Relevant bibliographies by topics / Smoke - air interface

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Academic literature on the topic 'Smoke - air interface'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Smoke - air interface"

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Hui, David S., Benny K. Chow, Thomas Lo, Owen T. Y. Tsang, Fanny W. Ko, Susanna S. Ng, Tony Gin, and Matthew T. V. Chan. "Exhaled air dispersion during high-flow nasal cannula therapy versus CPAP via different masks." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 4 (January 31, 2019): 1802339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02339-2018.

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BackgroundHigh-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an emerging therapy for respiratory failure but the extent of exhaled air dispersion during treatment is unknown. We examined exhaled air dispersion during HFNC therapy versus continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on a human patient simulator (HPS) in an isolation room with 16 air changes·h−1.MethodsThe HPS was programmed to represent different severity of lung injury. CPAP was delivered at 5–20 cmH2O via nasal pillows (Respironics Nuance Pro Gel or ResMed Swift FX) or an oronasal mask (ResMed Quattro Air). HFNC, humidified to 37°C, was delivered at 10–60 L·min−1 to the HPS. Exhaled airflow was marked with intrapulmonary smoke for visualisation and revealed by laser light-sheet. Normalised exhaled air concentration was estimated from the light scattered by the smoke particles. Significant exposure was defined when there was ≥20% normalised smoke concentration.ResultsIn the normal lung condition, mean±sd exhaled air dispersion, along the sagittal plane, increased from 186±34 to 264±27 mm and from 207±11 to 332±34 mm when CPAP was increased from 5 to 20 cmH2O via Respironics and ResMed nasal pillows, respectively. Leakage from the oronasal mask was negligible. Mean±sd exhaled air distances increased from 65±15 to 172±33 mm when HFNC was increased from 10 to 60 L·min−1. Air leakage to 620 mm occurred laterally when HFNC and the interface tube became loose.ConclusionExhaled air dispersion during HFNC and CPAP via different interfaces is limited provided there is good mask interface fitting.
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Phillips, Jeremy, Bruno Kluss, Audrey Richter, and Eian D. Massey. "Exposure of Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Whole Cigarette Smoke: Assessment of Cellular Responses." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 33, no. 3 (June 2005): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290503300310.

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Cigarette smoke is composed of approximately 5% particulate phase and 95% vapour phase by weight. However, routine in vitro toxicological testing of smoke normally only measures the activity of the particulate phase. This study describes a new system for exposing cells at an air–liquid interface to serial dilutions of gaseous smoke. Confluent monolayers of NCI-H292 human lung epithelial cells on semi-permeable membranes were placed in a purpose-designed Perspex chamber at an air–liquid interface. The cells were exposed to dilute whole mainstream cigarette smoke for 30 minutes, followed by a 20-hour recovery period. Firstly, high and low delivery cigarettes were compared, and cytotoxicity was determined by using the neutral red uptake assay. Clear differential cytotoxic responses were observed with the two cigarette types, which correlated positively with the concentrations of components in smoke, and particularly compounds in the vapour phase, such as aldehydes. Secondly, low doses of smoke were found to up-regulate mRNA levels of the secreted mucin, MUC5AC, and to stimulate the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and matrix-metalloprotease-1, but had no effect on growth-related oncogene alpha. This system will facilitate further investigations into the toxicological mechanisms of cigarette smoke components, and may be useful for studying other gaseous mixtures or aerosols.
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Miller, Colton, Susan O’Neill, Miriam Rorig, and Ernesto Alvarado. "Air-Quality Challenges of Prescribed Fire in the Complex Terrain and Wildland Urban Interface Surrounding Bend, Oregon." Atmosphere 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090515.

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Prescribed fires in forest ecosystems can negatively impact human health and safety by transporting smoke downwind into nearby communities. Smoke transport to communities is known to occur around Bend, Oregon, United States of America (USA), where burning at the wildland–urban interface in the Deschutes National Forest resulted in smoke intrusions into populated areas. The number of suitable days for prescribed fires is limited due to the necessity for moderate weather conditions, as well as wind directions that do not carry smoke into Bend. To better understand the conditions leading to these intrusions and to assess predictions of smoke dispersion from prescribed fires, we collected data from an array of weather and particulate monitors over the autumn of 2014 and spring of 2015 and historical weather data from nearby remote automated weather stations (RAWS). We characterized the observed winds to compare with meteorological and smoke dispersion models using the BlueSky smoke modeling framework. The results from this study indicated that 1–6 days per month in the spring and 2–4 days per month in the fall met the general meteorological prescription parameters for conducting prescribed fires in the National Forest. Of those, 13% of days in the spring and 5% of days in the fall had “ideal” wind patterns, when north winds occurred during the day and south winds did not occur at night. The analysis of smoke intrusions demonstrated that dispersion modeling can be useful for anticipating the timing and location of smoke impacts, but substantial errors in wind speed and direction of the meteorological models can lead to mischaracterizations of intrusion events. Additionally, for the intrusion event modeled using a higher-resolution 1-km meteorological and dispersion model, we found improved predictions of both the timing and location of smoke delivery to Bend compared with the 4-km meteorological model. The 1-km-resolution model prediction fell within 1 h of the observed event, although with underpredicted concentrations, and demonstrated promise for high-resolution modeling in areas of complex terrain.
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McCarthy, Claire E., Parker F. Duffney, Robert Gelein, Thomas H. Thatcher, Alison Elder, Richard P. Phipps, and Patricia J. Sime. "Dung biomass smoke activates inflammatory signaling pathways in human small airway epithelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 311, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): L1222—L1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00183.2016.

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Animal dung is a biomass fuel burned by vulnerable populations who cannot afford cleaner sources of energy, such as wood and gas, for cooking and heating their homes. Exposure to biomass smoke is the leading environmental risk for mortality, with over 4,000,000 deaths each year worldwide attributed to indoor air pollution from biomass smoke. Biomass smoke inhalation is epidemiologically associated with pulmonary diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and respiratory infections, especially in low and middle-income countries. Yet, few studies have examined the mechanisms of dung biomass smoke-induced inflammatory responses in human lung cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that dung biomass smoke causes inflammatory responses in human lung cells through signaling pathways involved in acute and chronic lung inflammation. Primary human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) were exposed to dung smoke at the air-liquid interface using a newly developed, automated, and reproducible dung biomass smoke generation system. The examination of inflammatory signaling showed that dung biomass smoke increased the production of several proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes in SAECs through activation of the activator protein (AP)-1 and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) but not nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways. We propose that the inflammatory responses of lung cells exposed to dung biomass smoke contribute to the development of respiratory diseases.
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Maunders, Heather, Sudhanshu Patwardhan, Jeremy Phillips, Aaron Clack, and Audrey Richter. "Human bronchial epithelial cell transcriptome: gene expression changes following acute exposure to whole cigarette smoke in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 292, no. 5 (May 2007): L1248—L1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00290.2006.

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Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of more than 4,000 constituents. Its effects on cell biology are poorly understood, partly because whole smoke exposure in vitro is technically challenging. To investigate the effects of smoke on cell signaling and function, a three-dimensional air-liquid interface model of tracheobronchial epithelium, grown from primary human lung epithelial cells, was exposed to air or whole mainstream cigarette smoke for 1 h in a purpose-designed chamber. Gene expression profiles were then determined at 1, 6, and 24 h postexposure using Affymetrix HGU133-2 Plus microarrays. Cells from three different donors were used in the study, and the experiment was performed in triplicate for each donor. Genes significantly regulated by smoke, compared with the air control, in all experiments were determined. Genes exhibiting differential expression were assigned to functional categories and mapped to signaling pathways. Effects were observed on many cellular processes including xenobiotic metabolism, oxidant/antioxidant balance, and DNA damage and repair. Notably, there was marked downregulation of the transforming growth factor-β pathway, which has not been previously reported. This study provides important data on the acute effects of whole cigarette smoke on mucociliary epithelium and may be used to gain a greater understanding of smoke toxicity.
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Wang, Jian, Juan Gui, Jun Gao, and Xueli Hu. "Parametrization of the fire-smoke exhaust system for a large and high-rise atrium in Shanghai through salt-bath experiment." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 2 (July 28, 2016): 272–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x16660600.

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Present specifications in Building Codes in China lack design parameters for smoke exhaust for large and high-rise atrium in buildings. An investigation of natural smoke filling and parametrization of fire-smoke exhaust in an atrium building in Shanghai was conducted based on salt-bath experiment, due to dynamic analogy between thermal smoke movement in air and brine dispersion in water. To obtain a small, scaled-down version of an atrium with a high polyfoam fire up to 1 MW, the brine-bath experiment was conducted with calcium chloride for small strength fire in small-space rooms, to demonstrate the natural smoke filling within the atrium. The interface height and filling time derived was highly comparable to those obtained by empirical equations. The results of computational fluid dynamics simulations agreed well with the salt-bath experiments. The evacuation time was also calculated with a dimensionless interface height of 0.2 to determine whether there was sufficient time for occupants to escape. The smoke filling process under mechanical smoke exhaust was also investigated by experiments, to parametrize the fire smoke exhaust system in the atrium. The optimal smoke exhaust level, natural and mechanical make-up level were determined and were recommended as the design parameters for the construction of atrium in buildings.
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Adamson, Jason, David Thorne, John McAughey, Deborah Dillon, and Clive Meredith. "Quantification of Cigarette Smoke Particle DepositionIn VitroUsing a Triplicate Quartz Crystal Microbalance Exposure Chamber." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/685074.

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There are a variety of smoke exposure systems available to the tobacco industry and respiratory toxicology research groups, each with their own way of diluting/delivering smoke to cell cultures. Thus a simple technique to measure dosein vitroneeds to be utilised. Dosimetry—assessment of dose—is a key element in linking the biological effects of smoke generated by various exposure systems. Microbalance technology is presented as a dosimetry tool and a way of measuring whole smoke dose. Described here is a new tool to quantify diluted smoke particulate depositionin vitro. The triplicate quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) chamber measured real-time deposition of smoke at a range of dilutions 1 : 5–1 : 400 (smoke : air). Mass was read in triplicate by 3 identical QCMs installed into onein vitroexposure chamber, each in the location in which a cell culture would be exposed to smoke at the air-liquid interface. This resulted in quantification of deposited particulate matter in the range 0.21–28.00 μg/cm2. Results demonstrated that the QCM could discriminate mass between dilutions and was able to give information of regional deposition where cell cultures would usually be exposed within the chamber. Our aim is to use the QCM to support the preclinical (in vitro) evaluation of tobacco products.
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Bowman, David, Lori Daniels, Fay Johnston, Grant Williamson, W. Jolly, Sheryl Magzamen, Ana Rappold, Michael Brauer, and Sarah Henderson. "Can Air Quality Management Drive Sustainable Fuels Management at the Temperate Wildland–Urban Interface?" Fire 1, no. 2 (August 9, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire1020027.

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Sustainable fire management has eluded all industrial societies. Given the growing number and magnitude of wildfire events, prescribed fire is being increasingly promoted as the key to reducing wildfire risk. However, smoke from prescribed fires can adversely affect public health. We propose that the application of air quality standards can lead to the development and adoption of sustainable fire management approaches that lower the risk of economically and ecologically damaging wildfires while improving air quality and reducing climate-forcing emissions. For example, green fire breaks at the wildland–urban interface (WUI) can resist the spread of wildfires into urban areas. These could be created through mechanical thinning of trees, and then maintained by targeted prescribed fire to create biodiverse and aesthetically pleasing landscapes. The harvested woody debris could be used for pellets and other forms of bioenergy in residential space heating and electricity generation. Collectively, such an approach would reduce the negative health impacts of smoke pollution from wildfires, prescribed fires, and combustion of wood for domestic heating. We illustrate such possibilities by comparing current and potential fire management approaches in the temperate and environmentally similar landscapes of Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada and the island state of Tasmania in Australia.
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Nguyen, Piercen K., Yeongkwon Son, Juli Petereit, Andrey Khlystov, and Riccardo Panella. "Modeling Human Lung Cells Exposure to Wildfire Uncovers Aberrant lncRNAs Signature." Biomolecules 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13010155.

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Emissions generated by wildfires are a growing threat to human health and are characterized by a unique chemical composition that is tightly dependent on geographic factors such as fuel type. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules proven to be critical to many biological processes, and their condition-specific expression patterns are emerging as prominent prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for human disease. We utilized a new air-liquid interface (ALI) direct exposure system that we designed and validated in house to expose immortalized human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (AALE) to two unique wildfire smokes representative of geographic regions (Sierra Forest and Great Basin). We conducted an RNAseq analysis on the exposed cell cultures and proved through both principal component and differential expression analysis that each smoke has a unique effect on the LncRNA expression profiles of the exposed cells when compared to the control samples. Our study proves that there is a link between the geographic origin of wildfire smoke and the resulting LncRNA expression profile in exposed lung cells and also serves as a proof of concept for the in-house designed ALI exposure system. Our study serves as an introduction to the scientific community of how unique expression patterns of LncRNAs in patients with wildfire smoke-related disease can be utilized as prognostic and diagnostic tools, as the current roles of LncRNA expression profiles in wildfire smoke-related disease, other than this study, are completely uncharted.
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Valente, Joana, Ana I. Miranda, António G. Lopes, Carlos Borrego, Domingos X. Viegas, and Myriam Lopes. "Local-scale modelling system to simulate smoke dispersion." International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, no. 2 (2007): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06085.

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The main purpose of this paper is to present a fire behaviour system, developed to estimate fire progression, smoke dispersion and visibility impairment, at a local scale, and to evaluate its performance by comparing results with measurements from the Gestosa 2004 experimental field fires. The system is an improvement of two already available numerical tools, DISPERFIRE (Miranda et al. 1994) and FireStation (Lopes et al. 2002), which were integrated. FireStation is a software system aimed at the simulation of fire spread over complex topography. DISPERFIRE is a real-time system developed to simulate the dispersion in the atmosphere of the pollutants emitted during a forest fire. In addition, a model for the estimation of visibility impairment, based on the relationship between air pollutants concentration and visibility, was included in DISPERFIRE. The whole system was developed using a graphical interface, previously created for FireStation, which provides user-friendliness and easily readable output to facilitate its application under operational conditions. The system was applied to an experimental field fire and the main results were compared with experimental air pollutant concentration measured values. The performance of the model in predicting pollutant concentrations was good, particularly for NO2 and PM10.
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Book chapters on the topic "Smoke - air interface"

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Haghani, Amin, Todd E. Morgan, Henry Jay Forman, and Caleb E. Finch. "Air Pollution Neurotoxicity in the Adult Brain: Emerging Concepts from Experimental Findings." In Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/aiad210045.

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Epidemiological studies are associating elevated exposure to air pollution with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. In effect, air pollution accelerates many aging conditions that promote cognitive declines of aging. The underlying mechanisms and scale of effects remain largely unknown due to its chemical and physical complexity. Moreover, individual responses to air pollution are shaped by an intricate interface of pollutant mixture with the biological features of the exposed individual such as age, sex, genetic background, underlying diseases, and nutrition, but also other environmental factors including exposure to cigarette smoke. Resolving this complex manifold requires more detailed environmental and lifestyle data on diverse populations, and a systematic experimental approach. Our review aims to summarize the modest existing literature on experimental studies on air pollution neurotoxicity for adult rodents and identify key gaps and emerging challenges as we go forward. It is timely for experimental biologists to critically understand prior findings and develop innovative approaches to this urgent global problem. We hope to increase recognition of the importance of air pollution on brain aging by our colleagues in the neurosciences and in biomedical gerontology, and to support the immediate translation of the findings into public health guidelines for the regulation of remedial environmental factors that accelerate aging processes.
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Dubey, Ritambhara, and Neda Yaghoobian. "Effect of Spatiotemporally Varying Fuel Moisture Content on Turbulence Statistics During Fire Propagation." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1449–51. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_220.

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Prescribed burns are valuable tools utilized for land management. They serve the purpose of reducing the risk of wildfires by lowering the build-up of dry fuels, improving forest health, and controlling the growth of plants and insects. One of the crucial components that affects the execution of prescribed burns and controls the fire behaviour and smoke dispersal thereafter is the fuel moisture content, which needs to be considered when planning prescribed burns. The fuel moisture content variation is dependent on the meteorological variables, fuel properties, and the local turbulent fire dynamics, and so varies spatially and temporally over the land area before and during the fire advancement. In previous studies, the fuel moisture content was treated based on average properties, independent of the effect of local turbulence. In this study, the spatiotemporally varying fuel moisture content is obtained by a physics-based model that considers the coupled energy and moisture balance dynamics inside the fuel layers. This moisture model is implemented into the Wildland-urban Interface Fire Dynamics Simulator (WFDS) by means of a two-way coupling. Along with the local fuel properties, the model uses the instantaneous solar radiation and relative humidity, together with the instantaneous turbulent wind velocity and ambient air temperature at the boundary of each fuel sub-surface (grid) in the simulation domain. The coupled model is employed to study the effect of the dynamic variations of the fuel moisture on the turbulent evolution of the fire plume during a line fire propagation over a flat grassland. The findings of the study will provide insights into the effect of the fuel moisture content on the plume dynamics and smoke dispersal during prescribed burns and will assist in planning these burns.
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Şahinbaş, Kevser. "Decision Support Proposal for Imbalanced Clinical Data." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 168–200. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7709-7.ch010.

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The difficult diagnosis of acute appendicitis of patients appealing to the hospital with abdominal pain often leads to unnecessary acute appendicitis operations. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to be able to provide the correct diagnosis whether the existing case indeed necessitates operation or not through machine learning algorithms based on classification. To that purpose, SMOTE, random oversampling, and random undersampling methods were proposed to reduce the negative effects of imbalanced data set problem on classification, and it was benefitted from the risk factors in relation to Alvarado Score to predict the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Additionally, a classification model was generated by using support vector machine classification algorithm. A decision support system was developed that could contribute to the decision making by generating interface for support vector machine algorithm in which the best performance was obtained.
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Conference papers on the topic "Smoke - air interface"

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Yi, L., R. Huo, Y. Z. Li, W. K. Chow, and N. K. Fong. "On Evaluating Static Smoke Exhaust System in an Atrium." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56704.

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Many atria are built in the Far East. Fire Safety is a concern and providing smoke management systems in atria is essential. For tall atria having difficulties to allocate space for air ductwork and fans of a dynamic smoke exhaust system, a smoke exhaust system with a ceiling vent is provided. The performance of the system should be evaluated and a two-layer zone model has been designed for such propose. The smoke layer temperature and interface height for a static smoke exhaust system in a tall space will be predicted. Based on the empirical formula derived from the entrainment rate of an axisymmetric plume and flow rate at a vent, a simplified calculation procedure of a static smoke exhaust in an atrium fire is proposed. Experiments were carried out at a full-scale burning facility of 27 m high, the USTC/PolyU Atrium, for verifying the results. It is found that the predicted smoke layer temperature and interface height agreed well with the experimental results. Therefore, the procedure is recommended to the authority as a tool in evaluating the performance of static smoke exhaust systems.
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Chow, W. K., S. S. Li, and C. L. Chow. "Justification of Fire Field Models by Atrium Hot Smoke Tests." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88083.

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Computer thermal fire models are used in hazard assessment for performance-based fire design. Fire field model using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is now a popular design tool. The thermal fire environment can be predicted in a ‘microscopic’ picture with air flow pattern, pressure and temperature contours. However, most of the field models are only validated by some experiments not specially designed for such purpose. Whether those models are suitable for use is queried, leading to challenges. In this paper, prediction on smoke filling in a big atrium by the CFD tool Fire Dynamics Simulator developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in USA was justified by field tests. Smoke layer interface height and air temperatures inside the atrium were taken as the parameters. CFD results predicted were compared with the field measurement results.
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Gagliardo, Rosalia, Fabio Bucchieri, Giusy Daniela Albano, Angela Marina Montalbano, Roberto Marchese, Giulia Anzalone, Alberto Fucarino, et al. "Cigarette smoke alters primary human bronchial epithelial cell (PBEC) differentiation at air-liquid interface (ALI) and induces expression of CD105 and CD146." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa949.

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Schrumpf, Jasmijn, Joris Veldkamp, Gimano Amatngalim, Tinne Mertens, and Pieter Hiemstra. "LSC Abstract – Chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure alters differentiation of primary bronchial epithelial cells, cultured at the air-liquid interface (PBEC-ALI)." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa5045.

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Shan, Zuhua, Fenglei Niu, Yan Zhang, and Pengfei Hao. "Study on Simulation of the Building Fires Using an Advanced New Model." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15712.

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Building fires have been paid significant attention in the nuclear power station’s safety. In order to study the stratification phenomena of the enclosure fires and predict the interface location of upper hot layer filled with smoke and lower cold layer filled with fresh air and upper layer temperature of enclosure fires, an advanced new model is used in this paper, in which one–dimensional differential equations are used to describe the temperature and species distributions of the ambient fluid. And the results of Steckler’s fire experiments are used to compare with the simulation results of five sets of experiment using the new model. The results indicate that this model gives a very good prediction for the location of the interface and the upper layer temperature, especially for the cases with a lower fire heat release rate, even without considering the radiation heat transfer.
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Charriot, Jérémy, Aurélie Petit, Lucie Knabe, Gamez Anne-Sophie, Isabelle Vachier, and Arnaud Bourdin. "Effect of whole cigarette smoke exposure and CCSP on MUC5AC mucin production in primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells at air-liquid interface of COPD, smokers and control patients." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa911.

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Khalili, Sadegh, Husam Alissa, Kourosh Nemati, Mark Seymour, Robert Curtis, David Moss, and Bahgat Sammakia. "Impact of Internal Design on the Efficiency of IT Equipment in a Hot Aisle Containment System: An Experimental Study." In ASME 2018 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2018-8422.

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There are various designs for segregating hot and cold air in data centers such as cold aisle containment (CAC), hot aisle containment (HAC), and chimney exhaust rack. These containment systems have different characteristics and impose various conditions on the information technology equipment (ITE). One common issue in HAC systems is the pressure buildup inside the HAC (known as backpressure). Backpressure also can be present in CAC systems in case of airflow imbalances. Hot air recirculation, limited cooling airflow rate in servers, and reversed flow through ITE with weaker fan systems (e.g. network switches) are some known consequences of backpressure. Currently there is a lack of experimental data on the interdependency between overall performance of ITE and its internal design when a backpressure is imposed on ITE. In this paper, three commercial 2-rack unit (RU) servers with different internal designs from various generations and performance levels are tested and analyzed under various environmental conditions. Smoke tests and thermal imaging are implemented to study the airflow patterns inside the tested equipment. In addition, the impact leak of hot air into ITE on the fan speed and the power consumption of ITE is studied. Furthermore, the cause of the discrepancy between measured inlet temperatures by internal intelligent platform management interface (IPMI) and external sensors is investigated. It is found that arrangement of fans, segregation of space upstream and downstream of fans, leakage paths, location of sensors of baseboard management controller (BMC) and presence of backpressure can have a significant impact on ITE power and cooling efficiency.
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Banerjee, Arindam, and Malcolm J. Andrews. "Density and Growth Rate Measurements in a High Atwood Number Rayleigh-Taylor Mixing." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82725.

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A novel gas channel experiment is used to study the non-equilibrium development of high Atwood number Rayleigh-Taylor mixing. Two gas streams, one containing air-helium mixture and the other air, flow parallel to each other separated by a thin splitter plate. The streams meet at the end of a splitter plate leading to the formation of an unstable interface and initiation of buoyancy driven mixing. This set up is statistically steady and allows for long data collection times. Here, we describe initial measurements to determine the density profile and growth rate along the mix at low density differences (At ~ 0.05). The facility is however designed capable of large Atwood number studies (At ~ 0.75). Diagnostics include high resolution digital image analysis, which is used to determine the density profile across the mix. The growth parameter (α) is also estimated by a “moving window” calculation. The results are then verified with measurements of α made by a Constant temperature (CT) hot-wire probe and with the growth parameter obtained from small Atwood number experiments (At ~ 0.001). However, there were some inherent errors in the density profile measurements because of non-uniformity in the concentration of smoke. To verify that these errors were indeed measurement errors and not as a result of lack of statistical convergence, a detailed statistical convergence test was performed. It showed that convergence was a direct consequence of the number of different large 3D structures that were averaged over the duration of the run.
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Abbasi, Mustafa Z., Joelle I. Suits, Preston S. Wilson, and Ofodike A. Ezekoye. "Compartment Fire Growth Effects on Firefighter Alarm Signal Detection." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-66367.

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When firefighters are overcome by the heat or smoke of a fire and become disoriented or trapped in a structure, it is crucial that there is a reliable means to alert other fireground personnel to their need for assistance. Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) devices are designed to signal for aid using audible signal technology. Normal operation is for the PASS devices to activate a 95-decibel multiple-frequency alarm signal if the device is stationary for a specific period of time or is manually activated. However, despite its widespread use throughout the fire service and on-going enhancements in recent years, certain problems still exist with audible PASS technology. Foremost among these problems is that nationally recognized standards currently do not specify a unique PASS alarm signal, and this has resulted in multiple different PASS alarms being used in the field. In this work, we present results that seek to establish a scientific basis for an optimum PASS alarm signal for use throughout the U.S fire service. We present typical sounds recorded from firefighter operations. We discuss how these sounds interfere with typical PASS signals both in compartments with and without fire. Using experimental and computational results for sound propagation within compartments with fire and thermal stratification, we show how acoustic signals are modified and affected in the gas phase by the fire evolution. Additionally, the effects of thermal degradation of typical building materials such as gypsum board is discussed in terms of the impacts on sound propagation.
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