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Academic literature on the topic 'Smoking in the workplace Australia'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Smoking in the workplace Australia"

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Lush, Nick. "Australia: Implications of court award for workplace smoking." Lancet 339, no. 8806 (June 1992): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91215-t.

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Holman, C. D'Arcy J., Billie Corti, Robert J. Donovan, and Geoffrey Jalleh. "Association of the Health-Promoting Workplace with Trade Unionism and other Industrial Factors." American Journal of Health Promotion 12, no. 5 (May 1998): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.5.325.

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Purpose. The study examines associations of five healthy workplace attributes with trade unionism and nine other industrial and sociodemographic factors. The aims were to illustrate the measurement of workplace health promotion indicators in Western Australia and to identify associations leading to a better understanding of determinants of the healthy workplace. Design. Personal and telephone cross-sectional surveys were performed using population-based sampling frames. The overall response rate was 72%. Setting. Workplaces in Western Australia. Subjects. Random samples of household respondents aged 16 to 69 years in 1992 (n = 1310) and 1994 (n = 1113). Measures. Measures of association between healthy workplace attributes and trade unionism were adjusted for workplace location, size, sector, and industrial classification. Results. Trade unionism was strongly associated with healthy catering practices (adjusted OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.30 to 3.23), sun protection practices (2.66; 1.69 to 4.17), disability access (1.47; 1.10 to 1.95), and worksite health promotion programs (2.56; 2.07 to 3.17). A weak and nonsignificant association was observed with restrictive smoking policies (1.21; .95 to 1.55). Generally, healthy workplace attributes were reported less often by respondents working in rural locations, in the private sector, and at small worksites. There was no consistent relationship with sociodemographic factors, including an index of social disadvantage, but members of blue-collar occupations experienced a low prevalence of restrictive smoking policies. Conclusions. The study raises the hypothesis, but cannot confirm, that trade unions could provide a means for employees to pursue the creation of a health-promoting workplace. Small business represents an excellent target for health promotion activities.
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Talati, Zenobia, Carly Grapes, Emily Davey, Trevor Shilton, and Simone Pettigrew. "Implementation Outcomes Following Participation in a Large-Scale Healthy Workplace Program Conducted Across Multiple Worksites." American Journal of Health Promotion 34, no. 5 (April 3, 2020): 512–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117120911504.

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Purpose: To measure implementation outcomes of a freely available workplace health promotion program (Healthier Workplace Western Australia [HWWA]) that provides employees with services and supports to make changes in their workplaces. Setting: Western Australian workplaces. Subjects: Employees accessing HWWA services. Intervention: A range of services (training sessions, tailored advice, grant schemes, online resources) were offered relating to nutrition, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and mental health. Design/Measures: Of the 1627 individuals e-mailed 6 months after participation in HWWA, 345 (21%) individuals who recalled accessing one or more services completed a survey assessing the number and type of changes they had implemented and the perceived barriers to doing so. Analysis: Negative binomial regressions and one-way analysis of variances assessed whether respondent characteristics or number of services used was associated with the number and types of changes made. A qualitative analysis of the perceived barriers was also conducted. Results: The majority of respondents (86%) reported implementing one or more changes. Greater perceived responsibility/authority to make change (β = .56, P < .01), perceived support from coworkers (β = .23, P < .05), and number of HWWA services used (β = .04, P < .05) were positive predictors of the number of changes made. Frequently reported barriers included cost/budget restrictions, lack of management support, and resistance from staff. Conclusion: The HWWA program facilitated implementation of various healthy workplace initiatives across the organizations represented in the evaluation.
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Wakefield, M., L. Roberts, and N. Owen. "Trends in prevalence and acceptance of workplace smoking bans among indoor workers in South Australia." Tobacco Control 5, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.5.3.205.

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Smith, Derek R. "Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption among Australian Police Officers: 1989 to 2005." International Journal of Police Science & Management 9, no. 3 (September 2007): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2007.9.3.274.

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Lifestyle factors represent a significant occupational health issue for law enforcement personnel around the world. Despite this fact, longitudinal investigations of alcohol and tobacco consumption trends among them are rarely undertaken, particularly on a national basis. The aim of the current study therefore, was to examine the changing nature of high-risk alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking habits among a nationally representative sample of Australian police officers, for what appears to be the first time. Data pertaining to law enforcement personnel were extracted from four National Health Surveys conducted in Australia between 1989 and 2005. A referent group was also formulated for the same time periods. Results from this investigation suggest that the proportion of Australian police who consume alcohol at high rates is slowly declining in recent years. On the other hand, tobacco consumption among them has remained relatively stable, with around one-fifth of Australian police still smoking in 2004–05. Law enforcement is clearly a high-stress occupation when compared with other jobs, and the impact of workplace issues continues to influence lifestyle factors beyond the work environment. This unique facet ensures that alcohol and tobacco consumption will remain an important occupational health issue for police management in future years. As the retention of healthy, experienced law enforcement personnel is essential for the smooth functioning of any police force, additional research and management efforts should focus on the continued reduction of these detrimental lifestyle factors.
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Chapman, S. ""Can't stop the boy": Philip Morris' use of Healthy Buildings International to prevent workplace smoking bans in Australia." Tobacco Control 12, no. 90003 (December 1, 2003): 107iii—112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii107.

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Miller, Caroline L., and Jacqueline A. Hickling. "Phased-in smoke-free workplace laws: reported impact on bar patronage and smoking, particularly among young adults in South Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 30, no. 4 (August 2006): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2006.tb00843.x.

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Borland, Ron, David Hill, Neville Owen, and Simon Chapman. "Staff members' acceptance of the introduction of workplace smoking bans in the Australian public service." Medical Journal of Australia 151, no. 9 (November 1989): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb128500.x.

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Borland, R. "Changes in prevalence of and attitudes to restrictions on smoking in the workplace among indoor workers in the state of Victoria, Australia, 1988-90." Tobacco Control 1, no. 1 (March 1, 1992): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.1.1.19.

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Hale, Nicole, Andrea M. Murphy, Jon R. Adams, and Cylie M. Williams. "Effect of a smoke-free policy on staff attitudes and behaviours within an Australian metropolitan health service: a 3 year cross-sectional study." Australian Health Review 41, no. 1 (2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15159.

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Objective In 2010, Peninsula Health (Vic., Australia), became smoke free as part of the locally developed smoking prevention and cessation strategy. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a smoke-free policy on smoking status and employee attitudes over a 3-year period. Methods Data were collected by three surveys 6 months before and 6 months and 3 years after policy introduction. Demographic data, smoking status and attitudes to the introduction of the smoke-free policy were collected for analysis. Results There were 3224 individual responses collected over three time points with similar demographics at each time. There were fewer employees smoking at 6 months (P = 0.010) and 3 years (P < 0.001) after implementation of the policy. There were more employees who felt positive towards the policy 3 years after its introduction (P = 0.028). There were greater odds of an employee not identifying as a smoker after the policy was in place than before the policy was implemented. Conclusions The introduction of a smoke-free policy within a health service was an upstream health intervention that was well accepted by staff and appeared to have a positive effect on smoking behaviours. What is known about the topic? There are an increasing number of environmental changes that seek to decrease smoking behaviours. Bans within workplaces have a direct effect on employee smoking behaviour. What does this paper add? Some employee groups demonstrated the greater odds of smoking when a smoke-free policy was in place. Employees felt positive towards this policy. What are the implications for practitioners? This policy change supports environmental changes affecting individual health-related behaviours.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Smoking in the workplace Australia"

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Coles, Monica. "Impact of Smoking Cessation Education on Workplace Wellness." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6410.

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Guidelines and laws prohibit smoking in public places, and evidence supports the safety and effectiveness of workplace wellness programs in promoting healthy environments. A long-term care (LTC) facility selected as the focus for this project does not offer wellness programs and does not restrict on-site smoking by employees. The purpose of this project was to construct an evidence-based smoking cessation education program for delivery to employees at the LTC facility. The practice-focused question addressed whether a workplace wellness smoking cessation education program would increase employees' knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking and promote engagement in smoking cessation strategies. A pretest and posttest to assess knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking was designed to be administered to employees prior to and after the education program. A panel of 6 experts consisting of 4 clinical nurse specialists, a nurse educator, and a nurse researcher was selected to assess the potential effectiveness of the education program. A 10-question survey was used to obtain the panel experts' evaluation of the program. Descriptive statistics were then used to analyze the results. Nearly all of the experts surveyed reported that they would recommend the education program to a friend or colleague, with 66% selecting "very likely" This is indicative of the potential for the program to be effective. Findings might support social change at the selected facility by increasing staff knowledge of the harmful effects of smoking and staff commitment to participating in a smoking cessation program.
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Chen, Lili, and 陈丽丽. "Effectiveness of workplace smoking policy on smoking behavior in Asian population : a systematic review." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193768.

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Introduction: Smoking has been considered as one of the leading preventable cause of lung disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. China, has 20% of the population in the world, but consumes 30% of the world’s cigarette and has suffered 1 million deaths per year from tobacco use. The workplace is an important field for smoking control, but there are relatively few reports on the current situation of workplace smoking control with the exception of reports from North American countries. Objectives: This project aims to investigate the effectiveness of workplace smoking control policy on smokers’ behavior in Asian population, mainly the comparison of smoke free policy, smoke restriction ban with no smoking ban, and to identify the potential factors that associated with the compliance of smoking policy. Methods：Articles that are relevant to workplace smoking policy were searched and identified through PubMed and CNKI by using a combination of keywords. Articles that studied the effects of workplace smoking control policy on smoking behavior and the factors that associated the compliance of smoke control policy were included. All studies were conducted in the Asian countries and the outcome measures were current smoking prevalence, daily cigarette consumption, and willingness to quit smoking. Results: Of the 541 studies identified, 11 articles were identified to be relevant and included in this systematic review. Smoking-free policy was showed to be the most effective strategy to enhance the changes in smokers’ behavior. Eight of nine studies that compared smoke free with no smoke ban gave consistent conclusion that smoking free policy could reduce the prevalence of smoking dramatically. It was associated with higher willingness to quit smoking among smokers and could reduce the smokers’ daily cigarettes consumption by 3 to 4 cigarettes per day. There was limited evidence that smoke restriction policy could reduce the prevalence of smokers. Even though smoke restriction policy could reduce daily cigarettes consumption and increased the smokers’ willingness to quit smoking, but the effect was much lower than those in the workplace with smoke free policy. In addition, occupation, such as salesmen and marketing employee, the reason of implementing the smoke control policy(e.g. ‘workplace safety’, ‘maintain good air quality’, ‘reduce ETS in non-smokers’), and lack of knowledge of hazard in cigarettes were the factors contributed to the low compliance of smoke control policy. Conclusion: Overall, workplace smoke-free policy is the most effective way in changing smoking behavior. Workplace smoke-free should be implemented as a public health priority and accompanied with health education and smoking cessation service to assure the compliance.
published_or_final_version
Medicine
Master
Master of Public Health
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Elliott, Joan Lincoln. "The age of rage : smoking guns that trigger workplace violence /." View abstract, 2001. http://library.ccsu.edu/ccsu%5Ftheses/showit.php3?id=1645.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Central Connecticut State University, 2001.
Thesis advisor: Christopher Pudlinski. " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Organizational Communication." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-116). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Jones, Sandra, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The relationship between workplace reform and workplace participation." Deakin University. Bowater school of management and marketing, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050825.091140.

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This thesis sought to advance understanding of the politics of workplace reform, explaining the respective roles of management and employees and how they relate. The literature on workplace reform usually argues that reform is predicated on greater workforce participation in managerial decisions. More specifically, different approaches to workplace reform can be aligned to different forms of participation. Thus quality management can be associated with direct forms of participation, institutional workplace reform may depend on representative forms, and best practice may require a combination of both. This thesis uses empirical evidence to explore this alignment between the different approaches to workplace reform and forms of participation. The period chosen for empirical study is approximately 1985-1992 - an era of rapid innovation in workplace reform for Australian manufacturing. Three workplaces were chosen for intensive study from automotive component manufacturers because that industry was itself a laboratory for workplace reform and also because these firms exemplified different approaches to competitiveness and reform. Three approaches to workplace reform - quality management, institutional workplace reform, and best practice - were distinguished to capture the range of Australian practice at that time. Similarly two approaches to workplace participation were distinguished - direct and representative - to reflect the range of observable practices at that time and to represent competing philosophies. Direct participation illustrated an approach founded in managerial context of the political status quo, whilst representative forms were considered to permit a pluralist shift of power to enable employees to manage in place of management. The three case studies depict companies sharing the competitive crisis of their industry. From this stems the impetus for workplace reform. At this point the firms diverged in their choice of competitive strategies for workplace reform. The case studies reveal, at the superficial level, a match between the chosen approaches to workplace reform and forms of participation. Basically, quality management is associated with direct employee participation, institutional workplace reform with collective bargaining and representative consultative committees, and best practice with both. However when the implementation of reform and participation are examined this match becomes less significant. One firm, Auto Air, achieved highly effective outcomes in both reform and participation. Another firm, Auto Electrical, failed in both. The thesis concluded that the relationship between forms of participation and reform is less significant than the effective implementation of policy. Unitarist or pluralist approaches to power distribution count less than managerial capacity to integrate successive reform initiatives and their commitment to workforce participation hi change.
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Weng, Stephen Franklin. "The health and economic costs of smoking in the workforce : premature mortality, sickness absence and workplace interventions for smoking cessation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27653/.

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Background: The common argument used against the implementation of tobacco control policies is that revenue from tobacco duty is considerably higher than the health care costs smoking imposes on society. This point is true as revenue in the United Kingdom (UK) totalled £9.1 billion while recent costs estimates for the treatment of smoking-attributable disease totalled £5.2 billion to the UK National Health Service. However, this argument becomes unclear when indirect costs such as productivity loss or cost of absenteeism are incorporated. In the UK, there were 29.2 million employed adults in 2011 of which 20% were current smokers. This equates to approximately 5.84 million employed adult smokers. There are currently no studies which have quantified the economic impact of smoking-attributable indirect costs to both employers and the wider society in the UK. These costs are suspected to impose a large economic burden to society but the best practice methodology for estimating indirect costs and the magnitude of these costs are still unknown. Therefore, the aims of this thesis were to quantify the economic impact of smoking-attributable indirect costs due to productivity loss from premature mortality and absenteeism of workforce and to evaluate workplace interventions which could potentially decrease the burden of smoking in the workforce in the UK. Methods: A number of methods were used along with a range of data sources which provided the information to quantify the economic impact of smoking in the workforce. Cost-of-illness methodology based on the human capital method was utilised to quantify the monetary burden of smoking in the workforce due to premature mortality in the UK. Systematic review and meta-analysis was used to examine the epidemiological association between smoking and absenteeism while also providing the necessary parameters to estimate costs of absence in the UK. Finally, decision analysis and Markov simulation modelling was used to conduct both cost-benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis from the employer's perspective for evaluating workplace smoking cessation interventions of brief advice, individual counselling and nicotine replacement therapy with individual counselling. Results: Cost-of-smoking modelling estimated that smoking was responsible for 96,105 deaths (58% male) in adults aged 35 years and over (17% of all deaths) in the UK annually, resulting in 1.2 million years of total life lost and 357,831 years of productive life lost valued at £4.93 billion in 2010. From the systematic review of 29 longitudinal studies, current smokers had a 33% increase in risk of absenteeism and were absent for an average of 2.74 more days per year compared with non-smokers. Compared with never smokers, ex-smokers had a 14% increase in risk of absenteeism; however, no increase in duration of absence could be detected. Indirect comparison meta-analysis showed that current smokers also had a 19% increase in risk of absenteeism compared with ex-smokers. Consequently, smoking was estimated to cost UK employers £1.46 billion in 2011 from absenteeism in the workplace. Workplace interventions for smoking cessation provide a possible method for reducing the burden of smoking in the workforce. Cost-benefit analysis of workplace interventions resulted in brief advice being the optimal decision strategy for women while brief advice and individual counselling both were optimal decision strategies for men in terms of minimising total costs and maximising return on investment for the employer. If the employer valued maximising quitting instead, cost-effectiveness analysis showed that nicotine replacement therapy with individual counselling would be the optimal strategy given a maximised budget constraint. Conclusion: This thesis has provided the first indirect cost-of-smoking study quantifying the productivity loss due to premature mortality and absenteeism in UK; the first systematic review and meta-analysis which has explored the association between smoking and absence from work; and the first cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses of workplace interventions for smoking cessation in the UK. The implications of this research have particular relevance for UK policy makers and employers to justify stronger tobacco control policy which promotes smoking cessation. However, these findings are not unique to the UK. The thesis has provided the framework and methodology for studies that can strengthen the evidence-base around the economics of smoking in other countries as well.
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Dimberio, Amy M. "Status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana manufacturing industries." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774760.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana's manufacturing industries and to describe the relationship between policy, workforce size, and manufacturing type. Of the 493 questionnaires distributed, 181 (36.7%) were returned. Approximately 67% percent of the industries reported having some type of restrictive policy with the majority of those policies not allowing smoking at the worksite except in designated areas. Most policies were developed within the last five years and were implemented due to a concern for employee health. Workforce size was directly related to the prevalence of significant restrictions. Those companies employing greater then 100 employees were the most likely to have a policy whereas the employing less than 11 were the least likely to have a policy. Standard industrial classifications 34 (fabricated metal products) and 35 (machinery, except electrical) had less restrictive policies as compared to other S.I.C. classifications. A follow up on 10% (n=30) of the nonrespondents yielded similar results to those who did respond.
Department of Physiology and Health Science
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Hutchinson, Jacquie. "Workplace bullying in Australian public service administrations." UWA Business School, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0014.

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This is a study of workplace bullying policy in the public service. The research draws on interviews with policy actors from three groups located in four Australian states and one Australian territory. The groups are senior managers, policy implementors and employee advocates. The study is also informed by research and popular literature to examine how assumptions about what the problem is in workplace bullying dictates the direction taken in policy development. Unlike much of the research into workplace bullying that is based on psychological theorisations, this study is influenced by scholars who focus on the power imbalances that underpin workplace bullying. The key argument in this thesis is that the conceptual dominance of 'gender neutrality' operates to mask the gendered power imbalances which perpetuate bullying behaviour. Hence, to start to address workplace bullying, the effects of power must be acknowledged and addressed in the organisational policy responses to the growing phenomenon of workplace bullying. However, analysing the effects of power is insufficient if gender is not made visible in the analysis. The methodological touchstone for this is Carol Bacchi's 'whats the problem' approach (1999), which is taken further through feminist organisational theory, post modernist understandings of power realtions and a critique of New Public Management practices. The thesis shows how workplace bullying policies in Australian public service administrations have been carefully crafted as gender-neutral, and interweaves data and literature to develop a thesis for why such an approach is a deeply flawed outcome of gender politics. This thesis concludes with some modest suggestions about how organizations might more effectively develop more effective gender-sensitive approaches to workplace bullying.
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Mashal, Huda. "Uncontrolled Workplace Breaks and Productivity." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3309.

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Behaviors that may waste time in the workplace, like surfing the Internet for personal purposes (cyberloafing) or smoking breaks, may be the root antecedent for poor productivity. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine whether there was a relationship between the independent variables: time spent cyberloafing and time in uncontrolled smoking breaks, and the dependent variable: employee productivity. Procedural justice theory was used to frame the study. The population consisted of 34 employees working in a multinational engineering company in Jordan who have official smoking policies, but not cyberloafing policies. Correlations and multiple regression were computed using a Cyberloafing Scale and time spent smoking (independent variables) and The Endicott Work Productivity Scale (dependent variable). The results of the correlations indicated no significant relationship between Internet surfing and employee productivity. Smoking breaks were not a significant source of wasted time during the workday (the subsample and frequency of engaging in smoking were low); therefore, smoking did not have an effect on productivity. The findings of this study support the theory that using the Internet at work does not affect employee productivity. These findings have implications for positive social change that are also supported by existing research. Employees who engage in personal Internet activities at work tend to meet private demands and obligations. This connectivity may help to facilitate work-life balance.
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Cipa, Anthony. "The moralization of cigarette smoking in Australia : a new approach to an old problem /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19767.pdf.

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Brown, Debora. "Depressed men angry women: Non-stereotypical gender responses to anti-smoking messages in older smokers." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1034.

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This qualitative study into the effective use of fear arousal in social marketing advertising, focused on exploring gender differences in smokers' attitudes towards threats in anti-smoking messages in the 40 to 50 year old age group. This age group of smokers has received relatively little attention in the fear arousal literature to date, presumably because their 'hard core' attitudes are perceived as difficult to change by social marketing and medical practitioners. The key purpose of this study was to explore the attitudinal responses of male and female smokers in the 40 to 50 year old age group to anti-smoking messages and in particular to those using death and non-death threats. Unexpected findings from a previous study (Henley 1997) were the first to indicate that significant gender differences occurred in this age group to anti-smoking messages. Henley's (1997) study focused on death versus non-death threats in social marketing messages in two age groups of smokers: 16 to 25 and 40 to 50 year aids. Response to the death threat, 'Quit smoking or you'll die of emphysema' was compared to the response of the non-death threat, 'Quit smoking or you'll be disabled by emphysema', in producing change in attitude, motivation and intention to adopt the recommended behaviour. The appropriateness of these threat messages was considered in relation to male and female smokers in two age groups, 16-25 years and 40-50 years. Henley (1997) found that significant differences occurred between older male and female smokers' responses to death and non-death threats in social marketing messages, and that in general, 40-50 year old males responded more to death threats and 40-50 year old females responded more to non-death threats, with the exception of death threats and loved ones. Focus groups were the qualitative method used for data collection in this study. Data was collected from four focus groups (2 male and 2 female), that consisted of 40 to 50 year old regular smokers. Group interviews were conducted as free flowing discussions interspersed with questions pertaining to the major objectives of the study. Projective questioning techniques were used to draw out participants' deeply held beliefs rather than their more easily accessible altitudes. As such, they were not asked direct questions pertaining to attitudes or specifically prompted for response to death and non-death threats. The men and women in this study fitted the characteristics of 'hard core', precontemplative smokers due to their long term smoking behaviour and low-involvement with anti-smoking information. Data were analysed manually according to themes in relation to the major objectives with special consideration given to gender differences that emerged. Attitudes were examined according to emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses. Gender differences are discussed in relation to how responses were articulated. Significant gender differences occurred in attitudinal response to threat in antismoking messages. In particular, gender differences occurred in relation to perceived self-efficacy, and strategies employed to cope with cognitive dissonance and negative emotions that emerged from exposure to anti-smoking messages. Men in this study revealed low levels of perceived self-efficacy, self-esteem and a sense of helplessness and powerlessness over their smoking behaviour. Discussions revealed the men had adopted maladaptive coping responses such as avoidance behaviour and denial in relation to anti-smoking messages. Women in this study revealed higher levels of self-efficacy and derived more benefits from smoking than men. However, their responses indicated anger towards patriarchal and authoritarian anti-smoking messages. Data also revealed that women had adopted maladaptive coping responses such as defiance, reactance and avoidance behaviour in relation to anti-smoking messages. An unexpected finding in this study was that both genders were clearly more accepting of positively framed anti-smoking messages that engendered self-esteem and higher efficacy. The implications for practitioners and researchers are that market segmentation is advisable for older smokers. 'Hard core' smokers may be a difficult group to reach via negatively framed anti-smoking messages and it is possible that positively framed messages may offer a solution. Further quantitative research is indicated into the relative effectiveness of positively framed messages and 'hard core' smokers.
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Books on the topic "Smoking in the workplace Australia"

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Evans, William N. Do workplace smoking bans reduce smoking? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Lowe, Graham S. Unions and workplace smoking policy. Kingston, Ont: Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University, 1992.

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Hamel-Smith, Rhonda. Smoking restrictions in the workplace. Kingston, Ont: Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University at Kingston, 1989.

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White, Anthony G. Workplace smoking legal aspects: A selected bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1989.

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Raw, Martin. Smoking policy for the workplace: An update. London: Health Education Authority, 1999.

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Alberta. Alberta Community and Occupational Health. Clearing the air: Creating a smoke-free workplace. Edmonton, Alta.]: Alberta Community and Occupational Health, 1988.

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Marjorie, Nicholson. A guide to dealing with workplace smoking restrictions. 2nd ed. London: Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco (Forest), 1993.

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Australia. Workplace relations legislation: Workplace relations regulations & rules. Sydney: Thomson, 2006.

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Canada. Health and Welfare Canada. Smoke in the workplace: An evaluation of smoking restrictions. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1988.

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Russell, Kay. Smoking in public places: A consultation on reducing exposure to second hand smoke : evidence report. [Edinburgh]: Scottish Executive Social Research, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Smoking in the workplace Australia"

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Glidden, Christine S., and George Lutz. "Smoking Cessation in the Workplace." In The Clinical Management of Nicotine Dependence, 280–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9112-8_22.

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Akella, Devi. "Workplace Bullying Laws in Australia and New Zealand." In Understanding Workplace Bullying, 237–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46168-3_12.

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Burnside, Grace. "Smoking at the Workplace, the Northern Ireland Experience." In Tobacco and Health, 355–58. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1907-2_75.

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Rogers, Shelley. "Bullying in the workplace." In The Elements of Psychological Case Report Writing in Australia, 203–8. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351258043-25.

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Hasan, Ed. "Yearning for Religious Freedom in Australia." In Embracing Workplace Religious Diversity and Inclusion, 119–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89773-4_9.

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Roberts, L., C. Miller, M. Wakefield, and C. Reynolds. "Smoking bans in domestic environments in South Australia." In Tobacco: The Growing Epidemic, 625–26. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0769-9_268.

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Miley, Frances, and Andrew Read. "Indigenous Spirituality at Work: Australia." In Handbook of Faith and Spirituality in the Workplace, 175–94. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5233-1_12.

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Gatwiri, Kathomi, and Leticia Anderson. "Devaluation of Black Expertise: The Workplace as a Racial Battleground." In Afrodiasporic Identities in Australia, 67–84. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4282-2_5.

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Willis, Eileen, Suzanne Young, and Pauline Stanton. "Health Sector and Industrial Reform in Australia." In Workplace Reform in the Healthcare Industry, 13–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596009_2.

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Yusuf, Farhat, and Julian de Meyrick. "Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Australia." In Population Change and Public Policy, 153–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57069-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Smoking in the workplace Australia"

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Custodio, Lalaine Eranzo, and Perla Seranilla Manlapaz. "Smoking Cessation Program in the Workplace." In SPE Asia Pacific Health, Safety and Environment Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/96673-ms.

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Raven, Melissa. "22 Workplace mental health: a strategic driver of overdiagnosis." In Preventing Overdiagnosis Abstracts, December 2019, Sydney, Australia. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2019-pod.128.

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Caliskan, Gulser, Giancarlo Pesce, Michael Abramson, Dinh Bui, Alan L. James, Deborah Jarvis, Matthew W. Knuiman, et al. "Trends in smoking initiation in Australia over 70 years." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.oa3312.

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Kent, BD, SB Cooney, P. Nadarjan, I. Sulaiman, N. Akasheh, SJ Lane, and ED Moloney. "Acute Medical Admissions Following Implementation of a Workplace Smoking Ban." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1640.

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Reid, Alison, Jun Chih, Renee Carey, Ellie Darcey, and Corie Gray. "O02-5 Workplace discrimination and mental health among ethnic minority workers in australia." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.10.

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Whyte, A., and M. Luca. "Building Information Modelling (Bim) & Integrated Project Delivery (Ipd): Workplace Utilisation In W. Australia." In The Seventh International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5354-2_aae-15-287.

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Sulaiman, Imran, Brian D. Kent, Trevor T. Nicholson, Stephen Lane, and Eddie Moloney. "The Impact Of A Workplace Smoking Ban On Nationwide Admissions Due To Acute Pulmonary Disease." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a4025.

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Stathakis, Voula. "429 Analysis of hospital admissions for workplace violence in Victoria, Australia: 2009/10–2020/21." In 14th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion (Safety 2022) abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2022-safety2022.193.

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Olivieri, Mario, Nicola Murgia, Anne Elie Carsin, Geza Benke, Irene Brüske, Peter G. J. Burney, Christer Janson, et al. "Changes in passive smoking in the workplace from three waves of the European community respiratory health survey." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa4277.

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Venables, Anne, and Grace Tan. "Realizing Learning in the Workplace in an Undergraduate IT Program." In InSITE 2009: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3359.

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Higher education programs need to prepare their graduates for the practical challenges they can expect to face upon entering the workforce. Students can be better prepared if their academic learning is reinforced through authentic workplace experience, where the link between theory and professional practice can be realized. Increasingly, such learning in the workplace is being seen as an integral part of the university curricula as evidenced through the implementation of the Learning the Workplace & Community (LiWC) Policy at Victoria University, Australia. This policy mandates a minimum of 25% content and assessment of all academic programs be related to work-integrated learning. Recognizing the need for authentic workplace experience in the IT undergraduate program, a review found that the existing work-related learning component accounted for only half the required 25% LiWC commitment. Currently, the LiWC component is an industry-based capstone project that spans two semesters in the final year of study. These projects allow students to work on real-life software development tasks where they experience the practical challenges of building software systems whilst appreciating the needs of a business client. In a search of the literature, campus-located industry projects were identified as one of the two most common work-related learning experiences in IT programs, the other being internships sited in the workplace. By retaining the current project-based component, it was decided to add an internship to the program to further bolster the student learning experience and graduate outcomes. This paper details the existing program structure and explores two possible implementations for the achievement of the LiWC policy. The first approach necessitates the addition of one academic year of cooperative education internship to be placed strategically between the current second and third years. Alternatively, the second proposal sacrifices several elective units to accommodate a final semester internship experience. The paper discusses both alternatives against various issues under consideration: staffing and administration, assessment, industry partnerships, professional accreditation and its impact upon differing cohorts of students.
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Reports on the topic "Smoking in the workplace Australia"

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Evans, William, Matthew Farrelly, and Edward Montgomery. Do Workplace Smoking Bans Reduce Smoking? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5567.

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Chaloupka, Frank, and Henry Saffer. The Demand For Cigarettes and Restrictions on Smoking in the Workplace. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2663.

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Carpenter, Christopher. How Do Workplace Smoking Laws Work? Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Local Laws in Ontario, Canada. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13133.

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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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McEntee, Alice, Sonia Hines, Joshua Trigg, Kate Fairweather, Ashleigh Guillaumier, Jane Fischer, Billie Bonevski, James A. Smith, Carlene Wilson, and Jacqueline Bowden. Tobacco cessation in CALD communities. The Sax Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/sneg4189.

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Background Australia is a multi-cultural society with increasing rates of people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. On average, CALD groups have higher rates of tobacco use, lower participation in cancer screening programs, and poorer health outcomes than the general Australian population. Lower cancer screening and smoking cessation rates are due to differing cultural norms, health-related attitudes, and beliefs, and language barriers. Interventions can help address these potential barriers and increase tobacco cessation and cancer screening rates among CALD groups. Cancer Council NSW (CCNSW) aims to reduce the impact of cancer and improve cancer outcomes for priority populations including CALD communities. In line with this objective, CCNSW commissioned this rapid review of interventions implemented in Australia and comparable countries. Review questions This review aimed to address the following specific questions: Question 1 (Q1): What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Question 2 (Q2): What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? This review focused on Chinese-, Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking people as they are the largest CALD groups in Australia and have high rates of tobacco use and poor screening adherence in NSW. Summary of methods An extensive search of peer-reviewed and grey literature published between January 2013-March 2022 identified 19 eligible studies for inclusion in the Q1 review and 49 studies for the Q2 review. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Levels of Evidence and Joanna Briggs Institute’s (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools were used to assess the robustness and quality of the included studies, respectively. Key findings Findings are reported by components of an intervention overall and for each CALD group. By understanding the effectiveness of individual components, results will demonstrate key building blocks of an effective intervention. Question 1: What smoking cessation interventions have been proven effective in reducing or preventing smoking among culturally and linguistically diverse communities? Thirteen of the 19 studies were Level IV (L4) evidence, four were Level III (L3), one was Level II (L2), none were L1 (highest level of evidence) and one study’s evidence level was unable to be determined. The quality of included studies varied. Fifteen tobacco cessation intervention components were included, with most interventions involving at least three components (range 2-6). Written information (14 studies), and education sessions (10 studies) were the most common components included in an intervention. Eight of the 15 intervention components explored had promising evidence for use with Chinese-speaking participants (written information, education sessions, visual information, counselling, involving a family member or friend, nicotine replacement therapy, branded merchandise, and mobile messaging). Another two components (media campaign and telephone follow-up) had evidence aggregated across CALD groups (i.e., results for Chinese-speaking participants were combined with other CALD group(s)). No intervention component was deemed of sufficient evidence for use with Vietnamese-speaking participants and four intervention components had aggregated evidence (written information, education sessions, counselling, nicotine replacement therapy). Counselling was the only intervention component to have promising evidence for use with Arabic-speaking participants and one had mixed evidence (written information). Question 2: What screening interventions have proven effective in increasing participation in population cancer screening programs among culturally and linguistically diverse populations? Two of the 49 studies were Level I (L1) evidence, 13 L2, seven L3, 25 L4 and two studies’ level of evidence was unable to be determined. Eighteen intervention components were assessed with most interventions involving 3-4 components (range 1-6). Education sessions (32 studies), written information (23 studies) and patient navigation (10 studies) were the most common components. Seven of the 18 cancer screening intervention components had promising evidence to support their use with Vietnamese-speaking participants (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, counselling, and peer experience). The component, opportunity to be screened (e.g. mailed or handed a bowel screening test), had aggregated evidence regarding its use with Vietnamese-speaking participants. Seven intervention components (education session, written information, visual information, peer/community health worker, opportunity to be screened, counselling, and branded merchandise) also had promising evidence to support their use with Chinese-speaking participants whilst two components had mixed (patient navigation) or aggregated (media campaign) evidence. One intervention component for use with Arabic-speaking participants had promising evidence to support its use (opportunity to be screened) and eight intervention components had mixed or aggregated support (education sessions, written information, patient navigation, visual information, peer/community health worker, peer experience, media campaign, and anatomical models). Gaps in the evidence There were four noteworthy gaps in the evidence: 1. No systematic review was captured for Q1, and only two studies were randomised controlled trials. Much of the evidence is therefore based on lower level study designs, with risk of bias. 2. Many studies provided inadequate detail regarding their intervention design which impacts both the quality appraisal and how mixed finding results can be interpreted. 3. Several intervention components were found to have supportive evidence available only at the aggregate level. Further research is warranted to determine the interventions effectiveness with the individual CALD participant group only. 4. The evidence regarding the effectiveness of certain intervention components were either unknown (no studies) or insufficient (only one study) across CALD groups. This was the predominately the case for Arabic-speaking participants for both Q1 and Q2, and for Vietnamese-speaking participants for Q1. Further research is therefore warranted. Applicability Most of the intervention components included in this review are applicable for use in the Australian context, and NSW specifically. However, intervention components assessed as having insufficient, mixed, or no evidence require further research. Cancer screening and tobacco cessation interventions targeting Chinese-speaking participants were more common and therefore showed more evidence of effectiveness for the intervention components explored. There was support for cancer screening intervention components targeting Vietnamese-speaking participants but not for tobacco cessation interventions. There were few interventions implemented for Arabic-speaking participants that addressed tobacco cessation and screening adherence. Much of the evidence for Vietnamese and Arabic-speaking participants was further limited by studies co-recruiting multiple CALD groups and reporting aggregate results. Conclusion There is sound evidence for use of a range of intervention components to address tobacco cessation and cancer screening adherence among Chinese-speaking populations, and cancer screening adherence among Vietnamese-speaking populations. Evidence is lacking regarding the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions with Vietnamese- and Arabic-speaking participants, and cancer screening interventions for Arabic-speaking participants. More research is required to determine whether components considered effective for use in one CALD group are applicable to other CALD populations.
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