Academic literature on the topic 'Smith of Dunesk'

William Smith (1769–1839) played an important role in the defence of the fourteen kilometers of coast between Winterton and Eccles, in East Norfolk, UK between 1803 and 1809. Although now known as a geologist, he earned much of his income as an engineer. Smith's main job was to repair the breaches in the Sandhills (sand dunes) that protected farmed lowland behind from sea flooding. At the same time, Smith became involved in several drainage projects in marshes behind the sand dunes which were instigated by ambitious and acquisitive landowners. Smith's nephew, John Phillips (1800–1874), gave a glowing but incomplete account of Smith's East Norfolk work in his Memoir. However, an analysis of the extensive archives in: the Norfolk Record Office, the William Smith Collection in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History and contemporary local newspapers has revealed that after apparent initial success, Smith's work on the Sandhills became more problematical, both technically and financially, and his relationships with local landowners, for whom he worked, became increasingly fractured. The Sandhills work was Smith's first coastal engineering project and, through a combination of his own inexperience and his oversimplification of the coastal processes, his designs did not provide a permanent solution to the erosion of the Sandhills by sea surges nor were his designs retained in subsequent years. Comparison of Smith's design concepts with those used by other contemporary engineers reveal that Smith's limited technical success came from a major earthmoving program to infill the Gaps (breaches) in the Sandhills and the adoption of care and maintenance programs to sustain the sea defences, rather than from any innovative engineering.

Radiocarbon dates of organic alluvium beneath as much as 40 m of dune sand along the Dismal River have led to the suggestion that the Nebraska Sandhills date from the Holocene rather than the last glacial period. On the other hand, the basal layers of lake and marsh deposits in interdune depressions at three localities date in the range of 9000 to 12,000 yr B.P., implying a pre-Holocene age for the sand dunes. A pollen diagram for one of these sites, Swan Lake, indicates prairie vegetation throughout the last 9000 yr, with no suggestion that the landscape was barren enough to permit the shaping of the massive dunes characterizing the area. Sand was not transported across the site during the Holocene, either during the marsh phase, which lasted until 3700 yr B.P., or during the subsequent lake phase. The sand that buries the alluvium along the Dismal River may represent only local eolian activity, or it may indicate that the younger of the two main dune series identified by H. T. U. Smith (1965, Journal of Geology 73, 557–578) is Holocene in age, and the older one Late Wisconsin in age.

Bedload sediment transport in rivers can cause impacts, such as bed erosion/deposition, sandbank formation and changes in flow capacity. Bedload sampling techniques have limitations related to spatial and temporal resolution. These constraints are more relevant in rivers with dunes and high sediment transport. This paper presents a comparison between bedload transport rates estimated with direct and indirect methods in a river with sand dunes. The case study area is a stretch of the Taquari River, in Brazil. Surveys were carried out on three consecutive days, during a flood season. A SonTek M9-ADCP with HydroSurveyor capabilities activated was used to simultaneously measure bathymetry and water velocities throughout a river reach, and also to perform moving-bed tests at six verticals along a predefined cross-section. A mechanical trap (Helley–Smith) was used to collect bedload samples at the same time and positions where the moving-bed tests were performed. Sediment transport was calculated and compared following different approaches: (1) ADCP-BT (Bottom Tracking); (2) modified ISSDOTv2 method (dune tracking); (3) HelleySmith mechanical trap; (4) and five empirical equations. The results showed good agreement between the methodologies, indicating the potential of using ADCPs for hydro sedimentological studies due to the advantages of integrating bathymetry, flow velocity and bedload data.

Climatic geomorphologists, and eolian geomorphologists in particular, have always been interested in studying dunes to understand and construct past climatic conditions. Smith’s 1965 paper presents an excellent example of a reconnaissance piece of scientific work that set the foundation for (1) using aerial photo-interpretation to provide chronological information about dune fields; (2) the use of eolian processes and landforms as climate change indicators; and (3) extraterrestrial or planetary geomorphology. This article briefly describes Smith’s background, background on Nebraska Sand Hills, and the impact and legacy of Smith’s classic paper.

Over 5 years, macrofungi from six habitats in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were documented. Habitats were categorized as dune, spruce fringe, old-growth rainforest, second-growth forest, bog, or estuarine. All but the second-growth forest are natural ecosystems. A total of 551 taxa of macrofungi were recorded. Between 17% and 36% of the species in any one habitat were found only in that habitat. The most frequently encountered and ubiquitous species was Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel., found in all years, habitats, and sites. Of the 551 taxa, only 28 were found every year, and 308 were found in only 1 year. Rare species that were recorded include Cordyceps ravenelii Berkeley & Curtis, Hygrophorus inocybiformis Smith, and Tricholoma apium Schaeffer in the dunes and Stereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead in the spruce fringe. Similarities between habitats based on taxa in common showed that bog and estuarine habitats had only 9%–17% in common with each other and the other habitats, whereas dune, spruce fringe, and the two forest types shared 21%–31% of their species. Old-growth rainforest yielded approximately 4 times as many species as bog and estuarine habitats, and approximately 1.5 times as many as the other three habitats.Key words: Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, macrofungi, habitats, biodiversity.

Este estudo investiga as oscilações temporais na composição e atividade dos visitantes florais de Eriope blanchetii (Benth.)Harley, enfatizando a influência da duração e intensidade da floração na freqüência de visita das espécies de abelhas predominantes. As observações foram feitas entre outubro de 1999 e outubro de 2000, em uma população natural localizada na Área de Proteção Ambiental das Lagoas e Dunas do Abaeté - APA (12056’S, 38021’W), Salvador, Bahia. Foram coletados 354 insetos visitantes das flores de E. blanchetii, sendo os Hymenoptera o grupo predominante. As abelhas solitárias formam o grupo mais representativo (85%), do total de visitantes. Os demais insetos coletados (15%) incluem outros Hymenoptera como Formicidae (4%) e Vespoidea (4,5%), além das ordens Lepidoptera (4,25%), Diptera (1,7%) e Coleoptera (0,3%). As espécies predominantes foram Xylocopa cearensis Ducke, 1910 (28,32%), Pseudoaugochloropsis pandora Smith, 1853 (15,30 %) e Colletes petropolitanus Della Torre, 1896 (9,39%). Todas estão ativas durante todo o dia, em período coincidente com a antese na população. O número de abelhas visitantes é maior nas plantas com duração e intensidade de floração elevada. A diversidade e o número de abelhas visitantes elevam-se no período de pico, enquanto os demais insetos são mais abundantesdurante a baixa floração.

As populações de Melipona (Eomelipona) asilvai Moure, 1971 e Melipona (Melipona) mandacaia Smith, 1863, residentes nas dunas interiores do médio Rio São Francisco, foram estudadas com o objetivo de verificar se essas abelhas apresentam baixa similaridade no uso de recursos tróficos. As abelhas foram coletadas nas flores utilizando-se redes entomológicas, das 6:00h às 17:00h, em uma área restrita (10 ha) com vegetação de caatinga, no período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2000. As plantas floridas foram coletadas, identificadas e o número de flores foi estimado. Amostrou-se um total de 131 indivíduos, sendo 53,4% de M. asilvai e 46,6% de M. mandacaia, visitando as flores de 14 espécies vegetais (7 famílias). As espécies vegetais predominantemente visitadas foram Byrsonima gardnerana Adr.Juss. (Malpighiaceae) (45,8%), Copaifera coriacea Mart. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) (12,2%) e Serjania comata Radlk. (Sapindaceae) (11,4%). As melíponas concentraram suas atividades em poucas espécies vegetais com floração massal e apresentaram maior atividade diária das 6:00h às 8:00h. Não houve relação entre o número de indivíduos coletados e o número de flores estimadas, sugerindo que a quantidade de recursos não foi limitante. O baixo valor de similaridade no uso de recursos tróficos sugere que essas espécies partilham recursos tróficos na área.

Este trabalho apresenta valores da variação de concentração, caracterização elementar e avaliação da toxidade in vitro no material particulado 10 μm (MP10) coletado em dois sítios na área urbana de Catalão-GO. O período amostrado foi entre 05/08/17 a 28/03/18. Os valores de concentração de MP10 estavam em conformidade com a legislação do CONAMA. A espectrometria de fluorescência de raios X identificou a presença majoritária de ferro e menores quantidades de fósforo e enxofre, caracterizando o MP10como resultado da ressuspenção de solo, emissão veicular e emissões do setor industrial. No estudo de toxidade verificou-se que o MP10 não inibiu o desenvolvimento de culturas bacterianas. Referências 1. Queiroz, P. G. M.; Jacomino, V. M. F.; Menezes, M. A. B.; Composição elementar do material particulado presente no aerossol atmosférico do município de Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. Química Nova, 2007, 30, 1233.2. Kim, K. H; Jahan, S. A.; Kabir, E. A review on human health perspective of air pollution with respect to allergies and asthma. Environment International, 2013, 59, 41. 3. Padula, A.; Yang, W.; Lurmann, F.; Balmes, J.; Hammond, S.; Shaw, G.; Prenatal exposure to air pollution, maternal diabetes and preterm birth, Environmental Research, 2019, 170, 160. 4. Binaku, K.; O’Brien, T.; Schmeling, M.; Fosco, T.; Statistical analysis of aerosol species, trace gasses, and meteorology in Chicago, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2013, 185, 7295. 5. Almeida-Silva, M.; Canha, N.; Freitas, M. C.; Dung, H. M.; Dionísio, I.; Air pollution at an urban traffic tunnel in Lisbon, Portugal-an INNA study. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 2011, 69, 1586.6. Marloes, E.; Gerard, H.; Olena, G. Molter, A.; Agius, Raymond.; Beelen, R.; Brunekreef, B.; Custovic, A.; Cyrys, J.; Fuertes, E.; Heinrich, J. Hoffmann, B.; Hoogh, K.; Jedynska, A.; Keuken, M.; Klumper, C.; Kooter, I.; Kramer, U.; Korek, M.; Koppelman, G. H.; Kuhlbusch, T. A. J.; Simpson, A.; Smit, H.A.; Tsai, M.; Wang, M.; Wolf, K.; Pershagen, G.; Gehring, U.; Elemental Composition of Particulate Matter and the Association with Lung Function. Empidemiology, 2014, 25, 648. 7. Baird, C.; Química Ambiental, Bookman: Porto Alegre, 2002.8. Ruckerl, R.; Schneider, A.; Breitner, S,; et. al. Health effects of particulate air pollution: A review of epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol, 2011, 23, 555.9. Gavinier S, Nascimento L. Particulate matter and hospital admissions due to ischemic heart disease in Sorocaba, SP. Rev. Ambient. Água. 2014, 8, 228. 10. Nascimento, L. Air pollution and cardiovascular hospital admissions in a medium-sized city in São Paulo State, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2011, 44, 720.11. Machin, A.; Nascimento L. Effects of exposure to air pollutants on children’s health in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Cad Saúde Pública [online], 2018, 34. 12. Liu, H.; Dunea, D.; Iordache, S.; Pohoata, A. A Review of Airborne Particulate Matter Effects on Young Children’s Respiratory Symptoms and Diseases. Atmosphere, 2018, 9, 150. 13. Grineski, S.; Collins, T.; Morales, D.; Asian Americans and disproportionate exposure to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants: A national study, Social Science e Medicine, 2017, 185, 71. 14. Mutlu, E.; Comba, I.; Cho, T.; Engen, P.; Yazici, C.; Soberanes, S.; Hamanaka, R.; Nigdelioglu, R.; Meliton, A.; Ghio, A.; Budinger, S.; Mutlu, G.; Inhalational exposure to particulate matter air pollution alters the composition of the gut microbiome, Environmental Pollution, 2018, 240, 817. 15. Shah, M.; Shaheen-Nazir, R. Assessment of the trace elements level in urban atmospheric particulate matter and source apportionment Islamabad, Pakistan. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2012, 3, 39.16. Vellingiri, K.; Kim, K.; Ma, C.; Kang, C.; Lee, J.; Kim, I.; Brown, R.; Ambient particulate matter in a central urban area of Seoul, Korea. Chemosphere, 2015, 119, 812.17. Hassan, H.; Kumar, P.; Kakosimos, K.; Flux estimation of fugitive particulate matter emissions from loose Calcisols at construction sites, Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 141, 96. 18. Caixeta, D.; Silva T.; Santana, F.; Almeida, W.; Quality monitoring indoor air of a school of public network located in the city of Cuiaba-MT. Engineering and Science, 2016, 1, 20.19. Smets, W.; Moretti, S.; Denys, S. Airborne bacteria in the atmosphere: Presence, purpose, and potential. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 139, 214. 20. Maki, T.; Hara, K.; Kobayashi, F. et al. Vertical distribution of airborne bacterial communities in an Asian-dust downwind area, Noto Peninsula. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 119, 282. 21. Maki, T.; Kakikawa, M.; Kobayashi, F; Yamada, M.; Atsushi, M.; Hasegawa, H.; Iwasaka, Y.; Assessment of composition and origin of airborne bacteria in the free troposphere over Japan. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 74, 73. 22. Pereira, P.; Lopes, W.; Carvalho, L.; Rocha, G.; Bahia, N.; Loyola, J.; Quiterio, S.; Escaleira, V.; Arbilla, G.; Andrade, J.; Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41, 7837. 23. Romualdo, L.; Santos, R.; Lima, F.; Andrade, L.; Ferreira, I.; Pozza, S.; Environmental Impact Monitoring of a Minero-Chemical Complex in Catalão Urban Area of PTS, PM10 and PM2.5 by EDX Characterization, Chemical Engineering transactions, 2015, 43, 1909.24. Sousa, N.; Análise físico-química e toxicidade do material particulado (MP10) no ar atmosférico em Catalão – GO, Dissertação (Mestrado) - Curso de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Catalão, 2018, 87.25. SILVA, A. C. N.; BERNARDES, R. S.; MORAES, L. R. S.; DOS REIS, J. D. P. “Critérios adotados para seleção de indicadores de contaminação ambiental relacionados aos resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde: uma proposta de avaliação”. Cad. Saúde Pública, 18:1401-1409, 2002.26. Morris, A.; Beck, J.; Schloss, P.; Campbell, T.; Crothers, K.; Curtis, J.; Flores, S.; Fontenot, A.; Ghedin, E.; Huang, L.; Jabloski, K.; Kleerup, E.; Lynch, S.; Sodergreen, E.; Twigg, H.; Young, V.; Bassis, C.; Venkataraman, A.; Schmidt, T.; Weinstock, G.;. Comparison of the respiratory microbiome in healthy nonsmokers and smokers, American Jounal Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2013, 15, 1067.

Using the intellectual, political and discursive ‘construction’ of Presbyterian mission site, Ernabella, in Central Australia during the 1930s and 40s, and against the background of the established and iconic Lutheran mission at Hermannsburg, missionary discourse on Indigenous Australians is examined, particularly the discourse in which significant Presbyterian missionary JRB Love and his fellow churchman Dr Charles Duguid participated. Discursive and political interactions between these two and missionaries such as FW Albrecht of Hermannsburg and John Flynn of the AIM are utilized to explore the fraught and fragmented nature of the missionary discourse in Central Australia in relation to issues such as rationing and feeding, curing indigenous illnesses, ‘half-castes’ and the removal of children, work and education issues, language and translation, and the christianization, conversion and ‘civilising of indigenous people. Missionary discourse and praxis is approached through a provocative reading of the French Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas whose delineation of the face to face encounter with the other, where responsibility is taken for ‘men dispossessed and without food’, is posited as having some relevance and resonance to and within the mission site itself. While conflict, unequal power relations and paternalism were evident, the missionary discourse sharing traces of racial and cultural disparagement of Aborigines with a wider colonial/settler discourse, the general ‘avidity of the colonial gaze’ was diluted I the mission contact zone with traces of hospitality which at least to some extent replicated and reciprocated the politics of hospitality proffered to the missionaries by ‘their’ Aborigines. Central to this discourse of hospitality was the unorthodox preparedness of the Love/Duguid administration at Ernabella and (to a lesser, but surprising, extent) FW Albrecht’s regime at Hermannsburg, to ‘convert’ the notion of ‘salvation’ from one with mainly spiritual connotations to one more to do with the physical ‘saving’ of the indigenous body and the indigenous collective: saving bodies became as important, if not more so, than saving souls, the traditional missionary imperative. While some complicity with colonial, cultural and religious regimes for re-forming and re-making the indigenous body is acknowledged, some reassessment is suggested to postcolonial (or postmodern) readings of mission sites as always places predominantly of cultural destruction, domination and hegemony.

This book focuses primarily on Charles Sanders Peirce's realism, pragmatism, and theism, with attention to his tychism and synechism. It is a collection of the author's essays on Peirce. The essays run counter to many selective readings of Peirce, including those encouraged by his friend and champion, William James. The influence of Bernard Lonergan and John E. Smith on the author is clear throughout. In the book, the author brought several distinctive assets to his scholarship. First, his appreciation and understanding of medieval philosophy enriched his discussion of John Duns Scotus's influence on Peirce's “scholastic realism.” Second, a background in the history of science and mathematics generated careful discussions of Peirce's analysis of probability in physics and of the continuum in mathematics. Finally, knowledge of theology yielded fruitful explorations of Peirce's argument of God's reality as vaguely like a man.

Mycorrhizal fungi (mycobionts) form a ubiquitous mutualistic symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants (phytobionts) in coastal sand dunes worldwide. These obligate biotrophs perform vital functions in the survival, establishment and growth of plants by playing an active role in nutrient cycling. As such they serve as a crucial link between plants, fungi and soil at the soil–root interface (Rillig and Allen 1999). Mycorrhizas occur in a wide variety of habitats and ecosystems including aquatic habitats, cold or hot deserts, temperate and tropical coastal dunes, tropical rainforests, saline soils, volcanic tephra soils, prairies and coral substrates (Klironomos and Kendrick 1993). Simon et al. (1993) sequenced ribosomal DNA genes from 12 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and confirmed that mycorrhizas (fungal roots) fall into three families. He estimated that they originated about 353–462 million years ago and were instrumental in facilitating the colonization of ancient plants on land. Further evidence was provided by Remy et al. (1994) who discovered arbuscules in an early Devonian land plant, Aglaophyton major, and concluded that mycorrhizal fungi were already established on land > 400 million years ago. Thus the nutrient transfer mechanism of AM fungi was already in existence before the origin of roots. Plant roots probably evolved from rhizomes and AM fungi served as an important evolutionary step in the acquisition of water and mineral nutrients (Brundrett 2002). Over evolutionary time the divergence among these fungi has accompanied the radiation of land plants, and about 200 species of AM fungi have been recognized (Klironomos and Kendrick 1993) that exist in association with about 300 000 plant species in 90% of families (Smith and Read 1997), indicating that AM fungi are capable of colonizing many host species. Approximately 150 of the described mycorrhizal species may occur in sand dunes (Koske et al. 2004). Most host–fungus associations are beneficial to both the plant and the fungus and are thus regarded as mutualistic (++); however, the widespread use of the term mutualism (mutual benefit) for mycorrhizal interactions has been questioned because all associations are not beneficial to both the plant and fungus (Brundrett 2004).