure rate, sponsor, promotion approaches and the theme of anti-smoking advertising. Those factors have significant effects on youth’s smoking behavior and smoking prevalence. Non-tobacco industry sponsored, high exposure rate, the theme of negative life circumstance and using humor as a vehicle to deliver anti-smoking messages can be effective in reducing the smoking rate among youth. However, the methods used in the included articles were uneven, and the mechanism of the anti-smoking advertising on youth smoking is still unclear, further research should be conducted. The results of this review can still have some instructions to policy-makers on formulating tobacco control measures in the future, especially the anti-smoking program.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health

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38

Preston, Charles. "Analysing Risk Preferences and Time Preferences with respect to Smoking Status and Smoking Intensity." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30954.

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Smoking is a leading cause of death worldwide, and thus the behavioural components need to be understood to mitigate the damage caused by the practice. The relationship between smoking and factors such as risk preferences and time preferences has been the subject of a growing body of literature. This paper evaluates experimental data from smokers and nonsmokers at the University of Cape Town collected in 2016 and 2017. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate models of risk preferences and time preferences. The results highlight that smokers are less risk averse than non-smokers; that smokers discount more heavily than non-smokers; that greater smoking intensity is correlated with lower risk aversion; and that greater smoking intensity is not related to discounting behaviour. In some specifications the relationship between smoking intensity and risk aversion is parabolic, and as such moderate smokers are less risk averse than heavy smokers and light smokers. In conclusion, smokers tend to discount more heavily than non-smokers, and lower smoking intensity is associated with greater risk aversion than higher smoking intensity.

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39

Varner, Lisa Marie. "An evaluation of social-cognitive factors in dietary restraint, smoking, and weight control smoking." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02272007-092414/.

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40

Winge, Elizabeth S. "Effects of a smoking simulation intervention on fifth grade students' attitudes about smoking cigarettes." Online version, 2001. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2001/2001wingee.pdf.

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41

Bowie, Christopher John. "Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent smoking behaviour and neighbourhood access to tobacco products." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5980.

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Youth smoking is an important aspect of tobacco research as most adult smokers first experiment with and initiate tobacco use during their adolescence. Policy makers and researchers have given youth smoking issues a significant amount of attention over the last 20 years and this has led to significant reductions in youth smoking prevalence in New Zealand. More recently the decline in youth smoking prevalence has reached a plateau. Evidence now shows that while overall smoking prevalence has reduced, inequalities between ethnic and social groups has actually increased. This is an international trend. Young people living in low socioeconomic status areas and belonging to minority ethnic groups are at much higher risk of being a current smoker than their less deprived peers. A number of overseas studies have investigated the spatial relationship between aspects of the neighbourhood environment and adolescent smoking behaviour in an attempt to identify the most at risk groups. In particular the effect of neighbourhood socioeconomic status and the degree of access to tobacco outlets is believed to influence adolescent smoking behaviour. In New Zealand analysis of this type has mainly focused on adult smoking behaviour and the effect of tobacco outlet access is as yet unstudied. This study examines the effect of neighbourhood and high school socioeconomic status on adolescent smoking behaviour, attitudes and beliefs in Christchurch. Using information from the 2006 New Zealand Census, spatial variations in reported neighbourhood smoking prevalence have been examined. In addition, analysis of responses to smoking questions in the 2008 Year 10 In-depth Survey have been carried out show how school socioeconomic status can influence underlying attitudes and beliefs young people hold towards smoking and tobacco products. Spatial analysis has also been performed on the census dataset to investigate the relationship between neighbourhood access to tobacco outlets and youth smoking behaviour after controlling for neighbourhood deprivation. To supplement each of these quantitative data sources, focus group interviews were carried out at two high schools (one low and one high socioeconomic status). Findings from these interviews are presented as further insight into adolescent attitudes and beliefs towards smoking. Results of this research show that there is a socioeconomic effect at both a neighbourhood and school level on all adolescent smoking behaviours, attitudes and beliefs examined, except for smoking cessation. There is also evidence of greater access to tobacco outlets in low socioeconomic neighbourhoods but not so around high schools. Increased access to tobacco outlets is linked to increased adolescent smoking prevalence, more so among females than males, but this relationship disappeared in age groups 20 and above.

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42

Mckenzie-Richer, Antoinette. "Social influences on adolescent smoking." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ31452.pdf.

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43

Vries, Hein de. "Smoking prevention in Dutch adolescents." Maastricht : Maastricht : Datawyse ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1989. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5558.

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44

Senore, Carlo. "Smoking cessation in general practice." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22803.

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Available evidence from RCTs shows that GPs' counselling can be effective in reducing smoking prevalence and that some specific features of the intervention (for example the offer of follow-up visits) may enhance its effectiveness. The impact of such preventive activity, however, is dependent not only on intervention characteristics, but also on factors related to the recipients (smokers) and the providers (physicians). Paper 1 explores the role of pre-treatment factors in predicting quitting following GPs' counselling among 861 smokers enrolled in the Turin smoking cessation trial. Social support and smoke free environment reinforce the impact of GPs' counselling, which is less effective for more addicted smokers and for women. Counselling might be more effective, if GPs would take advantage of information on individuals' experience of behavioral change to tailor their message. Paper 2 compares a group of smokers (N = 965), who were invited to participate in the Turin smoking 1 cessation trial, to a matched sample of smokers (N = 277), listed in the files of 42 GPs collaborating in the trial. The patients in the second set were potentially eligible for recruitment, but were not invited to participate. Estimates of the effect of individual characteristics on patient recruitment indicate that GPs focused their efforts on heavier and diseased smokers. As this tendency may dilute the impact of their anti-smoking action, more effective educational strategies should be implemented when planning preventive interventions.

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45

Surawy, C. J. "Individual differences in smoking motivation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372288.

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46

Mo, Chor-ha, and 巫楚霞. "Smoking bans in psychiatric hospitals." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46940789.

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47

McEwen, Andy. "Smoking cessation in general practice." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.422431.

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48

Hutchinson, David. "Cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29431.

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The principle aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that heavy smoking is an aetiological factor in RA and generates a distinct subgroup of the disease definable in terms of clinical phenotype, particularly severity. A second aim was to investigate possible molecule mechanisms linking smoking with RA and what I believe to be candidate mechanisms involving the detoxifying glutathione S transferase Mu 1 (GST M1) gene and oxidative damage to alpha 1 proteinase (alpha1 PI). These studies involved a review of the literatures regarding the link between RA and both smoking and alpha1 PI deficiency. I investigated the relationship between heavy cigarette smoking and hospital based, more severely affected RA patients. Additionally, the age of onset and smoking history was compared in familial and sporadic RA cases. Regarding smoking and severity of RA, a cohort of RA patients were studied to determine if smoking was an independent risk factor for severe RA and whether this effect was influenced by the presence (GSTM1-1) or absence (GSTM1-0) of the GST M1 gene. Oxidative damage in RA to the alpha1 PI protein was studied in relation to rheumatoid disease activity, GST M1 and cigarette smoking. The oxidative damage to alpha1 PI was measured in terms of serum levels of Immunoglobulin A-1 PI was measured in terms of serum levels of Immunoglobulin A-alpha1 PI (IgA-alpha1 PI). In summary, I have shown that heavy smoking is strongly associated with hospital based RA. Secondly, that familial RA presents at an earlier age than sporadic RA in individuals smoking at disease onset only, and that sporadic RA patients are significantly more likely to smoke at disease onset that familial RA patients. I have confirmed previous findings that raised serum IgA-alpha1 PI levels are associated with erosive as opposed to non-erosive RA cases.

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Moodley, Jennifer R. "Passive smoking and meningococcal disease." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27008.

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Neiserria meningitidis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in South Africa (SA). It is the sixth commonest cause of notified disease with a case fatality rate of 11% for the period 1990 1994. Identification of preventable risk factors is critical as no effective vaccine exists for serogroup B, the most prevalent serogroup in SA. A case control study was undertaken to determine the risk factors associated with meningococcal disease. The study population consisted of all children under the age of 14 years who were residents of the Cape Town City Council and Cape Metropolitan Council areas of jurisdiction. Cases were identified from weekly notification reports and from admissions to the City Hospital for Infectious Diseases. Controls were selected from the trauma wards at Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital. Data was analyzed using EPI INFO and SAS statistical software. During the period October 1993 to January 1995 70 cases and 210 controls were interviewed. Cases were significantly younger than controls (p = 0.0001). On univariate analysis significant risk factors for meningococcal disease included: a household where 2 or more members smoked (odds ratio (OR) =1.8), recent upper respiratory tract infection (OR= 1.8), poor nutritional status (OR= 3.6), being breastfed for less than 3 months (OR= 2.7) and overcrowding (OR= 2.8). After adjusting for confounders, the main force of passive smoking as a risk factor for meningococcal disease appeared to be in the presence of a recent upper respiratory tract infection. Other factors that remained significant after adjusting for confounders included: being breastfed for less than three months (adjusted OR= 2.4) and being less than 4 years old (adjusted OR= 2.3). This is the first case control study in South Africa examining risk factors associated with meningococcal disease. The study provides further evidence for the reduction of smoking, reduction of overcrowding and the promotion of breast-feeding as important public health measures. It also identifies children under the age of 4 years as an important target group should an effective vaccine become available.

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Distefan, Janet Michele. "Parental influences on adolescent smoking /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3031949.

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