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Williams, Martin, and John Allan. "Reducing smoking in Australia: how to include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 11, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v11.i2.6642.
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Issue addressed: Australia has succeeded in lowering the overall prevalence of tobacco smoking in the last four decades and has enjoyed a worldwide reputation for innovative policy. However, this success has not extended to Indigenous Australians.
Method: Narrative review and critique of literature from government, public health, health promotion, marketing and communication on smoking cessation in Australia.
Main points: We first consider the history of government anti-smoking measures including legislation and communication initiatives including advertising and sponsorship bans, health warnings and ‘no smoking’ rules affecting anti-smoking norms, culminating in the banning of branding and the advent of tobacco plain packaging. We also review the effects of excise increases and smoking cessation aids such as quit lines and nicotine replacement therapy. For each type of intervention, both population-wide and those specifically directed at Indigenous people, we consider the probable reasons for the failure to reach Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people or alter their smoking patterns, and make suggestions for improvements in interventions and their evaluation.
Conclusion: The history of anti-smoking initiatives in Australia suggests that community-based health initiatives are likely to be more effective in addressing Indigenous people and helping smokers to quit.
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Long, R., K. Cooper, A. Woods, C. Biondi, J. Luzuriaga, P. Jackson, C. Anderiesz, C. Giles, and H. Zorbas. "‘Bridging the Continuum' - Reporting Population-Level Trends Across the Continuum of Care: The Australian National Cancer Control Indicator (NCCI) Web Site." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 78s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.61200.
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Background: High-quality data can assist the development of policy and cancer strategies, stimulate lines of research, and inform the provision of care leading to better cancer outcomes. In November 2017 Cancer Australia launched the National Cancer Control Indicators (NCCI) Web site ( https://ncci.canceraustralia.gov.au ), Australia's first interactive Web site of cancer-specific, national population-based data across the continuum of care. The NCCI Web site presents a set of indicators for monitoring national cancer trends and benchmarking internationally across seven key aspects of cancer control; prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, psychosocial care, research and outcomes. Aim: By presenting a set of indicators using seven domains from the cancer care continuum, the NCCI Web site presents the most current Australian national data for a range of cancer control indicators in an accessible and interactive format. The primary aim of the NCCI Web site (hosted as part of the Cancer Australia Web site) is to monitor and report the most recent population-level trends to drive improvements across the cancer control continuum in Australia, and to facilitate international benchmarking of Australia's cancer control efforts. Methods: National data level on 33 individual measures across the seven cancer continuum domains was accessed from both government and nongovernment data custodians. Where applicable and available for measures, data were disaggregated and presented by age, sex, indigenous status, remoteness area of residence and socioeconomic status. Review of the data analysis was undertaken by 46 external reviewers including data custodians and subject matter experts. Results: Example summary data from several indicators across the NCCI Web site, including demographic disaggregation by age, sex, remoteness area of residence and socioeconomic status (where available) will be provided. e.g., • Smoking prevalence has decreased substantially over the past 30 years, and smoking rates among both adolescents and adults in Australia are among the lowest in the world. • Cancer mortality rates have been falling steadily since 1995, across most cancer types. Australia has lower mortality rates from cancer when compared with most other similar developed countries, about 6% lower than the estimated global average in 2012. National population-level data showing incidence by stage at diagnosis for the top five most common cancers has also been reported on the Web site - making Australia one of the few countries in the world where these data are available. Conclusion: The NCCI Web site is a flagship data Web site providing, for the first time, an evolving high-level national data resource to monitor Australian population-level trends in cancer control across the continuum. As one of the very few cross-continuum cancer reporting resources in the world, this is a valuable resource for use by those within the international cancer control community.
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Rowley, Della, Sharon Lawn, and John Coveney. "Two heads are better than one: Australian tobacco control experts’ and mental health change champions’ consensus on addressing the problem of high smoking rates among people with mental illness." Australian Health Review 40, no. 2 (2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15028.
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Objective The aims of the present study were to explore the beliefs of Australian experts in tobacco control and change champions working in mental health and tobacco cessation, and to identify measures for addressing the problem of high smoking rates for people with mental illness. Methods Qualitative interviews were undertaken to explore participants’ views, and the Delphi technique was used to achieve consensus on ways in which the problem would be best addressed. Results This consensus centred on the need for leadership within the mental health system. The problem was reconceptualised from being solely the responsibility of the mental health sector into an issue that requires the combined resources of a partnership and shared leadership between government and non-government services, public health leaders, policy makers and people with mental illness and their families. Conclusions Collaboration would raise the priority of the issue, reduce the debilitating effect of stigma and discrimination within the mental health sector and would place smoking reduction firmly on the political and public agenda. A recovery-orientated focus would increase the skill base and be inclusive of workers, families and carers of people with mental illness who face smoking issues on a daily basis. Reconceptualising this as an issue that would benefit from cooperation and partnerships would disrupt the notion that the problem is solely the responsibility of the mental health sector. What is known about the topic? Rates of smoking have remained high for people with mental illness despite population-wide public health strategies successfully reducing smoking rates in the general population. For people with mental illness, the benefits of quitting smoking for both their mental and physical health are overshadowed by concerns about the complexity of their needs. There is a lack of knowledge about how smoking cessation support can be improved to increase success rates in smokers with mental illness. What does this paper add? The present study is the first to bring a cross-sector lens of public health and mental health ‘experts’ together to discuss the reasons for the high rates of smoking among people with mental illness and to obtain their shared agreement on solutions. This Australian-specific study analyses participants’ responses to the problem representation and reveals what the issue is considered to be, where action should occur and how the problem should be resolved. What are the implications for practitioners? For the Australian context, there is a need for leadership and a consistent smoke-free message about the benefits of not smoking. Staff working in mental health require training in providing brief interventions, motivational interviewing and pharmacological support. Joining together as a partnership of government and non-government services, including public health leaders and policy makers, and involving people with mental illness and their families, would benefit all concerned.
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Moodie, Crawford, Janet Hoek, Janne Scheffels, Karine Gallopel-Morvan, and Kylie Lindorff. "Plain packaging: legislative differences in Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway, and options for strengthening regulations." Tobacco Control 28, no. 5 (August 1, 2018): 485–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054483.
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By July 2018, five countries (Australia, France, the UK, New Zealand and Norway) had fully implemented plain (standardised) packaging. Using government documents, we reviewed the key legislative differences between these five countries to identify best practice measures and potential lacuna. We then discuss how governments planning to introduce plain packaging could strengthen their legislation. Differences between countries include the terminology used (either ‘plain’, ‘standardised’ or ‘plain and standardised’), products covered and transition times (ranging from 2 to 12 months). Myriad differences exist with respect to the packaging, including the dimensions (explicitly stated for height, width and depth vs minimum dimensions for the health warnings only), structure (straight-edged flip-top packs vs straight, rounded and bevelled-edged flip-top packs and shoulder boxes) and size (minimum number of cigarettes and weight of tobacco vs fixed amounts) and warning content (eg, inclusion of a stop-smoking web address and/or quitline displayed on warnings on one or both principal display areas). Future options that merit further analysis include banning colour descriptors in brand and variant names, allowing pack inserts promoting cessation and permitting cigarettes that are designed to be dissuasive. Plain packaging legislation and regulations are divergent. Countries moving towards plain packaging should consider incorporating the strengths of existing policies and review opportunities for extending these. While plain packaging represents a milestone in tobacco-control policy, future legislation need not simply reflect the past but could set new benchmarks to maximise the potential benefits of this policy.
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William, Jananie, Michael A. Martin, Catherine Chojenta, and Deborah Loxton. "An actuarial investigation into maternal hospital cost risk factors for public patients." Annals of Actuarial Science 12, no. 1 (July 20, 2017): 106–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174849951700015x.
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AbstractWe investigate an actuarial approach to identifying the factors impacting government-funded maternal hospital costs in Australia, with a focus on women who experience adverse birth outcomes. We propose a two-phase modelling methodology that adopts actuarial methods from typical insurance claim cost modelling and extends to other statistical techniques to account for the large volume of covariates available for modelling. Specifically, Classification and Regression Trees and generalised linear mixed models are employed to analyse a data set that links longitudinal survey and administrative data from a large sample of women. The results show that adverse births are a statistically significant risk factor affecting maternal hospital costs in the antenatal and delivery periods. Other significant cost risk factors in the delivery period include mode of delivery, private health insurance status, diabetes, smoking status, area of residence and onset of labour. We demonstrate the efficacy of using actuarial techniques in non-traditional areas and highlight how the results can be used to inform public policy.
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Engel, A. "Cancer Council New South Wales Policy and Advocacy Report: Community Insights to Inform the Policy Positioning of Smoke-Free Legislation Reform in NSW, Australia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 139s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.58900.
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Background and context: In the lead-up to the next state election, Cancer Council New South Wales (CCNSW) will run the “Saving Life 2019” advocacy campaign focused on changing NSW Government policy in cancer control. In developing a policy agenda, three priority areas were identified that required further research to better understand public perceptions, inform messaging and engagement strategies. Reform of current smoke-free laws was identified as one of these priorities. Aim: Understand how key audiences view current smoke-free laws and issues of exposure to second-hand smoke in NSW licensed venues; Find new opportunities to progress policy objectives by identifying additional key audiences in the general population; Build the evidence base for a salient and convincing messaging guide for the advocacy campaign strategy and our broader policy engagement and influencing work. Strategy/Tactics: The campaign will seek to demonstrate community support for the reform of current smoke-free laws in NSW to the community, the media and political candidates to achieve policy commitments. CCNSW existing campaign strategy includes tactics across grassroots mobilization, targeted political engagement and securing earned media. The development of strategic research to underpin this campaign, including development of an evidence-based communications strategy, was critical in optimizing our communications and public engagement. Program/Policy process: Cancer Council NSW worked with an external agency to conduct the research. The research used a mixed methodology that included a facilitated online focus group of up to 20 people, followed by polling of the general public. Focus groups were conducted over two days, with participants recruited from a wide geographical spread. Targeted sampling to ensure participants visit a pub or club at least once per fortnight was also incorporated. Outcomes: A research and communications report containing an overview of the research, key findings, as well as communications considerations based on the research was used to inform our overall campaign strategy, including policy messaging and communications planning. What was learned: Preliminary findings noted that while smoking and related health issues is a key concern for participants, it is of greatest concern among those who are smokers, have previously smoked, or are close to someone who does. They revealed a high level of awareness of the meaning.
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Engel, A. "Cancer Council New South Wales: Policy and Advocacy Report Community Insights to Inform the Policy Positioning of Tobacco Retailing Reform in NSW, Australia." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 139s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.59100.
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Background and context: In the lead-up to the next state election, Cancer Council New South Wales (CCNSW) will run the “Saving Life 2019” advocacy campaign focused on changing NSW Government policy in cancer control. In developing a policy agenda, three priority areas were identified that required further research to better understand public perceptions, inform messaging and engagement strategies. Reform of current tobacco retailing was identified as one of these priorities. Aim: Understand how key audiences view current tobacco retailing laws and widespread tobacco availability in NSW; Find new opportunities to progress our policy objectives by identifying additional key audiences in the general population; Build the evidence base for a salient and convincing messaging guide for the advocacy campaign strategy and CCNSW's broader policy engagement and influencing work. Strategy/Tactics: The campaign will seek to demonstrate community support for reform of current tobacco retailing laws in NSW to the community, the media and political candidates to achieve policy commitments. CCNSW existing campaign strategy includes tactics across grassroots mobilization, targeted political engagement and securing earned media. The development of strategic research to underpin this campaign, including development of an evidence-based communications strategy, was critical in optimizing communications and public engagement. Program/Policy process: CCNSW commissioned an independent external agency to conduct the research. The research used a mixed methodology that included a facilitated online focus group of up to 20 people, followed by polling of the general public. Focus groups were conducted over two days, with participants recruited from a wide geographical spread and constituted a mixture of general population, parents, hospitality workers and small business owners. Outcomes: A research and communications report containing an overview of the research, key findings, as well as communications considerations based on the research was used to inform our overall campaign strategy, including policy messaging and communications planning. What was learned: Findings noted that while cancer of all types is seen as a serious public health issue, cancer specifically resulting from smoking and tobacco use is not top-of-mind. It revealed the link between ease of access to tobacco products and increased usage is clearly understood, and there was support for further restricting where tobacco can be sold. The concept of a “retailer fee” to pay for the cost of antismoking initiatives received limited support, mostly driven by concern for smaller retailers. The most popular arguments were those which reinforced existing community beliefs, rather than challenging them.
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Atkinson-Briggs, Sharon, Alicia Jenkins, Christopher Ryan, and Laima Brazionis. "Prevalence of Health-Risk Behaviours Among Indigenous Australians With Diabetes: A Review." Journal of the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet 3, no. 4 (2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/aihjournal.v3n4.6.
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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are at high risk of Type 2 diabetes and its complications. Optimal lifestyle choices can improve health outcomes. A thematic review of original research publications related to smoking, nutrition, alcohol intake, physical activity and emotional wellness in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians with diabetes was performed. Overall, 7118 English-language publications were identified by search engines (PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Medline-Web of Science, and Google Scholar) with search terms Indigenous Australians OR Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders AND diabetes AND lifestyle OR smoking OR nutrition OR alcohol OR physical activity OR emotional wellbeing and their common synonyms. After review of abstracts and publication reference lists, 36 articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. In general, the self-reported health-related behaviours of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australian adults with diabetes, which is predominantly Type 2 diabetes, was suboptimal. An important clinical challenge in diabetes care is to sustainably reduce smoking, improve nutrition (including alcohol use), increase physical activity, reduce sedentary time, and improve emotional wellbeing, which should lead to reduced rates of diabetes complications. Regular assessments and multi-stakeholder input, including individuals, communities, clinical, health policy, societal and government inputs and partnerships, are desirable to facilitate closing the gap in health between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous Australians.
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Shroff, Farah M., and David Jung. "Here's to sound action on global hearing health through public health approaches." International Journal of Health Governance 25, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-01-2020-0004.
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PurposeA global pandemic, non-occupational noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is a completely preventable public health problem, which receives limited air time. This study has dual purposes: to contribute to scholarly literature that puts non-occupational NIHL on the global priority map and to effect change in the City of Vancouver's policies toward noise.Design/methodology/approachExperts in public health and hearing health were contacted in addition to a scoping literature search on PubMed. Information pertaining to both developed and developing countries was obtained, and comparison was made to Canada where possible. The authors met with elected officials at the City of Vancouver to inform them of the win–win aspects of policies that promoted better hearing.FindingsNon-occupational NIHL is an underappreciated issue in Canada and many other countries, as seen by the lack of epidemiological data and public health initiatives. Other countries, such as Australia, have more robust research and public health programs, but most of the world lags behind. Better hearing health is possible through targeted campaigns addressing root causes of non-occupational, recreational noise – positive associations with loud noise. By redefining social norms so that soft to moderate sounds are associated with positive values and loud sounds are negatively attributed, the societies will prevent leisure NIHL. The authors recommend widespread national all-age campaigns that benefit from successful public health campaigns of the past, such as smoking cessation, safety belts and others. Soft Sounds are Healthy (SSH) is a suggested name for a campaign that would take many years, ample resources and sophisticated understanding of behavior change to be effective.Research limitations/implicationsA gap exists in the collection of non-occupational NIHL data. Creating indicators and regularly collecting data is a high priority for most nations. Beyond data collection, prevention of non-occupational NIHL ought to be a high priority. Studies in each region would propel understanding, partly to discern the cultural factors that would predispose the general population to change favorable attitudes toward loud sounds to associations of moderate sounds with positivity. Evaluations of these campaigns would then follow.Practical implicationsEveryday life for many people around the world, particularly in cities, is loud. Traffic, construction, loudspeakers, music and other loud sounds abound. Many people have adapted to these loud soundscapes, and others suffer from the lack of peace and quiet. Changing cultural attitudes toward loud sound will improve human and animal health, lessen the burden on healthcare systems and positively impact the economy.Social implicationsIndustries that create loud technologies and machinery ought to be required to find ways to soften noise. Regulatory mechanisms that are enforced by law and fines ought to be in place. When governments take up the banner of hearing health, they will help to set a new tone toward loud sounds as undesirable, and this will partially address the root causes of the problem of non-occupational NIHL.Originality/valueVery little public health literature addresses NIHL. It is a relatively ignored health problem. This project aims to spurn public health campaigns, offering our own infographic with a possible title of Soft Sounds are Healthy (SSH) or Soft Sounds are Sexy (SSS). The study also aimed to influence city officials in the authors’ home, Vancouver, and they were able to do this.
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Dunn, Kevin, Susan Thompson, Bronwyn Hanna, Peter Murphy, and Ian Burnley. "Multicultural Policy within Local Government in Australia." Urban Studies 38, no. 13 (December 2001): 2477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980120094623.
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Thomas, I. G. "Environmental policy and local government in Australia." Local Environment 15, no. 2 (February 2010): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549830903527647.
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McCausland, Kahlia, Bruce Maycock, Tama Leaver, Katharina Wolf, Becky Freeman, and Jonine Jancey. "E-Cigarette Advocates on Twitter: Content Analysis of Vaping-Related Tweets." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 6, no. 4 (October 14, 2020): e17543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17543.
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Background As the majority of Twitter content is publicly available, the platform has become a rich data source for public health surveillance, providing insights into emergent phenomena, such as vaping. Although there is a growing body of literature that has examined the content of vaping-related tweets, less is known about the people who generate and disseminate these messages and the role of e-cigarette advocates in the promotion of these devices. Objective This study aimed to identify key conversation trends and patterns over time, and discern the core voices, message frames, and sentiment surrounding e-cigarette discussions on Twitter. Methods A random sample of data were collected from Australian Twitter users who referenced at least one of 15 identified e-cigarette related keywords during 2012, 2014, 2016, or 2018. Data collection was facilitated by TrISMA (Tracking Infrastructure for Social Media Analysis) and analyzed by content analysis. Results A sample of 4432 vaping-related tweets posted and retweeted by Australian users was analyzed. Positive sentiment (3754/4432, 84.70%) dominated the discourse surrounding e-cigarettes, and vape retailers and manufacturers (1161/4432, 26.20%), the general public (1079/4432, 24.35%), and e-cigarette advocates (1038/4432, 23.42%) were the most prominent posters. Several tactics were used by e-cigarette advocates to communicate their beliefs, including attempts to frame e-cigarettes as safer than traditional cigarettes, imply that federal government agencies lack sufficient competence or evidence for the policies they endorse about vaping, and denounce as propaganda “gateway” claims of youth progressing from e-cigarettes to combustible tobacco. Some of the most common themes presented in tweets were advertising or promoting e-cigarette products (2040/4432, 46.03%), promoting e-cigarette use or intent to use (970/4432, 21.89%), and discussing the potential of e-cigarettes to be used as a smoking cessation aid or tobacco alternative (716/4432, 16.16%), as well as the perceived health and safety benefits and consequences of e-cigarette use (681/4432, 15.37%). Conclusions Australian Twitter content does not reflect the country’s current regulatory approach to e-cigarettes. Rather, the conversation on Twitter generally encourages e-cigarette use, promotes vaping as a socially acceptable practice, discredits scientific evidence of health risks, and rallies around the idea that e-cigarettes should largely be outside the bounds of health policy. The one-sided nature of the discussion is concerning, as is the lack of disclosure and transparency, especially among vaping enthusiasts who dominate the majority of e-cigarette discussions on Twitter, where it is unclear if comments are endorsed, sanctioned, or even supported by the industry.
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Ives, D. J. "CURRENT GOVERNMENT POLICY TOWARDS PETROLEUM EXPLORATION IN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 28, no. 2 (1988): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87042.
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Butler, Julia. "Law Libraries in Australia - Government Libraries." International Journal of Legal Information 28, no. 2 (2000): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500009203.
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Since the mid 1980's to the present time there has been an unprecedented attitudinal change by governments, both at the federal and state levels, regardless of political persuasion, towards the role of the public sector. There has been a sustained policy to wind back the size of the Public Service across the board.
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Sullivan, Helen. "Local Government in Australia: History, Theory and Public Policy." Australian Journal of Politics & History 64, no. 3 (September 2018): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12496.
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Eggington, William. "Language Policy and Planning in Australia." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002865.
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Australian federal and state government language policy and planning efforts have had a remarkable effect on Australian educational and non-educational life during the past twenty years. This effort has resulted in strong international recognition of the Australian language policy experience. For example, Romaine, in the introduction to her anthology focusing on the languages of Australia states that “the movement to set up a national language policy is so far unprecedented in the major Anglophone countries” (Romaine 1991:8).
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Pilkington, Albert (Sonny) A. G., Owen B. J. Carter, Alexander S. Cameron, and Sandra C. Thompson. "Tobacco control practices among Aboriginal health professionals in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 15, no. 2 (2009): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py08066.
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Smoking among Aboriginal people is extremely widespread (50 v. 17% of the general population). Aboriginal Health Workers (AHW) are at the vanguard of tackling this problem but many themselves smoke and little is known of their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding smoking cessation. Structured telephone interviews were conducted with 36 AHW, including 31% current smokers, 31% ex-smokers and 38% non-smokers, to assess their current smoking cessation practices and knowledge of health risks, nicotine dependence, cessation strategies and pharmacotherapies. AHW considered diabetes, alcohol use and heart disease more problematic than smoking among Aboriginal people. Fear of appearing hypocritical stopped many who smoke from discussing smoking cessation with clients but also stopped some non-smoking AHW whose colleagues or family smoked. Cultural concerns about telling others ‘what to do’ was also a major impediment. Knowledge of the health effects of smoking was good, but knowledge of appropriate advice around cessation pharmacotherapies was suboptimal. AHW trained in smoking cessation were more knowledgeable and active in smoking cessation, but most AHW had received no training, despite being keen to do so. Specific smoking cessation training is sought and appears needed by AHW, particularly in the areas of brief interventions, motivational interviewing, dependence assessment and pharmacotherapies.
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Harcourt, G. C. "Macroeconomic Policy for Australia in the 1990s." Economic and Labour Relations Review 4, no. 2 (December 1993): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469300400201.
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The size of the deficit has little if any significance as an indicator of short-run macroeconomic policy. Government expenditure should be determined by longer term aspirations. Taxation (and other revenue measures) must be used, along with monetary policy, for short-term economic management, but whether revenue should be at a level that results in a deficit or not depends on many things including the composition of government expenditure and the state of the economy. At present, our economy requires a brake on total consumption expenditure and this may require a rise in taxation levels despite the high current level of unemployment. A high rate of capital accumulation is essential to change the structure of production and to increase output and productivity, but the brake on consumption must be eventually relaxed. Without an expectation of healthy consumption growth there will not be an ongoing high rate of accumulation in the private sector.
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Jones, Stephen. "Reconceptualising the Governance of Migration Policy in Australia." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 19, no. 3 (September 27, 2019): 377–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.19.3.2.
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This article offers a comprehensive assessment of the current trends in the governance arrangements of migrant settlement policy in Australia. It outlines the context of migrant policy as an important element of nation building and in contributing to the most multicultural society in the OECD. While immigration remains popular with the majority of Australians it is not without challenges in terms of coordination between levels of government to achieve effective outcomes. The lessons from Australia have relevance for other multilevel systems in terms of the need for cooperative approaches that combine top down and bottom up contributions from government agencies at all levels and non-government organisations. The article provides an analysis of governance issues from the perspective of the major stakeholders. The key question addressed in this paper is; what are the key challenges and opportunities of establishing cooperative approaches to immigration policy in a multilevel system? Issues involved in a potential transition of Australia’s immigration policy from a centralist approach to a more cooperative approach will be examined through the lens of a framework of analysis that consists of three scenarios for the structure of immigration policy: the centralist, the cooperative and the asymmetric scenarios.
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Havard, Alys, Duong T. Tran, Anna Kemp-Casey, Kristjana Einarsdóttir, David B. Preen, and Louisa R. Jorm. "Tobacco policy reform and population-wide antismoking activities in Australia: the impact on smoking during pregnancy." Tobacco Control 27, no. 5 (August 4, 2017): 552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053715.
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IntroductionThis study examined the impact of antismoking activities targeting the general population and an advertising campaign targeting smoking during pregnancy on the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.MethodsMonthly prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was calculated using linked health records for all pregnancies resulting in a birth (800 619) in NSW from 2003 to 2011. Segmented regression of interrupted time series data assessed the effects of the extension of the ban on smoking in enclosed public places to include licensed premises (evaluated in combination with the mandating of graphic warnings on cigarette packs), television advertisements targeting smoking in the general population, print and online magazine advertisements targeting smoking during pregnancy and increased tobacco tax. Analyses were conducted for all pregnancies, and for the population stratified by maternal age, parity and socioeconomic status. Further analyses adjusted for the effect of the Baby Bonus maternity payment.ResultsPrevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased from 2003 to 2011 overall (0.39% per month), and for all strata examined. For pregnancies overall, none of the evaluated initiatives was associated with a change in the trend of smoking during pregnancy. Significant changes associated with increased tobacco tax and the extension of the smoking ban (in combination with graphic warnings) were found in some strata.ConclusionsThe declining prevalence of smoking during pregnancy between 2003 and 2011, while encouraging, does not appear to be directly related to general population antismoking activities or a pregnancy-specific campaign undertaken in this period.
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Yellowlees, Peter. "Government relations, government regulations: Jumping through the hoops." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 8, no. 3_suppl (December 2002): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/13576330260440970.
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summary Over the last decade, telehealth in Australia has been primarily facilitated and driven by government funding. The government now has a major policy initiative in online health. However, in pursuing the broad initiative there is a danger that some of the smaller components can get lost, and this is probably what has happened to telehealth. There appear to be a number of steps required if telehealth in Australia is to keep up the pace of development that occurred in the 1990s, as we move into what is now being called the era of e-health, involving broadband Internet health service delivery. This area is changing extremely rapidly and is increasingly migrating away from the public sector in Australia, where most of the developmental work has occurred, and into the private sector. Many of the issues that require consideration within the domain of e-health in Australia are also relevant to other countries. E-health will significantly change the way that health-care is practised in future, and it is clear that it is the human factors that are more difficult to overcome, rather than the technological ones.
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How, Liau Chee, Leanne White, Keith Thomas, and Tan Seng Teck. "“Resilient Young Smokers” - A Proposed Study in Determining Young Adult Smokers’ Responses Towards Anti-Smoking Initiatives in Australia." Asian Social Science 14, no. 10 (September 28, 2018): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n10p91.
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Although cigarette smoking rate has declined consistently in the past four decades in Australia, the smoking habit remains popular among some groups. From a marketer’s vantage point, this slowed reduction portrays the less effective implementation of anti-smoking campaigns in Australia. Ideally, each anti-smoking intervention ought to break the chain of marginal utility and lead to a sharp or stepped decline of smoking prevalence. This paper explores the inadequacies of fear factored anti-smoking campaigns and some prevailing reasons why young adult smokers continue to smoke. This paper begins with a review and categorisation of the different reasons of why young adults continue to smoke. These reasons draw on addiction, stress, habit, social-economic factors, self-identity and peer pressure. The rationale for studying these anti-smoking initiatives is to evaluate if these initiatives address the issues of smoking amongst young adults. This paper is significant for formulating effective anti-smoking messages and policy developments in Australia.
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Jackson, Judge Hal. "Policy and Politics: Two recent examples in Western Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 29, no. 1 (March 1996): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589602900105.
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In a state known for consistently high incarceration rates, especially of Aboriginal people, the Labor governments of the 1980s created two criminologically based research or advisory bodies. The paper looks at the background and history of each — the State Government Advisory Committee on Young Offenders and the Crime Research Centre (and the lessons learned therefrom in light of policy making decisions, both by the Labor Government which created them and its successor, the Liberal Government of Richard Court). The first was composed largely of high ranking judicial, police and bureaucratic members, high profile community members and skilled research staff. Its fate was sealed by its insistence on independence. The second is university-based with a statistical and research focus. Independently funded, it survives but what effect has it had? The author was at one time a member of the Committee and a member of the Advisory Board of the Centre.
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Allen, Liz. "A whole-of-government approach to population policy for Australia." Australian Population Studies 2, no. 2 (November 11, 2018): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v2i2.37.
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Bulkeley, Harriet. "Down to Earth: Local government and greenhouse policy in Australia." Australian Geographer 31, no. 3 (November 2000): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713612251.
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Gelber, Katharine. "Pedestrian Malls, Local Government and Free Speech Policy in Australia." Policy and Society 22, no. 2 (January 2003): 22–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1449-4035(03)70018-6.
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Mayangsari, Fauziah Rohmatika. "Australia Government Response to COVID-19: Coordination and the Effectivity of Policy." Jurnal Global & Strategis 14, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.14.2.2020.279-296.
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Abstrak Artikel ini mendeskripsikan respon pemerintah Australia terhadap pandemi COVID-19. ini Respon kebijakan pemerintah yang menjadi fokus adalah pengelolaan risiko di tiga sektor utama: kesehatan masyarakat, sistem kesehatan nasional, dan keberlangsungan perekonomian negara. Artikel ini kemudian menjelaskan bagaimana Australia dianggap sebagai salah satu contoh negara yang sukses dalam menangani pandemi COVID-19. Kebijakan untuk menutup perbatasan sejak dini dan penyusunan kebijakan terkoordinasi yang berdasar saran para ahli merupakan beberapa kunci kesuksesan Australia. Selain itu, kepatuhan masyarakat turut mendukung keberhasilan implementasi dari kebijakan pemerintahan. Namun, kepatuhan penduduk Australia merupakan hasil dari rasa percaya terhadap kemampuan pemerintah untuk menangani krisis. Berbagai faktor tersebut membuat Australia berhasil melandaikan kurva COVID-19 dalam waktu kurang dari enam bulan. Walaupun masih cukup dini untuk mengidentifikasi pelajaran yang bisa diambil dari Australia, namun dapat dikatakan bahwa di tengah pandemi dan krisis, pemerintah harus bekerja bersama dengan masyarakat agar kebijakan yang telah disusun dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik. Kata-kata kunci: COVID-19; respon pandemi; Australia This article describes the Australian Government’s responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The focus is on the policy responses to mitigate the risk in three main sectors: people’s health, national health system, and economic livelihoods. It discusses how Australia’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic is among the few successful cases in the world. Australia’s early border closure and coordinated policy measures with the experts are among the key behind Australia’s success. Besides, Australian public compliance further supports the implementation of government policy. Such compliance is the result of people’s trust in the Government’s capability to tackle the crisis. As a consequence, Australia has succeeded in flattening the curve within less than six months. Although it is relatively early to identify the lessons learned from Australia, it is safe to say that during pandemic and crisis, in order to make the policy works, the Government needs to work together with the public. Keywords: COVID-19; pandemic response; Australia
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Soldatic, Karen, and Barbara Pini. "Continuity or Change? Disability Policy and the Rudd Government." Social Policy and Society 11, no. 2 (February 10, 2012): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746411000510.
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This article reports on shifts and continuities in policy relating to disabled people and the administrative apparatus of federal disability policy under the Rudd government (2007–10). It begins with a brief historical overview of disability policy in Australia. It then gives particular attention to highlighting the contentious and dramatic changes to disability policy which were instigated by the Howard government (1996–2007). Following this, attention is focused on the major developments in disability policy and administration with the election of the Rudd Labor government in 2007. Through this discussion, we demonstrate the ways the altered vocabularies, practices and instruments of the state have manifested in relation to disability policy in Australia, ultimately shaping opportunities for either inclusion or exclusion at the national level among disabled people.
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Suryani, Danu, and Endeh Suhartini. "REGULATION OF NON SMOKING AREAS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT REGULATION." DE'RECHTSSTAAT 4, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jhd.v4i2.1516.
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Non Smoking Area (NSA) is a policy that is made considering that cigarettes are a type of addictive substance which if used can cause harm to the health of the individual or to the surrounding community. Certainly at a glance smoking in a public place does not look like a crime, different from pickpocket, robbery, and other violent crimes, but exposure to cigarette smoke can affect the incidence of disease and even kill all people even. Ironically, passive smokers carry more risk than active smokers or perpetrators. On the other hand public places are considered as free expression areas including smoking. Therefore, the central government up to the regional government stipulates and implements the NSA Policy. The study carried out in Bekasi City by conducting the Normative Juridical Study, Jurisdiction of Sociology, Philosophical Juridical Study and Juridical Comparative Study (Comparative Research of Law), this study produced a concept of regional regulation that can be scientifically used in Bekasi City
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Toan, Dinh The. "Outlining Policy and Assessing Success of Policy." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v2i4.65.
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Government policy operates in response to the demands of society. Policy success, the general expectation of any policy-maker, is claimed commonly in political life. That is a general goal for any government in order to prove effectiveness and efficiency in its actions. However, the outcome of policies usually lies somewhere between success and failure. This is because of the three dimensions of policy success and their contradictions. Whilst policy learning is concerned as a tool to assess how policies are working and to move policy toward the achievement of desired goals. The case of banning plastic bags in Australia is an ideal example to investigate how a policy can be successful at different levels
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Hunter, Mary Ann. "Redefining ‘Industry’: Young People and Cultural Policy in Australia." Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000113.
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This article considers the place of youth arts and cultures in the cultural industries approach to cultural policy. It argues that the ‘covert economic overlay’ (Brokensha, 1996: 101) of the Australian National Culture–Leisure Industry Statistical Framework privileges certain processes in a ‘government convenient’ model of industry inputs and outcomes, and that the assumptions of this model are challenged by youth-specific and community-based modes of production. Furthermore, it argues that the philosophies and practices of contemporary youth-specific arts organisations have the potential to redefine ‘culture industry’ and contribute to a ‘coherent new paradigm’ of cultural policy (UNESCO, 1995: 232). This paper makes these arguments by examining the place of youth arts and cultures in the existing environment of cultural industrialisation, by considering recent government policy responses to young people's cultural activity and by addressing long-term policy issues for the support of young people and cultural development.
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Mackay, Judith, and Ronald M. Davis. "Assessing Community Interventions to Reduce Smoking." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, no. 3 (1991): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300005717.
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AbstractFew major, community-based antismoking programs have undergone specific evaluation in developed countries; the number is even lower in developing countries. Yet not all evaluation need be elaborate, expensive, or overly time-consuming. Data on tobacco trade, import and export, taxation, mortality, and morbidity may already exist within government departments and can be used for evaluation. Published information from the tobacco industry may be obtained easily in trade journals and annual reports. Universities and international and overseas national health agencies may offer information, assistance, and expertise. Indirect evaluation of the importance of any particular antismoking intervention can be measured by how strongly the tobacco industry opposes that measure.
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Hodge, Robert L. "How Are Drugs Made Available in Australia?" International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 2, no. 4 (October 1986): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300003524.
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The release of prescription drugs in Australia for use by the medical profession is complicated because in practice there is a two-tier system determining availability. The first tier, for new drugs, involves evaluation for safety and efficacy prior to marketing. The final decision is made by the Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) serviced by the Department of Health. In the second, much more unusual step, a decision is made by a different committee on whether the now-approved drug is to be included on the government-subsidized drug list (Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme—PBS). Because the PBS list is unusually extensive for a country without a nationalized health service (1,184 items, including all forms and strengths of over 600 drugs) and because a large proportion of prescriptions are written for drugs on the PBS, the PBS Committee making the listing decisions has a major influence on prescribing patterns. In addition, the government is able to exert considerable pressure on drug prices.
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Map, Jurnalmap, Masnaria ÔÇÄÔÇÄÔÇÄ, and Sri Mulyani. "IMPLEMENTASI PERDA KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR NO 5 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG KAWASAN TANPA ROKOK." MAP (Jurnal Manajemen dan Administrasi Publik) 3, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 483–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37504/map.v3i4.288.
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This study aims to describe the implementation of Indragiri Hilir District Regulation No. 5 of 2016 concerning No-Smoking Areas. This type of research is descriptive with qualitative methods. Research data obtained from interviews, observations and documentation. Data analysis uses interactive data analysis from Miles and Huberman. Based on the results of the study, researchers obtained information that the application of the No Smoking Area in the Indragiri Hilir District Health Office has been going well, but several obstacles were still found, namely from the socialization, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure. The implementation of the No Smoking Area policy in several other government offices is still not going well, there are still many cigarette butts and cigarette ashtrays found in government offices. The lack of compliance is due to the absence of strict sanctions and the absence of committees or oversight teams for the implementation of the No Smoking Area policy. Keywords: policy, implementation, no-smoking area
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McKay, Graham R. "Policy and Indigenous languages in Australia." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 34, no. 3 (January 1, 2011): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.34.3.03mck.
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The use of Indigenous languages has been declining over the period of non-Aboriginal settlement in Australia as a result of repressive policies, both explicit and implicit. The National Policy on Languages (Lo Bianco, 1987) was the high point of language policy in Australia, given its national scope and status and its attempt to encompass all aspects of language use. Indigenous languages received significant recognition as an important social and cultural resource in this policy, but subsequent national policy developments moved via a focus on economic utility to an almost exclusive emphasis on English, exacerbated by a focus on national literacy standards. This is exemplified in the Northern Territory’s treatment of Indigenous bilingual education programs. Over recent years there have been hopeful signs in various states of policy developments supportive of Indigenous languages and in 2009 the Commonwealth Government introduced a new National Indigenous Languages Policy and a plan for a national curriculum in languages. Support for Indigenous languages remains fragmentary, however, and very much subservient to the dominant rhetoric about the need for English skills, while at the same time ignoring research that shows the importance of Indigenous and minority languages for social well-being and for developing English language skills.
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Fan, Qiuyan. "The Impact of Australia’s Government Policy on Broadband Internet Access." Journal of Information Technology Research 6, no. 4 (October 2013): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.2013100102.
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The Australian government has recognised the importance of broadband for their social and economic development. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of policy issues on broadband Internet access in Australia. This research has clearly indicated that the state of broadband Internet access is closely related to the Government’s policy and regulatory framework. The Government based its actions on market forces as a principal driver for broadband Internet connectivity. The research has indicated that the previous regulatory competition regime, by and large, has failed to address concerns of market dominance and market power in the Telecommunications sector as is evidenced by a relatively lower speed and value of broadband services in Australia. To rectify the situation, the Australian government has recently adopted a unique National Broadband Network (NBN) plan, which is linked to the national digital economy strategy. Australia is the first country in the world where a national broadband network infrastructure company, NBN Co, is regarded as a regulated national infrastructure provider rather than as a telecommunication company. The NBN Co builds and operates an open access, wholesale only and non-discrimination high-speed broadband network, the National Broadband Network (NBN). The Australian Government's goal for the NBN is to reform the telecommunications sector and ensure every home and business across the country has access to the NBN by 2020. This paper examines the policies underlying the NBN and discusses current practices and potential benefits of the NBN.
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Poetrie, Sandy Tieas Rahmana. "DISKRIMINASI IMIGRAN KULIT PUTIH BERWARNA DALAM MASA KEBIJAKAN MULTIKULTURALISME PASCA PENGHAPUSAN WHITE AUSTRALIAN POLICY." Lakon : Jurnal Kajian Sastra dan Budaya 2, no. 1 (August 24, 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/lakon.v2i1.1909.
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AbstractThis paper concern on the multiculturalism in Australia related to the immigration policy. Since the application of “White Australia Policy” which makes some restriction to people from other countries who are considered as different color and non-English speakers to come to Australia ended in 1907, the government attempts to eliminate the discrimination treatments to them all. This paper employs descriptive essay which was aimed to describe more aboutAustralian multiculturalism after the end of “White Australia Policy”. The technique of data collection was literary study from some sources like journals and some news from internet. The writer took three cases have ever happenedrelated to the multiculturalism in Australia to analyse the application of immigrants policy after “White Australia Policy” annulment. Those are Arabians beating in Sydney coast by Neo-Nazi, discrimination against Muslim minorityand Africans by police in Victoria, and also Muslim demonstration because of Muhammad humiliation. The study revealed that “White Australia Policy” still can not completely be eliminated. Those three cases, it shows that there arestill many discrimination treatments against coloured immigrants; on the other hand the government is still trying to implement a multiculturalism policy.
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Stokes, Anthony, and Sarah Wright. "The Impact Of A Demand-Driven Higher Education Policy In Australia." Journal of International Education Research (JIER) 8, no. 4 (September 20, 2012): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jier.v8i4.7292.
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In 2012, the Australian government introduced a demand-driven entitlement system for domestic higher education students in which recognised higher education providers are free to enrol as many eligible students as they wish in eligible higher education courses and receive corresponding government subsidies for those students. This paper examines the impact that already has occurred as a result of this decision and the likely long-term effects that this will have on higher education in Australia.
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Craig, Lyn, Killian Mullan, and Megan Blaxland. "Parenthood, policy and work-family time in Australia 1992—2006." Work, Employment and Society 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017009353778.
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This article explores how having children impacted upon (a) paid work, domestic work and childcare (total workload) and (b) the gender division of labour in Australia over a 15-year period during which government changed from the progressive Labor Party to the socially conservative National/Liberal Party Coalition. It describes changes and continuity in government policies and rhetoric about work, family and gender issues and trends in workforce participation. Data from three successive nationally representative Time Use Surveys (1992, 1997 and 2006), N=3846, are analysed. The difference between parents’ and non-parents’ total workload grew substantially under both governments, especially for women. In households with children there was a nascent trend to gender convergence in paid and unpaid work under Labor, which reversed under the Coalition.
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Hood, Christopher, Paul Roberts, and Marilyn Chilvers. "Cutbacks and Public Bureaucracy: Consequences in Australia." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 2 (April 1990): 133–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004797.
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ABSTRACTDrawing on data for 60 Australian Commonwealth government bureaucracies 1976–86, this paper explores what measurable consequences for bureaucratic structure can be associated with staffing and spending cutbacks. It looks at cutbacks both at government-wide and at individual-bureaucracylevel, on the basis of a casualty list intended to portray the different dimensions of relative bureaucratic ‘suffering’ more systematically than has hitherto been done in the cutback management literature. It then explores associations between measures of cutbacks and indicators of structural consequences, both at government-wide and departmental level, relating that to the debate as to whether ‘leaner means weaker’ in government cutbacks. The ‘leaner means weaker’ view of bureaucratic cutbacks is hard to sustain from these data.
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Caroine, Norma. "The Koreanization of the Australian Sex Industry: A Policy and Legislative Challenge." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 26, no. 3 (December 31, 2011): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps26302.
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South Korea enacted Legislation in 2004 that penalizes pimps, traffickers, and sex industry customers while decriminalizing people in prostitution and offering assistance to leave the sex industry. In contrast, Australia Legally recognizes most sex industry activities. This article argues that Australia`s Laissezfaire approach to the sex industry hampers South Korean government efforts to prevent the crime of sex trafficking. Since 2004, pimps and traffickers have moved their activities from South Korea to countries like Australia and the US that maintain relatively hospitable operating environments for the sex industry. The Australian government should reconsider its approach to prostitution on the basis of its diplomatic obligations to countries Like South Korea and the need to uphold the human rights of women in Asia who are being trafficked and murdered as a result of sexual demand emanating from Australia. Australia should coordinate its policy on prostitution with South Korea to strengthen the region`s transnational anti-trafficking response.
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De Percy, Michael Alexander. "Policy Legacies from Early Australian Telecommunications." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 9, no. 3 (September 11, 2021): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v9n3.431.
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The purpose of this article on the policy legacies from Australia’s early telecommunications history is not to present a counterfactual to Australia’s choice of public monopoly provision of early telecommunications services, but rather to indicate the extent that politics limited the private sector’s role in deploying early telegraph and telephone infrastructure in Australia. The article begins by outlining a theoretical framework for analysing government’s role in deploying new telecommunications technologies, before investigating some of the less familiar literature on the historical impact of government intervention on the private sector in the early Australian telegraph and telephone industries. It then discusses some of the political issues relating to the subsequent liberalisation of the telecommunications industry in Australia and concludes with a discussion of the historical legacies of government intervention on the private sector in the Australian telecommunications industry.
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A Scuffham, Paul. "The assessment of pharmaceuticals for government subsidy in Australia: recent developments." Journal of Medical Economics 10, no. 2 (January 2007): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3111/200710163169.
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Lilly, Kara, Jonathan Hallett, Suzanne Robinson, and Linda A. Selvey. "Insights into local health and wellbeing policy process in Australia." Health Promotion International 35, no. 5 (August 29, 2019): 925–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz082.
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Abstract To investigate factors that enable or challenge the initiation and actioning of health and wellbeing policy in Australian local governments using political science frameworks. An online survey was distributed to staff and elected members of Australian local governments. The survey sought responses to a range of variables as informed by political science frameworks. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and results were compared between local governments of different geographical sizes and locations using Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric testing. There were 1825 survey responses, including 243 CEOs, representing 45% of Australian local governments. Enablers for local government policy initiation and action included the high priority given to health and wellbeing (44%), local leadership (56%) and an organizational (70%) and personal obligation (68%) to the community to act. Less true is a favourable legislative environment (33%), leadership from higher levels of government (29%) and sufficient financial capacity (22%). Cities are better positioned to initiate and action health policy, regardless of the broader legislative environment. Health and wellbeing is a high priority for Australian local governments, despite lack of funding and limited lobbying and support from other sectors and higher levels of government. The insights from political science frameworks assist to understand the policy process, including the interrelatedness of enablers and challenges to initiating and actioning health and wellbeing policy. Further understanding the policy drivers would support practitioners and researchers advocating to influence local health and wellbeing policy.
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Mosolova, Olga V. "Australia: Economy of Growth." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 2(51) (2021): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2021-2-2-51-243-253.
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The government of Australia gives a grant attention to the maintenance of high rates of economic development. In the course of a long time the country was one of the leading countries in the rates of economic growth in the world. The achievements of Australia attributes to competent domestic policy direct on the effective elaboration and realization of the economic, ecologic and social initiatives.
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Alam., Dr Sheikh Mahabub. "Second-hand Tobacco Smoke (ETS) – Findings of an Australian Case Study and How Dhaka can reap the Benefit from the Research Outcome." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 4959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i9.01.
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Smoking / ETS kills, prime reason for cancer, asthma, other lung diseases and other deadly diseases. It is diagnosed as the greatest silent killer on earth. Smoking has no positive contribution to human health or to the environment. It affects almost all organs of the body, leading to carcinogenic diseases and ending in premature mortality. Infants and children are most at risk. Although the overall smoking trend is slowly declining but smoking rate among students and young adults (both men and women) are disturbingly increasing in Australia despite strong collaborative efforts of public and private sector to curb tobacco smoking. Exposure to smoking is a violation of the right of all individuals to breathe clean air. Although people can’t be forced to quit smoking, but regulation can be tightened, and strict enforcement of law would be a good deterrent for smokers. Australia has banned tobacco smoking in all public places and Bangladesh government could follow that noble initiative. In addition, community engagement, awareness building through education, accompanied by punishing smoking / ETS producers with hefty fines. Bangladesh unfortunately belongs among the top five smoking nation on earth. About 43% of people smokes and in the long run it will bring catastrophic consequences. Currently there are about 1.5 million cancer patients and about 3 30 million kidney patients and growing. A major contributor is tobacco and ETS. Unless urgent measures are taken the country will be flooded with patients with incurable diseases, a burden the country can’t afford to handle.
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Black, Ann. "REGULATING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: FATWAS, LAW, AND POLICY IN AUSTRALIA." Journal of Law and Policy Transformation 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2022): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jlpt.v7i1.6710.
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The COVID-19 pandemic tested governments, health systems, and religious communities. Australia prioritised health and community safely over freedom of religion which impacted on religious communal activities, which for Muslims were significant. Unlike Indonesia and other Muslim majority countries, where there is a respected well-established role for ulama, either collectively or individually, giving guidance and rulings (fatwas) to governments and Muslims, in a secular nation, like Australia, it is less established. This paper evaluates the ways by which the three main Islamic organisations in Australia aided their communities during the pandemic and to extent to which they supported their government in implementation of a regulatory raft of isolation and social distancing policies as well as the vaccine mandate. This is done by analysis of fatwas issued during the pandemic. It concludes that by working with, not in opposition to the government regulations, they provided optimal outcomes for the Muslim community and Australia.
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Dewi, Fatwa Sari Tetra, Fitrina Kusumaningrum, Lastdes Friday, Fahmi Baiquni, Dhiya Urrahman, Rama Nur Kurniawan, and Rendra Widyatama. "Strict and Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy is Needed: A Qualitative Study Exploring How People Responding a New Policy of Pictorial Health Warning on Cigarette Package in Indonesia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, E (August 21, 2021): 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6792.
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BACKGROUND: Little is known about the process on how smoker and nonsmoker responses to a Pictorial Health Warning (PHW) which is important for policy improvement. AIM: We aim to explore the nature of the reaction and the extent of impact of the PHW implementation on smoking habit in Indonesia. METHODS: We collected the data among adult aged 18+ years in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, involving 45 informants in in-depth interviews and 22 informants in four Focus Group Discussions, selected using the maximum variation sampling according to smoking status and area of residence. We discussed with respondents about the meaning of the PHWs, how they felt when seeing the PHWs, how those feelings emerged when seeing the PHWs, and the impact of seeing the PHWs. We analyzed the data using the content analysis. RESULTS: PHWs raised the intended negative emotional response, that wearing out over time. However, for smokers, the disease threat in the message was less obvious than to defeat smoking addiction. Smokers tried to manage their risk of illness themselves. Among non-smokers, they were more confident in being non-smokers. Both smokers and non-smokers thought that Government is half-hearted in controlling the smoking problem. Smokers were grateful, but non-smokers were sorry for this. CONCLUSIONS: The application of PHW threatens smokers but does not make them quit smoking because of the fear of defeating cigarette dependence. For non-smokers, they feel more confident to be a smoker-free. Respondents claim the government is not serious about controlling smoking.
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Puspita, Natalia Yeti, and Annisa Irina Nur Halima. "PACIFIC SOLUTION POLICY: MENGGUGAT TANGGUNG JAWAB AUSTRALIA DALAM PENANGANAN PENGUNGSI." Jurnal Paradigma Hukum Pembangunan 5, no. 01 (August 24, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/paradigma.v5i01.1648.
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As one of the countries which is ratifying the 1951 Refugeee Convention and the 1967 Protocol, Australia has an obligation to protect refugees and guarantee their rights as stated in the provisions. With the issuance of the Pacific Solution Policy by the Australian Government to restrict refugees who come to Australia, Australia has reneged on international treaties on the protection of refugees that have been ratified. Based on the results of normative juridical research which is used in this paper, it can be seen that the state sovereignty principle which is used as the legal basis for implementing the policy cannot necessarily erase the obligations that have been imposed on it, especially with the development of the current understanding of the state sovereignty principle that links human rights protection. In addition, the attachment to international agreements that have been agreed based on the principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda becomes the basis for strengthening legitimacy that the Australian Government can be held responsibility in connection with the implementation of the Pacific Solution Policy in the handling of refugees in Australia.
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Lyons, Mark, and Andrew Passey. "Need Public Policy Ignore the Third Sector? Government Policy in Australia and the United Kingdom." Australian Journal of Public Administration 65, no. 3 (September 2006): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.2006.00496a.x.
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