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Ekram, A. R. M. Saifuddin, Joanne Ryan, Sara Espinoza, Anne Murray, Michael Ernst, and Robyn Woods. "Factors Associated with Frailty Status in Relatively Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1579.
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Abstract Frailty is gaining importance as a predictor of disability and mortality in older people, and becoming frail poses a challenge for healthy aging. We investigated the prevalence and factors associated with pre-frail and frail status in a large study cohort of community-dwelling healthy older adults from Australia and the United States. A total of 19,114 individuals (87% Australian and 56% women) aged 65 years or older enrolled in a primary prevention clinical trial were evaluated. Frailty status was classified using the modified Fried phenotype criteria comprising of exhaustion, body mass index, grip strength, gait speed and physical activity. Prevalence and factors associated with frailty status (e.g. demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors) were reported using descriptive statistics along with a logistic regression model. At baseline, 2.3 % (95% CI, 2.1-2.5) of older trial participants were frail and 39.2% (95% CI, 38.5-39.9) were pre-frail, respectively. Women were more likely to be frail (65.1% vs 36.9%) and prefrail (58.0% vs 42.0%) than men. Lower levels of education (<12 years), living alone, ethnic minorities, current smoking and past alcohol use were some of the factors which were common among frail or prefrail. Despite being a relatively healthy cohort, more than one-third of the older trial participants were pre-frail, which was more prevalent among specific subgroups of individuals. This study emphasizes the high burden of the prefrailty status even among an apparently healthy cohort of community-dwelling older people.
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Raj, Siddharth, Anbupalam Thalamuthu, Nicola J. Armstrong, Margaret J. Wright, John B. Kwok, Julian N. Trollor, David Ames, et al. "Investigating Olfactory Gene Variation and Odour Identification in Older Adults." Genes 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050669.
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Ageing is associated with a decrease in odour identification. Additionally, deficits in olfaction have been linked to age-related disease and mortality. Heritability studies suggest genetic variation contributes to olfactory identification. The olfactory receptor (OR) gene family is the largest in the human genome and responsible for overall odour identification. In this study, we sought to find olfactory gene family variants associated with individual and overall odour identification and to examine the relationships between polygenic risk scores (PRS) for olfactory-related phenotypes and olfaction. Participants were Caucasian older adults from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study and the Older Australian Twins Study with genome-wide genotyping data (n = 1395, mean age = 75.52 ± 6.45). The Brief-Smell Identification Test (BSIT) was administered in both cohorts. PRS were calculated from independent GWAS summary statistics for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), white matter hyperintensities (WMH), Parkinson’s disease (PD), hippocampal volume and smoking. Associations with olfactory receptor genes (n = 967), previously identified candidate olfaction-related SNPs (n = 36) and different PRS with BSIT scores (total and individual smells) were examined. All of the relationships were analysed using generalised linear mixed models (GLMM), adjusted for age and sex. Genes with suggestive evidence for odour identification were found for 8 of the 12 BSIT items. Thirteen out of 36 candidate SNPs previously identified from the literature were suggestively associated with several individual BSIT items but not total score. PRS for smoking, WMH and PD were negatively associated with chocolate identification. This is the first study to conduct genetic analyses with individual odorant identification, which found suggestive olfactory-related genes and genetic variants for multiple individual BSIT odours. Replication in independent and larger cohorts is needed.
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Odutola, Michael K., Marina T. van Leeuwen, Jennifer Turner, Fiona Bruinsma, John F. Seymour, Henry M. Prince, Samuel T. Milliken, et al. "Associations between Smoking and Alcohol and Follicular Lymphoma Incidence and Survival: A Family-Based Case-Control Study in Australia." Cancers 14, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 2710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14112710.
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The association between smoking and alcohol consumption and follicular lymphoma (FL) incidence and clinical outcome is uncertain. We conducted a population-based family case-control study (709 cases: 490 controls) in Australia. We assessed lifetime history of smoking and recent alcohol consumption and followed-up cases (median = 83 months). We examined associations with FL risk using unconditional logistic regression and with all-cause and FL-specific mortality of cases using Cox regression. FL risk was associated with ever smoking (OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.08–1.74), former smoking (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.05–1.77), smoking initiation before age 17 (OR = 1.47, 95%CI = 1.06–2.05), the highest categories of cigarettes smoked per day (OR = 1.44, 95%CI = 1.04–2.01), smoking duration (OR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.07–2.18) and pack-years (OR = 1.56, 95%CI = 1.10–2.22). For never smokers, FL risk increased for those exposed indoors to >2 smokers during childhood (OR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.11–3.04). For cases, current smoking and the highest categories of smoking duration and lifetime cigarette exposure were associated with elevated all-cause mortality. The hazard ratio for current smoking and FL-specific mortality was 2.97 (95%CI = 0.91–9.72). We found no association between recent alcohol consumption and FL risk, all-cause or FL-specific mortality. Our study showed consistent evidence of an association between smoking and increased FL risk and possibly also FL-specific mortality. Strengthening anti-smoking policies and interventions may reduce the population burden of FL.
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Damrongplasit, Kannika, Cheng Hsiao, and Xueyan Zhao. "Decriminalization and Marijuana Smoking Prevalence: Evidence From Australia." Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 28, no. 3 (July 2010): 344–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/jbes.2009.06129.
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Benjamin, Bernard. "Smoking and mortality—a postscript." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 113, no. 1 (June 1986): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100042347.
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In an earlier paper (Benjamin, 1981) on the subject of cigarette smoking and mortality, statistics from a number of national prospective studies were brought together. These studies agreed in the general finding that the smoking of cigarettes doubled the risk of dying before the age of 65; that diseases most likely to intervene to produce this excess mortality were lung cancer, bronchitis, and emphysema, ischaemic heart disease, certain other cancers (notably of buccal cavity, oesophagus, bladder) and cirrhosis of the liver. It was emphasized that the excess mortality from heart and circulatory disease was not restricted to coronary heart disease, though this latter cause provided the most important element. There was for cigarette smokers a 70% higher risk of dying from myocardial infarction (for the same level of smoking that risk was not less for women than for men). A restricted number of international comparisons of mortality were provided. In almost all countries in Europe, ischaemic heart disease mortality was rising. Outside Europe there was a contrast between the less developed countries where the amount of tobacco consumed was low and those developed countries where consumption was higher. Death-rates were much higher in the latter group. The most pronounced association between smoking and disease was that of lung cancer. The recent experience of lung cancer mortality in a number of countries was recorded. In all countries where there was substantial participation in smoking, death-rates had been rising for men. In most countries where a high proportion of women had been smoking for many years the death-rate for cancer of the lung was rising and in most cases quite rapidly. A reminder was given that heart disease and cancer were not the only penalties of smoking. Emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, influenza, pneumonia and respiratory tuberculosis were diseases for which the risk of dying was increased in cigarette smokers.
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Machlin, Steven R., Joel C. Kleinman, and Jennifer H. Madans. "Validity of mortality analysis based on retrospective smoking information." Statistics in Medicine 8, no. 8 (August 1989): 997–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780080810.
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Krivosheev, V. V., A. I. Stolyarov, L. U. Nikitina, and A. A. Semenov. "The impact of smoking on COVID-19 morbidity and mortality." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 9 (September 12, 2022): 629–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2209-01.
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Many articles by foreign authors, published in scientific journals with a stable international reputation, contain claims that smoking tobacco reduces the likelihood of infection with SARS-CoV-2. To study this issue, a correlation analysis was carried out to assess the dependence between the proportion of women and men who smoke in 94 countries located in Eurasia, North and South America, Australia, where more than 64 % of the world’s population lives, and the incidence and mortality of the population from COVID-19 during the period from February 1 to November 21, 2021. The results showed that an increase in the proportion of the population who smokes is always accompanied by an increase in morbidity and mortality among the world’s population. This tendency is especially pronounced in Europe, the USA and Canada, with the most detrimental effect of smoking on the growth of mortality. The results obtained allow us to reject with a high degree of confidence the conclusions about the protective effect of smoking from infection with SARS-CoV-2 and provide the media, medical, educational and educational institutions with additional arguments for informing the population about the negative consequences of smoking, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Armstrong, Bruce, and Nicholas Klerk. "A COMPARISON OF PREMATURE MORTALITY DUE TO CIGARETTE SMOKING AND ROAD CRASHES IN AUSTRALIA." Community Health Studies 5, no. 3 (February 12, 2010): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1981.tb00331.x.
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Oliva-Moreno, Juan, Marta Trapero-Bertran, and Luz María Peña-Longobardo. "Gender Differences in Labour Losses Associated with Smoking-Related Mortality." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 28, 2019): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193644.
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The aim of this paper was to estimate the number of premature deaths, years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL) and labour losses attributable to tobacco smoking due to premature death by gender for the Spanish population. The human capital approach was applied. Employment, gross wage and death data were obtained from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics. Relative risks of death due to cigarette smoking and former smoking were applied. The base case used an annual discount rate of 3% and an annual labour productivity growth rate of 1%. Univariate deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed on discount rates and labour productivity growth rates. Between 2002 and 2016, smoking was estimated to cause around 13,171–13,781 annual deaths in the population under 65 years of age (legal retirement age) in Spain. This increase was mostly due to female deaths. YPPLLs for females have increased over the years, while for males they have fallen markedly. Labour losses associated with smoking mortality ranged from €2269 million in 2002 to €1541 in 2016 (base year 2016). In fact, labour productivity losses have decreased over the years for men (−39.8%) but increased sharply for women (101.6%). The evolution of monetary value of lost productivity due to smoking mortality shows clearly differentiated trends by gender.
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Clarke, Philip, and Andrew Leigh. "Understanding the impact of lockdowns on short-term excess mortality in Australia." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 11 (November 2022): e009032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009032.
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During 2020 and 2021, Australia implemented relatively stringent government restrictions yet had few COVID-19 deaths. This provides an opportunity to understand the effects of lockdowns and quarantining restrictions on short-term mortality and to help provide evidence in understanding how such public health policies can impact on health. Our analysis is based on preliminary mortality data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Rates were estimated by disease and over time and compared with mortality statistics in the period 2015–2019. Comparing deaths in 2020-2021 with 2015–2019 show the annual mortality rate (per 100 000 people) fell by 5.9% from 528.4 in 2015–2019 to 497.0 in 2020–2021. Declines in mortality are across many disease categories including respiratory diseases (down 9.4 deaths per 100 000), cancer (down 7.5 deaths per 100 000) and heart disease (down 8.4 deaths per 100 000). During 2020 and 2021, Australian age-standardised mortality rates fell by 6%. This drop was similar for men and women, and was driven by a reduction in both communicable and non-communicable causes of death. Such evidence can help inform public health policies designed to both control COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Alam., Dr Sheikh Mahabub. "Second-hand Tobacco Smoke (ETS) – Findings of an Australian Case Study and How Dhaka can reap the Benefit from the Research Outcome." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 5, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 4959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v5i9.01.
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Smoking / ETS kills, prime reason for cancer, asthma, other lung diseases and other deadly diseases. It is diagnosed as the greatest silent killer on earth. Smoking has no positive contribution to human health or to the environment. It affects almost all organs of the body, leading to carcinogenic diseases and ending in premature mortality. Infants and children are most at risk. Although the overall smoking trend is slowly declining but smoking rate among students and young adults (both men and women) are disturbingly increasing in Australia despite strong collaborative efforts of public and private sector to curb tobacco smoking. Exposure to smoking is a violation of the right of all individuals to breathe clean air. Although people can’t be forced to quit smoking, but regulation can be tightened, and strict enforcement of law would be a good deterrent for smokers. Australia has banned tobacco smoking in all public places and Bangladesh government could follow that noble initiative. In addition, community engagement, awareness building through education, accompanied by punishing smoking / ETS producers with hefty fines. Bangladesh unfortunately belongs among the top five smoking nation on earth. About 43% of people smokes and in the long run it will bring catastrophic consequences. Currently there are about 1.5 million cancer patients and about 3 30 million kidney patients and growing. A major contributor is tobacco and ETS. Unless urgent measures are taken the country will be flooded with patients with incurable diseases, a burden the country can’t afford to handle.
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Hammond, S. R., D. R. English, C. de Wytt, J. F. Hallpike, K. S. Millingen, E. G. Stewart-Wynne, J. G. McLeod, and M. G. McCall. "The contribution of mortality statistics to the study of multiple sclerosis in Australia." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 52, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.52.1.1.
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Owen, Alice J., Salsabil B. Maulida, Ella Zomer, and Danny Liew. "Productivity burden of smoking in Australia: a life table modelling study." Tobacco Control 28, no. 3 (July 16, 2018): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054263.
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ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine the impact of smoking on productivity in Australia, in terms of years of life lost, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost and the novel measure of productivity-adjusted life years (PALYs) lost.MethodsLife table modelling using contemporary Australian data simulated follow-up of current smokers aged 20–69 years until age 70 years. Excess mortality, health-related quality of life decrements and relative reduction in productivity attributable to smoking were sourced from published data. The gross domestic product (GDP) per equivalent full-time (EFT) worker in Australia in 2016 was used to estimate the cost of productivity loss attributable to smoking at a population level.ResultsAt present, approximately 2.5 million Australians (17.4%) aged between 20 and 69 years are smokers. Assuming follow-up of this population until the age of 70 years, more than 3.1 million years of life would be lost to smoking, as well as 6.0 million QALYs and 2.5 million PALYs. This equates to 4.2% of years of life, 9.4% QALYs and 6.0% PALYs lost among Australian working-age smokers. At an individual level, this is equivalent to 1.2 years of life, 2.4 QALYs and 1.0 PALY lost per smoker. Assuming (conservatively) that each PALY in Australia is equivalent to $A157 000 (GDP per EFT worker in 2016), the economic impact of lost productivity would amount to $A388 billion.ConclusionsThis study highlights the potential health and productivity gains that may be achieved from further tobacco control measures in Australia via application of PALYs, which are a novel, and readily estimable, measure of the impact of health and health risk factors on work productivity.
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Zavras, Phaedon D., Prateek Pophali, Aditi Shastri, Lizamarie Bachier-Rodriguez, Alejandro R. Sica, Mendel Goldfinger, Noah Kornblum, Ira Braunschweig, Amit K. Verma, and Ioannis Mantzaris. "Increased mortality among smokers with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): e19036-e19036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.e19036.
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e19036 Background: Recent studies have shown smoking to be an independent risk factor for MDS. We aimed to assess whether smoking is associated with worse outcomes among patients (pts) with MDS at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY. Methods: Pts with MDS and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) diagnosed between June 16, 2000 and November 13, 2020 were analyzed. Those without available tissue diagnosis or smoking history data were excluded. Descriptive statistics compared ever-smokers to non-smokers. Cox PH regression was used to analyze the risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and mortality in the 2 groups and multivariable analysis (MVA) adjusted for age, sex, de novo disease and R-IPSS. Results: A total of 147 pts were identified, 109 (74.1%) had a diagnosis of de novo MDS, 89 (60.5%) had history of active or former smoking and 58 (39.5%) were non-smokers. Smokers were predominantly males (66.3%) in contrast to non-smokers (37.9%) (p=0.001). Smokers were diagnosed more frequently with high or very high risk MDS, although the difference was not statistically significant (38.1% vs 28.6%, respectively; p=0.28). TP53 mutations were numerically more frequent among smokers (24.4%), compared to non-smokers (12.8%) (p=0.16). Median follow-up time for smokers and non-smokers was 19.4 and 31.4 months, respectively. In MVA, there was a trend for increased risk of AML transformation in smokers vs non-smokers (HR 2.03, 95% CI 0.99 – 4.15; p=0.052). Smokers with MDS were found to have significantly greater mortality compared to non-smokers (HR 2.08, 95% CI, 1.22 – 3.54; p=0.007). Conclusions: Smoking was associated with worse survival among MDS pts in our cohort. Although not significantly different, the prevalence of TP53 mutations was higher among smokers. Larger studies are warranted to confirm our findings.[Table: see text]
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Thrift, Amanda G., Tharshanah Thayabaranathan, George Howard, Virginia J. Howard, Peter M. Rothwell, Valery L. Feigin, Bo Norrving, Geoffrey A. Donnan, and Dominique A. Cadilhac. "Global stroke statistics." International Journal of Stroke 12, no. 1 (October 28, 2016): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747493016676285.
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Background Up to date data on incidence, mortality, and case-fatality for stroke are important for setting the agenda for prevention and healthcare. Aims and/or hypothesis We aim to update the most current incidence and mortality data on stroke available by country, and to expand the scope to case-fatality and explore how registry data might be complementary. Methods Data were compiled using two approaches: (1) an updated literature review building from our previous review and (2) direct acquisition and analysis of stroke events in the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database for each country providing these data. To assess new and/or updated data on incidence, we searched multiple databases to identify new original papers and review articles that met ideal criteria for stroke incidence studies and were published between 15 May 2013 and 31 May 2016. For data on case-fatality, we searched between 1980 and 31 May 2016. We further screened reference lists and citation history of papers to identify other studies not obtained from these sources. Mortality codes for ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10 were extracted. Using population denominators provided for each country, we calculated both the crude mortality from stroke and mortality adjusted to the WHO world population. We used only the most recent year reported to the WHO for which both population and mortality data were available. Results Fifty-one countries had data on stroke incidence, some with data over many time periods, and some with data in more than one region. Since our last review, there were new incidence studies from 12 countries, with four meeting pre-determined quality criteria. In these four studies, the incidence of stroke, adjusted to the WHO World standard population, ranged from 76 per 100,000 population per year in Australia (2009–10) up to 119 per 100,000 population per year in New Zealand (2011–12), with the latter being in those aged at least 15 years. Only in Martinique (2011–12) was the incidence of stroke greater in women than men. In countries either lacking or with old data on stroke incidence, eight had national clinical registries of hospital based data. Of the 128 countries reporting mortality data to the WHO, crude mortality was greatest in Kazhakstan (in 2003), Bulgaria, and Greece. Crude mortality and crude incidence of stroke were both positively correlated with the proportion of the population aged ≥ 65 years, but not with time. Data on case-fatality were available in 42 studies in 22 countries, with large variations between regions. Conclusions In this updated review, we describe the current data on stroke incidence, case-fatality and mortality in different countries, and highlight the growing trend for national clinical registries to provide estimates in lieu of community-based incidence studies.
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Cunningham, Joan. "The impact of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on Aboriginal mortality in Western Australia, 1989‐1991." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 2 (July 1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126127.x.
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Thomson, Neil J., C. Elizabeth Unwin, and Michael S. Gracey. "The impact of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on Aboriginal mortality in Western Australia, 1989‐1991." Medical Journal of Australia 163, no. 2 (July 1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126128.x.
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Unwin, C. Elizabeth, Neil J. Thomson, and Michael S. Gracey. "The impact of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on Aboriginal mortality in Western Australia, 1989–1991." Medical Journal of Australia 162, no. 9 (May 1995): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb140009.x.
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McMichael, A. J., and J. M. Hartshorne. "CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CANCER MORTALITY IN AUSTRALIA, BY OCCUPATION, IN RELATION TO DRINKING, SMOKING AND EATING." Community Health Studies 4, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1980.tb00279.x.
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Mittiga, C., K. Ettridge, K. Martin, G. Tucker, R. Dubyna, B. Catcheside, W. Scheil, and L. Maksimovic. "Sociodemographic correlates of smoking in pregnancy and antenatal-care attendance in Indigenous and non-Indigenous women in South Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 5 (2016): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py15081.
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Smoking in pregnancy is a key health issue in Australia, particularly among Indigenous women. However, few studies have examined the sociodemographic factors associated with smoking in pregnancy or the predictors of antenatal-care attendance among Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian women who smoke. Data from the South Australian perinatal statistics collection of all births from 2000–2010 (n=197538) were analysed separately by Indigenous status to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with smoking in pregnancy and antenatal-care attendance by women who smoke. For Indigenous and non-Indigenous women, smoking in pregnancy was significantly independently associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, residing in regional or remote areas, increased parity, unemployment, being a public patient and attending fewer antenatal care visits. Smoking in pregnancy was associated with younger age and not being partnered only for non-Indigenous women. For Indigenous and non-Indigenous pregnant women who smoked, antenatal-care attendance was lower among women who were of younger age, higher parity, unemployed and not partnered. Differences in attendance within sociodemographic factors were greater for Indigenous women. Therefore, while sociodemographic correlates of smoking in pregnancy and antenatal-care attendance are largely similar for Indigenous and non-Indigenous women, tailored cessation and antenatal-care programs that reflect the differences in sociodemographic groups most at risk may be beneficial.
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Choi, Ching, and Len Smith. "Record linkage to advance Indigenous mortality statistics in Australia – sources of error and bias." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 34, no. 2 (May 17, 2018): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-170367.
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Siahpush, M., D. English, and J. Powles. "The contribution of smoking to socioeconomic differentials in mortality: results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, Australia." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 60, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1077–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.042572.
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Balia, Silvia, and Andrew M. Jones. "Catching the habit: a study of inequality of opportunity in smoking-related mortality." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 174, no. 1 (September 14, 2010): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985x.2010.00654.x.
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Madden, Richard, Nicola Fortune, and Julie Gordon. "Health Statistics in Australia: What We Know and Do Not Know." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 4959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094959.
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Australia is a federation of six states and two territories (the States). These eight governmental entities share responsibility for health and health services with the Australian Government. Mortality statistics, including causes of death, have been collected since the late 19th century, with national data produced by the (now) Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) from 1907. Each State introduced hospital in-patient statistics, assisted by State offices of the ABS. Beginning in the 1970s, the ABS conducts regular health surveys, including specific collections on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Overall, Australia now has a comprehensive array of health statistics, published regularly without political or commercial interference. Privacy and confidentiality are guaranteed by legislation. Data linkage has grown and become widespread. However, there are gaps, as papers in this issue demonstrate. Most notably, data on primary care patients and encounters reveal stark gaps. This paper accompanies a range of papers from expert authors across the health statistics spectrum in Australia. It is hoped that the collection of papers will inform interested readers and stand as a comprehensive review of the strengths and weaknesses of Australian health statistics in the early 2020s.
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Jiang, Heng, and Lawrence Nofer. "Association of alcohol and tobacco with changes in overall cancer mortality." American Journal of BioMedicine 9, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/019-07/534-546.
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Alcohol use clearly raises the risk of cancer many times more than drinking or smoking alone. Alcohol may also limit how cells can repair damage to their DNA caused by the chemicals in tobacco. However, exactly how alcohol affects cancer risk isn’t completely understood. In fact, there are likely several different ways it can raise risk, and this might depend on the type of cancer. Total cancer mortality data from the 1990s to 2018 were collected from the Bialystok, Poland of Statistics and Cancer Council, the WHO Cancer Mortality Database. The policies with significant relations to changes in alcohol and tobacco consumption were identified in an initial model. Intervention dummies with estimated lags were then developed based on these key alcohol and tobacco policies and events and inserted into time-series models to estimate the relation of the particular policy changes with cancer mortality. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of smoking and alcohol cancer outcomes.
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McKean-Cowdin, Roberta, Heather Spencer Feigelson, Ronald K. Ross, Malcolm C. Pike, and Brian E. Henderson. "Declining Cancer Rates in the 1990s." Journal of Clinical Oncology 18, no. 11 (June 11, 2000): 2258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2000.18.11.2258.
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PURPOSE: To provide evidence of a substantial decline in cancer rates for the period 1991 through 1995 and characterize major risk factors that seem to be driving secular trends in cancer mortality and incidence. DESIGN: Incidence and mortality rates were calculated using national surveillance data collected through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program and the National Center for Health Statistics. RESULTS: All-sites cancer incidence and mortality fell in the period 1991 through 1995; this decline is largely attributable to decreases in the smoking-related cancers, especially lung cancer. Of the 20 leading incident cancers today, both incidence and mortality are decreasing among 11 sites for men and 12 for women. In men, the decline in mortality has been notable and is especially apparent for the smoking-related cancers, including those of the lung, oral cavity and pharynx, larynx, and, to a lesser extent, bladder. In women, all-sites mortality decreased only approximately 0.4% from 1991 through 1995. Three cancers continued to show substantial increases in mortality through 1995 for both men and women (liver, multiple myeloma, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma), while incidence rates continued to climb for liver cancer, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and melanoma. CONCLUSION: Data from the SEER program on recent trends in cancer incidence and mortality show that cancer rates are generally on the decline, largely because of reductions in smoking-related cancers. A consistent increase in mortality rates due to liver cancer poses a new health care challenge, one that will require the development of an effective treatment for individuals currently infected with hepatitis C or B to prevent mortality rates from continuing to increase.
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Holman, C. D'Arcy J., and Ruth E. Shean. "Premature adult mortality and short‐stay hospitalization in Western Australia attributable to the smoking of tobacco, 1979‐1983." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 1 (July 1986): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113730.x.
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Merrill, Ray M. "Injury-Related Deaths according to Environmental, Demographic, and Lifestyle Factors." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2019 (March 3, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6942787.
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Background. Environmental, demographic, and lifestyle variables have been associated with injury-related deaths. The current study identifies the simultaneous association of selected environmental, demographic, and lifestyle variables with deaths from homicide, unintentional injuries, and suicide. Materials and Methods. Analyses are based on county-level mortality data in the contiguous United States, 2011–15. Basic summary statistics and Poisson regression were used to evaluate the data. Results. The selected causes of death were impacted differently by age, sex, and race: for homicide, mortality rates were greater in ages 20–39, males, and blacks; for unintentional injuries, the rates increased with age, most noticeably in the oldest age group, and were highest among males and whites; and for suicide, the rates tended to increase with age and were greater in males and whites. Mortality rates from homicide were positively associated with poverty, cigarette smoking, air temperature, and leisure-time physical inactivity. They were negatively associated with precipitation and sunlight. Mortality rates from unintentional injuries were positively associated with altitude, cigarette smoking, air temperature, poverty, obesity, and precipitation. They were negatively associated with population density. Mortality rates from suicides were positively associated with altitude, cigarette smoking, obesity, air temperature, and precipitation and negatively associated with population density. Conclusion. The results confirm and extend previous research in which death from homicide, unintentional injuries, and suicide are distinctly associated with a combination of environmental, demographic, and lifestyle variables. The findings may be useful in developing strategies for reducing injury-related deaths.
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Li, Yicheng, and Adrian E. Raftery. "Estimating and forecasting the smoking-attributable mortality fraction for both genders jointly in over 60 countries." Annals of Applied Statistics 14, no. 1 (March 2020): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/19-aoas1306.
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Mizuno, Shoichi, and Suminori Akiba. "Smoking and Lung Cancer Mortality in Japanese Men: Estimates for Dose and Duration of Cigarette Smoking Based on the Japan Vital Statistics Data." Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 80, no. 8 (August 1989): 727–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.1989.tb01705.x.
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Puljević, Cheneal, Dominique de Andrade, Megan Carroll, Matthew J. Spittal, and Stuart A. Kinner. "Use of prescribed smoking cessation pharmacotherapy following release from prison: a prospective data linkage study." Tobacco Control 27, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053743.
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BackgroundA significant proportion of people who cycle through prisons express a desire to quit smoking, yet smoking rates in this population are two to four times higher than in the general community. Smoking cessation pharmacotherapy (SCP) is an important component of evidence-based cessation support, yet no studies have examined use of this pharmacotherapy after release from prison.MethodsWe linked data from a survey of 971 smokers who were within 8 weeks of release from prison in Queensland, Australia, with federal Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) records for the 2 years after release, to identify subsidised use of SCP (varenicline, bupropion and nicotine patches). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to identify independent predictors of SCP use.FindingsAccording to PBS data, 86 participants (8.9%) accessed SCP in the 2 years following release from prison. Participants who were aged 25 years or older (HR 2.51, 95% CI 1.19 to 5.31), employed before prison (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.28), highly nicotine dependent at baseline (HR 2.21, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.97) and using non-psychotropic medications in prison (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.22) were more likely to use subsidised SCP during follow-up.ConclusionDespite a very high rate of tobacco use among people cycling through prisons and the very low cost of (subsidised) SCP in Australia, few ex-prisoners obtain pharmaceutical assistance with quitting smoking. Policy attention needs to focus on supporting former prisoners to access SCP, to reduce the high rate of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in this profoundly marginalised population.
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Churruca, Kate, Brian Draper, and Rebecca Mitchell. "Varying impact of co-morbid conditions on self-harm resulting in mortality in Australia." Health Information Management Journal 47, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1833358316686799.
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Background: Research has associated some chronic conditions with self-harm and suicide. Quantifying such a relationship in mortality data relies on accurate death records and adequate techniques for identifying these conditions. Objective: This study aimed to quantify the impact of identification methods for co-morbid conditions on suicides in individuals aged 30 years and older in Australia and examined differences by gender. Method: A retrospective examination of mortality records in the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) was conducted. Two different methods for identifying co-morbidities were compared: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) coded data, which are provided to the NCIS by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, and free-text searches of Medical Cause of Death fields. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were used to compare the methods for identifying co-morbidities and look at differences by gender. Results: Results showed inconsistencies between ICD-10 coded and coronial reports in the identification of suicide and chronic conditions, particularly by type (physical or mental). There were also significant differences in the proportion of co-morbid conditions by gender. Conclusion: While ICD-10 coded mortality data more comprehensively identified co-morbidities, discrepancies in the identification of suicide and co-morbid conditions in both systems require further investigation to determine their nature (linkage errors, human subjectivity) and address them. Furthermore, due to the prescriptive coding procedures, the extent to which medico-legal databases may be used to explore potential and previously unrecognised associations between chronic conditions and self-harm deaths remains limited.
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Bailey, Jacqueline M., Paula M. Wye, Emily A. Stockings, Kate M. Bartlem, Alexandra P. Metse, John H. Wiggers, and Jennifer A. Bowman. "Smoking Cessation Care for People with a Mental Illness: Family Carer Expectations of Health and Community Services." Journal of Smoking Cessation 12, no. 4 (November 22, 2016): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2016.23.
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Introduction: Smoking prevalence remains high among people with a mental illness, contributing to higher levels of morbidity and mortality. Health and community services are an opportune setting for the provision of smoking cessation care. Although family carers are acknowledged to play a critical role in supporting the care and assistance provided by such services to people with a mental illness, their expectations regarding the delivery of smoking cessation care have not been examined.Aims: To explore family carer expectations of smoking cessation care provision by four types of health services, to clients with a mental illness, and factors associated with expectations.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with carers of a person with a mental illness residing in New South Wales, Australia. Carers were surveyed regarding their expectations of smoking cessation care provision from four types of health services. Possible associations between carer expectation of smoking cessation care provision and socio-demographic and attitudinal variables were explored.Results: Of 144 carers, the majority of carers considered that smoking cessation care should be provided by: mental health hospitals (71.4%), community mental health services (78.0%), general practice (82.7%), and non-government organisations (56.6%). The factor most consistently related to expectation of care was a belief that smoking cessation could positively impact mental health.Conclusions: The majority of carers expected smoking cessation treatment to be provided by all services catering for people with a mental illness, reinforcing the appropriateness for such services to provide smoking cessation care for clients in an effective and systematic manner.
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Omelchenko, E. M., O. O. Polka, O. T. Yelizarova, and S. S. Kartashova. "Influence of legislative changes in the sphere of healthcare on tobacco smoking and mortality from cardiovascular pathology among the population of Ukraine." Environment & Health 99 (2) (June 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32402/dovkil2021.02.015.
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Smoking is at one of the first places among the factors of lifestyle that negatively affect human health, including indicators of the respiratory, reproductive, digestive and cardiovascular systems. A relationship between smoking and morbidity, prevalence and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), taking into account the age structure of the Ukrainian population, was a subject of the study. These diseases were selected as an indicator of the negative effects of smoking. Objective: We identified the trends in the variability of cardiovascular pathology among the population under the influence of both active and passive smoking, established the degree of relationship between these indicators and assessed «cause-effect» relationships as well. Materials and methods: The data analysis was performed on the basis of the official state statistics and own retrospective genetic monitoring data. Results: In Ukraine, since 2009, current legislation significantly restricts smoking in public places. Due to the reduction of smoking intensity, the above measures were expected to lead to a reduction in the incidence (mortality) from CVD during a long period after the enactment of legislative changes. The share of smokers in Ukraine (age 12+) for the period 2013-2016 is lower by 17.4% (t=4.6; p<0.01) than for the period 2004-2012. The share of the smokers in Ukraine (age 12+) for the period 2013-2016 is lower by 17.4% (t=4.6; p<0.01) than for the period 2004-2012. At the same time, there was a decrease in the proportion of those who smoke 1-5 or more 20 cigarettes a day. From 2009 to 2016, the incidence of CVD decreased by 23%, and the mortality rate from CVD decreased by 9%. This decrease was due both to a decrease in the number of smokers (almost by 32%) and to a decrease in cigarette sales (at least by 39%). The relationship between a decrease in the proportion of smokers in the population and a decrease in morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease (p<0.05) has been established. Conclusions: The enactment of the Law of Ukraine on Tobacco Control had a positive systemic effect, its impact affected the reduction of morbidity and mortality of the population of Ukraine from cardiovascular diseases, which significantly improved the demographic situation.
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Jin, Xingzhong, Stuart A. Kinner, Robyn Hopkins, Emily Stockings, Ryan J. Courtney, Anthony Shakeshaft, Dennis Petrie, Timothy Dobbins, and Kate Dolan. "Brief intervention on Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol and Physical (SNAP) inactivity for smoking relapse prevention after release from smoke-free prisons: a study protocol for a multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 8, no. 10 (October 2018): e021326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021326.
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IntroductionSmoking remains the leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality worldwide. Heavy Smoking is often associated with poor Nutrition, Alcohol abuse and Physical inactivity (known as ‘SNAP’). Australia’s first prison smoking ban was introduced in the Northern Territory in July 2013. However, relapse to smoking after release from prison is normative. Holistic and cost-effective interventions are needed to maintain post-release abstinence to realise the potential public health impact of smoke-free prison policies. Rigorous, large-scale trials of innovative and scalable interventions are crucial to inform tobacco control policies in correctional settings.Methods and analysisThis multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised parallel superiority trial will evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention on SNAP versus usual care in preventing smoking relapse among people released from smoke-free prisons in the Northern Territory, Australia. A maximum of 824 participants will be enrolled and randomly assigned to either SNAP intervention or usual care at a 1:1 ratio at baseline. The primary endpoint is self-reported continuous smoking abstinence three months after release from prison, verified by breath carbon monoxide test. Secondary endpoints include seven-day point prevalence abstinence, time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked post release, Health Eating Index for Australian Adults, Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption and International Physical Activity Questionnaire scores. The primary endpoint will be analysed on an intention-to-treat basis using a simple log binomial regression model with multiple imputation for missing outcome data. A cost-effectiveness analysis of the brief intervention will be conducted subsequently.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC), Menzies HREC and Central Australia HREC. Primary results of the trial and each of the secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-review journal.Trial registration numberACTRN12617000217303; Pre-results.
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Tseng, Tung-Sung, Yu Hsiang Kao, and Mirandy Li. "EFFECTIVENESS OF SMOKING CESSATION INTERVENTIONS WITH LDCT LUNG CANCER SCREENING AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN SMOKERS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1164.
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Abstract Low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening can detect lung cancer early and decrease lung cancer-specific mortality for current smokers but remains under-utilized among these populations. Although African-American smokers tend to smoke less and have lower smoking pack-year histories, they have lower quit rates, higher rates of mortality from lung cancer than other racial/ethnic groups. This study examined the effectiveness of a smoking cessation intervention integrating LDCT screening among African-American smokers. This study recruited 60 African-American daily smokers over the age of 55 who qualified for LDCT screening. Participants were randomly and equally assigned into two groups (intervention and control). Overall, the mean age was 61.0 years old (standard deviation, 5.5), 61.7% of the participants were female and, 91.7% had lower incomes (<$20,000). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographics, smoking status, knowledge, attitudes, and stage of change for smoking cessation. The findings showed that participants in the intervention group had a lower number of daily cigarettes smoked (9.5 vs. 11.0) and a higher reduction in the number of daily cigarettes smoked (-2.3 vs. -0.9) than those in the control group. Participants in the intervention group were more likely to be in the preparation stage of the stages of change model (50.0% vs. 40.0%), progress in the stage of change (36.7% vs. 16.7%), or report already having had quit smoking (10.0% vs. 3.3%) than those in the control group. LDCT screening represents a potential "teachable moment" for African-American smokers, which may encourage them to consider these strategies for smoking cessation.
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Forjaz, Gonçalo, Joana Bastos, Clara Castro, Alexandra Mayer, Anne-Michelle Noone, Huann-Sheng Chen, and Angela B. Mariotto. "Regional differences in tobacco smoking and lung cancer in Portugal in 2018: a population-based analysis using nationwide incidence and mortality data." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e038937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038937.
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ObjectivesThis study aims to estimate the proportion of lung cancer cases and deaths attributable to tobacco smoking in Portugal in 2018, complemented by trends in incidence and mortality, by sex and region.DesignCancer cases for 1998–2011 and cancer deaths for 1991–2018 were obtained from population-based registries and Statistics Portugal, respectively. We projected cases for 2018 and used reported deaths for the same year to estimate, using Peto’s method, the number and proportion of lung cancer cases and deaths caused by tobacco smoking in 2018. We calculated the age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates in each year of diagnosis and death. We fitted a joinpoint regression to the observed data to estimate the annual percentage change (APC) in the rates.SettingPortugal.ResultsIn 2018, an estimated 3859 cases and 3192 deaths from lung cancer were attributable to tobacco smoking in Portugal, with men presenting a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 82.6% (n=3064) for incidence and 84.1% (n=2749) for mortality, while in women those values were 51.0% (n=795) and 42.7% (n=443), respectively. In both sexes and metrics, the Azores were the region with the highest PAF and the Centre with the lowest. During 1998–2011, the APC for incidence ranged from 0.6% to 3.0% in men and 3.6% to 7.9% in women, depending on region, with mortality presenting a similar pattern between sexes.ConclusionExposure to tobacco smoking has accounted for most of the lung cancer cases and deaths estimated in Portugal in 2018. Differential patterns of tobacco consumption across the country, varying implementation of primary prevention programmes and differences in personal cancer awareness may have contributed to the disparities observed. Primary prevention of lung cancer remains a public health priority, particularly among women.
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Mafra da Costa, Allini, Isabela Campos Pereira Hernandes, Elisabete Weiderpass, Isabelle Soerjomataram, and José Humberto Tavares Guerreiro Fregnani. "Cancer Statistics over Time in Northwestern São Paulo State, Brazil: Incidence and Mortality." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 31, no. 4 (February 7, 2022): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0842.
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Abstract Background: Population studies can serve as an essential source of information on cancer's etiology, and assessments of cancer trends over time can detect changes. This study aimed to provide statistics over time on cancer incidence and mortality in the Barretos Region, Brazil. Methods: Cancer incidence data were obtained from the population-based cancer registry of the Barretos Region, and mortality data were obtained from the Official Federal Database from 2002 to 2016. Age-standardized rates for incidence and mortality were calculated. Joinpoint Regression software was used to estimate the average annual percentage changes (AAPC). Results: Age-standardized rates of incidence increased significantly for colon cancer (AAPC: 2.2), rectum and rectosigmoid (AAPC: 2.4), liver (AAPC: 4.7), female breast (AAPC: 2.2), and thyroid cancer (AAPC: 3.8) but decreased for esophageal (AAPC: −3.2), stomach (AAPC: −4.2), lung (AAPC: −2.0), and ovarian cancer (AAPC: −5.6). The mortality increased for liver cancer (AAPC: 2.3) and decreased for pharyngeal cancer (AAPC: −5.8), stomach cancer (AAPC: −6.6), cervical uterine cancer (AAPC: −5.9), prostate cancer (AAPC: −2.4), and ovarian cancer (AAPC: −3.3). Conclusions: We observed decreases in some cancers related to tobacco smoking and cervical and stomach cancers related to infectious agents, showing strong regional and national prevention programs' successes. But, we also observed rises in many cancer sites linked to lifestyle factors, such as breast or colorectal cancer, without a sign of declining mortality. Impact: These results can impact and support cancer control program implementation and improvement at the community level and extrapolate to the state level and/or the whole country.
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Ugalde, A., S. Aranda, C. Paul, L. Orellana, I. Plueckhahn, C. Segan, D. Baird, et al. "Improving Health Outcomes for People With Cancer in Rural and Regional Areas by Embedding Evidence-Based Smoking-Cessation Strategies Into Usual Care: A Study Protocol." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 95s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.10100.
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Background: Smoking following a diagnosis of cancer is a powerful clinical risk indicator, with known poorer health outcomes and associated health care costs. In Australia, smoking rates are higher in rural and regional areas. There are established and effective interventions to promote smoking cessation after a diagnosis of cancer yet these are not in routine practice. Aim: This protocol paper reports on a study that aims to embed evidence-based smoking cessation strategies for people with cancer who are current smokers into routine care, resulting in in system wide improvements, an implemented program and model for further dissemination. Methods: Across three rural/regional sites, and with partners Quit Victoria and Western Alliance, this study employs a variety of methodologies to embed smoking cessation support to improve outcomes for people with cancer who currently smoke. Specifically, the project will embed a system of responsibilities and training in rural and regional health services to routinely engage people with cancer who smoke in support services. The program will: · Promote routine delivery of smoking cessation care by trained oncology staff (oncologists/nurses/ allied health) · Establish referral pathways to Quitline · Correspond with general practitioners, to: i) outline the benefits of quitting in this context, ii) promote access to nicotine replacement therapy and iii) support quitting in the community. · Improve routine recording of smoking status and documentation of provision of brief intervention (personalised advice given, resources provided) and outcomes. Participants: are oncology staff and general practitioners across three health services: Ballarat Health Service, East Grampians Health Service (Ararat), Wimmera Health Care Group (Horsham), all located in Victoria, Australia. Data collection will occur across four sources: 1) Oncology staff: qualitative and quantitative data collection understanding confidence and views on provision on cessation advice; 2) Monitoring Quitline calls, 3) Interview with local general practitioners and 4) Medical record reviews to explore frequency of recording of smoking status. Data will be collected pre/postintervention. Results: The project is underway with the intervention manuals in development. The project is due for completion in 2020. Conclusion: This project takes a health services approach to integration of smoking cessation support in routine care for people with cancer in rural and regional areas. This program of work has capacity to determine best approaches to integrate smoking cessation into routine care, resulting in reduced mortality and morbidity, improved effectiveness of anticancer treatments, and reduced health care costs; by establishing internationally relevant, embedded health care interventions.
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Sinharoy, Ankita, Shubhajit Mitra, and Pritish Mondal. "Socioeconomic and Environmental Predictors of Asthma-Related Mortality." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9389570.
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The prevalence of asthma-related mortality (ARM) varies significantly among different countries, possibly influenced by various socioeconomic and environmental conditions (SEC). In-depth epidemiological research is necessary to understand the causal relationship between different SECs and ARM and to develop public health strategies to reduce the global burden of asthma. Our research aimed to identify the key SECs which may be attributed to ARM worldwide and to study the relationship between ARM and asthma prevalence. We included twenty-two countries with available data on SECs (2014-2015) and divided them into four groups: Asia, Africa, Europe, and Miscellaneous (Australia and North and South America). Tertiary school enrollment (TSE), gross domestic product (GDP), air pollution index, and male and female smoking prevalence rates were analyzed as predictors of ARM, using multiple linear regression. We found that ARM and asthma prevalence had an inverse relationship and developing countries compared to developed countries experienced higher ARM despite having lower asthma prevalence. Asian and African countries, compared to Europe and Miscellaneous countries, experienced poorer SECs, possibly associated with higher ARM. Among SECs, TSE and GDP had strongest association with ARM. In conclusion, lack of education and uneven distribution of resources may have an influence on the increased ARM in developing countries.
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Pagano, Romano, Carlo La Vecchia, and Adriano Decarli. "Smoking in Italy, 1995." Tumori Journal 84, no. 4 (July 1998): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169808400404.
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Aims and background Patterns and trends in smoking habits are a major determinant of subsequent incidence and mortality for lung cancer, and other tobacco related neoplasms on a population level. Methods and study design Smoking prevalence in Italy was analyzed using data from the 1995 National Multipurpose Survey, conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) and based on a sample of 50,585 subjects (24,497 men and 26,088 women), aged 15 years or over, identified in strata of geographic area and size of the municipality in order to be representative of the general Italian population. Data on smoking were obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Results Overall, 25.3% of Italians aged 15 years or over (34.1% of males, 17.1% of females) described themselves as current smokers, 20.5% (28.0% of males, 13.5% of females) as ex-smokers, and 54.2% (37.9% of males, 69.4% of females) as never smokers. Heavy current smokers (≥15 cigarettes per day) were 15.6% of males and 3.9% of females. Compared to previous surveys, reported smoking prevalence increased, mostly in the youngest age groups (15 to 24 years) in both sexes. However, the increase could be partly or largely attributable to the different modality of data collection (interview in previous surveys, self-administered questionnaire in the present survey), which may have reduced underreporting. Conclusions The data of the 1995 National Household Survey confirmed previous patterns of smoking in Italy, i.e., a higher smoking prevalence in less educated, southern Italian males, and in more educated, northern Italian females. These figures reflect therefore the importance of the social and cultural correlates of smoking. Moreover, the stability in smoking prevalence over the last few years reflects the absence of any organized and structured intervention on a legislation and public health level on the smoking issue in Italy.
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Goodwin, Belinda, Arlen Rowe, Fiona Crawford-Williams, Peter Baade, Suzanne Chambers, Nicholas Ralph, and Joanne Aitken. "Geographical Disparities in Screening and Cancer-Related Health Behaviour." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041246.
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This study aimed to identify whether cancer-related health behaviours including participation in cancer screening vary by geographic location in Australia. Data were obtained from the 2014–2015 Australian National Health Survey, a computer-assisted telephone interview that measured a range of health-related issues in a sample of randomly selected households. Chi-square tests and adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression models were computed to assess the association between residential location and cancer-related health behaviours including cancer screening participation, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, and fruit and vegetable intake, controlling for age, socio-economic status (SES), education, and place of birth. The findings show insufficient exercise, risky alcohol intake, meeting vegetable intake guidelines, and participation in cervical screening are more likely for those living in inner regional areas and in outer regional/remote areas compared with those living in major cities. Daily smoking and participation in prostate cancer screening were significantly higher for those living in outer regional/remote areas. While participation in cancer screening in Australia does not appear to be negatively impacted by regional or remote living, lifestyle behaviours associated with cancer incidence and mortality are poorer in regional and remote areas. Population-based interventions targeting health behaviour change may be an appropriate target for reducing geographical disparities in cancer outcomes.
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Alston, Laura, Jane Jacobs, Steven Allender, and Melanie Nichols. "A comparison of the modelled impacts on CVD mortality if attainment of public health recommendations was achieved in metropolitan and rural Australia." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 2 (August 13, 2019): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001900199x.
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AbstractObjective:To (i) determine the proportion of deaths from CVD that could be avoided in both rural and metropolitan Australia if public health recommendations were met; (ii) assess the impact on the rural CVD mortality; and (iii) determine if policy priorities should be different by rurality for CVD prevention.Design:A macro-simulation modelling study of population data. Population, risk factor and CVD death data stratified by rurality were analysed using the Preventable Risk Integrated Model. The baseline scenario was the current risk factor levels (including physical activity, smoking, diet and alcohol). The counterfactual scenario was the population levels of these risk factors expected if public health recommendations were met.Setting:Metropolitan and rural Australia.Participants:Rural- and metropolitan-dwelling adults in Australia.Results:Both populations would experience similar relative declines in the proportion of deaths from CVD. A total of 14 892 deaths from CVD would be avoided annually; with similar declines in the proportions of deaths by rurality. Critically, the order of policy priorities for public health recommendation attainment would differ by rurality CVD prevention, with addressing fat intakes being a higher priority in rural areas.Conclusions:Achieving public health recommendations in Australia would result in large declines in CVD mortality. Despite declines in overall CVD mortality under this scenario, an inequality in CVD burden would persist for rural populations. The order of risk factor priorities would differ by rurality.
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Wegman, Myron E. "Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—1989." Pediatrics 86, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.6.835.
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US infant mortality continued to decline slowly and the provisional 1989 rate, 9.7 per 1000 live births, was the lowest ever recorded. Final 1988 data showed no change in cause of death distribution or in the wide discrepancy between white and black infant mortality. State rates varied from 6.8 in Vermont to 12.6 in Georgia. Worldwide, the US rate of 10.0 was bettered by 21 other countries, with Japan lowest at 4.8. Births increased in number and rate, because of a higher fertility rate and more women in the childbearing years. The birth rate to mothers 17 years of age and younger increased again. The proportion of women who had no or inadequate prenatal care was essentially unchanged. Deaths, crude death rate, and age-adjusted death rate decreased. The excess of births over deaths added almost 1.9 million persons to the US population, the highest rate of natural increase since 1971. The marriage rate was essentially unchanged, whereas the divorce rate decreased slightly, to the lowest level since 1973. With the exception of human immunodeficiency virus infection, homicide, and pulmonary malignancies, rates for most causes of death declined from 1988 to 1989. In comparison with 1940, most declines were substantial, led by pneumonia, down about 80%, and perinatal conditions, down about 75%. The only large-scale increases among major causes in the half century were in two diseases related to cigarette smoking: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, up eightfold, and respiratory cancer, up almost sixfold. Death rates from all other cancers, as a group, decreased by some 20% and from cardiovascular diseases by some 60%.
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Razali, K., J. Amin, GJ Dore, MG Law, and HCV Projections Working Group. "Modelling and calibration of the hepatitis C epidemic in Australia." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 18, no. 3 (November 26, 2008): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280208094689.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in Australia is predominantly transmitted through injecting drug use. A reduction in the heroin supply in Australia in late 2000 and early 2001 may have impacted the number of injecting drug users (IDUs) and the number of new hepatitis C infections. This paper updates estimates of HCV incidence between 1960 and 2005 and models long-term sequelae from infection. Outcomes among those with HCV were also recently assessed in a linkage study assessing cancer and causes of death following HCV diagnosis in New South Wales. Linkage study outcomes have been used here to calibrate modelled outcomes. Mathematical models were used to estimate HCV incidence among IDUs, migrants to Australia from high HCV-prevalence countries, and other HCV exposure groups. Recent trends in numbers of IDUs were based on indicators of injecting drug use. A natural history of HCV model was applied to estimate the prevalence of HCV in the population. Model predicted endpoints that were calibrated against the NSW linkage data over the period 1995—2002 were: (i) incident hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); (ii) opioid overdose deaths; (iii) liver-related deaths; and (iv) all-cause mortality. Modelled estimates and the linkage data show reasonably good calibration for HCC cases and all-cause mortality. The estimated HCC incidence was increased from 70 cases in 1995 to 100 cases in 2002. All-cause mortality estimated at 1000 in 1995 increased to 1600 in 2002. Comparison of annual opioid deaths shows some agreement. However, the models underestimate the rate of increase observed between 1995 and 1999 and do not entirely capture the rapid decrease in overdose deaths from 2000 onwards. The linkage data showed a peak of overdose deaths at 430 in 1999 compared to 320 estimated by the models. Comparison of observed liver deaths with the modelled numbers showed poor agreement. A good agreement would require an increase in liver deaths from the assumed 2 to 5% per annum following cirrhosis in the models. Mathematical models suggest that HCV incidence decreased from a peak of 14,000 infections in 1999 to 9700 infections in 2005, largely attributable to a reduction in injecting drug use. The poor agreement between projected and linked liver deaths could reflect differing coding of causes of deaths, underestimates of the numbers of people with cirrhosis following HCV, or underestimates of rates of liver death following cirrhosis. The reasonably good agreement between most of the modelled estimates with observed linkage data provides some support for the assumptions used in the models.
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McIvor, Andrew, John Kayser, Jean-Marc Assaad, Gerald Brosky, Penny Demarest, Philippe Desmarais, Christine Hampson, Milan Khara, Ratsamy Pathammavong, and Robert Weinberg. "Best Practices for Smoking Cessation Interventions in Primary Care." Canadian Respiratory Journal 16, no. 4 (2009): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/412385.
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BACKGROUND: In Canada, smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death. Family physicians and nurse practitioners are uniquely positioned to initiate smoking cessation. Because smoking is a chronic addiction, repeated, opportunity-based interventions are most effective in addressing physical dependence and modifying deeply ingrained patterns of beliefs and behaviour. However, only a small minority of family physicians provide thorough smoking cessation counselling and less than one-half offer adjunct support to patients.OBJECTIVE: To identify the key steps family physicians and nurse practitioners can take to strengthen effective smoking cessation interventions for their patients.METHODS: A multidisciplinary panel of health care practitioners involved with smoking cessation from across Canada was convened to discuss best practices derived from international guidelines, including those from the United States, Europe, and Australia, and other relevant literature. The panellists subsequently refined their findings in the form of the present article.RESULTS: The present paper outlines best practices for brief and effective counselling for, and treatment of, tobacco addiction. By adopting a simple series of questions, taking 30 s to 3 min to complete, health care professionals can initiate smoking cessation interventions. Integrating these strategies into daily practice provides opportunities to significantly improve the quality and duration of patients’ lives.CONCLUSION: Tobacco addiction is the most important preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in Canada. Family physicians, nurse practitioners and other front-line health care professionals are well positioned to influence and assist their patients in quitting, thereby reducing the burden on both personal health and the public health care system.
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Korda, Rosemary J., Nicholas Biddle, John Lynch, James Eynstone-Hinkins, Kay Soga, Emily Banks, Naomi Priest, Lynelle Moon, and Tony Blakely. "Education inequalities in adult all-cause mortality: first national data for Australia using linked census and mortality data." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (October 3, 2019): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz191.
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Abstract Background National linked mortality and census data have not previously been available for Australia. We estimated education-based mortality inequalities from linked census and mortality data that are suitable for international comparisons. Methods We used the Australian Bureau of Statistics Death Registrations to Census file, with data on deaths (2011–2012) linked probabilistically to census data (linkage rate 81%). To assess validity, we compared mortality rates by age group (25–44, 45–64, 65–84 years), sex and area-inequality measures to those based on complete death registration data. We used negative binomial regression to quantify inequalities in all-cause mortality in relation to five levels of education [‘Bachelor degree or higher’ (highest) to ‘no Year 12 and no post-secondary qualification’ (lowest)], separately by sex and age group, adjusting for single year of age and correcting for linkage bias and missing education data. Results Mortality rates and area-based inequality estimates were comparable to published national estimates. Men aged 25–84 years with the lowest education had age-adjusted mortality rates 2.20 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.08‒2.33] times those of men with the highest education. Among women, the rate ratio was 1.64 (1.55‒1.74). Rate ratios were 3.87 (3.38‒4.44) in men and 2.57 (2.15‒3.07) in women aged 25–44 years, decreasing to 1.68 (1.60‒1.76) in men and 1.44 (1.36‒1.53) in women aged 65–84 years. Absolute education inequalities increased with age. One in three to four deaths (31%) was associated with less than Bachelor level education. Conclusions These linked national data enabled valid estimates of education inequality in mortality suitable for international comparisons. The magnitude of relative inequality is substantial and similar to that reported for other high-income countries.
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Koryagina, N. A., A. N. Zhigulev, A. N. Zabotina, R. O. Dreval, and K. Y. Muravyeva. "Socio-economic modeling of the effect of smokers’ transition to smokeless technologies." Clinician 16, no. 3 (January 15, 2023): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1818-8338-2022-16-3-k672.
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Research objective: Quantitative estimation of social-demographic and social-economic impact of the switch of traditional cigarettes smoking to modified risk tobacco products consumption, based on effect upon smoking-related mortality and diseases rates.Methods. Target group – consumers of smoking tobacco: conventional cigarettes (CC) and modified risk tobacco products (MRTP). Base of calculations – analysis of available time series for: CC and MRTP consumption, life expectancy and healthy life expectancy coefficients, statistics on smoking-related mortality and diseases rates, including data on key nosologies (malignant neoplasms of respiratory system, digestive organs, urinary tract; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; circulatory diseases; cerebrovascular diseases.Results. We implemented prognoses for all the above mentioned parameters to year 2035, calculated direct medical and indirect costs for demographic and economic loss with attention to budget impact analysis, developed five scenarios based on different CC and MRTP consumption.The model of switching from CC to MRTP consumption proves a significant decline of demographic and economic burden even with rather modest MRTP replacement for CC. With current practices of switching from CC to MRTP remaining, during 2021–2035 summary impact would result in 3.6 mln of years saved, 7.7 mln of healthy years saved, 120 thous. of mortal cases and 345 thous. diseases cases prevented. The economic burden would be 3.3 trillion rubles lower.Conclusion. Smoking cessation is the optimal method to reduce health risks, and state policy for stimulation of smoking quitting is necessary. Along with that, transition from CC to MRTP may be an alternative way to reduce health risks for those smokers with long smoking history and either psychological or physiological causes who cannot quit smoking.Even small in the terms of percent transition from CC to MRTP may result in significant decrease of demographic and economic burden on the national scale.
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Rehan, Farah, Alina Qadeer, Irfan Bashir, and Mohammed Jamshaid. "Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease in Developing Countries." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 5, no. 8 (July 25, 2016): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v5i8.28875.
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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have increased the mortality rate both in developing as well as developed countries, however a lower trend in death rates have been seen in developed and high income countries like USA, UK, Australia, Japan and other European countries due to improved life style, better strategic implementation, control of disease both in young and adults and especially reduced smoking habits. In developing countries CVD become an alarming situation due to prevalence of disease in early age that later on become chronic and difficult to control. Various risk factors that can contribute toward CVD in developing countries include smoking, high alcohol and salt intake, dietary factors, diabetes, high blood pressure and psychosocial aspects such as stress, anxiety and depression. Various other factors such as family history and the gender difference also contributing towards the high risk of developing CVD.Rehan et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, July 2016, 5(8): 69-72http://www.icpjonline.com/documents/Vol5Issue8/02.pdf
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Davidson, Sandra, Fiona Judd, Damien Jolley, Barbara Hocking, Sandra Thompson, and Brendan Hyland. "Cardiovascular Risk Factors for People with Mental Illness." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 2 (April 2001): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00877.x.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to document the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among people with chronic mental illness. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of 234 outpatients attending a community mental health clinic in the North-western Health Care Network in Melbourne, Australia. Prevalence of smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, hypertension, salt intake, exercise and history of hypercholesterolemia was assessed. Results: Compared with a community sample, the mentally ill had a higher prevalence of smoking, overweight and obesity, lack of moderate exercise, harmful levels of alcohol consumption and salt intake. No differences were found on hypertension. Men, but not women, with mental illness were less likely to undertake cholesterol screening. Conclusions: Psychiatric outpatients have a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors which may account for the higher rate of cardiovascular mortality among the mentally ill. Further research is needed to trial and evaluate interventions to effectively modify risk factors in this vulnerable population.