Academic literature on the topic 'SMOG Formula'
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Journal articles on the topic "SMOG Formula"
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Hedman, Amy S. "Using the SMOG Formula to Revise a Health-Related Document." American Journal of Health Education 39, no. 1 (January 2008): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2008.10599016.
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Reni Anggraeni, Akhmad Yazidi Lilis Selestyawati. "KETERBACAAN BUKU AJAR BAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA (TEXT BOOK READABILITY OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL)." JURNAL BAHASA, SASTRA DAN PEMBELAJARANNYA 7, no. 2 (January 26, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbsp.v7i2.4428.
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Keterbacaan Buku Ajar Bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Keterbacaan berkaitandengan dapat dibacanya teks secara cepat, mudah dimengerti, mudah dipahami, dan mudah diingatserta sesuai dengan tingkat pembelajar. Beberapa fomula keterbacaan, antara lain:Flesh Grade Level,Flesh Reading Ease, Forcast, formula Spache, formula Daledan Chall, formula SMOG, grafiks Fry, grafiksRaygor, indeks FOG, dan Tes Cloze. Keterbacaan bahasa Indonesia buku ajar di sekolah MenengahPertama, dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa hanya 13.88% bahan ajar yang sesuai dengan tingkatkelas VII. Sebagian besar lainya lebih tinggi dan sebagian kecil lainnya lebih rendah dari kelas VII.Kata-kata kunci: keterbacaan, formula
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Koo, Kevin, and Ronald L. Yap. "How Readable Is BPH Treatment Information on the Internet? Assessing Barriers to Literacy in Prostate Health." American Journal of Men's Health 11, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 300–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988316680935.
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Information about benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has become increasingly accessible on the Internet. Though the ability to find such material is encouraging, its readability and impact on informing patient decision making are not known. To evaluate the readability of Internet-based information about BPH in the context of website ownership and Health on the Net certification, three search engines were queried daily for 1 month with BPH-related keywords. Website ownership data and Health on the Net certification status were verified. Three readability analyses were performed: SMOG test, Dale–Chall readability formula, and Fry readability graph. An adjusted SMOG calculation was performed to reduce overestimation from medical jargon. After a total of 270 searches, 52 websites met inclusion criteria. Mean SMOG grade was 10.6 ( SD = 1.4) and 10.2 after adjustment. Mean Dale–Chall score was 9.1 ( SD = 0.6), or Grades 13 to 15. Mean Fry graph coordinates (173 syllables, 5.1 sentences) corresponded to Grade 15. Seven sites (13%) were at or below the average adult reading level based on SMOG; none of the sites qualified based on the other tests. Readability was significantly poorer for academic versus commercial sites and for Health on the Net-certified versus noncertified sites. In conclusion, online information about BPH treatment markedly exceeds the reading comprehension of most U.S. adults. Websites maintained by academic institutions and certified by the Health on the Net standard have more difficult readability. Efforts to improve literacy with respect to urological health should target content readability independent of reliability.
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Charles, Cleopatra, and Melor Md Yunus. "READABILITY OF TEXTBOOK VS LINUS SCREENING TEXT: IMPLICATION ON YEAR 4 POST LINUS PUPILS." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 203–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss1.1302.
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Reading is one of the most important skills that need to be acquired. Due to this the Malaysian government implemented the LINUS programme in school to help pupils master the basic skill involved English. The problems for most LINUS pupils come after they pass their LINUS screening. They were not able to read most materials in the text and read with difficulty. It is hoped that by finding the readability level of the texts in the textbook and the LINUS screening it will shed a light on how teacher could handle the problems. For this study 6 texts; 3 from each the Textbook and LINUS screening respectively was chosen randomly. The texts were calculated using the SMOG, FOG, Flesch-Kincaid and Spache formula to obtain their readability level. Spearman correlation test was conducted to see the consistency between the readability formulas in predicting the difficulty level. It is found that the texts in the textbook is more difficult compared to the LINUS texts.
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Kahn, Alice, and Mary Pannbacker. "Readability of Educational Materials for Clients With Cleft Lip/Palate and Their Families." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 9, no. 1 (February 2000): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0901.03.
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Educational materials for clients with cleft lip/palate and their families and materials for the general public produced by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association were analyzed for readability. The SMOG Grading Formula, a simple, fast procedure for predicting grade-level difficulty of written material, and the Fry index of readability, a more lengthy measure of readability, were used to analyze 30 publications. Reading levels were computed, and results ranged from elementary to college level. The majority of materials were written at or above the high school readability level. Results suggest a need for revision of current materials to lower reading levels. Writers should consider the appropriateness of reading level for readers when preparing educational materials.
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Kaur, Supreet, Abhishek Kumar, Dhruv Mehta, and Michael Maroules. "So Difficult to Understand : Readability Index Analysis of Online Patient Information on Lymphoma from NCI- Designated Cancer Center." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.3567.3567.
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Abstract Objectives - In current era of information technology, there is abundance of medical information for the patients and families. It is recommended that the online patient information (OPI) should be written no greater than sixth grade as per The National Institute of Health (NIH), American Medical Association, Department of Health & Human Services. We aim is to assess whether OPI on lymphoma from NCI-Designated Cancer Center (NCIDCC) and various cancer associations websites meet the current recommendations on a panel of readability indexes. Methods - OPI from patient only section of NCIDCC and cancer associations websites were collected. This text was analyzed by 7 commonly used readability tests - Flesch Reading Ease score(FRE), Gunning Fog(GF), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level(FKGL), The Coleman-Liau Index(CLI), The Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Index, Automated Readability Index(ARI) and Linsear Write Formula(LWF). Text from each article was pasted into Microsoft Word and analyzed using the online software Readability formulas. Results - The mean FRE score is 55.4 (range 37.4-67.9) which corresponded to difficult level grade. The mean GF score is 12.9 (range 10.8-15.2) that comes between difficult and hard. The FKGL score is 9.9 (range 7.2-11.9) that corresponds to above the level of ninth grader.The mean CLI score is 11.09 (range 9-12) which represented text of twelfth grade. The mean SMOG index is 9.6 (range 8.1-11.1) which corresponded to greater than seventh grade level. While the mean ARI score was 10.5 (range 7.7-12.5) which represents readability suitable for people more than tenth grade. The mean LWF was 11.29 (range 7.8-14.4) that corresponds to tenth grade level of text. Conclusion - The currently available OPI on lymphoma did not met the set national recommendations level on seven different validated readability indexes. Currently, available literature is difficult to understand and comprehend for average patient and their kins. There is a dire need to revise the currently available material for easy comprehension and understanding by the general patient population. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Acar, Alpaslan, and Korkut Uluç İŞİSAĞ. "Readability and Comprehensibility in Translation Using Reading Ease and Grade Indices." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.5n.2p.47.
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The study compared and contrasted the readability and comprehensibility levels of technical and scientific texts in English and their Turkish translations through Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning Fog, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, The Coleman-Liau Index, The SMOG Index, Automated Readability Index and Linsear Write Formula. Atesman Reading Ease Formula was employed to measure the reading ease of the translated texts in Turkish. To measure the comprehensibility levels of the source texts and target texts, a checklist consisting of source texts and corresponding questions were administered to 43 English lecturers. One text was translated through Google translation. The comprehensibility level ranges from 0 to 100. (for English text: Comprehensibility level = (total items scores *100)/11; for Turkish texts comprehensibility level = (total items scores *100) /12. If comprehensibility level is 0-20, comprehensibility is considered very low; 21-40 is low; 41-60 is intermediate; 61-80 is high; 81-100 is very high. Cronbach's alpha statistics showed the internal consistency is 0,768 for the English texts and 0,796 for the Turkish texts. T-test was used for independent samples. Wilcoxon test was used for two related samples. The results showed that Flesh Reading Formula was compatible to Ateşman Reading Ease Formula. The comprehensibility levels of the source texts and the target texts were found higher than the readability of the texts. The comprehensibility of the target texts was found higher than that of the source texts. A statistical difference was found between the readability and comprehensibility levels of the texts. Google translation had the lowest comprehensibility level.
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Kapoor, Karan, Praveen George, Matthew C. Evans, Weldon J. Miller, and Stanley S. Liu. "Health Literacy: Readability of ACC/AHA Online Patient Education Material." Cardiology 138, no. 1 (2017): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000475881.
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Objectives: To determine whether the online patient education material offered by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Heart Association (AHA) is written at a higher level than the 6th-7th grade level recommended by the National Institute of Health (NIH). Methods: Online patient education material from each website was subjected to reading grade level (RGL) analysis using the Readability Studio Professional Edition. One-sample t testing was used to compare the mean RGLs obtained from 8 formulas to the NIH-recommended 6.5 grade level and 8th grade national mean. Results: In total, 372 articles from the ACC website and 82 from the AHA were studied. Mean (±SD) RGLs for the 454 articles were 9.6 ± 2.1, 11.2 ± 2.1, 11.9 ± 1.6, 10.8 ± 1.6, 9.7 ± 2.1, 10.8 ± 0.8, 10.5 ± 2.6, and 11.7 ± 3.5 according to the Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG Index), Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), Gunning-Fog Index (GFI), New Dale-Chall reading level formula (NDC), FORCAST, Raygor Readability Estimate (RRE), and Fry Graph (Fry), respectively. All analyzed articles had significantly higher RGLs than both the NIH-recommended grade level of 6.5 and the national mean grade level of 8 (p < 0.00625). Conclusions: Patient education material provided on the ACC and AHA websites is written above the NIH-recommended 6.5 grade level and 8th grade national mean reading level. Additional studies are required to demonstrate whether lowering the RGL of this material improves outcomes among patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Eloy, Jean Anderson, Shawn Li, Khushabu Kasabwala, Nitin Agarwal, David R. Hansberry, Soly Baredes, and Michael Setzen. "Readability Assessment of Patient Education Materials on Major Otolaryngology Association Websites." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 147, no. 5 (August 3, 2012): 848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599812456152.
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Objective Various otolaryngology associations provide Internet-based patient education material (IPEM) to the general public. However, this information may be written above the fourth- to sixth-grade reading level recommended by the American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH). The purpose of this study was to assess the readability of otolaryngology-related IPEMs on various otolaryngology association websites and to determine whether they are above the recommended reading level for patient education materials. Study Design and Setting Analysis of patient education materials from 9 major otolaryngology association websites. Methods The readability of 262 otolaryngology-related IPEMs was assessed with 8 numerical and 2 graphical readability tools. Averages were evaluated against national recommendations and between each source using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) analysis. Mean readability scores for each otolaryngology association website were compared. Results Mean website readability scores using Flesch Reading Ease test, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Coleman-Liau Index, SMOG grading, Gunning Fog Index, New Dale-Chall Readability Formula, FORCAST Formula, New Fog Count Test, Raygor Readability Estimate, and the Fry Readability Graph ranged from 20.0 to 57.8, 9.7 to 17.1, 10.7 to 15.9, 11.6 to 18.2, 10.9 to 15.0, 8.6 to 16.0, 10.4 to 12.1, 8.5 to 11.8, 10.5 to 17.0, and 10.0 to 17.0, respectively. ANOVA results indicate a significant difference ( P < .05) between the websites for each individual assessment. Conclusion The IPEMs found on all otolaryngology association websites exceed the recommended fourth- to sixth-grade reading level.
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Samuel, David, Nicole Vilardo, Sara Isani, and Gregory Gressel. "3515 Readability of online patient education materials on gynecologic malignancies from major medical associations." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.69.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Patients are increasingly using online materials to learn about gynecologic cancer. Recent studies demonstrate that 85-96% of patients with a gynecologic malignancy utilize the Internet as a health resource. Providers can refer patients to educational materials produced by major medical associations available on their websites. However, patient educational materials (PEMs) published by professional organizations from other surgical specialties have been shown to be difficult to read for the average American. The NIH and AMA recommend that PEMs be written between a sixth and eighth grade reading level. In this study, we assess the readability of online PEMs on gynecologic cancer published by major medical associations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Seven national medical association websites with PEMs on gynecologic malignancy were surveyed: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Center for Disease Control, Foundation for Women’s Cancer, National Cancer Institute, National Cervical Cancer Coalition, National Ovarian Cancer Coalition, and Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Online PEMs were identified and analyzed using five validated readability indices. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were performed to detect differences in readability between publishers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty PEMs were included in this analysis. Mean readability grade levels with standard deviation were: 11.3 (2.8) for Coleman-Liau index; 11.8 (3.2) for Flesch-Kincaid; 11.1 (1.2) for FORCAST formula; 12.5 (2.7) for Gunning FOG formula; 12.1 (2.6) for New Dale-Chall formula; and 13.5 (2.5) for SMOG formula. Overall, PEMs were written at a mean 12th grade reading level. Only 4.3% of articles were written at an 8th grade reading level or below. ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in readability between publishing associations (p<0.01). PEMs from the Center for Disease Control had a mean 10th grade reading level and were significantly lower than all other organizations. PEMs from The Foundation for Women’s Cancer had a mean 13th grade reading level and were significantly higher than most other organizations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Gynecologic oncology PEMs available from major medical association are written well above the recommended sixth to eight grade reading level. Simplifying PEMs may improve patient understanding of their disease and facilitate physician-patient communication.
Book chapters on the topic "SMOG Formula"
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Garner, Nicole, Maria de Lourdes Lischke, Antje Siol, and Ingo Eilks. "Learning About Sustainability in a Non-Formal Laboratory Context for Secondary Level Students." In K-12 STEM Education, 663–81. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3832-5.ch033.
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This chapter discusses a project of curriculum development for the non-formal educational sector. The project aims at student learning about sustainability issues in a chemistry-related context. For this purpose, non-formal laboratory-based learning environments are developed. The learning environments center round half- or one-day visits of secondary school students in a university laboratory and are networked with the formal school syllabus in chemistry and science education respectively. All modules integrate the non-formal laboratory event about issues of sustainability with teaching materials for preparation and assessment tasks in school to fulfill part of the school curriculum in chemistry or science teaching. This chapter discusses the project of developing respective modules, the structure thereof, and initial findings from their application. The discussion is illustrated by a module on environmental problems connected to the chemistry of the atmosphere, namely climate change, the hole in the ozone layer, and the phenomenon of summer smog.
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Garner, Nicole, Maria de Lourdes Lischke, Antje Siol, and Ingo Eilks. "Learning about Sustainability in a Non-Formal Laboratory Context for Secondary Level Students." In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 229–44. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5856-1.ch012.
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This chapter discusses a project of curriculum development for the non-formal educational sector. The project aims at student learning about sustainability issues in a chemistry-related context. For this purpose, non-formal laboratory-based learning environments are developed. The learning environments center round half- or one-day visits of secondary school students in a university laboratory and are networked with the formal school syllabus in chemistry and science education respectively. All modules integrate the non-formal laboratory event about issues of sustainability with teaching materials for preparation and assessment tasks in school to fulfill part of the school curriculum in chemistry or science teaching. This chapter discusses the project of developing respective modules, the structure thereof, and initial findings from their application. The discussion is illustrated by a module on environmental problems connected to the chemistry of the atmosphere, namely climate change, the hole in the ozone layer, and the phenomenon of summer smog.
Conference papers on the topic "SMOG Formula"
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Timashev, S. A., and A. V. Bushinskaya. "Practical Methodology of Predictive Maintenance for Pipelines." In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31197.
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Predictive maintenance (PdM) is the leading edge type of maintenance. Its principles are currently broadly used to maintain industrial assets [16]. Yet PdM is as yet not embraced by the pipeline industry. The paper describes a comprehensive practical risk based methodology of predictive maintenance of pipelines for different criteria of failure. For pipeline systems the main criterion is integrity. One of the main causes of loss of containment is pipe wall defects which grow in time. Any type of analysis of pipeline state (residual life time, probability of failure (POF), etc.,) is based on the sizes of discovered defects, which are assessed during the ILI or DA. In the developed methodology pipeline strength is assessed using one of the five internationally recognized design codes (the B31G, B31mod, DNV, Battelle, Shell 92). The pipeline POF is calculated by the comprehensive Gram-Charlier-Edgeworth method [14]. Having in mind that the repair actions are executed on particular cross-sections of the pipeline, the POF are calculated for each defect present in the pipeline. When calculating POFs, the defect sizes (depth, length and width), wall thickness and pipe diameter, SMYS of the pipe material, the radial and longitudinal corrosion rates, and operating pressure (OP) are considered random variables each distributed according to its PDF. In the proposed method of PdM of pipelines the remaining life time can be assessed using following criteria: POF = Qth; dd = 80%wt; SMOP = MAOP; ERF = MAOP/SMOP, if ERF ≥ 1, the pipeline needs immediate repair; dd = 100%wt. Here Qth is the ultimate permissible POF, dd is the depth of the most dangerous defect, wt is pipe wall thickness, SMOP is the maximal safe operating pressure SMOP = DF·Pf, MAOP is the Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure, Pf is the failure pressure, DF is the design factor (for B31Gmod DF = 1.39), ERF is the Estimated Repair Factor. The above criteria are arranged in descending order according to the growing level of their severity in time. The prediction of future sizes of growing defects and the pipeline remaining life time are obtained by using consistent assessments of their corrosion rates CRs. In the PdM methodology these CRs may be considered as deterministic, semi-probabilistic or fully stochastic values. Formulas are given for assessing the CRs using results of one ILI, two consecutive ILI, with or without verification measurements, and for the case when several independent types of measurements are used to assess the defect sizes. The paper describes results of implementation of the developed methodology on a real life pipeline. The time to reach each of the limit states given above was calculated, using results of two consecutive ILI divided by a three year interval. Knowledge of these arrival times permits minimizing the maintenance expenditures without creating any threats to its integrity and safety.