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1
Scheitrum, Raquel. "Smoking passive addiction or active coping? /." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1999. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1999.Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2778. Typescript. Abstract included as two unpaged leaves at back of volume. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-35).
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WANG, Calvin, and c. wang@ecu edu au. "EXPLORING YOUNG PEOPLE'S CONCEPTS OF SMOKING ADDICTION: PERCEIVED OPPORTUNITIES TO TRY SMOKING WITHOUT BECOMING ADDICTED." Edith Cowan University. Business And Law: School Of, 2006. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0033.html.
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This study explores how young people conceptualise addiction to smoking and, also the relationship between young people's addiction beliefs and intentions to smoke cigarettes. Addiction to smoking is a major health problem, not just for adults, but also for young smokers, up to 60% of whom are dependent on nicotine. However, anti-smoking prevention efforts targeted at young people generally emphasise ill-health effects and little attention is paid to addiction education which is generally considered relevant only to adult smoking and cessation efforts. Perhaps as a consequence, young people appear to have many misconceptions and unrealistic ideas about addiction, and these may possibly have influenced initial decisions to take up smoking. For example, between 50% and 60% of young smokers believe that it would be easy or very easy to stop smoking altogether if and when they choose to and the majority of daily smokers mistakenly believe that they will not be smoking for more than five years. For these young smokers, becoming addicted is often an unforeseen consequence and most are surprised to find that they cannot give up smoking as easily as they thought. The majority of addicted smokers regret ever taking up smoking but nevertheless continue to smoke cigarettes for perhaps 30 to 40 years because they find it very difficult to stop. This backdrop provides the impetus for the present study.
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Cunningham, L. Joseph. "A stop smoking guide for the self-help quitting process." Virtual Press, 1994. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/917044.
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The vast majority of smokers who manage to quit do so without the assistance of a facilitated cessation program. Since the majority of focused anti-smoking efforts are directed at facilitated programs, there is an apparent gap in service of the population at risk. Also, the sharp decline in smoking prevalence indicates a changing demographic dynamic. It is probable that those persons still smoking comprise a different population type than did smokers of a decade ago. A reexamination of major strategies for self-quitting is strongly indicated.The purpose of this thesis was to apply what was known about addictive behavior to a self-guided quitting process. Major variables guiding this effort were learning theory, theory of self-change, empirically demonstrated methods of cessation, and psychosocial effects on lifestyle change.The knowledge gained during the process was incorporated into a menu approach that emphasized personal responsibility for the quitting process and allows for choices that serve to tailor the program to the individual's needs. The end result was a quitters' guide, desktop published and prepared in a small quantity for pilot purposes. This guide was evaluated by persons with particular expertise in addictive behavior, especially smoking cessation. An ammended product was then presented to smokers and/or former smokers for further feedback. A journal of the process that detailed both difficulties and successes was also included.Fisher Institute for Wellness
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Wang, Calvin. "Exploring young people's concepts of smoking addiction: Perceived opportunities to try smoking without becoming addicted." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/102.
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This study explores how young people conceptualise addiction to smoking and, also the relationship between young people's addiction beliefs and intentions to smoke cigarettes. Addiction to smoking is a major health problem, not just for adults, but also for young smokers, up to 60% of whom are dependent on nicotine. However, anti-smoking prevention efforts targeted at young people generally emphasise ill-health effects and little attention is paid to addiction education which is generally considered relevant only to adult smoking and cessation efforts. Perhaps as a consequence, young people appear to have many misconceptions and unrealistic ideas about addiction, and these may possibly have influenced initial decisions to take up smoking. For example, between 50% and 60% of young smokers believe that it would be easy or very easy to stop smoking altogether if and when they choose to and the majority of daily smokers mistakenly believe that they will not be smoking for more than five years. For these young smokers, becoming addicted is often an unforeseen consequence and most are surprised to find that they cannot give up smoking as easily as they thought. The majority of addicted smokers regret ever taking up smoking but nevertheless continue to smoke cigarettes for perhaps 30 to 40 years because they find it very difficult to stop. This backdrop provides the impetus for the present study.
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Taber, Iris. "Reasons for attrition from a smoking cessation program." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4571/.
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The present study examined various psychosocial variables that may influence success in a stop smoking program (QuitSmart) used by the North Texas Veterans Health Care Service (NTVHCS). The QuitSmart program utilizes the Stages of Change Model, with its focus on the last three stages (preparation, action, and maintenance). It was proposed that factors including shame-proneness, guilt, anger/hostility, depression, self-efficacy - both global and smoking situational, neuroticism, and level of nicotine dependence might individually or in combination predict attrition from the NTVHCS smoking cessation program. Results indicate that shame-proneness, guilt, anger/hostility, and depression did not individually predict attrition. Persons with high levels of smoking situational self-efficacy tend to utilize self-change strategies leading to greater success in smoking cessation. Participants with a psychological diagnosis, when combined with neuroticism and shame-proneness, appear to have more difficulty with cessation than those with only a medical diagnosis. Clinical implications and suggestions for change to the NTVHCS smoking cessation program are discussed.
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Baig, Fauzia Ashraf. "A Comparison of Addiction and Efficacy Oriented Messages for Smoking Cessation." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/720.
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Background: Tobacco use remains a major public health issue. Population-level efforts to curb tobacco use include media to promote smoking cessation. However, these campaigns (including tobacco package warning labels) commonly emphasize the addictiveness of nicotine and the difficulty of quitting with statements like ?nicotine is as addictive as heroin and cocaine?. Addiction oriented messages may have an iatrogenic effect on cessation by undermining behavioural precursors such as self-efficacy, cessation outcome expectations, behavioural control, and quit-aid efficacy. Objectives: First, to determine the effects of addiction focused messages in comparison to efficacy enhanced messages and control messages on smokers? self-efficacy, cessation outcome expectations, behavioural control, and quit-aid efficacy. Second, to determine if the impact of addiction focused messages differ according to participant nicotine dependency level.
Methods: A sample of adult smokers (n>101) from Kitchener/Waterloo and Owen Sound were randomly assigned into one of three intervention conditions: addiction focused (M1), efficacy enhanced (M2), and control (M3). Outcome measures were collected at baseline, post intervention and 30-day follow-up and included: self-efficacy, outcome expectations, behavioural control, quit-aid efficacy, and outcome expectancies. The 30-day follow-up also included measures of smoking consumption, quit attempts and use of a quit-aid.
Results: Majority of the participants were males and between 18-25 years of age. Mean number of cigarettes smoked ranged from 12 to 15 across groups whereas the mean number of years smoked ranged from 12 to 17. General linear analyses revealed no significant effect of message type or nicotine dependence (as measured by the Fagerstrome Test for Nicotine Dependence) on the outcome variables of interest. However, when perceived addiction was substituted as the measure of nicotine dependence, the analysis revealed a main effect for nicotine dependence on self-efficacy post intervention and on cessation outcome expectations at follow-up. An interaction effect was found for outcome expectancy at post intervention.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that acute addiction oriented messages may not negatively impact smokers? self-efficacy, outcomes expectations, behavioural control, quit-aid efficacy, and outcome expectancies. However, this does mean that message orientation should be ignored when constructing smoking cessation messages. In fact, program designers are encouraged to employ messages that limit the use of addiction oriented statements such as ?nicotine is as addictive as heroin and cocaine?. Further research is required to examine the potential cumulative impact of addiction oriented messages on quitting behaviour and its precursors.
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Veeranki, Sreenivas P., Hadii M. Mamudu, James L. Anderson, and Shimin Zheng. "Worldwide Never-Smoking Youth Susceptibility to Smoking." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/51.
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Purpose
To estimate susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth globally and identify factors associated with such behavior.
Methods
Cross-sectional data for 168 countries were obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Frequencies and proportions for descriptive statistics, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for logistic regression models were reported.
Results
Approximately 12.5% of never-smoking youth worldwide were susceptible to smoking worldwide, of which 7.2% were males and 5.3% were females. Compared with youth in the Americas, those in other WHO regions were associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking. Regardless of gender, exposure to parental or peer smoking, secondhand smoke inside or outside home, and tobacco industry promotion was associated with increased smoking susceptibility. In contrast, support for smoke-free policies and school antismoking education was associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking among females. Moreover, exposure to antismoking media messages was associated with increased susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth.
Conclusions
Approximately 1 in 8 never-smoking youth worldwide was found to be susceptible to smoking. A comprehensive approach involving parental and peer education, smoke-free policies, ban on tobacco advertising and promotions, and antismoking education in schools should be developed by policy makers and public health professionals to protect never-smoking youth from being susceptible to smoking and transforming into future regular smokers.
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Bisch, Ochoa Laura. "Rx for change nurses' responses to a smoking cessation intervention /." Diss., St. Louis, Mo. : University of Missouri--St. Louis, 2009. http://etd.umsl.edu/r4221.
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Bernard, Amy Lynn. "A descriptive analysis of selected smoking cessation programs." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774763.
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The purpose of this research was to compare and contrast the components and characteristics of selected widely available smoking cessation programs.To reach this goal, an evaluation form was developed after an extensive review of the literature which addressed the structure, duration, techniques, issues which were discussed, success rates and availability of the programs. This form was tested for content validity by a jury of experts and was used to review each of thirteen selected smoking cessation programs. The reviews were conducted by the author using program materials received from the sponsoring organizations. Any questions which could not be answered with these materials were answered through a telephone interview with a representative of the sponsoring organization.Once the reviews were completed, the information was transferred to table form and to a database so that collective data could be generated. The following conclusions were drawn from the table and the data generated: the existing smoking cessation programs appear to have been developed utilizing suggestions offered in to use similar program techniques, and a great deal of variance exists in terms of success rates and cost.Department of Physiology and Health Science
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Crawford, Caroline. "The effects of smoking cessation on changes in dietary intake." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0002/MQ44152.pdf.
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Watkins, Shelly S. "Opponent process and nicotine addiction : perpetuation of dependence through negative reinforcement processes /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9963666.
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Fletcher, Tifani R., Lana McGrady, Andrea D. Clements, and Beth A. Bailey. "Perceptions of Smoking Cessation Barriers During Pregnancy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7263.
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Introduction: Smoking during pregnancy can lead to many negative health outcomesfor the mother and child. More than 30% of pregnant women in rural Appalachia smoke, which is three times the national average. Prenatal appointments present a unique opportunity for health care professionals to address smoking in this population. However, many cessation efforts during pregnancy address only the physical health impact of smoking rather than the personal circumstances surrounding cigarette use. Therefore, the current project investigated self-reported barriers to pregnancy smoking cessationand whether these differed by smoking cessation status at delivery. Methods: Study participants (N=459) were women from the state-funded Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS) program who were self-reported smokers at the beginning of their pregnancy. Women receiving prenatal care in Northeast Tennessee were recruited for participation. The majority of participants were Caucasian, low income, and received state-assisted medical insurance coverage. Participants completed multiple questionnaires, including an assessment of background characteristics and smoking behaviors/beliefs. Of interest to the current investigation was the following open-ended question, asked at entry into prenatal care: “What do you see as the biggest barriers to your quitting smoking (i.e. what would be most likely to keep you from being able to quit)?” Common themes of responses were developed and coded using an iterative process by three independent reviewers, resulting in ten themes. Finally, medical charts were reviewedfor self-reported smoking status at delivery, and participants were subsequently coded as either continued smokers (N=347) or successful quitters (N=112). Results: The majority of women, regardless of delivery smoking status, responded that stress was their primary barrier to smoking cessation, followed by second-hand smoke. Significant differences were found between continuing smokers and those who were able to quit, with quitters less likely to report stress, Χ2 (1, 459) = 7.32, p = .007, or emotional/mental health Χ2 (1, 459) = 12.90, p < .001), as barriers. Continued smokers also listed significantly more barriers per person than quitters t(238.2) = -2.81, p = .005, while quitters were more likely to report that they had no barriers to smoking cessation. Conclusions and Implications: This study suggests that smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy should specifically address stress management and emotional/mental health, as well as second hand smoke, and underlines the importance of addressing mental health issues early in pregnancy. In sum, understanding women’s perceptions of why they believe they cannot quit smoking during pregnancy may help in the development of more effective smoking cessation interventions.
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Blank, Melissa D. "Comparison of Three Methods for Measuring Smoking Behavior." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10156/1516.
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Lopez, Elena Nicole. "Effects of weight-related cues on smoking motivation." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000540.
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Yerardi, Ruth Schroeder. "Biobehavioral nicotine dependence in persons with schizophrenia." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1172512647.
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Daniels, Karin Elizabeth. "Hookah pipe use : comparing male and female university students' knowledge, risk perceptions and behaviours." University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5109.
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Magister Artium - MAHookah pipe use is widely viewed as a safe alternative to cigarette smoking rather than a potential health-risk. In fact, for young people hookah pipe use may represent an initial stage of later addiction and the transition to cigarette smoking. Furthermore, studies conducted abroad, suggest that the use of the hookah pipe firstly started as a cultural phenomenon, and secondly, as with cigarette smoking, the hookah pipe has become a social phenomenon. Despite these challenges, studies provide sufficient evidence that hookah pipe use is a potential health risk. The primary aim of the study was to compare male and female university students’ knowledge, risk perceptions and behaviours concerning hookah pipe smoking. A quantitative methodological approach, with a cross-sectional design, was used to conduct the research study. A final self-selected sample of 389 participants voluntarily participated in this study. The final sample included 64% females and 36% males with a mean age of 22.2 years; with the mean age for first-time hookah pipe smoking was 15.7 years. The instrument used was a self-administered questionnaire constructed from The College Health Behavior Survey (2010-2011) which was developed at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Descriptive quantitative results were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20) and presented. The results suggest 70% of hookah pipe users daily smoke the hookah pipe with more than 20% smoking on campus. This was similar for males and females. Users perceived the hookah pipe to be less harmful and less addictive than cigarette smoking. Furthermore, smoking the hookah pipe is considered socially acceptable and is also smoked in the family home. Implications for policy are stated.
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Wang, Liang, Hadii M. Mamadu, J. L. Anderson, and Arsham Alamian. "Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Risk of Adolescent Obesity." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1405.
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Fletcher, Tifani R., Andrea D. Clements, Beth A. Bailey, and Lana McGrady. "Stress, Self-Esteem, and Smoking During Pregnancy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7266.
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Heckman, Bryan W. "The Restorative Effects of Smoking upon Self-Control Resources." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3664.
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Based on a model that considers self-control (SC) to be a limited resource, research
suggests that diminished SC resources increase the likelihood of smoking. Yet, no study
has evaluated how smoking affects SC resources. This study used a randomized, 2 x 2
crossed factorial (SC depletion manipulation X smoking manipulation), between-subjects
design to test the hypothesis that smoking restores depleted SC resources. To manipulate
SC depletion, half of the 132 dependent smokers were instructed to suppress their
emotional reaction to a brief video depicting environmental damage (i.e., Depletion),
whereas the other half were instructed to “act natural” (i.e., No Depletion) during
viewing. Half of the participants in each condition then smoked a cigarette, whereas the
other half sat patiently, without smoking (i.e., Smoke vs. No Smoke). All participants
then completed two behavioral measures of SC (Mirror Tracing Performance Task:
MTPT; and breath-holding). As hypothesized, a disordinal interaction occurred between
the Depletion and Smoking manipulations for duration of time spent on the MTPT. That
is, participants in the depletion condition showed less persistence on the MTPT, unless
they were permitted to smoke. There was no evidence for mediation of this effect from
the influence of smoking on affect and/or urge. Thus, smoking appeared to restore
depleted SC resources, independent of its effects on self-reported affect and urge.
Findings suggest that restoration of SC resources may represent another form of negative
reinforcement from smoking that may play a role in nicotine dependence, and could
inform treatment development.
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Lopez, Khoury Elena Nicole. "Effects of a Body Image Manipulation on Smoking Motivation." Scholar Commons, 2007. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/365.
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Smoking is now the leading cause of preventable death and disease in women. Understanding women's motivations to smoke is important in developing effective cessation and relapse prevention programs. Previous descriptive, correlational, and quasi-experimental research has established that weight concerns and negative body image are associated with tobacco smoking, cessation, and relapse, particularly among young women. This study, building upon a previous experimental study (Lopez, Drobes, Thompson, & Brandon, 2008), examined whether activation of negative body image cognitions would produce greater urges to smoke and would affect actual smoking behavior.
A randomized 2 X 2 crossed factorial, between-subjects design (body image manipulation X smoking cue manipulation) was conducted with 133 female college smokers. The body image manipulation involved trying on a one-piece bathing suit or evaluating a purse, and the smoking cue manipulation included the presentation of their pack of cigarettes or a stapler. Participants completed pre-intervention measures assessing smoking history, trait body dissatisfaction, trait self-objectification, and trait affect. State levels of urge to smoke, mood, and body dissatisfaction were assessed after the manipulations.
It was hypothesized that main effects on the measures of smoking motivation (i.e., self-reported urges to smoke and topographical measures of smoking behavior) would be found for the body image manipulation, with trait body dissatisfaction and/or trait self-objectification moderating the body image manipulation and state negative affect serving as a mediator. Results indicated that trying on a bathing suit, which increased body dissatisfaction, did increase reported urges to smoke, particularly those urges related to reducing negative affect. Women assigned to the bathing suit condition also subsequently took a greater number of puffs from their cigarette than those who evaluated the purse. (No main effects were found for the smoking cue manipulation). No moderation effects were found, but the effect on smoking urges by the body image manipulation was mediated by state negative affect.
This study provides additional support, through an experimental design, that situational challenges to body image influence smoking motivation, and that this effect occurs, at least in part, via increases in negative affect. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
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Veeranki, Sreenivas P., Hadii M. Mamudu, James L. Anderson, and Shimin Zheng. "A Scope for Early Tobacco Intervention Effort: Understanding Worldwide Never-Smoking Youth Susceptibility to Smoking." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/84.
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Brock, Alistair James. "Identifying novel genes associated with response to nicotine in a zebrafish model of drug dependence." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2015. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8905.
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Tobacco addiction is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide and places a heavy social and financial burden on society. There exists a substantial genetic variability in smoking behavior, the mechanisms of which are largely unknown. Despite significant advances in sequencing power, progress in the identification of genetic variants affecting smoking behavior based on human genome wide association studies has been slow. Thus this thesis investigates the utility of zebrafish as a model species in which to search for genetic variants affecting nicotine seeking. The work is based on the premise that as zebrafish are vertebrate with conserved neurochemical pathways and circuitry with humans, and the pathways involved in drug mediated reward and addiction are evolutionarily ancient, homologues of genes affecting zebrafish nicotine-seeking behavior will likely affect human smoking behavior. Thus results in zebrafish can be used to direct human genetic studies. The first result chapter addresses the hypothesis that zebrafish show conserved reward responses to common drugs of abuse. A conditioned place preference assay is used to assess zebrafish reward responses to stimulants, opioids, benzodiazepines and alcohol. The results indicate that, with the exception of benzodiazepines, reward responses are conserved, supporting the use of this model in a screen for genetic variants affecting nicotine preference. The second and third results chapters describe the findings of a pilot screen of ENU-mutagenized zebrafish provided by the Sanger Institute, Cambridge. I demonstrate that nicotine preference is heritable in fish as in Abstract 5 humans and identify 3 mutant lines that show increased or decreased nicotine place preference. Genotyping indicated that one of the families showing increased nicotine preference carries a predicted loss of function mutation in the slit3 gene. The involvement of this gene in nicotine preference was confirmed in a separate line. Further characterization of this line using qPCR showed slit3 mutants to have altered developmental expression of key nicotinic and dopaminergic genes. Having identified the slit3 gene as a locus affecting nicotine seeking in fish, I then tested the hypothesis that results in fish could be used to predict loci that affect human smoking behavior. Cohorts of patients were genotyped for 20 SNPs within the slit3 locus. Results of this analysis identified 1 novel SNP in the slit3 gene associated with smoking behavior in a cohort of individuals that were heavy smokers. This result was validated in cohorts of low and normal smoking prevalence. These data demonstrate the utility of behavioral assays in zebrafish to identify genes affecting human behavior and pave the way for the use of zebrafish to inform human studies exploring the genetic basis of drug seeking and behavioral disease.
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Stubbs, Brittney. "PYSCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING AND EFFORTS TO QUIT SMOKING IN PREGNANT WOMEN OF SOUTH-CENTRAL APPALACHIA." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/479.
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A sample of 1,031 pregnant women from five prenatal practices participated in Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS), an expanded 5A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) program. Stress, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and disordered eating were hypothesized to differ among three groups: pregnant women who never smoked, pregnant women who smoked but quit prior to birth, and pregnant women who smoked and did not quit prior to birth. Smokers who quit were lower in stress and higher in self-esteem than those who did not quit. Non-smokers were lowest in stress and depression, and highest in self-esteem. These findings may lead to improved intervention programs and reduction of adverse health effects in children born to mothers who smoke.
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Sherman, Pattie B. "Trauma-Based Priming and Attentional Bias to Smoking Cues: A Stroop Task Study." Scholar Commons, 2007. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3806.
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Past research has highlighted the importance of better understanding the high rate of smoking among individuals exposed to trauma. However, few studies have investigated the cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to the smoking-trauma relationship. The primary goal of the present study was to examine the associative relationship between smoking and trauma at a cognitive level, by examining the extent to which trauma-relevant pictures primed attentional biases to smoking-related words on a modified Stroop task. Eighty trauma-exposed smokers (classified as having low, medium, or high levels of post trauma symptomatology) ink-named smoking-related and neutral words after being primed with trauma-related, positive, or neutral picture cues. Although participants did not display an overall significant difference in reaction time between smoking words and neutral words, we found a significant prime x word type interaction, with slower reaction time to smoking words after being primed by trauma-related pictures. In addition, we found a significant 3-way interaction between symptom severity level, prime category, and target type. Further analyses revealed that the prime x word type interaction was significant only among individuals with the lowest and highest levels of PTSD symptomatology. A secondary aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking-related variables and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms on a dimensional range. We found that participants who were more severely impaired at the time of the study were more likely to report strong cravings to smoke. Overall, findings suggest that smokers who have experienced trauma exhibit an attentional bias to smoking words when primed with trauma-related picture, and that post-trauma symptoms are related to smoking motivation. Implications for treatment are discussed.
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John, Kevin H., Tifani R. Fletcher, Andrea D. Clements, Beth A. Bailey, and Lana McGrady. "Perceptions of Smoking Health Risks During Pregnancy: Comparison of Smokers and Non-Smokers." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7270.
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Smoking during pregnancy is not only harmful to the mother, but the unborn baby as well. In East Tennessee, smoking rates during pregnancy are more than three times the national average. Smoking cessation interventions have been shown to assist in lowering smoking levels during pregnancy. More successful intervention strategies may be developed if pregnant mothers’ beliefs on how smoking harms themselves and their child are examined and addressed. It was hypothesized that there is a significant difference between smoking status (smoker or non-smoker) and perceptions of the amount of harm smoking can cause to the baby, and to themselves. Participants included 577 pregnant women, both smokers and nonsmokers, enrolled in the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers program. Participants met with a case worker during a first trimester interview, and answered several questionnaires. The questionnaires included several items regarding their perceptions of harm from cigarette smoking to their unborn baby and to themselves. For the overall analysis of differences in smoking status, participants who answered that smoking was “somewhat” or “no, not harmful at all” were compared to those that answered “yes, a great deal harmful”. Two Chi-square tests for independence indicated a significant association between smoking status and perception of how smoking harms the baby, χ2 (1, 578) = 65.85, p < .001, and a significant association between smoking status and perception of how smoking harms the participants’ heath χ2 (1, 578) = 26.07, p < .001. Non-smokers were more likely than smokers to answer that smoking is “yes, a great deal harmful” to the baby and to themselves. The results also suggest that participants as a whole, regardless of smoking status, believe that smoking is more harmful to themselves than to their unborn baby. Qualitative analysis revealed the top five categories of responses (most to least frequent) given by participants on how they believed smoking harmed their unborn baby: low birth weight, lung and respiration problems, premature birth, developmental problems, and birth defects. The most frequent responses given by participants on how they believed smoking was personally harmful were: lung and respiration problems, cancer, heart and blood problems, physical appearance concerns, and life expectancy or death. Non-smokers gave proportionally more responses overall than smokers. One interesting observation is that while smokers seemed aware of the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, it was non-smokers who were more likely to state that smoking could cause developmental problems and birth defects. Perhaps cessation interventions would be improved by focusing on women’s perceptions of these possible consequences of smoking during pregnancy to their unborn child. This knowledge is beneficial because analyzing perceptions of harm from smoking could lead to more successful smoking cessation interventions during pregnancy.
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Oxley, Vanessa, and n/a. "The impact of becoming or wanting to become smokefree for Maori." University of Otago. Te Tumu - School of Maori, Pacific and Indigenous Studies, 2004. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070502.151701.
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Since the introduction of tobacco into New Zealand, smoking and smoking related illnesses have become more prevalent in the Maori population than New Zealand's general population. The aim of the present research was to investigate smoking from a Maori perspective. It was hoped this information would provide a better understanding of how Maori can become smokefree. The present research also investigated a number of possible benefits that could be obtained by Maori through becoming smokefree. These benefits were analysed through Mason Durie's Whare Tapa Wha model, a Maori holistic health model. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with four Maori people, two of whom were current smokers and two who were ex-smokers. Common themes emerged from these interviews including the social aspect of smoking for Maori and the influence of the enviroment on smoking behaviour. Suggestions were given to illustrate how the social aspect of smoking and the cycle that subsequently develops can be broken. Using the Whare Tapa Wha model and the personal accounts given, the benefits of breaking such a cycle were discussed. Lastly, the importance of nurturing smokefree environments, especially Maori environments, was outlined. The notion of being positive about becoming smokefree and the need to celebrate giving up smoking were highlighted throughout this research.
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Merchant, Zain Farook. "A study on the depiction of drug usage, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in movies and its perceived effect on a young audience. A comparative study of American and Indian cinema and their respective Audiences." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4826.
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This study analyzes the depiction of drug usage, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in
movies in terms of character stereotyping and typecasting. Because movies are focused on making money they are being used as marketing tools by alcohol and cigarette conglomerates (Grube, 2004). The study also explores youth perception of such content and tries to determine the behavioral implications or influence of such content on young children. The goal of this research is to analyze the social cognitive influence of movies on the youth and the effects of censorship in movies today. The research compares this effect in the two largest movie markets - the American market (Hollywood) and the Indian market (Bollywood) and the effect of these depictions on the youth to see whether this issue warrants a global understanding and awareness. The aim of this study is to understand the nature of the movie markets and the depiction of such content in movies. It analyses the issue solely from the perspective of a youth audience to better understand how the youth today perceive movies and to see if depiction of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and drug usage has a positive or negative effect on the youth audience. A part of the analysis of the study is to also better understand censorship techniques employed for both movie markets to see if they are effective or need to be improved upon. Finally the study asks the question of social responsibility and whether movies and movie stars have a responsibility to maintain higher censorship standards or they are merely depiction art through the medium and should not be held accountable for their depictions on screen.
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Alshibiby, Sara, and Snigdha Chowdhury. "CANNABIS - EN KVALITATIV STUDIE OM HUR ANVÄNDNING AV CANNABIS KAN UPPLEVAS." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25476.
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The purpose of this paper was to examine how people experience the practice of Cannabis in daily life. The study was based on interviews with five individuals who have experience with cannabis use. They do not represent a bigger population only themselves. We chose these particular individuals because all of them began using cannabis at a young age- everyone before they were twenty. But they have been using cannabis because of different reasons. The results of the interviews were analyzed with the thesis of Howard Becker and the new developed thesis of Hallstone about social control. The thesis explains the pattern of becoming a drug addict and what the steps are. The final results of this study contain answers about how much cannabis they have been using, how often, with whom and with what purpose. We compared these answers to the patterns to see if there was any truth to them and then we explained the function the drug has in their lives. For further explaining we used former researches about cannabis use in different areas of life. In the discussion we try to understand what these answers mean, what the thought behind cannabis use is and if these people really have the control over it.
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Zhao, Zongmin. "Factors that Affect the Immunogenicity of Lipid-PLGA Nanoparticle-Based Nanovaccines against Nicotine Addiction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88033.
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Tobacco smoking has consistently been the leading cause of preventable diseases and premature deaths. Currently, pharmacological interventions have only shown limited smoking cessation efficacy and sometimes are associated with severe side effects. As an alternative, nicotine vaccines have emerged as a promising strategy to combating nicotine addiction. However, conventional conjugate nicotine vaccines have shown limited ability to induce a sufficiently strong immune response due to their intrinsic shortfalls.
In this study, a lipid-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle-based next-generation nicotine vaccine has been developed to overcome the drawbacks of conjugate nicotine vaccines. Also, the influence of multiple factors, including nanoparticle size, hapten density, hapten localization, carrier protein, and molecular adjuvants, on its immunogenicity has been investigated. Results indicated that all these studied factors significantly affected the immunological efficacy of the nicotine nanovaccine. First, 100 nm nanovaccine was found to elicit a significantly higher anti-nicotine antibody titer than the 500 nm nanovaccine. Secondly, the high-density nanovaccine exhibited a better immunological efficacy than the low- and medium-density counterparts. Thirdly, the nanovaccine with hapten localized on both carrier protein and nanoparticle surface induced a significantly higher anti-nicotine antibody titer and had a considerably better ability to block nicotine from entering the brain of mice than the nanovaccines with hapten localized only on carrier protein or nanoparticle surface. Fourthly, the nanovaccines carrying cross reactive materials 197 (CRM197) or tetanus toxoid (TT) showed a better immunological efficacy than the nanovaccines using keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) or KLH subunit as carrier proteins. Finally, the co-delivery of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and Resiquimod (R848) achieved a considerably higher antibody titer and brain nicotine reduction than only using MPLA or R848 alone as adjuvants.
Collectively, the findings from this study may lead to a better understanding of the impact of multiple factors on the immunological efficacy of the hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine nanovaccine. The findings may also provide significant guidance for the development of other drug abuse and nanoparticle-based vaccines. In addition, the optimized lipid-PLGA hybrid nanoparticle-based nicotine nanovaccine obtained by modulating the studied factors can be a promising candidate as the next-generation nicotine vaccine for treating nicotine addiction.PHD
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Bailey, Beth A., and Andrea D. Clements. "Postpartum Smoking Relapse: The Role of Family in the Health Behavior Choices of New Mothers." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7250.
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Bailey, Beth A., Judy G. McCook, A. L. Hodge, Andrea D. Clements, and Lana McGrady. "Quitting Smoking During Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: Evidence of Gains Following Cessation by Third Trimester." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7278.
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Stubbs, Brittney, and Andrea D. Clements. "Psychosocial Well-Being and Efforts to Quit Smoking in Pregnant Women of Rural Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7234.
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Negative health effects on an unborn fetus have been related to cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Very little research examines stress, self-esteem, depression, and disordered eating in pregnant women who smoke. A study, Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS), recruited pregnant women from five prenatal practices to help them quit smoking before giving birth. Using an expanded 5A’s (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) model and motivational interviewing, the intervention was implemented by trained health educators over the course of 4 prenatal visits. Women in the study who successfully stopped smoking before delivery had significantly healthier infants than the women who did not. A subset of the sampled 1063 pregnant women with complete data on measures of interest will be analyzed for the current study. We hypothesize that the following factors will differ significantly among pregnant women who never smoked, women who smoked but quit prior to birth, and women who smoked and did not quit prior to birth: stress, as indicated by the stress subscale of the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile (PPP); self-esteem, as indicated by the self-esteem subscale of the PPP; depressive symptoms, as indicated by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10); and disordered eating, as indicated by the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Additionally, we hypothesize that the odds of pregnant women quitting smoking prior to birth will be predicted by stress, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and disordered eating. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tests will be conducted to compare scores on respective measures for the three groups based on smoking status. A logistic regression will be conducted to assess the degree to which aforementioned variables predict odds of smoking cessation in pregnant smokers. The implications of this research can be used to improve future intervention programs to reduce the adverse health effects of children born to mothers who smoke.
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Stubbs, Brittney, Valerie M. Hoots, and Andrea D. Clements. "Psychosocial Well-Being and Efforts to Quit Smoking in Pregnant Women of Rural Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7235.
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Stress, self-esteem, depression, and disordered eating were analyzed among three groups of pregnant women in Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS): never smoked, smoked but quit prior to birth, and smoked but did not quit prior to birth.
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Stubbs, Brittney, Valerie M. Hoots, Andrea D. Clements, and Beth A. Bailey. "Psychosocial Well-Being and Efforts to Quit Smoking in Pregnant Women of Rural Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7228.
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Stubbs, Brittney, Valerie Hoots, Andrea D. Clements, and Beth Bailey. "Psychosocial Well-Being and Efforts to Quit Smoking in Pregnant Women of South-Central Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7199.
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Introduction: Psychosocial well-being variables from the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS) study, a longitudinal smoking cessation study in South-Central Appalachia, were investigated as potential predictors of smoking status.
Methods: A sample of 1031 pregnant women participated in an expanded 5A's (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) program, from 2008 to 2011. Measures of stress, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and disordered eating collected by interview during the first trimester, or during the third trimester in a combined interview if participants began prenatal care late, were hypothesized to differ among three groups of participants: pregnant women who never smoked, pregnant women who smoked but quit prior to birth, and pregnant women who smoked and did not quit prior to birth. Smoking status was measured throughout the study. Whether or not a participant quit smoking was assessed at delivery.
Results: Non-smokers were lowest in stress F(2,1027) = 46.38, p < .001) and depression (F(2,1028) = 39.81, p < .001), and highest in self-esteem (F(2,1018) = 29.81, p < .001). Only self-reported stress and self-reported self-esteem predicted quitting. Higher reported stress levels were related to a slightly lower likelihood of quitting (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.92, 0.98, p = .003) and higher reported self-esteem predicted a slightly higher likelihood of quitting (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.02, 1.08, p = .001).
Conclusions: Findings may lead to improved intervention programs and reduction of adverse health effects in children attributable to prenatal smoking. More research should be conducted on smoking cessation in rural pregnant women.
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Xu, Nuo, Shimin Zheng, and Kesheng Wang. "Gender and Race Differences in the Association between Smoking Behavior and Body Mass Index." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/134.
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Introduction: Obesity is an increasing public health burden in the USA. According to the National Obesity Trends, about one-third adults in the USA are obese. What is worse, this trend keeps increasing during the past twenty years. Appalachian region has higher prevalence for obesity and diabetes comparing with other places in the USA. Body Mass Index (BMI), as an important measure for obesity, is useful for determining effective preventions for obesity. However, as the most common index for obesity, BMI is influenced by other variables such as smoking, alcohol and physical activity. A single indicator is not enough to measure the complicated factors which lead to obesity and so do interventions to prevent obesity. This study is aimed to study the influence of race and gender differences in the association between smoking and alcohol consumption and BMI. Methods: We obtained data from the Health Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. This sample consists of 1663 European American (EA) and 1139 African American (AA) individuals (1367 males and 1435 females). Phenotypes include age, BMI, smoking and alcohol drinking status. The SASv9.2 was used to perform the data analysis. Firstly, the Wilcoxon ranks test was used to compares the gender differences in continuous variables such as age and BMI while chi-square test was used to test gender differences for binary variables such as alcohol and smoking status. Then, multiple general linear model (GLM) was used to test the association of alcohol drinking and smoking behaviors with BMI. Results: For the whole sample, multiple GLM showed age (pConclusion: There are gender and race differences in the association between smoking behavior and BMI. This discovery helps us to tailor interventions for different subgroups. For the future prevention of obesity by controlling BMI, the factors of gender and race/ethnicity should be taken into account.
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Raymond, Barrett H. "The Nicotine Content of a Sample of E-cigarette Liquid Manufactured in the United States." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6726.
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Background: Use of electronic cigarettes (EC) has dramatically increased in the United States since 2010 with a forecasted growth of 37% between 2014 and 2019. There is little research on e-liquid nicotine concentration from domestic manufacturers. However, limited research outside of the U.S. found wide inconsistencies between the labeled concentration of nicotine in e-liquids and the actual nicotine concentration. Methods: The seven most popular online manufacturers or distributors were identified. E-liquid samples of the five most popular flavors from each manufacturer were purchased in nicotine concentrations of 0 mg/ml and 18 mg/ml. Of the samples purchased (n=70), all were labeled as produced in the United States of America (USA). The researchers anonymized the samples before sending them to an independent university lab for testing. Results: The 35 e-liquid samples labeled 18 mg/ml nicotine measured between 11.6 and 27.4 mg/ml (M=18.7 SD=3.3) nicotine. The labeled 18 mg/ml samples measured as little as 35% less nicotine and as much as 52% greater nicotine. In the 35 samples labeled 0 mg/ml, nicotine was detected (>0.01 mg/ml) in 91.4% of the samples (Range = 0 to 23.9 mg/ml; M=2.9; SD=7.2). Six samples from two manufacturers labeled as 0 mg/ml were found to contain nicotine in amounts ranging from 5.7 mg/ml to 23.9 mg/ml. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the nicotine labeling inaccuracies present in current e-liquid solutions produced in the U.S. Incorrect labeling poses a significant risk to consumers and supports the recent regulation changes enacted by the FDA. Additional routine testing of nicotine concentrations should be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the regulations on future e-liquid production.
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Stubbs, Brittney, Valerie M. Hoots, Andrea D. Clements, and Beth A. Bailey. "Psychosocial Well-Being and Efforts to Quit Smoking in Pregnant Women of Rural Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7227.
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Scanlin, Matthew C. "The Effects of Stress-Related Rumination Versus Distraction on Nicotine Cravings and Latency to Smoke among Nicotine-Deprived Smokers." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1572553054250324.
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Wang, Ke-Sheng, Liang Wang, Shimin Zheng, and Long-Yang Wu. "Associations of Smoking Status and Serious Psychological Distress with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/39.
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Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been a major public health problem due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD, while serious psychological distress (SPD) is prevalent among COPD patients. However, no study focusing on the effect of SPD on COPD has been so far conducted, while few studies have focused on the associations of SPD and behavioral factors with COPD by smoking status.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the associations of SPD and behavioral factors (such as smoking and physical activity) with COPD.
Materials and Methods: Weighted logistic regression models were used for the analysis of 1,248 cases and 39,995 controls from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS).
Results: The prevalence of SPD was 10% in cases and 4% in controls, respectively. The percentages of past and current smoking were higher in cases than controls (50% vs. 24% and 27% vs. 15%, respectively). After adjusting for other factors, smoking (OR = 4.56, 95% CI = 3.41-6.11 and OR = 3.24, 95% CI = 2.57-4.08 for current and past smoking, respectively), physical activity (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.55-0.87), obesity (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03-1.52), older age (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 2.15-3.82, and OR = 5.97, 95% CI = 4.42-8.08 for middle-aged and elder groups, respectively), SPD (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.47-3.04), employment (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.51-0.76), race (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.54, OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.36-0.97, and OR = 0.47, 95% CI=0.29-0.75 for Latino, Asian, and African American, respectively) and lower federal poverty level (OR=1.89, 95% CI = 1.35-2.63, OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.27-2.14, and OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.12-1.72 for 0-99% FPL, 100-199% FPL and 200-299% FPL, respectively) were all associated with COPD (P < 0.05). Age group, SPD, race, and employment showed significant interactions with smoking status. Stratified by smoking status, aging was the only risk factor for COPD in the never smoking group; whereas, lack of physical activity, older age, SPD, race, unemployment, and lower federal poverty level were associated with COPD in the smoking groups.
Conclusions: Smoking and aging were major risk factors for COPD, while lack of physical activity and SPD were strongly associated with COPD in the smoking groups.
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Bailey, Beth A., Judy G. McCook, Andrea D. Clements, and Lana McGrady. "Infant Birth Outcomes Among Substance Abusing Women: Why Quitting Smoking Is Just as Important as Quitting Harder Drugs." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7272.
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Richter, William Thompson. "Parameters of nicotine titration in addicted and non-addicted cigarette smokers." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91144.
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Nicotine titration was studied in cigarette smokers not interested in cutting down or quitting smoking. Forty smokers were classified as high nicotine dependent (n=20) and low nicotine dependent (n=20) using a validated tolerance questionnaire. Subjects were randomized into baseline (n=10) or nicotine fade conditions (n=10) within their dependency group. Subjects in the baseline conditions smoked their preferred brand of cigarette throughout the experiment. Smokers in the fade conditions switched to a reduced nicotine brand in the latter half of the procedure.
Multiple in vivo and in vitro measures of smoking rate and topography were collected over a four day period. Based on analyses of these data, it was concluded that no compensatory changes in smoking behavior occurred that were clearly attributable to nicotine titration. It was found that smokers classified as high nicotine dependent smoked more intensively that low dependent smokers.
The implications of these findings given the design and experimental controls employed in this experiment are discussed, and directions for future research explored.M.S.
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Katirai, Whitney Jeanne. "FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO USE AMONG RURAL AND URBAN PREGNANT WOMEN." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/811.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of smoking on rural and urban pregnant women. More specifically, the variables of the knowledge of health effects, health provider recommendations, subscores from the Health Belief Model (HBM), and social support were explored in relation to the smoking behavior of pregnant women. A secondary purpose was to investigate the accuracy of self-reported smoking during pregnancy using biochemical validation. Pregnant women (N=71) completed an anonymous questionnaire, designed by the researcher, to identify variables that predicted smoking for urban and rural women. Participants also gave a saliva sample for cotinine testing.
Approximately 47% of rural participants and 49% of urban participants were classified as smokers. The overall smoking deception rate for the current study was 5.6%. The deception rate for rural and urban participants in this study was 2.8% and 8.6%, respectively. Variables were entered into a standard multiple regression analysis to predict smoking status of the pregnant women. Participants reporting barriers (a component of the HBM) to stopping smoking during pregnancy were significantly less likely to be smokers.
Through t-test and chi-square analyses, other variables related to smoking status during pregnancy included: Marital status, financial source for the pregnancy, living with husband or boyfriend, mean scores of the participants‘ knowledge of the health effects of smoking during pregnancy, susceptibility and benefits (constructs of the HBM). Many healthcare providers performed 1A, 2A, and 3A; however, few completed the last step of 4A and none completed 5A.
Implications for health promotion specialists include an increase in the education of pregnant women about the health risks of maternal smoking. Additional training for pre-natal healthcare providers is necessary in order to increase the number of healthcare providers that implement all of the 5A‘s. It is important to include the husband/boyfriend in any smoking cessation interventions since they have daily influence on the smoking status of the pregnant woman. Money used to conduct biochemical verification of maternal smoking status could be better spent on patient education of the health risks of smoking during pregnancy and physician education in implementing all 5A‘s in daily practice.
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Naqvi, Nasir Hasnain. "The effects of lesions in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and related areas on emotional responses to cigarette smoking." Diss., University of Iowa, 2007. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/173.
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Bailey, Beth A., Andrea D. Clements, Jessica Scott, and Lana McGrady. "Prenatal Smoke Exposure and Language Outcomes at 15 Months: Social Aspects of Communication Versus Expressive and Receptive Language." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7273.
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Kleykamp, Betha A. "The Effects of Transdermal Nicotine on Tobacco/Nicotine Withdrawal and Concurrently Administered Cigarettes in Women and Men." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1218.
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Transdermal nicotine (TN) is a smoking cessation pharmacotherapy thought to work by suppressing tobacco/nicotine withdrawal and reducing the effect of a concurrently smoked tobacco cigarette. Clinical trials suggest that TN may be less efficacious for women. This study explored the possibility of gender differences in response to transdermal nicotine in 54 women and 70 men. Participants completed four within-subject, double-blind, randomized sessions corresponding to 0, 7, 14, and 21 mg TN and 4-hrs after TN application smoked an own-brand cigarette. Prior to session onset participants completed ≥ 8 hours of verified tobacco cigarette abstinence (i.e., expired air carbon monoxide levels ≤ 10 ppm). Subjective and physiological measures were administered throughout each session, and cognitive performance and smoking behavior were assessed at time points related to the smoking opportunity.Results revealed that there were few significant effects involving the gender factor across withdrawal suppression and concurrent smoking outcomes (13 significant gender-related effects out of 338 possible; 3.9%). Women were more sensitive to some of the direct effects of nicotine in the 21 mg TN condition (e.g., increased ratings of "Nauseous"). However, for women and men TN suppressed some of the signs and symptoms of withdrawal and attenuated smoking-related increases in heart rate and subjective effects that might be indicative of the positive reinforcing properties of smoking (e.g., "Was the cigarette satisfying?"). In addition, for women and men, TN did not attenuate properties of smoking that might be negatively reinforcing (e.g., smoking- induced reductions in withdrawal symptoms). Thus, although this study does not shed light on clinical observations that TN is less effective for women, results suggest that NRT might be more efficacious if combined with other interventions that supplement the withdrawal suppressing effects of TN and reduce the negative reinforcing qualities of smoking.
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Young, Florence K. "KOOL." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2534.
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In this thesis paper, I will recount the creative and technical processes of making my graduate thesis film, KOOL. I will describe how the story was developed and written, then analyze the phases of pre-production, principle photography, and post production. I will then evaluate my leadership skills, and strengths and weaknesses as a film director.
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Wang, Liang, Hadii M. Mamudu, Arsham Alamian, James Li Anderson, and Billy Brooks. "Independent and Joint Effects of Prenatal Maternal Smoking and Maternal Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke on the Development of Adolescent Obesity: A Longitudinal Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12667.
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AIM: To examine associations of prenatal maternal smoking and second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure with the development of adolescent obesity.
METHODS: Longitudinal data (1991-2007) from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development involving mothers that smoked and or exposed to SHS during the year before birth were analysed. Adolescent obesity in ages 12.0-15.9 years was defined as a BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used for the analyses.
RESULTS: Obesity was more prevalent among adolescents whose mothers smoked or had SHS exposure than those that did not smoke or exposed to SHS. After adjusting for maternal and child factors, GEE models showed that odds of adolescent obesity increased with prenatal maternal smoking (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.03-2.39) and SHS exposure (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.04-2.27). The odds for obesity increased more than two times among adolescents exposed to both maternal smoking and SHS (OR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.24, 3.56) compared with those without exposure. Additionally, not breastfeeding, maternal obesity, and longer screen viewing hours per day were associated with increased odds of obesity.
CONCLUSIONS: There is possibly a long-term joint effect of prenatal maternal smoke (smoking and SHS) exposure on obesity among adolescent offspring, and the effect is independent of birthweight. These findings suggest that adolescent obesity could possibly be curtailed with the development and promotion of smoking cessation programmes for families during the year before birth.
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Bailey, Beth A., Andrea D. Clements, J. Scott, and Lana McGrady. "Prenatal Smoke Exposure and Language Outcomes at 15 Months: Social Aspects of Communication Versus Expressive and Receptive Language." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7275.
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Anderson, August D. "QUITTING TOGETHER: FORMATIVE RESEARCH TO DEVELOP A SOCIAL MARKETING PLAN FOR SMOKING CESSATION AMONG WOMEN IN A RESIDENTIAL TREATMENT FACILITY FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE RECOVERY." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/comm_etds/65.
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Both smoking addiction and illicit substance abuse are prevalent issues in the United States today. Furthermore, these are issues that have significant impact on women’s health and mental state. Despite research that shows that smoking cessation coupled with substance abuse recovery can decrease likelihood of relapse post-recovery, few substance abuse recovery facilities today offer smoking cessation programming options. To address the issue of smoking addiction on top of substance abuse recovery, formative research was conducted through this study to determine the underlying causes of smoking habits coupled with recovery efforts and the attitudes. Through focus group sessions with women in a residential treatment facility in the southeastern US, a determination of the specific audience’s motivations to smoke and perceived self-efficacy to quit smoking was made. Based on the findings of this formative research, a full social marketing plan was then developed to offer an intervention program option for smoking cessation among a target audience of women undergoing residential treatment for substance abuse. The study conducted and the social marketing developed from it proposes a pilot program that may be implemented in other similar settings with similar populations in the future.