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Hedman, Amy S. "Using the SMOG Formula to Revise a Health-Related Document." American Journal of Health Education 39, no. 1 (January 2008): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2008.10599016.
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Reni Anggraeni, Akhmad Yazidi Lilis Selestyawati. "KETERBACAAN BUKU AJAR BAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA (TEXT BOOK READABILITY OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 7, no. 2 (January 26, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v7i2.4428.
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Keterbacaan Buku Ajar Bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Keterbacaan berkaitandengan dapat dibacanya teks secara cepat, mudah dimengerti, mudah dipahami, dan mudah diingatserta sesuai dengan tingkat pembelajar. Beberapa fomula keterbacaan, antara lain:Flesh Grade Level,Flesh Reading Ease, Forcast, formula Spache, formula Daledan Chall, formula SMOG, grafiks Fry, grafiksRaygor, indeks FOG, dan Tes Cloze. Keterbacaan bahasa Indonesia buku ajar di sekolah MenengahPertama, dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa hanya 13.88% bahan ajar yang sesuai dengan tingkatkelas VII. Sebagian besar lainya lebih tinggi dan sebagian kecil lainnya lebih rendah dari kelas VII.Kata-kata kunci: keterbacaan, formula
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Koo, Kevin, and Ronald L. Yap. "How Readable Is BPH Treatment Information on the Internet? Assessing Barriers to Literacy in Prostate Health." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316680935.
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Information about benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has become increasingly accessible on the Internet. Though the ability to find such material is encouraging, its readability and impact on informing patient decision making are not known. To evaluate the readability of Internet-based information about BPH in the context of website ownership and Health on the Net certification, three search engines were queried daily for 1 month with BPH-related keywords. Website ownership data and Health on the Net certification status were verified. Three readability analyses were performed: SMOG test, Dale–Chall readability formula, and Fry readability graph. An adjusted SMOG calculation was performed to reduce overestimation from medical jargon. After a total of 270 searches, 52 websites met inclusion criteria. Mean SMOG grade was 10.6 ( SD = 1.4) and 10.2 after adjustment. Mean Dale–Chall score was 9.1 ( SD = 0.6), or Grades 13 to 15. Mean Fry graph coordinates (173 syllables, 5.1 sentences) corresponded to Grade 15. Seven sites (13%) were at or below the average adult reading level based on SMOG; none of the sites qualified based on the other tests. Readability was significantly poorer for academic versus commercial sites and for Health on the Net-certified versus noncertified sites. In conclusion, online information about BPH treatment markedly exceeds the reading comprehension of most U.S. adults. Websites maintained by academic institutions and certified by the Health on the Net standard have more difficult readability. Efforts to improve literacy with respect to urological health should target content readability independent of reliability.
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Charles, Cleopatra, and Melor Md Yunus. "READABILITY OF TEXTBOOK VS LINUS SCREENING TEXT: IMPLICATION ON YEAR 4 POST LINUS PUPILS." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss1.1302.
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Reading is one of the most important skills that need to be acquired. Due to this the Malaysian government implemented the LINUS programme in school to help pupils master the basic skill involved English. The problems for most LINUS pupils come after they pass their LINUS screening. They were not able to read most materials in the text and read with difficulty. It is hoped that by finding the readability level of the texts in the textbook and the LINUS screening it will shed a light on how teacher could handle the problems. For this study 6 texts; 3 from each the Textbook and LINUS screening respectively was chosen randomly. The texts were calculated using the SMOG, FOG, Flesch-Kincaid and Spache formula to obtain their readability level. Spearman correlation test was conducted to see the consistency between the readability formulas in predicting the difficulty level. It is found that the texts in the textbook is more difficult compared to the LINUS texts.
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Kahn, Alice, and Mary Pannbacker. "Readability of Educational Materials for Clients With Cleft Lip/Palate and Their Families." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0901.03.
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Educational materials for clients with cleft lip/palate and their families and materials for the general public produced by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association were analyzed for readability. The SMOG Grading Formula, a simple, fast procedure for predicting grade-level difficulty of written material, and the Fry index of readability, a more lengthy measure of readability, were used to analyze 30 publications. Reading levels were computed, and results ranged from elementary to college level. The majority of materials were written at or above the high school readability level. Results suggest a need for revision of current materials to lower reading levels. Writers should consider the appropriateness of reading level for readers when preparing educational materials.
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Kaur, Supreet, Abhishek Kumar, Dhruv Mehta, and Michael Maroules. "So Difficult to Understand : Readability Index Analysis of Online Patient Information on Lymphoma from NCI- Designated Cancer Center." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3567.3567.
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Abstract Objectives - In current era of information technology, there is abundance of medical information for the patients and families. It is recommended that the online patient information (OPI) should be written no greater than sixth grade as per The National Institute of Health (NIH), American Medical Association, Department of Health & Human Services. We aim is to assess whether OPI on lymphoma from NCI-Designated Cancer Center (NCIDCC) and various cancer associations websites meet the current recommendations on a panel of readability indexes. Methods - OPI from patient only section of NCIDCC and cancer associations websites were collected. This text was analyzed by 7 commonly used readability tests - Flesch Reading Ease score(FRE), Gunning Fog(GF), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level(FKGL), The Coleman-Liau Index(CLI), The Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index, Automated Readability Index(ARI) and Linsear Write Formula(LWF). Text from each article was pasted into Microsoft Word and analyzed using the online software Readability formulas. Results - The mean FRE score is 55.4 (range 37.4-67.9) which corresponded to difficult level grade. The mean GF score is 12.9 (range 10.8-15.2) that comes between difficult and hard. The FKGL score is 9.9 (range 7.2-11.9) that corresponds to above the level of ninth grader.The mean CLI score is 11.09 (range 9-12) which represented text of twelfth grade. The mean SMOG index is 9.6 (range 8.1-11.1) which corresponded to greater than seventh grade level. While the mean ARI score was 10.5 (range 7.7-12.5) which represents readability suitable for people more than tenth grade. The mean LWF was 11.29 (range 7.8-14.4) that corresponds to tenth grade level of text. Conclusion - The currently available OPI on lymphoma did not met the set national recommendations level on seven different validated readability indexes. Currently, available literature is difficult to understand and comprehend for average patient and their kins. There is a dire need to revise the currently available material for easy comprehension and understanding by the general patient population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Acar, Alpaslan, and Korkut Uluç İŞİSAĞ. "Readability and Comprehensibility in Translation Using Reading Ease and Grade Indices." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.2p.47.
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The study compared and contrasted the readability and comprehensibility levels of technical and scientific texts in English and their Turkish translations through Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning Fog, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, The Coleman-Liau Index, The SMOG Index, Automated Readability Index and Linsear Write Formula. Atesman Reading Ease Formula was employed to measure the reading ease of the translated texts in Turkish. To measure the comprehensibility levels of the source texts and target texts, a checklist consisting of source texts and corresponding questions were administered to 43 English lecturers. One text was translated through Google translation. The comprehensibility level ranges from 0 to 100. (for English text: Comprehensibility level = (total items scores *100)/11; for Turkish texts comprehensibility level = (total items scores *100) /12. If comprehensibility level is 0-20, comprehensibility is considered very low; 21-40 is low; 41-60 is intermediate; 61-80 is high; 81-100 is very high. Cronbach's alpha statistics showed the internal consistency is 0,768 for the English texts and 0,796 for the Turkish texts. T-test was used for independent samples. Wilcoxon test was used for two related samples. The results showed that Flesh Reading Formula was compatible to Ateşman Reading Ease Formula. The comprehensibility levels of the source texts and the target texts were found higher than the readability of the texts. The comprehensibility of the target texts was found higher than that of the source texts. A statistical difference was found between the readability and comprehensibility levels of the texts. Google translation had the lowest comprehensibility level.
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Kapoor, Karan, Praveen George, Matthew C. Evans, Weldon J. Miller, and Stanley S. Liu. "Health Literacy: Readability of ACC/AHA Online Patient Education Material." Cardiology 138, no. 1 (2017): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475881.
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Objectives: To determine whether the online patient education material offered by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) is written at a higher level than the 6th-7th grade level recommended by the National Institute of Health (NIH). Methods: Online patient education material from each website was subjected to reading grade level (RGL) analysis using the Readability Studio Professional Edition. One-sample t testing was used to compare the mean RGLs obtained from 8 formulas to the NIH-recommended 6.5 grade level and 8th grade national mean. Results: In total, 372 articles from the ACC website and 82 from the AHA were studied. Mean (±SD) RGLs for the 454 articles were 9.6 ± 2.1, 11.2 ± 2.1, 11.9 ± 1.6, 10.8 ± 1.6, 9.7 ± 2.1, 10.8 ± 0.8, 10.5 ± 2.6, and 11.7 ± 3.5 according to the Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG Index), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), Gunning-Fog Index (GFI), New Dale-Chall reading level formula (NDC), FORCAST, Raygor Readability Estimate (RRE), and Fry Graph (Fry), respectively. All analyzed articles had significantly higher RGLs than both the NIH-recommended grade level of 6.5 and the national mean grade level of 8 (p < 0.00625). Conclusions: Patient education material provided on the ACC and AHA websites is written above the NIH-recommended 6.5 grade level and 8th grade national mean reading level. Additional studies are required to demonstrate whether lowering the RGL of this material improves outcomes among patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Eloy, Jean Anderson, Shawn Li, Khushabu Kasabwala, Nitin Agarwal, David R. Hansberry, Soly Baredes, and Michael Setzen. "Readability Assessment of Patient Education Materials on Major Otolaryngology Association Websites." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 147, no. 5 (August 3, 2012): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599812456152.
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Objective Various otolaryngology associations provide Internet-based patient education material (IPEM) to the general public. However, this information may be written above the fourth- to sixth-grade reading level recommended by the American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). The purpose of this study was to assess the readability of otolaryngology-related IPEMs on various otolaryngology association websites and to determine whether they are above the recommended reading level for patient education materials. Study Design and Setting Analysis of patient education materials from 9 major otolaryngology association websites. Methods The readability of 262 otolaryngology-related IPEMs was assessed with 8 numerical and 2 graphical readability tools. Averages were evaluated against national recommendations and between each source using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) analysis. Mean readability scores for each otolaryngology association website were compared. Results Mean website readability scores using Flesch Reading Ease test, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Coleman-Liau Index, SMOG grading, Gunning Fog Index, New Dale-Chall Readability Formula, FORCAST Formula, New Fog Count Test, Raygor Readability Estimate, and the Fry Readability Graph ranged from 20.0 to 57.8, 9.7 to 17.1, 10.7 to 15.9, 11.6 to 18.2, 10.9 to 15.0, 8.6 to 16.0, 10.4 to 12.1, 8.5 to 11.8, 10.5 to 17.0, and 10.0 to 17.0, respectively. ANOVA results indicate a significant difference ( P < .05) between the websites for each individual assessment. Conclusion The IPEMs found on all otolaryngology association websites exceed the recommended fourth- to sixth-grade reading level.
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Samuel, David, Nicole Vilardo, Sara Isani, and Gregory Gressel. "3515 Readability of online patient education materials on gynecologic malignancies from major medical associations." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.69.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Patients are increasingly using online materials to learn about gynecologic cancer. Recent studies demonstrate that 85-96% of patients with a gynecologic malignancy utilize the Internet as a health resource. Providers can refer patients to educational materials produced by major medical associations available on their websites. However, patient educational materials (PEMs) published by professional organizations from other surgical specialties have been shown to be difficult to read for the average American. The NIH and AMA recommend that PEMs be written between a sixth and eighth grade reading level. In this study, we assess the readability of online PEMs on gynecologic cancer published by major medical associations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Seven national medical association websites with PEMs on gynecologic malignancy were surveyed: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Center for Disease Control, Foundation for Women’s Cancer, National Cancer Institute, National Cervical Cancer Coalition, National Ovarian Cancer Coalition, and Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Online PEMs were identified and analyzed using five validated readability indices. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were performed to detect differences in readability between publishers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty PEMs were included in this analysis. Mean readability grade levels with standard deviation were: 11.3 (2.8) for Coleman-Liau index; 11.8 (3.2) for Flesch-Kincaid; 11.1 (1.2) for FORCAST formula; 12.5 (2.7) for Gunning FOG formula; 12.1 (2.6) for New Dale-Chall formula; and 13.5 (2.5) for SMOG formula. Overall, PEMs were written at a mean 12th grade reading level. Only 4.3% of articles were written at an 8th grade reading level or below. ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in readability between publishing associations (p<0.01). PEMs from the Center for Disease Control had a mean 10th grade reading level and were significantly lower than all other organizations. PEMs from The Foundation for Women’s Cancer had a mean 13th grade reading level and were significantly higher than most other organizations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Gynecologic oncology PEMs available from major medical association are written well above the recommended sixth to eight grade reading level. Simplifying PEMs may improve patient understanding of their disease and facilitate physician-patient communication.
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Margono, Margono. "Upaya Mengatasi Kesulitan Memahami Bacaan pada Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia dengan Menggunakan Metode Cooperative Integrated Reading And Composition (CIRC) Studi pada Siswa Kelas IV SD Negeri 38 Rejang Lebong." AR-RIAYAH : Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar 1, no. 2 (December 26, 2017): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jpd.v1i2.316.
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From the research that l’ve done that in class IV SDN 38 Rejang Lebong about the subject of Bahasa Indonesia still use the old method like speech method, so the understanding the students in reading. The Cooperative Integrated and Reading Composition method for the learning of bahasa Indonesia. This research use classromm action research using descriptive qualitative. The object of the research is the students of class IV SDN 38 Rejang Lebong. The learning process in Bahasa Indonesia using the CIRC model can done in 3 cycles. The result of the research show that the application of CIRC model for the understanding of the material of reading the intensif text can run effectively. The ability to read the understanding of the students are literal understanding, reorganizing and inferensial. The texts that are given to students have been swithched with the SMOG formula. The result of the study in cycle 1 has medium 69,5 and increase in the second cycle become 70 and increase in the third cycle with the medium 70,59. Based on this research can be suggested that this research well preparation and good attension in dividing a group task and avoid mistake in organizing the group and chosing the suitable text for the stidents based on their age.
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Sapińska-Sliwa, Aneta, Marc Rosen, Andrzej Gonet, Joanna Kowalczyk, and Tomasz Sliwa. "A New Method Based on Thermal Response Tests for Determining Effective Thermal Conductivity and Borehole Resistivity for Borehole Heat Exchangers." Energies 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061072.
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Research on borehole heat exchangers is described on the development of a method for the determination, based on thermal response tests, of the effective thermal conductivity and the thermal resistivity for borehole heat exchangers. This advance is important, because underground thermal energy storage increasingly consists of systems with a large number of borehole heat exchangers, and their effective thermal conductivities and thermal resistivities are significant parameters in the performance of the system (whether it contains a single borehole or a field of boreholes). Borehole thermal energy storages provide a particularly beneficial method for using ground energy as a clean thermal energy supply. This benefit is especially relevant in cities with significant smog in winter. Here, the authors describe, in detail, the development of a formula that is a basis for the thermal response test that is derived from Fourier’s Law, utilizing a new way of describing the basic parameters of the thermal response test, i.e., the effective thermal conductivity and the thermal resistivity. The new method is based on the resistivity equation, for which a solution giving a linear regression with zero directional coefficient is found. Experimental tests were performed and analyzed in support of the theory, with an emphasis on the interpretation differences that stem from the scope of the test.
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Lipari, Melissa, Helen Berlie, Yasmin Saleh, Pang Hang, and Lynette Moser. "Understandability, actionability, and readability of online patient education materials about diabetes mellitus." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 76, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxy021.
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Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the understandability, actionability, and readability of online diabetes education materials. Summary This was a descriptive study that identified printable diabetes education materials through an online search. Materials were included from the following sources: national organizations with materials approved by expert panels, corporations with materials subject to FDA approval, and not-for-profit organizations with inter-professional advisory boards to approve materials. Topics included were basic knowledge of diabetes, hypoglycemia, insulin, and blood sugar goals. Materials were excluded if they were non-printable, contained active links, had a publication date prior to January 2011, were greater than 2 pages in length, or were pediatric focused. Understandability and actionability of the patient education materials were evaluated using the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool (PEMAT). Descriptive statistics and inter-rater reliability analysis using the kappa statistic were utilized. Readability was assessed using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) formula. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationship between reading grade level and PEMAT scores. In total, 25 websites were identified, 5 of which met the inclusion criteria; 13 patient education materials were included, PEMAT scoring revealed that 4 of these met the criteria for understandability and only 1 met the criteria for actionability. There was no correlation found between PEMAT scores and reading grade levels (Pearson correlation coefficient = −0.30, p = 0.325). Conclusion The majority of diabetes patient education materials reviewed scored poorly using the PEMAT. Future development of diabetes patient education materials should be designed with the goal of increasing understandability and actionability.
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Hobbs, Madalyn, Marefa Jahan, Seyed A. Ghorashi, and Bing Wang. "Current Perspective of Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharides in Mammalian Milk: Implications for Brain and Gut Health of Newborns." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 21, 2021): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020473.
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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and lipids of breast milk. All mammal milk contains soluble oligosaccharides, including neutral milk oligosaccharides (NMOs) without sialic acid (Sia) moieties and acidic oligosaccharides or sialylated milk oligosaccharides (SMOs) with Sia residues at the end of sugar chains. The structural, biological diversity, and concentration of milk oligosaccharides in mammalian milk are significantly different among species. HMOs have multiple health benefits for newborns, including development of immune system, modification of the intestinal microbiota, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, and brain development. Most infant formulas lack oligosaccharides which resemble HMOs. Formula-fed infants perform poorly across physical and psychological wellbeing measures and suffer health disadvantages compared to breast-fed infants due to the differences in the nutritional composition of breast milk and infant formula. Of these milk oligosaccharides, SMOs are coming to the forefront of research due to the beneficial nature of Sia. This review aims to critically discuss the current state of knowledge of the biology and role of SMOs in human milk, infant formula milks, and milk from several other species on gut and brain health of human and animal offspring.
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Wagner, Peter, Ronald Nippold, and Johannes Grötsch. "Extended Fundamental Diagrams." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2674, no. 4 (March 11, 2020): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198120912235.
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By using a large data-base of single vehicle data from a German freeway, the fundamental diagram (FD) can be extended. These types of data allow extraction of additional information that can be displayed as a function of the traffic flow [Formula: see text] and speed [Formula: see text]. This is demonstrated here with a surrogate measure of safety (SMoS) and two other indices, which can be used to perform more in-depth analyses of traffic flow. In the case of the SMoS, it is possible to identify more and less dangerous regions in the extended FD.
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Xiong, Pingping, Zhiqing He, Shiting Chen, and Mao Peng. "A novel GM(1,N) model based on interval gray number and its application to research on smog pollution." Kybernetes 49, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 753–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-12-2018-0694.
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Purpose In recent years, domestic smog has become increasingly frequent and the adverse effects of smog have increasingly become the focus of public attention. It is a way to analyze such problems and provide solutions by mathematical methods. Design/methodology/approach This paper establishes a new gray model (GM) (1,N) prediction model based on the new kernel and degree of grayness sequences under the case that the interval gray number distribution information is known. First, the new kernel and degree of grayness sequences of the interval gray number sequence are calculated using the reconstruction definition of the kernel and degree of grayness. Then, the GM(1,N) model is formed based on the above new sequences to simulate and predict the kernel and degree of the grayness of the interval gray number sequence. Finally, the upper and lower bounds of the interval gray number are deduced based on the calculation formulas of the kernel and degree of grayness. Findings To verify further the practical significance of the model proposed in this paper, the authors apply the model to the simulation and prediction of smog. Compared with the traditional GM(1,N) model, the new GM(1,N) prediction model established in this paper has better prediction effect and accuracy. Originality/value This paper improves the traditional GM(1,N) prediction model and establishes a new GM(1,N) prediction model in the case of the known distribution information of the interval gray number of the smog pollutants concentrations data.
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Yuliyanti, Ai Yeni, and Busro Busro. "Readability of Articles in Journal of Religious and Socio-cultural Studies." Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English 7, no. 1 (June 27, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v7i1.2218.
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Although the research on the readability of particular text has been extensively undertaken, little research applied to article journals. This study attempts to analyze the readability of religious and socio-cultural articles published in the Wawasan Journal. It is crucial to analyze it to prepare the journal indexed by Scopus at the international level and Sinta 1 at the national level. This study adopted the mixed method, quantitative to count the readability score, and qualitative to describe the readability score. Data were collected from three issues: Volume 4, no 1 (2019), Volume 4, no 2 (2019), and Volume 5, no 1 (2020) because the journal uses English in those issues. Then, a test was undertaken by use of online software https://readabilityformulas.com on the texts of each article. The readability formulas are FKGL, CLI, SMOG, ARI, and LWF. The result shows that most articles of Wawasan Journal are appropriate with the targeted readers: college, college graduate, and college graduate and above. Nevertheless, many articles are still regarded as suitable for the lower level, namely school grade level. Based on the readability score average of three issues is relatively stable. Due to FKGL, CLI, SMOG, and ARI formulas, the three issues are appropriate at college level. Meanwhile, those are appropriate with college graduates and above based on LWF. It is still found inappropriate text with targeted readers, the researchers suggest that the editorial board need to check not only its originality and grammar but also the readability score of the proposed article.
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Wallace, Lorraine S., Kenneth Bielak, and Brian Linn. "Are English-Language Pedometer Instructions Readable?" Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 3 (May 2010): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.3.375.
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Background:We evaluated readability and related features of English-language instructions accompanying pedometers, including reading grade level, layout/formatting characteristics, and emphasis of key points.Methods:We identified 15 pedometers currently available for purchase in the US. Reading grade level was calculated using Flesch-Kinkaid (FK) and SMOG formulas. Text point size was measured with a C-Thru Ruler. Page and illustration dimensions were measured to the nearest millimeter (mm) with a standard ruler. Layout features were evaluated using the criteria from the User-Friendliness Tool.Results:FK scores ranged from 8th to 11th grade, while SMOG scores ranged from 8th to 12th grade. Text point size averaged 6.9 ± 1.9 (range = 4−11). Instructions averaged 8.7 ± 9.0 (range = 0−36) illustrations, most about the size of a US quarter. While many instructions avoided use of specialty fonts (n = 12; 80.0%), most used a minimal amount of white space. Just 4 (26.7%) sets of instructions highlighted the target goal of 10,000 steps-per-day.Conclusion:Pedometer instructions should be revised to meet the recommended 6th grade reading level. Paper size instructions are printed on should be enlarged, thereby allowing for larger text and illustrations, and additional white space. Recommended number of steps per day and proper pedometer positioning should also be predominantly highlighted.
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Gopal, Revathi, Mahendran Maniam, Noor Alhusna Madzlan, Siti Shuhaida binti Shukor, and Kanmani Neelamegam. "Readability formulas: An analysis into reading index of prose forms." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 972–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i3.20373.
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Text comprehension will suffer if the readability level is not accessible to the students. Readability formulas predict text complexity, assisting in appropriate text selection that complements students’ reading abilities to improve their language development. Therefore, the study aims to find out the reading index of the prose forms in the literature component catered to lower secondary school students ages 13 and 14 years old in Form One (seventh grade) and Form Two (eighth grade) classrooms in Malaysia. The reading index is measured by using four readability formulas which are Dale-Chall, Fog, SMOG, and Flesch-Kincaid that focuses on the words, sentences, syllables, and polysyllable words. These formulas are used to predict the level of difficulty of the prose forms. The reading index calculated from these readability formulas reveals the grade level of the prose forms. The grade level indicates the best age for reading and understanding the prose forms. Two prose forms were chosen as samples in the study. A passage is chosen from each prose form to be uploaded using the online tool. The indices obtained from the readability formulas predicted that both of the prose forms were below students’ reading age. The study implicates reading index must be taken into consideration in literary texts selection because it is an indicator of the years of education that an individual requires to comprehend the literary text clearly. Suitable reading material at students’ age level can enhance literature learning and teaching in the ESL classroom.
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Alfonso Contreras, Rafael Garcia-Al. "The SOL Formulas for Converting SMOG Readability Scores Between Health Education Materials Written in Spanish, English, and French." Journal of Health Communication 4, no. 1 (March 1999): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/108107399127066.
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Friedman, Daniela B., and Laurie Hoffman-Goetz. "A Systematic Review of Readability and Comprehension Instruments Used for Print and Web-Based Cancer Information." Health Education & Behavior 33, no. 3 (June 2006): 352–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198105277329.
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Adequate functional literacy skills positively influence individuals' ability to take control of their health. Print and Web-basedcancer informationis oftenwritten at difficult readinglevels. This systematic review evaluates readability instruments (FRE, F-K, Fog, SMOG, Fry) used to assess print and Web-based cancer information and word recognition and comprehension tests (Cloze, REALM, TOFHLA, WRAT) that measure people's health literacy. Articles on readability and comprehension instruments explicitly used for cancer information were assembled by searching MEDLINE and Psyc INFO from 1993 to 2003. In all, 23 studies were included; 16 on readability, 6 on comprehension, and 1 on readability and comprehension. Of the readability investigations, 14 focused on print materials, and 2 assessed Internet information. Comprehension and word recognition measures were not applied to Web-based information. None of the formulas were designed to determine the effects ofvisuals ordesignfactorsthat couldinfluencereadabilityandcomprehensionofcancereducationinformation.
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Kayam, Orly. "The Readability and Simplicity of Donald Trump’s Language." Political Studies Review 16, no. 1 (September 13, 2017): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929917706844.
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The purpose of this study is to identify the readability and simplicity of Donald J. Trump’s speech in his media interviews and debates during the 2016 US presidential primary campaign. A total of 10 interviews and debates broadcast on different television networks were analyzed using three of the most commonly used readability formulas: Flesch–Kincaid, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and Gunning-Fog. The analysis revealed that a fourth- to fifth-grade level of education (9- to 11-year-olds) is required to understand Trump’s language. In total, 10 additional interviews and debates of other candidates in the presidential election of 2016, from both the Republican and the Democratic parties, were analyzed, using the same readability formulas, in order to shed additional light on Trump’s results. This analysis showed that the average score of all the other candidates was at a ninth-grade level (14- to 15-year-olds). Furthermore, the study reveals that Trump’s sentences and words were significantly shorter and less complex than those of any other candidate. This study suggests that Trump uses low readability and simplicity of language as a rhetorical strategy to gain popularity, in accordance with the trend of anti-intellectualism.
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Kempf, Kerstin, Martin Röhling, Katja Niedermeier, Babette Gärtner, and Stephan Martin. "Individualized Meal Replacement Therapy Improves Clinically Relevant Long-Term Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Patients." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 4, 2018): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081022.
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Background Formula diets can improve glycemic control or can even induce remission in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that especially an individualized intense meal replacement by a low-carbohydrate formula diet with accompanied self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) contributes to long-term improvements in HbA1c, weight, and cardiometabolic risk factors in poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Methods Type 2 diabetes patients were randomized into either a moderate group (M-group) with two meal replacements/day (n = 160) or a stringent group (S-group) with three meal replacements/day (n = 149) during the first week of intervention (1300–1500 kcal/day). Subsequently, both groups reintroduced a low-carbohydrate lunch based on individual adaption due to SMBG in weeks 2–4. After week 4, breakfast was reintroduced until week 12. During the follow-up period, all of the participants were asked to continue replacing one meal per day until the 52-weeks follow-up. Additionally, an observational control group (n = 100) remained in routine care. Parameters were compared at baseline, after 12 and 52 weeks within and between all of the groups. Results 321 participants (83%) completed the acute meal replacement phase after 12 weeks and 279 participants (72%) the whole intervention after 52 weeks. Both intervention groups achieved improvements in HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and weight (all p < 0.001) within 12 weeks. However, these results were not significantly different between both of the intervention groups. The estimated treatment difference in HbA1c reduction was (mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) -0.10% with 95% CI [−0.40; 0.21] also (p > 0.05) (S-group vs. M-group) not statistically different after 12 weeks. However, only the S-group showed a clinically relevant improvement in HbA1c of −0.81% [−1.06; −0.55] (p < 0.001) after 52 weeks of follow-up, whereas HbA1c was not statistically different between the M- and control group. Conclusion Individualized meal replacement with SMBG demonstrated beneficial effects on HbA1c and cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the initiation of a weight loss program with one week of full meal replacement (three meals per day) resulted in a clinically relevant long-term HbA1c reduction, as compared to an observational control group that had standard care.
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Abdo, Ibrahem Mohamad Khalefe Bani. "Computer Programming and Readability Scoring Tests between Arabic and English of Surat Al-Fātiḥah." Journal of Social Sciences (COES&RJ-JSS) 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1543–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25255/jss.2020.9.4.1543.1558.
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The present paper investigates computer programming of the readability feature in Al-Fatihah (Arabic: ٱلْفَاتِحَة), the first chapter (Surah) of the Quraan, with its English equivalent and whether the different statistics scores of readability may affect the translation’s value of the holy text (Al-Fatihah) compared to its target text equivalent. This paper uses the computer programming of readability tests. It uses different formulas as (i) Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease; (ii) Flesch Kincaid Grade Level; (iii) Gunning Fog Score; (iv) SMOG Index; (v) Coleman Liau Index; and (vi) Automated Readability Index. These formulas identify the easiness of the source text compare to the translated text (target text). This study identifies the readability scores that may affect the translation text compared to the source text. The study reveals that the readability scoring tests between Arabic (ST), Arabic –Latin (Transliteration), and the target text (TT) English version of Surat Al-Fātiḥah from The holy Book Al Quraan are different. The ST is much easier to read by their audience than the TT readers. It also affirms that the translating process may cause slightly changes in the TT compared to the ST ones. Finally, the lack of knowledge of such computer software during the translating process may increase or decrease the complexity of the text for readers.
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Ko, Shigeru B. H., Xiang Luo, Henrik Hager, Alexandra Rojek, Joo Young Choi, Christoph Licht, Makoto Suzuki, Shmuel Muallem, Søren Nielsen, and Kenichi Ishibashi. "AE4 is a DIDS-sensitive Cl−/HCO 3 − exchanger in the basolateral membrane of the renal CCD and the SMG duct." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 283, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): C1206—C1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00512.2001.
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The renal cortical collecting duct (CCD) plays an important role in systemic acid-base homeostasis. The β-intercalated cells secrete most of the HCO[Formula: see text], which is mediated by a luminal, DIDS-insensitive, Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text] exchange. The identity of the luminal exchanger is a matter of debate. Anion exchanger isoform 4 (AE4) cloned from the rabbit kidney was proposed to perform this function (Tsuganezawa H et al. J Biol Chem 276: 8180–8189, 2001). By contrast, it was proposed (Royaux IE et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 4221–4226, 2001) that pendrin accomplishes this function in the mouse CCD. In the present work, we cloned, localized, and characterized the function of the rat AE4. Northern blot and RT-PCR showed high levels of AE4 mRNA in the CCD. Expression in HEK-293 and LLC-PK1 cells showed that AE4 is targeted to the plasma membrane. Measurement of intracellular pH (pHi) revealed that AE4 indeed functions as a Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text] exchanger. However, AE4 activity was inhibited by DIDS. Immunolocalization revealed species-specific expression of AE4. In the rat and mouse CCD and the mouse SMG duct AE4 was in the basolateral membrane. By contrast, in the rabbit, AE4 was in the luminal and lateral membranes. In both, the rat and rabbit CCD AE4 was in α-intercalated cells. Importantly, localization of AE4 was not affected by the systemic acid-base status of the rats. Therefore, we conclude that expression and possibly function of AE4 is species specific. In the rat and mouse AE4 functions as a Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text] exchanger in the basolateral membrane of α-intercalated cells and may participate in HCO[Formula: see text] absorption. In the rabbit AE4 may contribute to HCO[Formula: see text] secretion.
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Huang, Weifan. "Research on the electromagnetic scattering from foam sea based on SMCG." Frequenz 75, no. 7-8 (May 31, 2021): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2020-0172.
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Abstract The electromagnetic scattering characteristics of foam in Marine environment are studied in this paper. The Elfouhaily sea spectrum model is established, and the dielectric constants of seawater/ocean foam are calculated based on the double Debye dielectric constant model, furthermore, the formula relation between them is given. As an important factor affecting ocean electromagnetic scattering, the thickness of foam is proportional to the wind speed above the sea surface. In this paper, the SMCG method based on the surface current equation is mainly used to calculate the electromagnetic scattering coefficient of the environment, and the correctness of the SMCG algorithm is verified by comparing the calculated results with the actual measured data. Based on the computer simulation, the influence of the existence of ocean foam on the environmental scattering is discussed, and the Marine electromagnetic scattering coefficients under different wind speeds, different scrape angles and different radar bands are calculated. Through the analysis of the calculation results, the influences of wind speed, grazing angle and frequency on the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the Marine environment containing foam are studied, and the general variation rule is obtained: the intensity of electromagnetic scattering increases with the increase of wind speed, the decrease of incident Angle and the increase of frequency. The results of this paper can be used to guide ocean navigation and fishery, and have reference significance in the military field.
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Cappon, Giacomo, Francesca Marturano, Martina Vettoretti, Andrea Facchinetti, and Giovanni Sparacino. "In Silico Assessment of Literature Insulin Bolus Calculation Methods Accounting for Glucose Rate of Change." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296818777524.
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Background: The standard formula (SF) used in bolus calculators (BCs) determines meal insulin bolus using “static” measurement of blood glucose concentration (BG) obtained by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) fingerprick device. Some methods have been proposed to improve efficacy of SF using “dynamic” information provided by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and, in particular, glucose rate of change (ROC). This article compares, in silico and in an ideal framework limiting the exposition to possibly confounding factors (such as CGM noise), the performance of three popular techniques devised for such a scope, that is, the methods of Buckingham et al (BU), Scheiner (SC), and Pettus and Edelman (PE). Method: Using the UVa/Padova Type 1 diabetes simulator we generated data of 100 virtual subjects in noise-free, single-meal scenarios having different preprandial BG and ROC values. Meal insulin bolus was computed using SF, BU, SC, and PE. Performance was assessed with the blood glucose risk index (BGRI) on the 9 hours after meal. Results: On average, BU, SC, and PE improve BGRI compared to SF. When BG is rapidly decreasing, PE obtains the best performance. In the other ROC scenarios, none of the considered methods prevails in all the preprandial BG conditions tested. Conclusion: Our study showed that, at least in the considered ideal framework, none of the methods to correct SF according to ROC is globally better than the others. Critical analysis of the results also suggests that further investigations are needed to develop more effective formulas to account for ROC information in BCs.
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Hamilton, J. F., A. C. Lewis, J. C. Reynolds, L. J. Carpenter, and A. Lubben. "Investigating the composition of organic aerosol resulting from cyclohexene ozonolysis: low molecular weight and heterogeneous reaction products." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, no. 12 (October 30, 2006): 4973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-4973-2006.
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Abstract. The composition of organic aerosol formed from the gas phase ozonolysis of cyclohexene has been investigated in a smog chamber experiment. Comprehensive gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometric detection was used to determine that dicarboxylic acids and corresponding cyclic anhydrides dominated the small gas phase reaction products found in aerosol sampled during the first hour after initial aerosol formation. Structural analysis of larger more polar molecules was performed using liquid chromatography with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. This indicated that the majority of identified organic mass was in dimer form, built up from combinations of the most abundant small acid molecules, with frequent indication of the inclusion of adipic acid. Trimers and tetramers potentially formed via similar acid combinations were also observed in lower abundances. Tandem mass spectral data indicated dimers with either acid anhydride or ester functionalities as the linkage between monomers. High-resolution mass spectrometry identified the molecular formulae of the most abundant dimer species to be C10H16O6, C11H18O6, C10H14O8 and C11H16O8 and could be used in some cases to reduce uncertainty in exact chemical structure determination by tandem MS.
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Hamilton, J. F., A. C. Lewis, J. Reynolds, L. J. Carpenter, and A. Lubben. "Investigating the composition of organic aerosol resulting from cyclohexene ozonolysis: low molecular weight and heterogeneous reaction products." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, no. 4 (July 12, 2006): 6369–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-6369-2006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The composition of organic aerosol formed from the gas phase ozonolysis of cyclohexene has been investigated in a smog chamber experiment. Comprehensive gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometric detection was used to determine that dicarboxylic acids and corresponding cyclic anhydrides dominated the small gas phase reaction products found in aerosol sampled during the first hour after initial aerosol formation. Structural analysis of larger more polar molecules was performed using liquid chromatography with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. This indicated that the majority of identified organic mass was in dimer form, built up from combinations of the most abundant small acid molecules, with frequent indication of the inclusion of adipic acid. Trimers and tetramers potentially formed via similar acid combinations were also observed in lower abundances. Tandem mass spectral data indicated dimers with either acid anhydride or ester functionalities as the linkage between monomers. High-resolution mass spectrometry identified the molecular formulae of the most abundant dimer species to be C10H16O6, C11H18O6, C10H14O8 and C11H16O8 and could be used in some cases to reduce uncertainty in exact chemical structure determination by tandem MS.
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Praplan, A. P., K. Hegyi-Gaeggeler, P. Barmet, L. Pfaffenberger, J. Dommen, and U. Baltensperger. "Online measurements of water-soluble organic acids in the gas and aerosol phase from the photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 16 (August 26, 2014): 8665–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8665-2014.
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Abstract. The formation of organic acids during photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) in the presence of NOx was investigated with an online ion chromatography (IC) instrument coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) at the Paul Scherrer Institute's smog chamber. Gas and aerosol phase were both sampled. Molecular formulas were attributed to 12 compounds with the help of high-resolution MS data from filter extracts (two compounds in the gas phase only, two in the aerosol phase only and eight in both). Seven of those species could be identified: formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, butanoic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid and methylmaleic acid. While the organic acid fraction present in the aerosol phase does not strongly depend on the precursor concentration (6 to 20%), the presence of SO2 reduces this amount to less than 3% for both high and low precursor concentration scenarios. A large amount of acetic acid was injected during one experiment after aerosol formation, but no increase of acetic acid particle concentration could be observed. This indicates that the unexpected presence of volatile organic acids in the particle phase might not be due to partitioning effects, but to reactive uptake or to sampling artefact.
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Praplan, A. P., K. Hegyi-Gaeggeler, P. Barmet, L. Pfaffenberger, J. Dommen, and U. Baltensperger. "Online measurements of water-soluble organic acids in the gas and aerosol phase from the photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2014): 985–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-985-2014.
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Abstract. The formation of organic acids during photooxidation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) was investigated with an online ion chromatography (IC) instrument coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS) at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) smog chamber. Gas and aerosol phase were both sampled. Molecular formulae were attributed to twelve compounds with the help of high resolution MS data from filter extracts (two compounds in the gas phase only, two in the aerosol phase only and eight in both). Seven of those species could be identified unambiguously (each of them present in gas and aerosol phase): formic acid, acetic acid, glycolic acid, butyric acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid and methylmaleic acid. The influence of the precursor concentration (TMB: 1200 and 600 ppbv) and of the presence of 2 ppbv of sulphur dioxide (SO2) on aerosol and gas phase products were further investigated. While the organic acid fraction present in the aerosol phase does not strongly depend on the precursor concentration (6 to 14%), the presence of SO2 reduces this amount to less than 3% for both high and low precursor concentration scenarios. The addition of acetic acid during the experiments indicated that the presence of small acids in the particle phase might not be due to partitioning effects.
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Schade, I., KD Röhm, A. Schellhaass, A. Mengistu, J. Boldt, and SN Piper. "Inflammatory response in patients requiring parenteral nutrition: comparison of a new fish-oil-containing emulsion (SMOF®) versus an olive/soybean oil-based formula." Critical Care 12, Suppl 2 (2008): P144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc6365.
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Hinks, Mallory L., Julia Montoya-Aguilera, Lucas Ellison, Peng Lin, Alexander Laskin, Julia Laskin, Manabu Shiraiwa, Donald Dabdub, and Sergey A. Nizkorodov. "Effect of relative humidity on the composition of secondary organic aerosol from the oxidation of toluene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 3 (February 6, 2018): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1643-2018.
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Abstract. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from low-NOx toluene oxidation in the absence of seed particles was investigated. SOA samples were prepared in an aerosol smog chamber at < 2 % RH and 75 % RH, collected on Teflon filters, and analyzed with nanospray desorption electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (nano-DESI–HRMS). Measurements revealed a significant reduction in the fraction of oligomers present in the SOA generated at 75 % RH compared to SOA generated under dry conditions. In a separate set of experiments, the particle mass concentrations were measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) at RHs ranging from < 2 to 90 %. It was found that the particle mass loading decreased by nearly an order of magnitude when RH increased from < 2 to 75–90 % for low-NOx toluene SOA. The volatility distributions of the SOA compounds, estimated from the distribution of molecular formulas using the “molecular corridor” approach, confirmed that low-NOx toluene SOA became more volatile on average under high-RH conditions. In contrast, the effect of RH on SOA mass loading was found to be much smaller for high-NOx toluene SOA. The observed increase in the oligomer fraction and particle mass loading under dry conditions were attributed to the enhancement of condensation reactions, which produce water and oligomers from smaller compounds in low-NOx toluene SOA. The reduction in the fraction of oligomeric compounds under humid conditions is predicted to partly counteract the previously observed enhancement in the toluene SOA yield driven by the aerosol liquid water chemistry in deliquesced inorganic seed particles.
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Trahtemberg, Uriel, Tova Hallas, Yehonatan Segman, Ella Sheiman, Michal Shasha, Kobi Nissim, and Yosef (Joseph) Segman. "New Paradigm of Personalized Glycemic Control Using Glucose Temporal Density Histograms." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 13, no. 4 (January 8, 2019): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1932296818821423.
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Background: Current methods used to assess glycemic control use averaged measures and provide little information on the glycemic pathology of the patients. In this article we propose visual tools and their related mathematical formulas that allow for improved characterization of the glycemic behavior and achieve better glycemic control. Methods: We present a reanalysis of published data, based on SMBG measurements from clinical trials of both men and women older than 18 years who were either healthy volunteers, prediabetes, or type 1 or type 2 diabetes. New graphic visualizations of glycemia as well as mathematical formulas that describe the glycemic behavior are presented and described, as well as suggested methods for their use to improve glycemic control. Results: Patients with different problems in their glycemic control had different histogram shapes. In addition, patients who had the same HbA1c level at the time of the trial revealed significantly different glucose histograms with different shapes, variability and glycemic burden. The derived graphic visualizations provided information about the temporal evolution of the glycemic control. Conclusions: A paradigm change of the existing model of diabetes control is proposed, shifting from standardized treatment algorithms based on HbA1c follow-up to a new controlling approach that is based on the personal glucose density histogram. The histogram is an informative, detailed tool for the current patient glycemic behavior, and a future histogram can be targeted for a successful treatment. In addition, the glucose burden and the glucose severity index are proposed as informative markers for successful treatment. This is applicable to any glycemic data, by means of invasive and noninvasive glucometers.
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Hamilton, J. F., M. Rami Alfarra, K. P. Wyche, M. W. Ward, A. C. Lewis, G. B. McFiggans, N. Good, et al. "Investigating the use of secondary organic aerosol as seed particles in simulation chamber experiments." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 27, 2010): 25117–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-25117-2010.
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Abstract. The use of β-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol particles as seeds for smog chamber simulations has been investigated. A series of experiments were carried out in the Manchester photochemical chamber as part of the Aerosol Coupling in the Earth System (ACES) project to study the effect of seed particles on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from limonene photo-oxidation. Rather than use a conventional seed aerosol containing ammonium sulphate or diesel particles, a method was developed to use in situ chamber generated seed particles from β-caryophyllene photo-oxidation, which were then diluted to a desired mass loading (in this case 4–13 μg m-3). Limonene was then introduced into the chamber and oxidised, with the formation of SOA seen as a growth in the size of oxidised organic seed particles from 150 to 325 nm mean diameter. The effect of the partitioning of limonene oxidation products onto the seed aerosol was assessed using aerosol mass spectrometry during the experiment and the percentage of m/z 44, an indicator of degree of oxidation, increased from around 5 to 8%. The hygroscopicity of the aerosol also changed, with the growth factor for 200 nm particles increasing from less than 1.05 to 1.25 at 90% RH. The detailed chemical composition of the limonene SOA could be extracted from the complex β-caryophyllene matrix using two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. High resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS) was used to determine exact molecular formulae of the seed and the limonene modified aerosol. The average O:C ratio was seen to increase from 0.32 to 0.37 after limonene oxidation products had condensed onto the organic seed.
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Hamilton, J. F., M. Rami Alfarra, K. P. Wyche, M. W. Ward, A. C. Lewis, G. B. McFiggans, N. Good, et al. "Investigating the use of secondary organic aerosol as seed particles in simulation chamber experiments." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 12 (June 23, 2011): 5917–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5917-2011.
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Abstract. The use of β-caryophyllene secondary organic aerosol particles as seeds for smog chamber simulations has been investigated. A series of experiments were carried out in the Manchester photochemical chamber as part of the Aerosol Coupling in the Earth System (ACES) project to study the effect of seed particles on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from limonene photo-oxidation. Rather than use a conventional seed aerosol containing ammonium sulfate or diesel particles, a method was developed to use in-situ chamber generated seed particles from β-caryophyllene photo-oxidation, which were then diluted to a desired mass loading (in this case 4–13 μg m−3). Limonene was then introduced into the chamber and oxidised, with the formation of SOA seen as a growth in the size of oxidised organic seed particles from 150 to 325 nm mean diameter. The effect of the partitioning of limonene oxidation products onto the seed aerosol was assessed using aerosol mass spectrometry during the experiment and the percentage of m/z 44, an indicator of degree of oxidation, increased from around 5 to 8 %. The hygroscopicity of the aerosol also changed, with the growth factor for 200 nm particles increasing from less than 1.05 to 1.25 at 90 % RH. The detailed chemical composition of the limonene SOA could be extracted from the complex β-caryophyllene matrix using two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. High resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR-MS) was used to determine exact molecular formulae of the seed and the limonene modified aerosol. The average O:C ratio was seen to increase from 0.32 to 0.37 after limonene oxidation products had condensed onto the organic seed.
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ALVAREZ-COLLADO, J. R. "ON THE CALCULATION OF THE OPTICAL AND REACTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS), BY USING THE FROZEN SPIN MOLECULAR ORBITAL (SMO) HARTREE-FOCK (HF) APPROACH." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 30 (December 10, 2010): 5833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055494.
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The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds of obvious technical and medical interest. In the present work, we analyze the optical and reactive properties of several small (6–50 Carbon atoms) and large (100–5000 Carbon atoms) irregular PAHs. These properties have been calculated by using the (Frozen) spin molecular orbital (SMO) Hartree-Fock (HF) approach, referred to as FHF, because of its high computational efficiency. There is a reasonable agreement of our results with those previously obtained by other authors. The FHF approach is (about 1000 times) faster than the conventional semi-empirical methods, and only requires the chemical formula of the PAH as input.
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Kim, Danielle Jin-Kwang, Marcos Kuroki, Jian Cui, Zhaohui Gao, J. Carter Luck, Sam Pai, Amanda Miller, and Lawrence Sinoway. "Systemic and regional hemodynamic response to activation of the exercise pressor reflex in patients with peripheral artery disease." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 318, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): H916—H924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00493.2019.
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Patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) have an accentuated exercise pressor reflex (EPR) during exercise of the affected limb. The underlying hemodynamic changes responsible for this, and its effect on blood flow to the exercising extremity, are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the exaggerated EPR in PAD is mediated by an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR), which augments redistribution of blood flow to the exercising limb. Twelve patients with PAD and 12 age- and sex-matched subjects without PAD performed dynamic plantar flexion (PF) using the most symptomatic leg at progressive workloads of 2–12 kg (increased by 1 kg/min until onset of fatigue). We measured heart rate, beat-by-beat blood pressure, femoral blood flow velocity (FBV), and muscle oxygen saturation ([Formula: see text]) continuously during the exercise. Femoral blood flow (FBF) was calculated from FBV and baseline femoral artery diameter. Stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and TPR were derived from the blood pressure tracings. Mean arterial blood pressure and TPR were significantly augmented in PAD compared with control during PF. FBF increased during exercise to an equal extent in both groups. However, [Formula: see text] of the exercising limb remained significantly lower in PAD compared with control. We conclude that the exaggerated pressor response in PAD is mediated by an abnormal TPR response, which augments redistribution of blood flow to the exercising extremity, leading to an equal rise in FBF compared with controls. However, this increase in FBF is not sufficient to normalize the SmO2 response during exercise in patients with PAD. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, peripheral artery disease (PAD) patients and healthy control subjects performed graded, dynamic plantar flexion exercise. Data from this study suggest that previously reported exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in patients with PAD is driven by greater vasoconstriction in nonexercising vascular territories which also results in a redistribution of blood flow to the exercising extremity. However, this rise in femoral blood flow does not fully correct the oxygen deficit due to changes in other mechanisms that require further investigation.
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Moore, Tina, Laura P. James, Jennifer Holland, Edith Paal, and Kristie Hadden. "2030." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 1, S1 (September 2017): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.187.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Develop a plain language informed consent template that met IRB and regulatory requirements. Evaluate the effectiveness of the template at improving the readability of informed consents. Field test the informed consent with low health literacy. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a retrospective analysis of over 200 UAMS IRB approved, investigator initiated informed consents from 2013 to 2015 to determine the readability before intervention. The mean grade level readabilities were derived from the results of 3 readability formulas (Flesch-Kincaid, SMOG, and Fry) using open-source readability tools. A plain language informed consent template that meets IRB and regulatory requirements was developed, adhering to health literacy best practices for written communication. The template was made available to investigators as an optional resource, and IRB committees were trained on use of the template. In addition, a focus group will be conducted to qualitatively assess understandability of the template with study participants identified as having inadequate health literacy. Data analysis will include readability assessment of IRB approved informed consents post intervention with and without use of the plain language template, as well as qualitative feedback from focus group participants. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The retrospective analysis revealed a mean readability of 10th grade for IRB approved informed consents from 2013 to 2015 (n=217). The readability of the developed plain language template was 5th grade. Preliminary post-intervention results show adoption of the template by investigators (n=16) resulted in informed consents with a mean readability of 7th grade (range 6–9th grade), compared to a mean of 10th grade (range 7–11th grade) for the comparator (“no adoption” group, n=24). Data collection will continue through May 2017. The focus group is forthcoming and results will be included in the poster. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Low health literacy is common in individuals with healthcare disparities and can limit their participation in clinical research. Few studies have examined interventions to address this barrier to research. Preliminary results of this study support the utilization of a plain language informed consent template in investigator-initiated research. Moreover, this study demonstrates the importance of stakeholder engagement among CTSA leadership, health literacy experts, the institutional review board, investigators, and research subjects in the development and testing of this intervention to make informed consents “understandable to the subject” while containing all required elements.
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Anni Holila Pulungan,, Djuwi Adiba And. "THE READABILITY ON GET ALONG WITH ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR VOATIONAL SCHOOL OF ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS AT YAPIM SIMPANG KAWAT." REGISTER Journal of English Language Teaching of FBS-Unimed 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/reg.v6i4.7553.
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The objective of this study aimed to find out the textbook that is readable for vocational school of eleventh grade students at YAPIM. It also used descriptive method to analyze and describe the readability based on SMOG and the New Dale-Chall formula. The data are the sentences in the six texts taken from the textbook published by Erlangga. The findings shows that the readability score based on SMOG formula looks like: text 1 got 134.43 in grade 15, text 2 got 89.98 in grade 12, text 3 got 25.88 in grade 8, text 4 got 85.89 in grade 12, text 5 got 15.75 in grade 7, and text 6 got 53.31 in grade 10. The average of the score was 67.54. Meanwhile, the readability score based on the New Dale-Chall formula looks like: text 1 got 8.0525 in grade 11-12, text 2 got 7.6315 in grade 9-10, text 3 got 5.0865 in grade 5-6, text 4 got 8.9655 in grade 11-12, text 5 got 5.5505 in grade 5-6, text 6 got 6.7285 in grade 7-8. The average of the score was 7. It shows that based on the average of the score from those formulas, the textbook is readable for the eleventh grade students.
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Falconer, Naudia, E. Reicherter, Barbara Billek-Sawhney, and Steven Chesbro. "An Analysis of the Readability of Educational Materials on the Consumer Webpage of a Health Professional Organization: Considerations for Practice." Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46743/1540-580x/2011.1360.
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The readability level of many patient education materials is too high for patients to comprehend, placing the patient’s health at risk. Since health professionals often recommend Internet-based patient education resources, they must ensure that the readability of information provided to consumers is at an appropriate level. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the readability of educational brochures found on the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) consumer website. Methods: Fourteen educational brochures on the APTA website in March 2008 were analyzed using the following assessments: Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Flesch Reading Ease, Fry Readability Formula, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Checklist for Patient Education Materials, and Consumer Health Web Site Evaluation Checklist. Results: According to the Flesch-Kincaid and Flesch Reading Ease, over 90% of the brochures were written at greater than a sixth grade level. The mean reading level was grade 10.2 (range = 3.1 to 12) with a Reading Ease score between 31.5 to 79.9. Using the SMOG formula, the brochures had a mean reading level of grade 11.5 (range = 9 to 13). The Fry Readability showed that 85% of the brochures were written higher than a sixth grade level, with a mean reading level of grade 9.5 (range = 6 to 14). Conclusion: Findings suggest that most of the consumer education information available on the website of this health professional organization had readability scores that were too high for average consumers to read.
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Janan, Dahlia, and David Wray. "Reassessing the Accuracy and Use of Readability Formulae." Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, December 25, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/mjli.11.2014.7668.
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Purpose – The purpose of the study is to review readability formulae and offer a critique, based on a comparison of the grading of a variety of texts given by six well-known formulae. Methodology – A total of 64 texts in English were selected either by or for native English speaking children aged between six and 11 years. Each text was assessed using six commonly used readability formulae via the Words Count website (http://www.wordscount. info/) which provides automated readability indices using FOG, Spache, SMOG, Flesh-Kincaid and Dale-Chall. For the ATOS formula, the Renaissance Learning website was used (http://www. renlearn.com/ar/overview/atos/). Statistical tests were then carried out to check the consistency among the six formulae in terms of their predictions of levels of text diffi culty. Findings – The analysis demonstrated significantly different readability indices for the same text using different formulae. It appeared that some of the formulae (but not all) were consistent in their ranking of texts in order of difficulty but were not consistent in their grading of each text. This finding suggests that readability formulae need to be used carefully to support teachers’ judgements about text difficulty rather than as the sole mechanism for text assessment. Significance – Making decisions about matching texts to learners is something regularly required from teachers at all levels. Making such decisions about text suitability is described as measuring the ‘readability’ of texts, and for a long time, this measurement has been treated as unproblematic and achieved using formulae which use such features as vocabulary diffi culty and sentence length. This study suggests that the use of such readability formulae is more problematic than may at first appear. Although the study was carried out with native English speaking children using texts in English, it is argued that the lessons learnt apply equally to Malay speakers reading Malay language texts.
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Johan Sinulingga, Rinaldi Masda Syahputra And. "THE READABILITY OF READING TEXTS IN ENGLISH TEXTBOOK FOR GRADE VIII STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI 1 KABANJAHE 2016/2017." REGISTER Journal of English Language Teaching of FBS-Unimed 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/reg.v6i3.6709.
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This research analyzed the readability of reading texts taken from English textbooks for grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Kabanjahe of 2016/2017 entitled English in Focus published by Pusat Perbukuan Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Being important a textbook as the most used in sources of a class, textbook should be readable and appropriate for the students especially for the reading texts inside it. The goal of this research was to find out how is the readability of those reading texts in the textbook.To describe and investigate the readability, this research used a readability formula measurement called SMOG Grading Formula which is found by G. Harry Mc. Laughlin. The source of the data were 20 reading texts taken randomly from English in Focus textbook.The major findings of the study showed that the readability of 20 reading texts were in the variety level for students within 5th elementary school to the 10th grade high school students level, and it found that 13 of 20 reading texts or about 65% of the data are appropriate for the 8th grade students who are the user of the book. Meanwhile, this research also found reading texts which are not appropriate for the students. There are 3 reading texts are too easy and 4 are too difficult for them. So, 35% reading texts in the data is not appropriate for 8th grade students.
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Purnama Sari, Dewi, Kusnanto Kusnanto, and Esti Yunitasari. "PENGARUH PENDEKATAN IMPLEMENTATION INTENTION DALAM MANAJEMEN PERAWATAN DIRI PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELLITUS TIPE 2." Journal of Health Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 25, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33086/jhs.v10i2.133.
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Education about self-care DM type 2 has been given, but the failure rate in achieving glycemic control is still high. This leads to the risk of Diabetes Mellitus complications referring to the high cost of care. Action of self-care management of patients with type 2 diabetes is based on the intention. However, intention can not always be an action because of the barrier of self-control (self regulatory problem). Implementation intention becomes an effort in improving the realization of intention into action. This study aims to analyze the influence of implementation intention approach in the self-care management of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. This study uses the quasy experiment method (pre-post test with control design) with comparing the effect of implementation intention in 2 group. The study was conducted in Internal Medicine Outpatient Ward in University of Airlangga Hospital with a total sample of 38 people with hypothesis test formula data proportion of two populations 1 tailed. Variable include action of nutrition management, modification of physical activity, medication adherence and self monitoring blood glucose measures using a questionnaire instrument. Data were analyzed through independent t-test. The result of the research shows that p value < tolerance level with α = 0,05 means that Ho is rejected, so there is an influence between implementation intention approach with nutrition management, modification of physical activity, and medication compliance. Whereas if obtained p value > tolerance level means Ho accepted, so there is no effect of implementation implementation approach with self monitoring of blood glucose. Conclusions: the impelementation intention approach improves the application of self-care management in nutrition management, modification of activity and medication adherence but can not improve action in independent self monitoring blood glucose (SMBG). Reccomendation: Further research can develop SMBG variables by providing standardized assessment based on patient needs and situations; allowing more than 4 weeks, grouping respondents homogeneously based on individual characteristics.
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Lim, Sean-Tee J. M., Martin Kelly, Logeswaran Selvarajah, Michael Murray, and Timothy Scanlon. "Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure: an assessment of the quality and readability of online information." BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 21, no. 1 (May 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12911-021-01513-x.
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Abstract Purpose Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure is an established procedure carried out by interventional radiologists to achieve portal decompression and to manage the complications of portal hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and readability of information available online for TIPS procedure. Methods Websites were identified using the search terms “TIPS procedure”, “TIPSS procedure”, “transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt procedure”, with the first 25 pages from the three most popular search engines (Google, Bing and Yahoo) being selected for evaluation with a total of 225. Each Website was grouped by authorship into one of five categories: (1) Physician, (2) Academic, (3) For-profit, (4) Non-profit (including government and public health), or (5) Other (discussion/social media). Readability of each Website was assessed using the Flesch-Reading Ease score, Flesch–Kincaid grade level, Gunning-Fog Index, Coleman–Liau and SMOG index. Quality was calculated using the DISCERN instrument, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria and the presence of Health on the Net (HON) code certification. Results After disregarding duplicate and non-accessible Websites a total of 81 were included. The mean DISCERN score assessing the quality of information provided by Websites was “good” (59.3 ± 10.2) with adherence to the JAMA Benchmark being 54.3%. Websites with HON-code certification were statistically significantly higher in terms of DISCERN (p = 0.034) and JAMA scores (p = 0.003) compared to HON-code negative sites. The readability scores of Websites ranged from 10 to 12th grade across calculators. Thirty-two out of the 81 Websites were targeted towards patients (39.5%), 46 towards medical professionals (56.8%) and 3 were aimed at neither (3.7%). The medical professional aimed Websites were statistically significantly more difficulty to read across all readability formulas (all p < 0.001). Conclusion While quality of online information available to patients is “good”, the average readability for information on the internet for TIPS is set far above the recommended 7th-grade level. Academic Websites were of the highest quality, yet most challenging for the general public to read. These findings call for the production of high-quality and comprehensible content around TIPS procedure, where physicians can reliably direct their patients for information.