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1
Kaplan, Robert. "Carrot Addiction." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 5 (October 1996): 698–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609062670.
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Objective: A case report of carrot addiction is presented with a review of the literature and comment on the role of beta carotene in addictive behaviour. Clinical Picture: The addiction occurred in a 49-year-old woman under conditions of stress due to marital problems, leading to a depressive illness and increased smoking. The patient maintained that the sensations of carrot craving and withdrawal were quite distinct from those associated with smoking. Treatment: The patient was advised to record her daily carrot consumption. Outcome: The patient did not return for several months, but stopped eating carrots after an operation, at which time she also stopped smoking. Conclusion: Compusive carrot eating, regarded as a rare condition, has received scant documentation, unlike hypercarotenemia due to unusual diets or food fads. Nervousness, craving, insomnia, waterbrash and irritability are associated with withdrawal from excessive carrot eating. The basis for the addiction is believed to be beta carotene, found in carrots. Does carrot eating, an aggressively oral activity, merely act as a behavioural substitute for smoking? Or does beta carotene contain a chemical element that replicates the addictive component of nicotine? Further study of this unusual but intriguing addiction may reveal more about the basis of all addictions, with particular implications for the cessation of cigarette smoking.
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Hadaway, Patricia, Barry Beyerstein, and Meredith Kimball. "Addiction as an Adaptive Response: Is Smoking a Functional Behavior?" Journal of Drug Issues 16, no. 3 (July 1986): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600304.
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Theories on tobacco addiction divide into two camps, the exposure orientation and the adaptive orientation. The exposure orientation suggests that the use of tobacco is addictive because of the reinforcement properties of tobacco or because of tobacco's biochemical-altering effects. The adaptive orientation views tobacco addiction as a functional response to distress and, therefore, a form of sub-optimal adaptive behavior. Though the two views are not mutually exclusive, the case is made that the primary cause of addiction is explained by the adaptive orientation, and not the exposure orientation. Viewing not only tobacco addiction but all addictions from the adaptive orientation suggests different approaches to social policy and psychotherapy than those presently espoused by the exposure orientation.
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Del Prete, A. "On line ‘Diabetes and Smoking’ Survey: results and com¬ments." Journal of AMD 23, no. 3 (November 2020): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36171/jamd20.23.3.4.
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Cigarette smoking increases the risk of micro and macrovascular complications among subjects with diabetes. Smoking is also associated with both beta-cell function deterioration and insulin resistance. In the modern approach to the management of the global cardiovascular risk of the diabetic patient, cigarette smoking needs the same attention as other major factors (glycaemia, blood pressure and cholesterol). The prevalence of smokers, according to the AMD 2020 Annals, is 16,9% among type 2 diabetic patients and 25,9% among type 1 diabetic patients. These rather high percentages, in line with the overall population data, suggest the need of a greater and more effective engagement by diabetes team to discouraging smoking. The ‘Diabetes and Smoking’ Survey was designed by the ‘Diabetes and Addictions’ AMD-SID Lazio Working Group in order to analyze the perception that diabetologists have of smoking, to explore their specific knowledge of the smoking treatment, to highlight the interventions adopted to discourage smoking and to identify critical issues in clinical practice. The Survey has shown, first of all, the need to sensitize diabetologists to the topic of smoking: not everyone believes that smoking is addictive and not everyone adequately investigates it in anamnesis and includes it in medical records. The Survey also identified specific knowledge required on treatments for cigarette smoking addiction: diabetologists know little about drugs for smoking treatment, have false beliefs about new devices for smoking (electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco) and are little or not in contact with Anti-Smoking Centers. Currently, the intervention strategy preferred by diabetologists is to inform patients about smoking related damage, an approach of proven low efficacy (knowledge is not enough to change behaviors). Psychologists are rarely part of the diabetes Team, but even when this happens, they are not involved in the smoking addiction treatment. Finally, the Survey highlighted that the main obstacle perceived by diabetologists in the fight against smoking is the lack of a structured care process. The objective of the ‘Diabetes and Addictions’ Working Group is filling the gap between overall diabetes care (control and improvement of any micro and macrovascular risk factor) and smoking addiction treatment. KEY WORDS addiction; cessation; minimal advice; antismoking centers; structured care process.
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Lazarević, Vladan, Dušica Banković-Lazarević, and Dragana Radovanović. "Smoking addiction and smoking cessation." Zdravstvena zastita 39, no. 6 (2010): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zz1006015l.
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Jiloha, RC. "Cigarette Smoking: Neurobiology, Addiction and Treatment Implications." Journal of Advanced Research in Psychology & Psychotherapy 02, no. 02 (June 7, 2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2581.5822.201908.
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Çetin, Ebru, Emrah Emiral, Nergis Cantürk, and Rukiye Dağalp. "Alcohol Scale, Internet Addiction Scale, E-Victim Scale and E-Bullying Scale in Cigarette Addicted University Students." Technium Social Sciences Journal 23 (September 9, 2021): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v23i1.4325.
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The present study aims to determine the relevant variables for the scores obtained from alcohol addiction, internet addiction, e-bullying, and e-victimization scales of smoking-addictive university students and to investigate the possible correlations between the scales. The study group consists of 300 students who declared that they smoked at least one cigarette every day for the last 6 months. The data were collected with a face-to-face interview method. The form used in the study consisted of items belonging to alcohol addiction, Internet addiction, e-bully, and e-victimization scales. According to the Alcohol Scale, 61.3% of the participants were in the non-addictive group, and 63.3% were in the risk group according to the Internet addiction scale. 2.7% of the participants were e-bullies and 2.3% were e-victims. There was no correlation between the Alcohol Addiction and the Internet Addiction scores of the participants (p>0.05), while a weak positive correlation was detected between the e-bullying and e-victimization scores (for each; p <0.05). A positively weak correlation was found between the Internet Addiction score and e-bullying and e-victimization scores (p <0.05 for each). Our results suggested that students with any type of addiction have a higher risk for other types of addictions (substance-behavioral) as well.
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Peele, Stanton. "A Moral Vision of Addiction: How People's Values Determine Whether They Become and Remain Addicts." Journal of Drug Issues 17, no. 2 (April 1987): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268701700205.
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Contemporary theories of addiction of all stripes rule out faulty values as a cause of addiction. Yet evidence from cross-cultural, ethnic, and social-class research, laboratory study of addictive behavior, and natural history and field investigations of addiction indicate the importance of value orientations in the development and expression of addictive behaviors, including drug and alcohol addiction, smoking, and compulsive eating. Furthermore, the rejection of moral considerations in addiction deprives us of our most powerful weapons against addiction and contributes to our current addiction binge. The disease myth of addiction in particular attacks the assumption of essential moral responsibility for people's drug use and related behavior, an assumption that we instead ought to be encouraging.
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cherukuri, Sunitha. "Persistent high prevalence of smoking reflects a major failure of public health." Addiction Research and Adolescent Behaviour 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2019): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2688-7517/007.
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Patients with mental health and addiction disorders are the only core cigarette smokers left in the Western world as the number of smokers in the general population has declined dramatically over the last decades. Simultaneously there is a gap in life expectancy of more than 20 years between patients who have been in treatment for mental disorders and the rest of the population and this gap has not declined in the last two decades. Adding to this are new research findings that show that cigarette smoking has a detrimental effect also on mental health being a risk factor for depressive symptoms. There is therefore a need for concentrated action to curb the smoking epidemic among people with mental health and addiction disorders. There is limited research and guidelines on how to both prevent and cease smoking in this group. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current literature of the size of the problem, how to handle smoking cessation both individually and at system level and on the prevention of smoking. The review confirms that the rate of smokers among patients with mental health and addiction disorders is huge with some figures pointing up to 80 % in specific groups. It also confirms that cigarette smoking is a strongly addictive making the success rates low, especially without aides like snooze and e-cigarettes. It also shows, however, that it is safe to create a smoking free environment in all mental health and addiction units which also might be beneficial to the patients in the long run.
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Elhabashy, Maryam, Lilianna Phan, Kristen R. Hamilton-Moseley, Aaron Broun, Danielle A. Duarte, Aniruddh Ajith, Bambi Jewett, Erin L. Mead-Morse, Kelvin Choi, and Julia Chen-Sankey. "Exploring the Experiences and Perceptions of Cigar Craving and Addiction among Young Adult Black Cigar Smokers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 6680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116680.
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Black young adults have the highest prevalence of cigar smoking in the U.S. Little is known about how this population perceives addiction to cigar smoking, which may influence long-term smoking and cessation outcomes. This study used semi-structured in-depth interviews to understand cravings, triggers, and perceived addiction from cigar smoking among a purposive sample of Black young adult cigar smokers (N = 40; 21–29 years). An iterative process was used to develop the codebook, and thematic analysis was used to capture findings based on the products predominantly used: cigarillos, large cigars, or blunts. Results suggest that while participants may share similar types of cravings and triggers (e.g., stress) across the use of these products, predominant blunt smokers reported more unique triggers related to relieving physical discomforts. While most participants reported cigars could be addictive to people in general, only a few perceived that they themselves were addicted. Participants who predominantly smoked cigarillos reported high perceived addiction to cigars, while those who predominantly smoked blunts reported low addiction. Education messages are needed to inform young Black adult cigar smokers about the risks and health symptoms of cigar addiction. These efforts may help increase cigar cessation seeking and reduce cigar addiction-related health consequences and disparities among Black populations.
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Linnet, Jakob. "A bio-psycho-social approach to addiction." Psyke & Logos 26, no. 1 (July 31, 2005): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/pl.v26i1.8199.
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Welcome to this special issue of Psyke & Logos, which focuses on addictions. Several journals are dedicated to the issue of addictions (e.g. Addiction, Addictive Behaviors, and Psychology of Addictive Behaviors), yet little attention has been dedicated to the concept of addictions and the addictive component in different types of addictive behavior. Since the 60s and the 70s with the introduction and wide spread use of substances such as cannabis and opiates, there has been an increase in the multitude of substances used for recreational (i.e. non-medical) purposes including the use of cocaine and amphetamine in the 80s and 90s and so-called »designer drugs« such as ecstasy in the new millennium. At the same time, we’ve seen concerns ‘addictive behaviors’, particularly among children, associated with technological developments ranging from the use of comic books in the 60s and 70s, to the use of video films in the 80s, the use of video games in the 90s and the use of the internet and mobile phones in the new millennium. A third development is the efforts of information and reduction of health risking behavior. Most noticeably, probably, is the perceptual and behavioral changes related with tobacco use, which has resulted in a reduction of the total number of smokers as well as a reduction of smoking in public places. Other areas which have received attention in later years is eating disorders (both anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and over eating (binge eating)), as well as the efforts to inform about risk behavior of alcohol consumption among youths. The Psyke & Logos conference held on January 28, 2005 has the focus of comparing different types of addictive behavior in a conglomerate of clinical manifestations. The papers produced from the conference together with the invited papers for this issue, all present different aspects of addictive behavior, and have been chosen to provide the reader with insights into the different types of behaviors as well as different disciplinary approaches to understanding and treating addictive behavior. The papers are divided into three main categories: 1.) Approaches to addiction, 2.) New types of addiction, and 3.) Treatment of addiction.
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Cohen, Caroline, Wallace B. Pickworth, and Jack E. Henningfield. "Cigarette Smoking and Addiction." Clinics in Chest Medicine 12, no. 4 (December 1991): 701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00818-2.
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Hossain, Md Delwar, SAHM Mesbahul Islam, Md Mamunur Rashid, Md Ashfaqul Islam Chowdhury, Kazi Saifuddin Bennoor, and Md Ismail Patwary. "Addiction and Smoking Cessation." Medicine Today 27, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v27i1.25997.
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Cigarette smoke contains a deadly mix of more than 7,000 chemicals, hundreds are toxic and about 70 can cause cancer. Cigarette smoke can cause serious health problems, numerous diseases and death. Fortunately, people who stop smoking greatly reduce their risk for disease and premature death. Although the health benefits are greater for people who stop at earlier ages, cessation is beneficial at all ages. There are various methods and approaches in quitting smoking. Currently, there are about 1.3 billion smokers the world, most (84%) of them in developing countries.If current smoking trends continue, tobacco will kill 10 million people each year by 2020.Medicine Today 2015 Vol.27(1): 30-33
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&NA;. "Smoking to reduce addiction." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 733 (April 1990): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199007330-00030.
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Woolf, Alan D. "Smoking and nicotine addiction." Current Opinion in Pediatrics 9, no. 5 (October 1997): 470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008480-199710000-00004.
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Park, Min-Hee. "Addictive Psychopathology, Smoking, and Drinking Among Adolescents in One Region." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 8 (August 29, 2022): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.98.12975.
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This study purported to investigate the psychopathology of addiction, smoking, and drinking among adolescents in one region. Addictive psychopathology was investigated in terms of anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and aggression. This study performed a secondary analysis of statistical data from a survey with 28,256 participants; a two-sample t-test was used. The results of this study showed that anxiety, depression, impulsivity, and aggression differed according to current smoking and drinking habits. Addictive psychopathology is related to smoking and drinking behavior; therefore, prevention of addictive psychopathology through smoking and drinking behavior correction is required.
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Krupelnytska, Liudmyla, and Anton Zagumenov. "TENDENCY TO ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS AND ITS LINK WITH LIFE-PURPOSE ORIENTATIONS AND PERSONAL TRAITS." PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 7, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2021.7.6.7.
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The online study involved 48 people. The study was conducted using three methods: Method for diagnostics on tendency to 13 types of addiction (G. Lozova, 2007); Five-factor personality questionnaire (adaptation by A. Khromov, 2000); Purpose-in-Life Test (adaptation by D. Leontiev, 2000). The offer to participate in the study was distributed on the Internet using the Telegram-messenger. Among the subjects were 32 women and 16 men aged 15 to 30 years. 89.7% of respondents are persons aged 19 to 21 years. It was found that 10.4% of respondents have a high level, 68.7% of respondents have average level and 20.8% of respondents have low level of general tendency to addictive behaviors. Tendencies to Alcohol Addiction, Love Addiction, Food Addiction, Work Addiction, Computer Addiction, Addiction on Healthy Lifestyle occur in more than half of the subjects. Manifestations of tendency to certain types of addictive behavior differ in the male and female parts of the sample. According to the high rates of Tendencies to Love, Food, and Work Addictions, the proportion of men is almost one third higher than the proportion of women. According to the high rates of Tendency to Computer Addiction, the proportion of men is five times higher than the corresponding proportion of women. According to the Alcohol Addiction scale, the percentage of men with an average rate is significantly higher than the corresponding percentage of women, while the percentage of women with a high rate on this scale is almost three times higher than the percentage of men (18.8 and 6.3, respectively). On the scales Game Addiction, Drug Addiction, Smoking Addiction, General Addiction there are significantly more men with both medium and high rates. The Tendency to Religious Addiction, Drug Addiction and Addiction on Healthy Lifestyle is mostly "female". The Tendency to TV Addiction is not expressed in either the male or female parts of the sample. It was found that people with a low level of meaningful in life have Tendencies to Love Addiction and Computer Addiction. Their level of General Tendency to Addictive Behavior is higher. People with a higher rate of meaningful in life differ from people with a low rate in such personal qualities as dominance, search for impressions, extroversion, persistence, responsibility, curiosity, artistry, sensitivity, expressiveness. A low rate of meaningful in life is associated with emotional instability, anxiety, depression, self-criticism, tension. It is established that the Tendency to Computer Addiction and the General Tendency to Addiction are inversely related to the goals, process, performance of life, locus of control-I, locus of control-life and meaningful in life; the Tendency to Computer Addiction is inversely related to persistence, and the General Tendency to Addiction is inversely related to dominance and responsibility. The factor structure of Tendency to Addictive Behavior contains the following components: Meaning as a Protective Factor; Chemical Addictions, Self-Control, Health as Super-Value, Eating Your Emotional Instability, Intersexual Addiction vs Alcohol Addiction and Symbiotic Love.
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Ellouze, A. S., M. Maalej, R. Feki, I. Gassara, N. Smaoui, S. Omri, L. Zouari, M. Maalej, N. Charfi, and J. Ben Thabet. "Perception of addictions and religiosity in medical students." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2130.
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Introduction Religiosity is among the factors that determine the doctor’s relationship with his addict patient and the empathy he should have. Objectives To verify whether future doctors are aware of the addictogenic power of certain substances and certain behaviors and to study their perception of different addictions according to religiosity. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with interns and externs of the Sfax medical faculty, in November 2016, via an anonymous questionnaire. Results 141 students were included and 98,6% declared to be believers. The average age was 23 years. The sex ratio was 0.38. Alcoholism was the addiction most considered as a sin (87.9%), smoking 51.8%, hookah 45.4%, cannabis 78%, gambling 77.3%, internet addiction 16.3%, video game addiction 15.6%, work addiction 8.5%, and exercise addiction 5.7%. Female gender was more often correlated with perceived alcoholism, cannabis addiction, and gambling as sins (p = 0.002; p <0.001 and p = 0.043, respectively). Gambling was significantly more condemned by the participants who fasted (p <0.001). Prayer was significantly correlated with religious disapproval of addictions to tobacco, hookah, alcohol, cannabis and gambling (respectively p <0.001, p = 0.001, p <0.001 , p <0.001, p <0.001). Smoking, hookah and alcohol were significantly more perceived as sins by veiled women (respectively p = 0.011, p = 0.002, p = 0.040). Conclusions According to our study, most medical students have a religiously hostile attitude to many addictions. Improving medical training in addictology would allow them to adopt the necessary empathic attitude, without being judgmental. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Samuelsson, Eva, Jan Blomqvist, and Irja Christophs. "Addiction and Recovery: Perceptions among Professionals in the Swedish Treatment System." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 30, no. 1-2 (February 2013): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nsad-2013-0005.
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Aims The objective of the study was to explore perceptions of different addictions among Swedish addiction care personnel. Data A survey was conducted with 655 addiction care professionals in the social services, health care and criminal care in Stockholm County. Respondents were asked to rate the severity of nine addictions as societal problems, the individual risk to getting addicted, the possibilities for self-change and the perceived significance of professional treatment in finding a solution. Results The images of addiction proved to vary greatly according to its object. At one end of the spectrum were addictions to hard drugs, which were judged to be very dangerous to society, highly addictive and very hard to quit. At the other end of the spectrum were smoking and snuff use, which were seen more as bad habits than real addictions. Some consistent differences were detected between respondents from different parts of the treatment system. The most obvious was a somewhat greater belief in self-change among social services personnel, a greater overall change pessimism among professionals in the criminal care system and a somewhat higher risk perception and stronger emphasis on the necessity of treatment among medical staff. Conclusion Professionals' views in this area largely coincide with the official governing images displayed in the media, and with lay peoples' convictions.
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Gercek, Cem. "An analysis of university students who are smokers according to their levels of addiction." SHS Web of Conferences 48 (2018): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184801007.
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Young people constitute one fifth of world population. Youth’s reasons for smoking include looking for excitement, getting away from problems and meeting emotional and social needs. Smoking addiction is the most common addiction among young people especially due to the fact that cigarettes are sold legally, and it is known that one out of two young people who try smoking become addicted. Being knowledgeable about youth’s smoking addiction will also raise the effects of health education activities. This study aims to evaluate the smoking addiction levels of university students who smoke. Thus, it uses survey model- which is one of quantitative research methods. The study group was composed of 93 volunteering university students chosen randomly. The research data were collected with Fagerström Nicotine Addiction Test. The data collected were put to descriptive analysis (percentages, frequencies, etc.). Accordingly, it was found that the majority of the participants had low or very low levels of smoking addiction, and that male students were more addicted than female students. The reason most commonly mentioned by the participants for taking up smoking was the circle of friends, while the reason for why they were smoking was their feeling of relaxation.
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Benowitz, Neal L. "Cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction." Medical Clinics of North America 76, no. 2 (March 1992): 415–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30360-1.
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Ferguson, Laurie Anne. "Adolescent Smoking: A Lethal Addiction." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 5, no. 8 (September 2009): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2009.01.006.
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Boulton, A. "Dopamine could reinforce smoking addiction." BMJ 312, no. 7030 (March 2, 1996): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7030.529a.
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Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq, Simon Justin Adamson, and John Douglas Sellman. "Food Addiction Does Not Explain Weight Gain in Smoking Cessation." Journal of Smoking Cessation 13, no. 2 (March 8, 2017): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2017.4.
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Introduction: Weight gain during smoking cessation is a major concern. The relationship between smoking and weight is complex and not well understood. There is interest in substitution of nicotine with food.Aims: This study investigates whether the development of food addiction explains weight gain following a quit smoking attempt.Methods: This study was a subset of a larger study investigating smoking cessation in New Zealand. Participants were assessed on five visits over a 1-year period. Using validated instruments, measurements for smoking, weight, food intake, craving and food addiction were taken.Results: Among the 256 participants, 54.7% attended at least one follow-up. Food addiction prevalence at baseline was 0.8%. 14.5% were quit at early follow-up and 14.8% at late follow-up. Weight gain was found in abstainers compared to those still smoking. No increase in food addiction was detected.Conclusion: The development of food addiction does not play a prominent role in post quit weight gain. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying weight gain mechanisms.
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Ganhao, I., M. Trigo, and A. Paixao. "Co-use of tobacco and cannabis: Complicated partnerships." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1534.
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IntroductionTreating addiction is more challenging when there are co-addictions. Tobacco smoking is commonly associated with substance abuse, alcohol use disorders, excessive caffeine intake and pathological gambling among other addictions. Smoking reduction and cessation programmes´ objectives benefit from interventions targeting co-addictions.ObjectivesDifficulties arising from smoking reduction and cessation in the context of co-use of cannabis prompt literature review and reflection of a smoking cessation programme team.MethodsPubmed and Google Scholar literature search using terms smoking cessation / tobacco cessation and cannabis.ResultsCo-use of tobacco and cannabis is: 1) very common, 2) associated with greater prevalence of morbidity and social problems, 3) associated with greater dependence of the other substances, 4) negatively influences quit outcomes of either, 5) increases the risk of relapse. Co-users are more likely to perceive the harmful effects of tobacco, have greater motivation and are more likely to quit tobacco than cannabis, which may be perceived as low risk. Treatment of either tobacco smoking or cannabis use may lead to compensatory increase in use of the other substance. There is a significant lack of literature on co-use treatment strategies.ConclusionsCo-use of tobacco and cannabis makes cessation and relapse prevention of either addiction more difficult and should be taken into account in smoking reduction and cessation programmes and in cannabis treatment interventions. Treatment targetting both tobacco and cannabis use, either simultaneously or sequentially, is likely more successful than interventions targeting only either one. Much remais to be studied on how to treat co-use of tobacco and cannabis.
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Klinke, Marianne E., and Helga Jónsdóttir. "Smoking addiction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Chronic Respiratory Disease 11, no. 4 (August 22, 2014): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972314546764.
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The aim of this review is to extend professional understanding of the various mechanisms that make smoking cessation difficult for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking in people with COPD is a major challenge for health care today. In spite of significant advances in knowledge about the processes of nicotine addiction, current interventions to support smoking cessation in patients with COPD are less successful than hoped for. A wealth of literature has confirmed that nicotine addiction is a powerful force and that smoking is not simply an unhealthy lifestyle or destructive behavior. However, research based on this realization is still in its infancy. To increase understanding and to develop ways of enhancing smoking cessation in patients with COPD, we review and synthesize knowledge found in neurobiology and phenomenology. We use neurobiology to explain the neurochemical changes that take place in addiction in order to substantiate phenomenological perspectives of smoking in patients with COPD. We relate the smoking experience to the concept of “affordances”—in this context “smoking affordances”—to analyze how smoking affects action possibilities in individuals with COPD. Combining these perspectives helps to illuminate the manifold and unique issues related to smoking addiction in patients with COPD.
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Miller, Norman S., and James A. Cocores. "Nicotine Dependence: Diagnosis, Chemistry, and Pharmacologic Treatments." Pediatrics In Review 14, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.14.7.275.
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Columbus brought tobacco to the Old World, and in the following centuries, tobacco smoking spread throughout the world, despite vigorous opposition. The tobacco plant was named Nicotiana tabacum after Jean Nicot, who promoted his belief that the plant had medicinal value. Nicotine, the basic addicting drug contained in cigarettes, may be the deadliest drug known to humans in terms of overall morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality from nicotine addiction is greater than that from World Wars I and II, the Vietnam War, AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and heroin and cocaine addiction combined. Tobacco use is linked to more than 390 000 deaths per year in the United States alone. The powerful lobbying forces of the tobacco industry have managed to keep supplies of nicotine available to the public despite efforts from medical and legal bodies to reduce advertising and educate the public about the adverse consequences of nicotine use. The addictive potential of cigarettes and the extent to which nicotine is the active ingredient in generating and sustaining addiction has been debated. The reasons for the resistance to considering whether nicotine is addictive have origins in attitudes toward addiction. Free will and personal choice have prevailed as explanations for why a 20-cigarette per day smoker will receive more then 70 000 boluses of nicotine per year despite the high rate of morbidity and mortality associated with this drug.
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Odraskova, Barbora, Michal Kozubík, and Lukas Odraska. "YOUNGSTER’S ATTITUDES TO SCHOOL-BASED PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOCUSED ON DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION." CBU International Conference Proceedings 4 (September 22, 2016): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v4.774.
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paper focuses on primary prevention of drug addiction, in particular the primary prevention programs implemented in school environments. It contains the results of a quantitative research conducted using a non-standardized questionnaire method. The study objective was to identify differences in attitudes of a group of pupils towards the issue of drug addiction before and after they completed the school-based prevention program. The study found that after completing the school-based prevention program there was improvement in attitudes towards the issue of drug addiction in the specific group of pupils. The number of appropriate answers to the question “Alcohol makes people happy” increased by 18.82 %. respondents (62.70%) disagreed that they would adapt themselves if their opinion differed to the majority. The number of positive answers to the question “Smoking is addictive” increased by 13.66%; the number of positive answers to the question “Drinking alcohol is harmful” increased by 24.93%; and all respondents agreed with the statement that smoking threatens health.
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Streck, Joanna M., Danielle R. Davis, Raina D. Pang, Stacey C. Sigmon, Janice Y. Bunn, Cecilia L. Bergeria, Jennifer W. Tidey, et al. "Potential Moderating Effects of Sex/Gender on the Acute Relative Reinforcing and Subjective Effects of Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 878–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz098.
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Abstract Introduction Reports in relatively healthy smokers suggest men are more sensitive than women to the subjective effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCCs). We know of no reports examining sex differences in the relative reinforcing effects of RNCCs, an important outcome in assessing smoking’s addiction potential. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining sex/gender differences on reinforcing effects while examining whether sex differences in subjective effects are discernible in vulnerable populations. Methods Secondary analysis of a within-subject, double-blinded experiment examining acute effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g) among 169 adult smokers with psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage. Effects of dose, sex, and their interaction were examined on reinforcing (concurrent-choice and Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] testing), and subjective effects (Cigarette Evaluation Questionnaire [CEQ] and craving/withdrawal ratings). Results Reducing nicotine content decreased the relative reinforcing effects of smoking in concurrent-choice and CPT testing (p’s < .05) with no significant effects of sex nor dose × sex/gender interactions. Reducing nicotine content decreased CEQ ratings with only a single significant effect of sex (higher Psychological Reward scores among women than men, p = .02) and no significant dose × sex/gender interactions. Results on craving/withdrawal paralleled those on the CEQ. Conclusions Reducing nicotine content decreases the addiction potential of smoking independent of sex in populations highly vulnerable to smoking and addiction, with no indication that women are less sensitive to subjective effects of RNCCs or would benefit less from a policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes. Implications A policy reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes has the potential to reduce the addiction potential of smoking across men and women who are especially vulnerable to smoking, addiction, and tobacco-related adverse health impacts.
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Jarraya, Béchir, Pierre Brugières, Naoki Tani, Jérôme Hodel, Bénédicte Grandjacques, Gilles Fénelon, Philippe Decq, and Stéphane Palfi. "Disruption of cigarette smoking addiction after posterior cingulate damage." Journal of Neurosurgery 113, no. 6 (December 2010): 1219–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.6.jns10346.
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The authors describe the case of a 35-year-old woman with a history of an addiction to cigarette smoking who presented with an intracerebral hemorrhage from a ruptured arteriovenous malformation. The patient reported an immediate and complete disruption of her addiction to cigarette smoking following her stroke. Structural MR imaging revealed a lesion of the posterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychological tests showed intact cognitive functioning. This observation suggests that the posterior cingulate cortex may play a role in the addiction to cigarette smoking.
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Anonymous. "Blacks Versus Whites: Addiction to Smoking." Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 30, no. 10 (October 1992): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0279-3695-19921001-12.
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DiSilvio, Briana, Mohammad Baqdunes, Ahmad Alhajhusain, and Tariq Cheema. "Smoking Addiction and Strategies for Cessation." Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 44, no. 1 (January 2021): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnq.0000000000000338.
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Wang, C. "Exploring children's conceptions of smoking addiction." Health Education Research 19, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/cyg087.
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Schultz, Nora. "Smoking gene protects against cocaine addiction." New Scientist 198, no. 2661 (June 2008): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(08)61522-5.
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The Lancet. "Nicotine addiction, reduction, and smoking cessation." Lancet 390, no. 10096 (August 2017): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32240-7.
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Luty, Jason. "Nicotine addiction and smoking cessation treatments." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 8, no. 1 (January 2002): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.8.1.42.
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It is estimated that 29% of adults in the UK smoke (Office for National Statistics, 2000). Each year smoking kills 120 000 people (13 deaths per hour), making it the single most common preventable cause of death in Britain (Callum, 1998). Around half of all smokers will die prematurely because of their addiction (Peto et al, 1994). Their overall life expectancy is, on average, 8 years less than for non-smokers (Callum, 1998). Smoking also costs the National Health Service (NHS) £1500 million, with around 1000 admissions every day for smoking-related illnesses (Parrott et al, 1998). (However, the UK treasury earns £8 billion in tax on tobacco sold in the UK alone, in addition to the enormous revenue from overseas markets.)
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Marpaung, Daniel Andre, and Murni Marbun. "Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Penentuan Tingkat Kecanduan Masyarakat Terhadap Rokok dengan Metode Fuzzy Mamdani." Jurnal Nasional Komputasi dan Teknologi Informasi (JNKTI) 4, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32672/jnkti.v4i1.2748.
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A person's addiction to smoking can be seen from the characteristics of the cigarette addict, including: difficulty controlling the desire to smoke, high appetite, frequent coughing, sleep disturbances, and difficulty concentrating. A person's addiction to cigarettes can have a bad impact on the health of that person. The research used the Fuzzy Mamdani method. The system was built using the Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) programming language. The database management system uses My Structured Query Language (MYSQL). The criteria for the level of community addiction to cigarettes are cost, smoking frequency, and the environment. This study aims to design a Decision Support System for determining the level of community addiction to smoking and applying the Fuzzy Mamdani method for determining the level of community addiction to cigarettes. So it can be concluded that the person's level of addiction is at number 13 or categorized as CANDU.
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Esbensen, B. A., I. K. Roelsgaard, S. K. Larsen, and T. Thomsen. "AB1326-HPR TOBACCO ADDICTION IN PEOPLE WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS – FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PATIENTS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1952.2–1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.965.
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Background:Smoking is one of the most significant modifiable exosomes risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (1). Studies suggest that 25-30% of people with RA in Denmark smoke (2). This is almost twice as many as in the background population in Denmark. People with RA have a significant increased risk of severe comorbidity including cardiovascular disease. In addition, there are indications that smokers with RA have a poorer effect of the medical inflammatory treatment compared to non-smokers, and consequently more difficult to achieve remission of the disease activity (3). Tobacco addiction is complex and can be a challenge in smoking cessation. In addition to physiological dependence, habits and social and environmental factors may influence addiction. Tobacco smoking is associated with an addiction to nicotine and it is unexplored how this addiction appears in people with RA.Objectives:The aim of this study was to examine from the patient’s perspective how tobacco addiction appears in people with rheumatoid arthritis.Methods:We conducted a qualitative study based on a hermeneutics approach. People with RA who previously had participated in a randomized controlled study (4) about smoking cessation conducted at the Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases at Rigshospitalet, Denmark were recruited for semi-structured interviews.Results:In total, 12 people with RA (50% female) were included in the study. The median age was 62 years and median RA disease duration was 12 years. The degree of physical dependence measured by Fagerströms Test for Nicotine dependence (FTND) was on average: 4.9 (score: 0-10, 0=nonphysical dependence).Three categories of how tobacco addiction appeared emerged during the analysis: 1)It develops into ingrown habitsreferring to the fact that smoking already in adolescence contributes to the development of specific physical, mental and social smoking behavior. Not all individuals considered themselves addicted to nicotine as they did not necessarily connect the nicotine to the ingrown habits. 2)The body craves for nicotinereferring to nicotine proved calming, while a lacking or insufficient dose caused withdrawal symptoms. Furthermore, smoking became a habit where a craving for smoking occurred in certain situations. 3)Ambivalence – for and againstreferring to the physical dependence and smoking habits making a smoking cessation difficult. Dependency to nicotine and challenges to quit smoking led to a feeling of ambivalence and a lack of control.Conclusion:Tobacco addiction appeared as a physical dependence and a habit, which, during a smoking cessation, led to ambivalent feelings. Therefore, based on this study, there is still a need for health professionals to talk to patients about smoking. But also, a need to articulate the complexity of addiction in order to support for smoking cessations. Information should be strengthened in the clinical practice in relation to nicotine’s implication in tobacco addiction as well as the consequences of tobacco smoking for individuals with RA.References:[1]Scott DL, Wolfe F, Huizinga TW. Lancet. 2010 ###[2]Loppenthin K, Esbensen BA, Jennum P, Ostergaard M, Tolver A, Thomsen T, et al. Clin Rheumatol. 2015. ###[3]Roelsgaard IK, Ikdahl E, Rollefstad S, Wibetoe G, Esbensen BA, Kitas GD, et al. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019. ###[4]Roelsgaard IK, Thomsen T, Ostergaard M, Christensen R, Hetland ML, Jacobsen S, et al. Trials. 2017;18(1):570.###Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Coleman, T. "Smoking cessation: integrating recent advances into clinical practice." Thorax 56, no. 7 (July 1, 2001): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.56.7.579.
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Smoking remains a prevalent habit with serious consequences for public health. There are now effective treatments for nicotine addiction and, in the UK, specialist services for the treatment of smoking cessation are becoming available in all areas. This paper reviews the role of treatments for nicotine addiction in the management of smoking cessation. Recommendations are made for the judicious use of these therapies and also for the rational use of the new UK smoking cessation services.
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Gonzalez-Rozada, Martin, and Giselle Montamat. "How Raising Tobacco Prices Affects the Decision to Start and Quit Smoking: Evidence from Argentina." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 3622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193622.
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We used a two-part model for the estimation of the price elasticity of participation and consumption of cigarettes by the duration of the smoking habit and a continuous-time split-population model for the estimation of prevalence and duration of smoking onset and smoking addiction, allowing for covariates in the participation component of the model. Results: We computed the total price elasticity of consumption of cigarettes by quartiles of addiction and found that for the people located in the lowest quartile of addiction the total price elasticity is around −0.51; while for those located in the highest quartile of addiction this figure is only −0.19. Then, a 10% increase in cigarette prices, via taxes, reduces the consumption of those in the early stages of the addiction by 5% and for those with a longer history of addiction by only 1.9%. Estimating the continuous-time split-population model we found that, at the mean starting age of 15 years, an increase of 10% in real cigarette prices is expected to delay smoking onset by almost two and a half years. On the other hand, the same policy is less effective to reduce the duration of the habit because there is no meaningful relationship between the duration of the smoking habit and the real price of cigarettes.The policy of raising cigarette excise taxes, to increment prices, seems to be more effective to delay smoking onset. On the other hand, the same policy is less effective to reduce the duration of the habit. A policy recommendation that emerges from this evidence is that for people with a developed addiction a combination of increasing taxes and other public health policies, like cessation therapies, could prove more effective.
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McAllister, Pamela O., and John B. Davies. "Attributional Shifts in Smokers as a Consequence of Clinical Classification." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 1 (January 1992): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200109.
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Twenty female smokers were interviewed on two occasions. At the first interview their consumption was estimated using a retrospective diary technique, and they were asked to rate a number of attributions in terms of their applicability for their present smoking. On the basis of their consumption they were then divided into two groups, a “heavy” smoking group and a “light” smoking group. Their consumption classification was made clear to subjects prior to, and during the second interview, which took place five to seven weeks later. At the second interview subjects were asked to rate the same explanations for their smoking, as well as to respond to other items. While there were no significant differences in the attributional ratings of the two groups at the first interview, there were significant differences in the “heavy” and “light” groups' ratings of the “addiction” attribution in the second interview, during which they were aware of their classification. These differences were significant in terms of both the subjects' ratings of the “addiction” attribution, and in the derived dimensional scores obtained from all the attributional items. The finding that being aware of consumption classification can affect attributions for addictive behavior may have clinical implications.
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Pallardo-Fernández, Iñigo, Victoria Iglesias, Carmen Rodríguez-Rivera, Carmen González-Martín, and Luis F. Alguacil. "Salivary clusterin as a biomarker of tobacco consumption in nicotine addicts undergoing smoking cessation therapy." Journal of Smoking Cessation 15, no. 3 (April 14, 2020): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jsc.2020.15.
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AbstractIntroductionRecent studies have led to suggest that the multifunctional protein clusterin could be envisaged as a potential diagnostic biomarker of addictive behaviours. However, this hypothesis has not been yet tested in nicotine addicts.AimsWe have studied possible associations between clusterin levels in saliva from smokers under cessation treatment and variables related to tobacco consumption, dependence and addiction.MethodsEighty-one patients were included in an ambulatory smoking cessation programme that involved the use of pharmacological and behavioural therapy. The participants underwent psychological assessment of addiction and dependence (DAST-20, ASSIST, Fagerström tests) and provided saliva samples at the onset of the intervention and 6 months after smoking discontinuation to study the evolution of clusterin levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsClusterin concentration did not correlate with nicotine addiction/dependence scores but was significantly elevated in smokers with prolonged tobacco use and high intensity of tobacco consumption. Moreover, the levels of the protein significantly decreased 6 months after smoking cessation.ConclusionsThe results obtained provide strong evidence of a close association between tobacco use and salivary clusterin, a protein that emerges as a biomarker of tobacco toxicity with potential interest to monitor the beneficial effects of smoking cessation.
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Kumar, Ashok, Amita Sharma, Babita Ahlawat, and Sonam Sharma. "Site Specific Effect of Tobacco Addiction in Upper Aerodigestive Tract Tumors: A Retrospective Clinicopathological Study." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/460194.
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An institutional study was carried out in 102 patients to investigate the site specific effect of addictions, that is, tobacco smoking and tobacco chewing (smokeless), both independently and synergistically in development of malignancies in upper aerodigestive tract through retrograde questionnaire. The histopathologically proven cases were interviewed regarding different forms of addictions followed by clinical examination and investigations for grading (according to Modified Broadmann’s method) and TNM staging (according to UICC) according to the tumor site. Statistical analysis was done by Pearson test. Out of all proven cases of cancers, 29.4% were only tobacco chewers (smokeless), 25.5% were only smokers, 42.2% were having both types of tobacco addictions (smoke and smokeless), and only 2.9% were having no addiction. Out of only tobacco chewers (smokeless), 83.3% were of oral cavity cancers, 6.7% were of oro- and hypopharynx and the rest were of others. Among only smokers, 69.2% cases were of laryngeal and oro- and hypopharynx as compared to 11.5% of oral cavity cancers (nearly 6 times). Tobacco (smokeless) chewing is associated with oral cancers whereas tobacco smoking is associated with laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Both smoking and smokeless tobacco act in synergy with each other.
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Dhillon, Amraj, Tim Doran, and Vishal Aggarwal. "Perceptions of Waterpipe Smoking among Young Adults: A Phenomenological Study." Dentistry Journal 8, no. 4 (December 10, 2020): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj8040134.
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Background: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is becoming increasingly popular in the West among young people. Given the associated health risks of this behaviour, we aimed to investigate why young adults take up waterpipe tobacco smoking and their attitudes to the associated risks. Methods: This was a qualitative study, with a phenomenological perspective. Focus groups and face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted among waterpipe smokers aged 20–30 years living in London, UK. Transcripts were analysed using constant comparison and cycling between the data and analysis. Data collection continued until thematic saturation was achieved. Results: Sixteen smokers attended focus groups and face-to-face interviews. Seven main themes emerged encompassing four main dimensions relating to: lack of knowledge, perceived risk, affordability, and social addiction. Waterpipe was perceived to be safer than cigarette smoking due to the pleasant odour, fruity flavours, and belief that water filtered the toxins. The waterpipe had become a “social addiction” enhancing group atmosphere, was cheap and did not have the dangers of violence or hallucinations associated with other addictions like alcohol and drugs. Because of their intermittent smoking patterns and the lack of statutory warnings, none felt they were not at risk of any adverse side effects. Conclusions: Waterpipe smoking is a growing public health problem; the social environment associated with its use is perceived to be a positive outlet by smokers who do not consider it harmful to their health. These perceptions need to be addressed urgently by anti-smoking policies.
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Marron, Donncha. "Stop Smoking the Easyway: Addiction, Self-Help, and Tobacco Cessation." Contemporary Drug Problems 46, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091450919843344.
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This article examines Easyway, a popular clinical and self-help method for the treatment of smoking addiction established by the late Allen Carr in 1984. It begins by addressing how smoking has come to be constituted as a neuropharmacological addiction and some of the issues and concerns raised against this in the social sciences. After situating its theoretical and empirical focus, the article then proceeds with an interpretative thematic analysis of a selection of Easyway self-help texts. The aims here are as follows: firstly, to show how Easyway, as a discourse, constitutes the problem of nicotine addiction in novel and distinctive ways; secondly, to elaborate how the Easyway texts seek to govern readers—paradoxically, through their free capacity for reflection, introspection, and action—to overcome their situated addiction to smoking; and thirdly, to identify and locate the significance of the author’s implicit claims to charisma in underpinning his authority to know and treat nicotine addiction.
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Shende, Vaishali Waghmare, Shruti Kaushik, and Indu Nagpal. "Oromucosal lesions in women smokers: an Indian perspective." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 2619. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211800.
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Women smoking is looked down upon by Indian society. However, a young woman smoking is not a rare sight on college campuses in metro cities. Substantial body of literature indicates that nicotine is the major component which leads to addiction. The habit which starts to look cool and fashionable in no time becomes an addiction. Indian society, which doesn’t acknowledge that women are indulging in smoking, makes the whole fight about tobacco addiction a turbulent journey. As society doesn’t accept that women smoke, there is no need to create awareness about its gendered impact. The study was undertaken by evaluating the oromucosal conditions and haemoglobin levels of 100 women smokers. Smokers’ palate, smoking associated pigmentation on lips and calculus deposits were observed in most of the participants. The participants were not aware about the hormonal issues and detrimental side effects of smoking to their health.
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Scherer, E. A., Z. A. P. Scherer, A. M. S. Durão, and H. A. Azevedo. "Patients’ opinion on the smoking habit at a psychiatric hospitalization unit of a general hospital." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71814-4.
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IntroductionMental patients constitute a vulnerable group for the smoking habit, with higher prevalence and addiction levels than in the general population. Free time at psychiatric institutions can contribute for hospitalized patients to smoke. Difficulties to control smoking during hospitalization include non-integration of anti-smoking strategies into service routines, disbelief in addiction treatments and the view of smoking as an instrument that appeases and facilitates social interaction.ObjectiveGet to know patients’ opinion on tobacco use during hospitalization and the smokers’ addiction level.AimsGet to know the circumstance of the smoking habit during psychiatric hospitalization.MethodExploratory-descriptive quantitative and qualitative study, carried out at the Psychiatric Ward at Ribeirão Preto Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. A semistructured interview was applied to all subjects and the Fagerström questionnaire to the smokers.ResultsOut of 25 patients, 44% suffered from mood disorder and 28% from schizophrenia; 52% had been ill for ten years or more; 64% had been hospitalized between one and five times; 24% were smokers; 83.3% with a high addiction level. Most non-smokers agreed with a smoking prohibition in collective rooms, without privileges for mentally ill patients. The smokers were opposed to anti-smoking policies, but favorable to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during hospitalization.ConclusionThese findings can support future research and permit suggestions on studies to assess the NRT used at this or other services, as well as the possibility for patients to give up smoking.
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Ghaffarinejad, A., and M. Ghasemi. "Addiction obsession." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72673-6.
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Obsessions include intrusive thoughts, phobias, images and impulses. In this presentation we are going to present an obsessive patient who was obsessed regarding using addictive substances.Represented case is a 27 year's old married man with no previous history of cigarette and any substance abuse or dependence. He referred to our OPD clinic in Kerman psychiatric hospital / Iran. He had recurrent and intrusive thoughts which made him anxious and reported social function problems due to his thoughts. His obsessive thoughts began when he was eighteen at that time he continuously obsessed about smoking cigarette, but when was offered one by one of his friends, he scared and destroyed it. A few years later he had recurrent obsessive thoughts a bout using and marijuana and opium and the pleasure which could be occurred then after. Since a year before his referral he had the same thought about heroin. Other than this obsessive thought, he believed in magic and referred to faith healers several times. He also thought, he should sell his properties and spend the income for buying opium and heroin. This thought decreased obviously after taking 200 mg fluvoxamine during four weeks. He never used any substance even for one time. He was not smoking at all. We concluded that addiction obsession could bea separate type of obsession. It could be a variant of obsessive impulses. Availability of substances may play a role in forming his symptom.
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Akbas Gunes, Nurcan, and Sebahat Gucuk. "The Effect of Health Literacy Levels on Successful of Smoking Cessation Therapy: A Survey Study." Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33880/ejfm.2021100306.
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Aim: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the effect of the health literacy levels of patients given smoking cessation treatment on the success of smoking cessation treatment. Methods: In this study, 152 participants between the ages of 18-70 applied to a tertiary hospital smoking cessation outpatient clinic. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence was used to determine the level of cigarette addiction of the participants, and the European Health Literacy Scale was used to evaluate the levels of health literacy. Results: When the health literacy levels of the participants with cigarette addiction were evaluated, 38 (25%) were inadequate, 64 (42.1%) were problematic. When the participants' smoking cessation status and general health literacy levels were compared, it was found to be statistically significant. It was determined that as the health literacy level increased, the success rates of individuals increased in smoking cessation therapy. Conclusions: We have shown that increasing the level of health literacy is effective in increasing the success of smoking cessation treatment. Increasing health literacy should be part of the fight against smoking. This effect should be demonstrated by future studies on large populations. Keywords: smoking cessation, health literacy, addiction
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Sosin, I., Y. Chuev, G. Misko, and O. Goncharova. "Clinical diagnostic criteria of modern spice addiction." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1776.
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IntroductionPopulations of spice addicts in Ukraine demonstrate distinct tendency for steady spreading, and transitory psychotic episodes, overdosing and fatal cases are being registered in consequence of smoking. “Spice” are synthetic analogues of tetrahydrocannabinol.Aims and objectivesTo develop an average personified clinical portrait of spice addict for more specified therapy.MethodTwelve patients who consumed spices systematically for 1–2 years were observed. Methods of examination: clinical psychopathological, psychological testing, clinical laboratory.ResultsMain spice addiction diagnostic criteria were: Spice smoking, obsessive and uncontrolled anosognosic desire and craving to test on themselves effects of their action, pathognomonic tolerance increase, specific post-intoxication consequences. After the first smoke inspiration heavy intoxication with euphoria and loss of surrounding real perception, sexual disinhibition and craving to repeat smoking manifested after the first smoke inspiration. Then, spice smoking became subjectively pleasant, caused condition of intoxication with increased mood, fussiness, was accompanied with feeling of hunger, thirst, and hoarse voice. In the patients rather quickly (for 2–3 weeks) twice reduced duration of intoxication state from 40 to 20 minutes, loss of situation and quantitative control over smoking was observed. Clinical specifics of addiction for spices smoking is rather quick (from 5 to 10 trials) formation of psychic equivalent of addiction, extremely intensive and emotionally saturated craving for smoking, quick rise of tolerance with loss of situational and quantitative control over smoking.ConclusionsDefinite rules in the development and formation of spice dependence is necessary to be considered while developing programs for therapy and prevention in clinical narcology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Davis, Danielle R., Maria A. Parker, Andrea C. Villanti, Joanna M. Streck, Jeff S. Priest, Jennifer W. Tidey, Diann E. Gaalema, Stacey C. Sigmon, Sarah H. Heil, and Stephen T. Higgins. "Examining Age as a Potential Moderator of Response to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Vulnerable Populations." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, Supplement_1 (December 2019): S49—S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz134.
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Abstract Introduction Young adults (aged 18–24 years) have a higher smoking prevalence than younger and older age groups and young adulthood is an important developmental period during which long-term behavior patterns like cigarette smoking are established. The aim of the current study was to examine how young adult smokers with additional vulnerabilities to smoking respond to reduced nicotine content cigarettes. Methods This is a secondary analysis of a double-blind, within-subject experiment conducted with 169 cigarette smokers recruited from populations with comorbid psychiatric conditions or socioeconomic disadvantage assessing acute effects of research cigarettes varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g). Participants were dichotomized by chronological age (18–24 vs. ≥25 years). Across 14 laboratory sessions effects of nicotine content were examined on measures of relative reinforcing efficacy (Cigarette Purchase Task [CPT] and Concurrent Choice testing), subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, and smoking topography. Repeated measures analysis of variances were used to examine potential moderating effects of age. Results Young adults exhibited lower demand for reduced nicotine content cigarettes than older adults across three of five CPT indices (ps < .05). No differences by age were observed on other measures of reinforcing efficacy, subjective effects, craving/withdrawal, or smoking topography where effects generally decreased as an orderly function of decreasing nicotine content (ps <.05). Conclusion Overall, these findings suggest that reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes would decrease the addiction potential of cigarette smoking in young adult smokers as much or perhaps more than older adult smokers from populations at increased vulnerability to smoking, addiction, and smoking-related health consequences. Implications Reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes to lower addiction potential of smoking has been proposed as a means to improve overall population health. It is imperative to examine how young adults may respond to a nicotine reduction policy. We saw minimal evidence that age moderates acute response and where there was evidence it was in the direction of reduced nicotine content cigarettes having less addictive potential among young versus older adults (eg, steeper decreases in demand for very low nicotine content cigarettes among young versus older adults). Overall, a nicotine reduction policy has the potential to reduce smoking across age groups.