Books on the topic 'SME development policies'
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1
An quan xing she qu: Anquanxing shequ. Beijing: Zhongguo shi dai jing ji chu ban she, 2005.
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2
She qu zhi an ti xi li lun xuan ze ji mo shi yan pan. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo ren min gong an da xue chu ban she, 2010.
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She hui xing bie yu nong cun fa zhan zheng ce: Zhongguo xi nan de tan suo yu shi jian = Gender and rural development policies : exploration and practice from southwest China. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2009.
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4
She qu zhi an fang kong ti xi jie du: Shequzhianfangkongtixijiedu. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo she hui chu ban she, 2010.
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Barucci, Piero, Piero Bini, and Lucilla Conigliello, eds. Le sirene del corporativismo e l'isolamento dei dissidenti durante il fascismo. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-455-7.
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The volume collects nine essays on Italian politics, economics, and law during Fascism. Some are dedicated to the ideal objectives of corporatism, aiming at the renewal of politics, institutions and culture, and the objectively dismal results of the implemented policies. Economic researches analyze the debated abolishment of the inheritance tax in the 1923, and the various policies proposed by some Italian economists to counter the disastrous effects of the Great Depression. Specific attention is also given to the problem of the development of Italy’s southern regions. An essay is further dedicated to the influence of corporatism and idealism on the mathematical economist Bruno de Finetti. In the field of law, authors investigate the long lasting features impressed by Fascism on Italian administrative law and, in general, the permanence of a typically Fascist magniloquent style in the Italian jurisdictional language. Lastly, as suggested by title of this volume, a chapter analyses the social and political thinking of Carlo Rosselli, leading anti-fascist intellectual who paid dearly for his dissent.
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Fanfani, David, ed. Pianificare tra città e campagna. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-966-3.
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Agricultural land and woodland in the vicinity of urban settlements appear increasingly to represent a key element and strategic resource for addressing issues of residential quality, and hence the requalification of the urban construct. In effect, from a "vacuum" awaiting construction, the periurban agricultural territory is emerging as the yardstick for a new measurement and integration of the public policies governing urban and territorial plans and those for rural development. This book proposes a number of cues and methodological and operational elements to stimulate reflection on this new scenario. It does so through the exploration of a number of significant and innovative experiences in Italy and the rest of Europe, while at the same time also proposing an initial appraisal of the process of design and social mobilisation for the definition of the scenario for the Prato Agricultural Park.
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APEC Small and Medium Enterprise Working Group., ed. Development of human capital for SME innovation policies: Turning technologies into business value. Singapore: SME Innovation Center, 2007.
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Storey, David J. Evaluating SME Policies and Programmes: Technical and Political Dimensions. Edited by Anuradha Basu, Mark Casson, Nigel Wadeson, and Bernard Yeung. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546992.003.0010.
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This article is primarily focused on further developing the theme of the political economy way of evaluating the impact of Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) policies. It reaches five key conclusions. First, that evaluation needs to become more central to the policy-making process. Evaluation should not be undertaken solely as a historic accounting exercise to determine whether public money has been spent wisely, although that role is of value. Instead of being, ‘at the end of the line’, evaluation should be used to inform current policy, so that current objectives and targets may be modified in the light of evidence of policy effectiveness. Hence considerations of how policy is evaluated should therefore be incorporated into policy formulation when new ideas are being developed. They could even influence the choices made by governments about how best to engage with SMEs. Specifically, evaluation has to be incorporated as a key element in policy development.
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O, Barclay Rebecca, Kennedy John M, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and United States. Dept. of Defense., eds. NASA/DoD aerospace knowledge diffusion research project.: Results of the phase 1 SME mail survey. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.
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O, Barclay Rebecca, Kennedy John M, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., and United States. Dept. of Defense., eds. NASA/DoD aerospace knowledge diffusion research project.: Results of the phase 1 SME mail survey. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.
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11
Rand, John, and Finn Tarp, eds. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises in Vietnam. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851189.001.0001.
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This volume provides a comprehensive analytic contribution to a crucial topic within development economics based on 15 years of continued data collection and research efforts. It brings together nine up-to-date studies on SME development in a coherent framework to help persuade national and international policy makers (including donors) of the need to take the international call for a data revolution seriously, not only in rhetoric, but also in concrete plans and budget allocations, and in the necessary sustained action at country level. More specifically, the volume: Provides an in-depth evaluation of the development of private sector formal and informal manufacturing SMEs in a developing country—Vietnam in this case—over the past decade, combining a unique primary source of panel data with the best analytical tools available. Generates a comprehensive understanding of the impact of business risks, credit access, and institutional characteristics, on the one hand, and government policies on SME growth performance at the enterprise level, on the other, including the importance of working conditions, informality, and union membership. Serves as a lens through which other countries, and the international development community at large, may wish to approach the massive task of pursuing a meaningful data revolution as an integral element of the SDG development agenda. Makes available a comprehensive set of materials and studies of use to academics, students, and development practitioners interested in an integrated approach to the study of economic growth, private sector development, and the microeconomic analysis of SME development in a fascinating developing country.
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Schnurr, Jamie. Cornerstone of Development: Integrating Environmental, Social, and Economic Policies. Taylor & Francis Group, 2017.
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Jamie, Schnurr, and Holtz Susan, eds. The cornerstone of development: Integrating environmental, social, and economic policies. Ottawa, Canada: International Development Research Centre, 1998.
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The Cornerstone of Development: Integrating Environmental, Social, and Economic Policies. IDRC (International Development Research Cent, 1999.
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15
Toure, Moriba, and T. O. Fadayomi. Migrations, Development and Urbanisation Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (Look & See Series, 2, 2). Conseil Pour Le Developement De La, 1993.
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16
Brown, M. Leann. Sustainable Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.305.
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Sustainable development (SD) is defined as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” This definition is articulated in Our Common Future, a political manifesto published in 1987 by the United Nations’ World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). SD promises to resolve in a positive-sum manner the most daunting economic, environmental, political, and social challenges the world is currently facing. However, it has also become a much contested concept, mainly due to the comprehensiveness, ambiguity, and optimism inherent in its underlying assumptions. Ongoing debates within the literature deal with how to define, operationalize, and measure SD; how economic development and environmental protection are conceptualized as mutually supportive; how “nature” is treated in the literature; equity and overconsumption challenges to SD; and the governance, social learning, and normative transformations required to achieve SD. Reaching some consensus on definitions and operationalization of the multiple aspects of SD will lead to standards by which to assess development and environmental policies. Among the most urgent issues that must be addressed in future research are the roles and influence of the relatively new participants in governance, such as intergovernmental/nongovernmental organizations and corporations; the new modes of governance including public-private and private-private partnerships and network governance; and the impacts of implementing compatible and contradictory policies on the various levels and across policy areas.
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Innes, Martin, Colin Roberts, Trudy Lowe, and Helen Innes. Neighbourhood Policing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783213.001.0001.
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Neighbourhood Policing is one of the most significant and high-profile innovations in UK policing of recent times. It has also been one of the most successful, garnering widespread political and public support. This book brings together insights and evidence from a ten-year programme of research into the concept and implementation of Neighbourhood Policing, telling its story from initial policy development, through periods where it started to feature less significantly in the everyday practice of the police, and beyond. Drawing upon extensive empirical data, blended with unique insights from the authors’ involvement in designing some of the original processes and systems underpinning the delivery of Neighbourhood Policing, the book attends to issues of criminological and sociological interest, seeking to distil key findings about this particular inflection of community policing. Locating these themes and issues within the overall trajectory of development of UK policing, the book provides a rigorously evidenced assessment of Neighbourhood Policing’s achievements and weaknesses, and a unique and compelling insight into the significant place it has achieved within the contemporary policing landscape.
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Cramer, Christopher, John Sender, and Arkebe Oqubay. African Economic Development. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832331.001.0001.
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This book challenges conventional wisdoms both about economic performance and about policies for economic development in African countries. Its starting point is the striking variation in economic performance: unevenness and inequalities form a central fact. The authors highlight not only differences between African countries but also variations within countries, differences often organized around distinctions of gender, class, and ethnic identity. For example, school dropout and neonatal mortality have been reduced, particularly for some classes of women in some areas. Horticultural and agribusiness exports have grown far more rapidly in some countries than others. These variations (and many others) point to opportunities for changing performance, reducing inequalities, learning from other African policy experiences, and escaping the ties of structure and legacies of a colonial past. The book rejects teleological illusions and Eurocentric prejudice, but does pay close attention to the results of policy in more industrialized parts of the world. Seeing the contradictions of capitalism for what they are—fundamental and enduring—may help policy officials protect themselves against the misleading idea that development is likely to be a smooth, linear process, or that it would be were certain impediments removed. The authors criticize a wide range of orthodox and heterodox economists, especially for their cavalier attitude to statistical sources. Drawing on decades of research and policy experience, they combine careful use of available evidence from a range of African countries with heterodox political economy insights (mainly derived from Kalecki, Kaldor, and Hirschman) to make the policy case for specific types of public sector investment.
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Biermann, Frank, Thomas Hickmann, and Carole-Anne Sénit, eds. The Political Impact of the Sustainable Development Goals. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781009082945.
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Written by an international team of over sixty experts and drawing on over three thousand scientific studies, this is the first comprehensive global assessment of the political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals, which were launched by the United Nations in 2015. It explores in detail the political steering effects of the Sustainable Development Goals on the UN system and the policies of countries in the Global North and Global South; on institutional integration and policy coherence; and on the ecological integrity and inclusiveness of sustainability policies worldwide. This book is a key resource for scholars, policymakers and activists concerned with the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, and those working in political science, international relations and environmental studies. It is one of a series of publications associated with the Earth System Governance Project. For more publications, see www.cambridge.org/earth-system-governance. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
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Hicken, Allen. Party Systems and the Politics of Development. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.28.
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This article examines the correlation between economic development and the party system. More specifically, it considers the extent to which certain features of the party system should be included on the right-hand side of development regression equations, or whether the party system should be taken into account when selecting cases for a qualitative study of development. The chapter first outlines some necessary conditions for economic development, with particular emphasis on those conditions with roots in policy-making and actor agency. It then discusses three dimensions of the party system—the number of political parties, nationalization, and institutionalization—and whether they help shape the incentives and capabilities of policy-makers to adopt policies that promote development.
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Stewart, Frances, Gustav Ranis, and Emma Samman. Advancing Human Development. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794455.001.0001.
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The book provides a comprehensive account of the human development (HD) approach to development. It shows how it emerged as a consequence of defects in earlier strategies, especially growth maximization. The book investigates the determinants of success and failure in HD across developing countries over the past forty years. Cross-country investigations show broad determinants of success and failure, while country studies give detailed examples of the policies and politics of HD. HD is multidimensional, and the book points to the importance of social institutions and social capabilities as essential aspects which are often overlooked. Yet the widely cited Human Development Index does not measure these aspects nor many of the other important dimensions of HD. The book analyses political conditions which are critical factors underlying performance on HD. The final chapter surveys global progress on multiple dimensions over a forty-year period and shows that there has been marked and pervasive improvement in many of them, including basic HD—life expectancy and infant mortality, education and incomes—as well as political freedoms. But there has been deterioration on some dimensions—with rising inequality in many countries and worsening environmental conditions. The book concludes with challenges to the approach—in particular insufficient attention has been paid to the macroeconomic conditions and economic structure needed for sustained success; and social institutions and political conditions have also been neglected. But the biggest neglect is the environment—with worsening global environmental conditions potentially threatening future achievements on HD.
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Meier, Benjamin Mason, and Florian Kastler. Development of Human Rights through WHO. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672676.003.0006.
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With both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the World Health Organization (WHO) coming into existence in 1948, there was great postwar promise that these two institutions would complement each other, with WHO serving to support human rights in its health policies, programs, and practices. Yet WHO’s support for human rights would vary dramatically in the decades that followed: neglecting human rights law during crucial years in the development of health-related rights, implementing human rights as a foundation for its “Health for All” campaign, and operationalizing rights-based standards in the international response to HIV/AIDS. This chapter examines WHO’s evolving contributions to (and, in some cases, negligence of) the rights-based approach to health, with this history framing WHO’s enduring challenges in exercising its international legal authorities, collaborating with the United Nations human rights system, and mainstreaming human rights in the WHO Secretariat.
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Raffe, Alasdair. Conclusion: Revolutions, Settlements and Scotland’s Political Development. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427579.003.0008.
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THE REVOLUTION SETTLEMENT OF 1689–90 repudiated many of the principles and policies of royal government in the Restoration period. But while their responses were different, James VII and the makers of the settlement sought solutions to the same fundamental problems. By studying the upheavals of the 1685–90 period, we have focused on two sets of challenges confronting the rulers of seventeenth-century Scotland. The first concerned the character of the established Church. How was it to be constituted and what was the appropriate role for the monarch in its government? How should the civil magistrate deal with religious dissent? A second cluster of problems involved the crown’s power and authority. Was the king ‘absolute’ and what did this mean in practice? To what extent was local government in Scotland autonomous, and how far was it amenable to central direction?...
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Osman, Abdul Magid, and Djamila Pontes Osman. Putting the financial system to work for the poor and SMEs. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/886-3.
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The financial inclusion effort achieved positive results, with the number of Mozambicans having access to banking services increasing considerably, particularly after 2011–12. However, the economic and social impact was limited, considering that farm productivity has remained low and poverty levels are still high. The neoliberal doctrine in the economic sphere, its expression in the restrictive monetary policies, and the weakness of the multi-party democracy system have been institutional factors restricting economic and social development. Consequently, this study proposes some institutional reform measures to expand credit to family subsistence farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises, the population in general, and low-income families in particular. Young people could benefit from more accessible housing loans. Rural family farmers also need systemic, public support.
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Häusermann, Silja, and Bruno Palier. The Politics of Social Investment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0031.
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Recent research on the development of social investment has demonstrated reform progress not only in different regions of Europe, but also in Latin America and South-East Asia. However, the specific substance of the social investment agendas varies strongly between these regions. Why have social investment ideas and policies been more developed in some regions and countries than in others? Building on the theoretical framework of this volume, our chapter suggests that the content of regional social investment agendas depends on policy legacies in terms of investment vs consumption-oriented policies and their interaction with structural pressures. In a second step, we argue that the chances of social investment agendas to be implemented depend on the availability of political support coalitions between organizational representatives of the educated middle classes and either business or working-class actors. We illustrate our claims with reference to family policy developments in France, Germany, and Switzerland.
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Webber, David M. Saving the World? Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423564.003.0008.
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Drawing this book to a close, this concluding chapter returns to the core theoretical and empirical claims made in the opening chapter and throughout the book. It summarises those policies that Gordon Brown transposed from New Labour’s domestic political economy to meet his undoubted concern for international development, and the analysis offered in respect of each of these policies. The significance of this policy transmission from the domestic to the international spheres is explored, and the critical tensions inherent in such a strategy, are teased out. Gordon Brown was clearly passionate about matters of global poverty (and indeed, even out of office, remains so). Yet in his zeal to deliver lasting change in some of the world’s poorest areas, Brown attempted to address global poverty by explicitly working with and indeed enhancing the self-same structures of market capitalism that had reinforced and reproduced the levels of inequality and underdevelopment experienced across the global South. Gordon Brown’s development strategy therefore did not simply assimilate ‘market’ actors in the development process but more often than not, ended up prioritising the expectations of these actors over the delivery of a more socially just and equitable set of outcomes.
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Stewart, Frances, Gustav Ranis, and Emma Samman. Successful Transition Towards a Virtuous Cycle of Human Development and Economic Growth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794455.003.0005.
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This chapter provides studies of politics and policies in some of the good transition countries. Countries selected include Bangladesh, Nepal, Thailand, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Bolivia, and Peru. There was no single recipe for success in economic conditions or political structures. Government determination to advance the well-being of the population appeared to be a necessary condition, but this can be motivated in different ways: through left-wing ideology, identification with particular deprived groups, a desire to advance conflict-prevention, or the need to secure popular support for re-election. Some countries relied on the state to promote human development, but others depended on various social institutions. The chapter also provides a brief review of some negative transitions—countries which fell back from the virtuous category to a vicious one. A variety of circumstances accounted for this, including debt and stabilization, and political developments, such as invasion in the case of Iraq.
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Puppim de Oliveira, Jose A., and Celio Andrade. The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions at Sub-National Level. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0027.
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This chapter examines the political economy aspects, particularly the influence of the Clean Development Mechanism, in clean energy and climate change policies in the states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The different mechanisms for responding to climate change are financing opportunities in some of the ‘green’ industries, but the results show a gap between the initial objectives of global policies and their results. The research identified pitfalls and opportunities for new strategies and mechanisms for boosting clean energy in Brazil and the role that the Clean Development Mechanism and future international mechanisms can play in the political economy of clean energy transitions. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the lessons learned from experience of the Clean Development Mechanism and its implications for the future of the Paris Agreement.
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Petersen, Kristian. History of the Development of the Sino-Muslim Community. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190634346.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 sketches a brief history of Muslims in China to aid in understanding the development of Sino-Islamic scholarship and the shifting contours of this tradition. The establishment of local religious institutions and a unique body of Chinese literature was predicated by the changing attitudes of foreign and local Muslims in relation to political, economic, and cultural policies. The chapter focuses on the transmission of Islam to China as it affected the development of Islamic thought, and situate this process within the Chinese cultural environment and then in the broader Eurasian context, focusing on global relationships and interactions across geographical boundaries. Locally, dynastic history shaped the Sino-Muslim community and their scholarly production, while developments abroad provided episodic intellectual nourishment. In this discussion, I also spar with some theoretical challenges that arise in any analysis of Asian Muslim communities—namely, the processes of Islamization, vernacularization, and syncretism.
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McGuire, James W. The Politics of Development in Latin America and East Asia. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.23.
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This article examines the politics of development in Latin America and East Asia, focusing on eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, South Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Thailand. It begins by analyzing levels and changes of GDP per capita and income inequality in these countries from 1960 to 2010, showing that the capitalist economies of Latin America grew more slowly and had higher income inequality than their East Asian counterparts. It considers the reasons for this development divergence, including government policies in such areas as land tenure, education, promotion of manufactured exports, and macroeconomic management. The article also looks at historical legacies and social-structural factors that help explain these cross-regional (as well as some intra-regional) policy differences, including colonial heritage, the geopolitical situation after World War II, natural resources, and class structure.
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Bernardo Giorgio, Mattarella. 10 Evolution and Gestalt of the Italian State. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198726401.003.0010.
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This chapter presents an analysis of Italy's administrative history. It looks at the historical development of Italian public administration and administrative law in Italy beginning from the nineteenth century. The chapter then proceeds to the first half of the twentieth century, focusing primarily on the policies of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti, which saw a marked rise in changes and developments within administrative law. Also of note during this period was the role of administrative law during the era of fascism in Italy. The latter half of the twentieth century would mark a departure from this period, focusing mainly on liberal administrative law and the Republic. Finally, the chapter turns to the features of administrative law in the twenty-first century, before closing with some concluding remarks on the features peculiar to Italian administrative law.
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Lewin, Leif, and Johannes Lindvall. One Hundred Years of Swedish Economic Policy. Edited by Jon Pierre. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199665679.013.36.
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This chapter analyzes the development of Swedish economic policy from the early 1920s to the present. The chapter has three objectives: to describe how Swedish economic policy-making has evolved over time, concentrating on a few especially important periods: the adoption of expansionary fiscal policies in the 1930s, the development of Sweden’s postwar economic model in the 1950s, the struggle to maintain full employment in the 1970s and 1980s, the financial crisis of the early 1990s, and Sweden’s response to worldwide recession in the 2000s. The second objective is to show if and when Swedish governments have pursued economic policies that set Sweden apart from other rich democracies; and the third is to examine a number of scholarly debates concerning how to explain some of the economic policy shifts that have occurred in Sweden since its transition to democracy in the 1910s.
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Whittington, Keith E. Law and the Courts. Edited by Richard Valelly, Suzanne Mettler, and Robert Lieberman. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697915.013.29.
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The historical study of the politics of law and courts precedes and in some ways runs parallel to the study of American political development. The two approaches to law and courts have often had somewhat different emphases. American political development has often emphasized the ways in which judges obstruct the policies of other political actors, while law-and-courts scholars have lately emphasized the ways in which judges operate in tandem with other political actors. The resurgence of historical approaches to studying law and the courts has also brought new interest in the development of legal ideas and the role of political ideology and intellectual constructs in shaping legal decisions.
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Östensson, Olle. Local Content, Supply Chains, and Shared Infrastructure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0024.
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Local content policies for extractive industries have attracted increased interest. Local content requirements are often included in legislation or contracts. Such efforts may be constrained by low capacity of potential suppliers, low skills, and the general business environment. A number of extractive industry companies have introduced supplier development programmes that attempt to reduce the constraints and skill gaps. Government industrial policies on local content vary: some prescribe quantitative targets for local content, while others focus on improving skills and raising the capacity of domestic industry. Infrastructure built for extractive industries can often be used by other economic activities. Difficulties in finding suitable financing arrangements have, however, limited the number of successful multi-user extractive industry-related infrastructure projects.
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Bebbington, Anthony, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, Marja Hinfelaar, Cynthia A. Sanborn, Jessica Achberger, Celina Grisi Huber, Verónica Hurtado, Tania Ramírez, and Scott D. Odell. The Politics of Natural Resource Extraction in Zambia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0004.
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By comparing historical periods of high and low social and economic investment related to the mining sector, this chapter explores the reasons why Zambia’s mineral wealth has not been translated into sustained and inclusive development. A political settlements approach is utilized to explore the dynamics of the governance of natural resources. The analysis reveals a level of continuity in political arrangements, a meta-settlement of some kind, which is founded on a long lineage of the power of foreign influence in shaping economic and social policies. While the building of political coalitions proved useful for establishing some level of stability in Zambia, these coalitions have not stimulated development and have tended to push non-dominant groupings to the political margins.
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Thomson, Mathew. Disability, Psychiatry, and Eugenics. Edited by Alison Bashford and Philippa Levine. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195373141.013.0007.
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This article reviews assumptions about psychiatry and mental disability, explaining why the mentally disabled, more than the mentally ill or the physically disabled, became the focus of eugenic anxiety as well as policy. It also examines why such policies were taken further in some countries than others, and whether the focus on mental disability applies equally to eugenics within a colonial setting. It argues that the primacy of the mentally disabled does not necessarily equate with the primacy of psychiatry: the development of eugenic policies toward the mentally disabled in this period is more crucially a consequence of political and economic context than of the influence of psychiatry itself. Finally, it concludes with an exploration of the history of disability, psychiatry, and eugenics since World War II.
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Ayyar, R. V. Vaidyanatha. History of Education Policymaking in India, 1947-2016. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474943.001.0001.
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This book chronicles the history of education policymaking in India. The focus of the book is on the period from 1964 when the landmark Kothari Commission was constituted; however, to put the policy developments in this period into perspective major developments since the Indian Education Commission (1882) have been touched upon. The distinctiveness of the book lies in the rare insights which come from the author’s experience of making policy at the state, national and international levels; it is also the first book on the making of Indian education policy which brings to bear on the narrative comparative and historical perspectives it, which pays attention to the process and politics of policymaking and the larger setting –the political and policy environment- in which policies were made at different points of time, which attempts to subject regulation of education to a systematic analyses the way regulation of utilities or business or environment had been, and integrates judicial policymaking with the making and implementation of education policies. In fact for the period subsequent to 1979, there have been articles- may be a book or two- on some aspects of these developments individually; however, there is no comprehensive narrative that covers developments as a whole and places them against the backdrop of national and global political, economic, and educational developments.
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Badrinarayana, Deepa. Climate Change Law and Policy in India. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0030.
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This chapter discusses India’s role in international climate law and its domestic law on climate change, and demonstrates the limits of its legal position in addressing climate-related threats. Climate change presents a complex challenge for India, which is reflected in its evolving set of climate change laws and policies. Aside from being one of countries most vulnerable to climate change, India is home to some of the world’s poorest people whose lives and property are threatened by climate change. The government has adopted various initiatives to comply with the Kyoto Protocol. The central national initiative on climate change is the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). Action under NAPCC is premised on the principle of sustainable development, which for the purposes of climate change means achieving growth while at the same time minimizing greenhouse gas emissions.
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Homberg, Michael, and Benjamin Möckel, eds. Human Rights and Technological Change. Wallstein Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783835348424.
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The volume analyses the ambivalent relationship between human rights and modern technologies since 1945. Tools of suppression or agents of emancipation? Modern technologies have become a major subject of human rights policy. Surveillance technology, the military use of drones, and the possibilities of Big Data analysis pose new challenges for the international human rights movement. At the same time, these techniques offer new ways to document and denounce violations of human rights and to promote mass mobilization. The volume analyses this ambivalent relationship between human rights and technological change in a historical perspective. Showing how the spread of modern technologies both challenged and served human rights policies, the volume focuses on four key areas of technological change: 1) development politics, infrastructures and large technical systems, 2) population politics and demographical knowledge, 3) media cultures and communication technologies, and 4) the societal impact of computerization. By sketching these debates since 1945, the volume adds a historical perspective to current debates about the political and ethical challenges of new technological developments. The volume is published entirely in English.
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Haq, Khadija, ed. Mismanagement of Pakistan’s Economy and Choices for the 1970s. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0008.
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In the chapter, Haq talks about socio-economic policy options for Pakistan in 1970s against the backdrop of economic policies of 1960s. The unrelenting emphasis on growth, which was in some ways necessary in 1960s, came at the cost of social justice. The aftermath of the ‘decade of growth’, was the growing regional imbalance. He emphasized that Pakistan’s long run economic planning needs a new development strategy, one that places less emphasis on material goods and services; relies more on self-help than aid; and that gives more autonomy to provinces in economic matters.
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Haq, Khadija, ed. Economic Growth with Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.001.0001.
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The book traces the evolution of Mahbub ul Haq’s thinking on development, and highlights its impact on global, regional and national policy debates, and relevance to today’s headline events. It situates the origins and significance (both in affecting academic and policy debates) of Haq’s development philosophy focusing on social justice. The introduction to the volume explains Haq’s reasons for moving away from growth-only philosophy to growth with distribution. The four parts of the book show Haq’s contributions to the larger development debate from the 1960s to the 1990s, including on issues ranging from global governance, sustainable development, trade and debt, to food security, gender equality, and nuclear disarmament. Each part is introduced to place Haq’s work in the context of that period, explain its significance in shaping development theory, policy, and practice, and highlight its ongoing influence and relevance to today’s issues and debates. The book analyses Mahbub ul Haq learning lessons from his close encounter with the political reality of the day that made him evaluate some of his own assumptions and to refine his tools to achieve his ultimate goal—to make people the centre of all development policies, programmes and actions.
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Cullet, Philippe, and Sujith Koonan, eds. Water Law and Policy in India. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199472475.003.0001.
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This chapter provides a concise introduction and overview of water law and policy in India. It examines the overall regulatory framework governing water, from the constitutional provisions to the diverse sectoral laws, policies and administrative directions that make up water law. It also introduces some of the basic concepts, such as water rights, the right to water, state control, and public trust. It then analyses general developments over the past couple of decades in terms of policy reforms (water sector reforms) and water law reforms.
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Dietsche, Evelyn. New Industrial Policy and the Extractive Industries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0007.
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Industrial policy is back. Advocates for industrial policy argue that the important question is not whether such policies should be applied at all, but how to design and implement them. This chapter explores the new debate on industrial policy in relation to the extractive industries and the extractives-led development agenda. First, there is the argument that host countries should reduce their dependence on the extractive resources sector and diversify their economies. But there is little consensus over how countries should go about this. Second, the universal climate agreement reached at the Paris COP21 in November 2015 mandates that all economies have to move towards more sustainable and resource-efficient growth, with (green) industrial policy playing a critical part in achieving this structural transformation. Third, the liberal capitalist system underpinning the current global economy is under pressure with some political forces now making the case for more inward-looking economic policies and protectionism.
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Wolff, Josephine. Cyberinsurance Policy. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13665.001.0001.
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Why cyberinsurance has not improved cybersecurity and what governments can do to make it a more effective tool for cyber risk management. As cybersecurity incidents—ranging from data breaches and denial-of-service attacks to computer fraud and ransomware—become more common, a cyberinsurance industry has emerged to provide coverage for any resulting liability, business interruption, extortion payments, regulatory fines, or repairs. In this book, Josephine Wolff offers the first comprehensive history of cyberinsurance, from the early “Internet Security Liability” policies in the late 1990s to the expansive coverage offered today. Drawing on legal records, government reports, cyberinsurance policies, and interviews with regulators and insurers, Wolff finds that cyberinsurance has not improved cybersecurity or reduced cyber risks. Wolff examines the development of cyberinsurance, comparing it to other insurance sectors, including car and flood insurance; explores legal disputes between insurers and policyholders about whether cyber-related losses were covered under policies designed for liability, crime, or property and casualty losses; and traces the trend toward standalone cyberinsurance policies and government efforts to regulate and promote the industry. Cyberinsurance, she argues, is ineffective at curbing cybersecurity losses because it normalizes the payment of online ransoms, whereas the goal of cybersecurity is the opposite—to disincentivize such payments to make ransomware less profitable. An industry built on modeling risk has found itself confronted by new technologies before the risks posed by those technologies can be fully understood.
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Drèze, Jean. Sense and Solidarity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833468.001.0001.
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The last twenty years have been a time of intense public debates on social policy in India. There have also been major initiatives, such as the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, as well as resilient inertia in some fields. This book brings together some of Jean Drèze's contributions to these debates, along with other short essays on social development. The essays span the gamut of critical social policies, from education and health to poverty, nutrition, child care, corruption, employment, and social security. There are also less predictable topics such as the caste system, corporate power, nuclear disarmament, the Gujarat model, the Kashmir conflict, and universal basic income. The book aims at enlarging the boundaries of social development, towards a broad concern with the sort of society we want to create. The concluding essay, on public-spiritedness and solidarity, argues that the cultivation of enlightened social norms is an integral part of development. "Jholawala" has become a disparaging term for activists in the Indian business media. This book affirms the learning value of collective action combined with sound economic analysis. In his detailed introduction, the author argues for an approach to development economics where research and action are complementary and interconnected.
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Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra. Science and Politics of Race in Mexico and the United States, 1910-1950. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469636405.001.0001.
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In this history of the social and human sciences in Mexico and the United States, Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt reveals intricate connections among the development of science, the concept of race, and policies toward indigenous peoples. Focusing on the anthropologists, sociologists, biologists, physicians, and other experts who collaborated across borders from the Mexican Revolution through World War II, Rosemblatt traces how intellectuals on both sides of the Rio Grande forged shared networks in which they discussed indigenous peoples and other ethnic minorities. In doing so, Rosemblatt argues, they refashioned race as a scientific category and consolidated their influence within their respective national policy circles. Postrevolutionary Mexican experts aimed to transform their country into a modern secular state with a dynamic economy, and central to this endeavor was learning how to “manage” racial difference and social welfare. The same concern animated U.S. New Deal policies toward Native Americans. The scientists’ border-crossing conceptions of modernity, race, evolution, and pluralism were not simple one-way impositions or appropriations, and they had significant effects. In the United States, the resulting approaches to the management of Native American affairs later shaped policies toward immigrants and black Americans, while in Mexico, officials rejected policy prescriptions they associated with U.S. intellectual imperialism and racial segregation.
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Dean, Laura A. Diffusing Human Trafficking Policy in Eurasia. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352839.001.0001.
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The issue of human trafficking is particularly important in the region between Europe and Asia due to the dramatic increase in the number of persons trafficked into and through the region since the collapse of communism. Women from Eurasia fuel the sex industries around the world but increasingly, men and children from this region are also victims of labor exploitation. This book analyses how human trafficking policies aimed at combatting this phenomenon have diffused from the international to national level policymaking in one of the largest source regions for human trafficking in the world. The book adds another dimension to human rights-based policymaking with gendered regulatory policy embodied in criminalization statutes and redistributive policy with victims’ service laws by exploring factors that promote and impede policy adoption. Using a mixed method approach, the book uniquely develops the diffusion of innovation theory to include policy variation with adoption and implementation in a new substantive area (human trafficking) and a new regional area (Eurasia). The main research question examines the top-down and bottom-up pressures involved in why some countries adopt encompassing human trafficking policies and others do not and why some countries successfully implement these policies and others do not. The book traces the development and effectiveness of anti-trafficking institutions established in public policy adoption and their interconnected relationship with policy implementation effectiveness. Across Eurasia there are links between these institutions and the ties that bind them which if weak can cause anti-trafficking network fragmentation.
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Maisel, L. Sandy. 2. A brief history of American political parties. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190458164.003.0002.
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‘A brief history of American political parties’ traces the development of US politics from the initial emergence of parties as the Founders differed on policies they believed served the nation's interests. The modern Democratic Party has transformed from its early manifestation as the Democratic-Republican Party, while the Republican Party was formed as a result of the division over slavery and eclipsed earlier parties, including the National Republicans and Whigs, as the major alternative to the Democrats. Despite party changes, the election process remains the same; it is still about organizing, understanding the rules and the voters, and knowing how to appeal to the voters most efficiently under the rules.
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Jin, Dal Yong. The Rise of the New Korean Wave. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039973.003.0001.
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This chapter first discuses the rise of Korean popular culture and its dissemination in Asian countries, known as the Korean Wave, or Hallyu. It characterizes the Korean Wave into roughly two major historical developments: the Hallyu 1.0 era (approximately between 1997 and 2007) and the Hallyu 2.0, New Korean Wave, era (mainly from 2008 to the present). Although these two periods share some common phenomena, they are dissimilar in their major characteristics, such as the major cultural forms exported, technological developments, fan bases, and government cultural policies. It then sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the recent evolution of Hallyu in a socioeconomic context alongside its textual meanings. The chapter then discusses the hybridity in Korean popular culture followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.
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Piatkowski, Marcin. Fundamental Sources of Growth. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789345.003.0002.
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In this chapter I provide a methodological framework for the rest of the book to help explain Poland’s long-term economic backwardness, its unprecedented economic success since 1989, and its development prospects. I argue that the existing economic literature largely focuses on the proximate causes of economic growth, but underestimates the fundamental causes of growth—institutions, culture, ideologies, leaders, and luck—which drive economic policies and are ultimately the reasons why some countries are rich while others are poor. I then focus on the role of institutions and culture in explaining economic development. Following Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (ARJ), I distinguish between ‘extractive societies’ and ‘inclusive societies’, and argue that it is rare to move from one type of society equilibrium to another. I extend the ARJ institutional framework and show the conditions necessary for the shift from extractive to inclusive societies and vice versa.