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Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 July 2024

Last updated: 7 July 2024

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1

Tang, Dan, Jingwen Sheng, Liangting Xu, Xiechao Zhan, Jiaming Liu, Hui Jiang, Xiaoling Shu, et al. "Cryo-EM structure of C9ORF72–SMCR8–WDR41 reveals the role as a GAP for Rab8a and Rab11a." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 18 (April 17, 2020): 9876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002110117.

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A massive intronic hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) expansion in C9ORF72 is a genetic origin of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recently, C9ORF72, together with SMCR8 and WDR41, has been shown to regulate autophagy and function as Rab GEF. However, the precise function of C9ORF72 remains unclear. Here, we report the cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human C9ORF72–SMCR8–WDR41 complex at a resolution of 3.2 Å. The structure reveals the dimeric assembly of a heterotrimer of C9ORF72–SMCR8–WDR41. Notably, the C-terminal tail of C9ORF72 and the DENN domain of SMCR8 play critical roles in the dimerization of the two protomers of the C9ORF72–SMCR8–WDR41 complex. In the protomer, C9ORF72 and WDR41 are joined by SMCR8 without direct interaction. WDR41 binds to the DENN domain of SMCR8 by the C-terminal helix. Interestingly, the prominent structural feature of C9ORF72–SMCR8 resembles that of the FLNC–FNIP2 complex, the GTPase activating protein (GAP) of RagC/D. Structural comparison and sequence alignment revealed that Arg147 of SMCR8 is conserved and corresponds to the arginine finger of FLCN, and biochemical analysis indicated that the Arg147 of SMCR8 is critical to the stimulatory effect of the C9ORF72–SMCR8 complex on Rab8a and Rab11a. Our study not only illustrates the basis of C9ORF72–SMCR8–WDR41 complex assembly but also reveals the GAP activity of the C9ORF72–SMCR8 complex.

2

McAlpine, William, Lei Sun, Kuan-wen Wang, Aijie Liu, Ruchi Jain, Miguel San Miguel, Jianhui Wang, et al. "Excessive endosomal TLR signaling causes inflammatory disease in mice with defective SMCR8-WDR41-C9ORF72 complex function." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 49 (November 15, 2018): E11523—E11531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814753115.

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The SMCR8-WDR41-C9ORF72 complex is a regulator of autophagy and lysosomal function. Autoimmunity and inflammatory disease have been ascribed to loss-of-function mutations of Smcr8 or C9orf72 in mice. In humans, autoimmunity has been reported to precede amyotrophic lateral sclerosis caused by mutations of C9ORF72. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying autoimmunity and inflammation caused by C9ORF72 or SMCR8 deficiencies remain unknown. Here, we show that splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and activated circulating T cells observed in Smcr8−/− mice were rescued by triple knockout of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. Myeloid cells from Smcr8−/− mice produced excessive inflammatory cytokines in response to endocytosed TLR3, TLR7, or TLR9 ligands administered in the growth medium and in response to TLR2 or TLR4 ligands internalized by phagocytosis. These defects likely stem from prolonged TLR signaling caused by accumulation of LysoTracker-positive vesicles and by delayed phagosome maturation, both of which were observed in Smcr8−/− macrophages. Smcr8−/− mice also showed elevated susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis, which was not associated with increased TLR3, TLR7, or TLR9 signaling. Deficiency of WDR41 phenocopied loss of SMCR8. Our findings provide evidence that excessive endosomal TLR signaling resulting from prolonged ligand–receptor contact causes inflammatory disease in SMCR8-deficient mice.

3

Liang, Chen, Qiang Shao, Wei Zhang, Mei Yang, Qing Chang, Rong Chen, and Jian-Fu Chen. "Smcr8 deficiency disrupts axonal transport-dependent lysosomal function and promotes axonal swellings and gain of toxicity in C9ALS/FTD mouse models." Human Molecular Genetics 28, no. 23 (October 18, 2019): 3940–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz230.

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Abstract G4C2 repeat expansions in an intron of C9ORF72 cause the most common familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (collectively, C9ALS/FTD). Mechanisms and mediators of C9ALS/FTD pathogenesis remain poorly understood. C9orf72 and Smcr8 form a protein complex. Here, we show that expression of Smcr8, like C9orf72, is reduced in C9ALS/FTD mouse models and patient tissues. Since Smcr8 is highly conserved between human and mouse, we evaluated the effects of Smcr8 downregulation in mice. Smcr8 knockout (KO) mice exhibited motor behavior deficits, which resemble those of C9ALS/FTD mouse models, and displayed axonal swellings in their spinal cords and neuromuscular junctions. These deficits are caused by impaired autophagy-lysosomal functions due to disrupted axonal transport in mutant motor neurons. Consistent with its interaction with C9orf72 and their downregulation in patient tissues, Smcr8 deficiency exacerbated autophagy-lysosomal impairment in C9orf72 KO mice. The disease relevance of Smcr8 downregulation was reflected by exacerbated axonal swellings and gain of toxicity pathology arising from Smcr8 haploinsufficiency in a mouse model of C9ALS/FTD. Thus, our in vivo studies suggested that Smcr8 deficiency impairs axonal transport dependent autophagy-lysosomal function and exacerbates axonal degeneration and gain of toxicity in C9ALS/FTD mouse models.

4

Nörpel, Julia, Simone Cavadini, Andreas D. Schenk, Alexandra Graff-Meyer, Daniel Hess, Jan Seebacher, Jeffrey A. Chao, and Varun Bhaskar. "Structure of the human C9orf72-SMCR8 complex reveals a multivalent protein interaction architecture." PLOS Biology 19, no. 7 (July 23, 2021): e3001344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001344.

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A major cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) spectrum disorder is the hexanucleotide G4C2 repeat expansion in the first intron of the C9orf72 gene. Many underlying mechanisms lead to manifestation of disease that include toxic gain-of-function by repeat G4C2 RNAs, dipeptide repeat proteins, and a reduction of the C9orf72 gene product. The C9orf72 protein interacts with SMCR8 and WDR41 to form a trimeric complex and regulates multiple cellular pathways including autophagy. Here, we report the structure of the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex at 3.8 Å resolution using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structure reveals 2 distinct dimerization interfaces between C9orf72 and SMCR8 that involves an extensive network of interactions. Homology between C9orf72-SMCR8 and Folliculin-Folliculin Interacting Protein 2 (FLCN-FNIP2), a GTPase activating protein (GAP) complex, enabled identification of a key residue within the active site of SMCR8. Further structural analysis suggested that a coiled-coil region within the uDenn domain of SMCR8 could act as an interaction platform for other coiled-coil proteins, and its deletion reduced the interaction of the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex with FIP200 upon starvation. In summary, this study contributes toward our understanding of the biological function of the C9orf72-SMCR8 complex.

5

Yang, Mei, Chen Liang, Kunchithapadam Swaminathan, Stephanie Herrlinger, Fan Lai, Ramin Shiekhattar, and Jian-Fu Chen. "A C9ORF72/SMCR8-containing complex regulates ULK1 and plays a dual role in autophagy." Science Advances 2, no. 9 (September 2016): e1601167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601167.

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The intronic GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72) is a prevalent genetic abnormality identified in both frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Smith-Magenis syndrome chromosomal region candidate gene 8 (SMCR8) is a protein with unclear functions. We report that C9ORF72 is a component of a multiprotein complex containing SMCR8, WDR41, and ATG101 (an important regulator of autophagy). The C9ORF72 complex displays guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity and acts as a guanosine diphosphate–guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GDP-GTP) exchange factor (GEF) for RAB39B. We created Smcr8 knockout mice and found that Smcr8 mutant cells exhibit impaired autophagy induction, which is similarly observed in C9orf72 knockdown cells. Mechanistically, SMCR8/C9ORF72 interacts with the key autophagy initiation ULK1 complex and regulates expression and activity of ULK1. The complex has an additional role in regulating later stages of autophagy. Whereas autophagic flux is enhanced in C9orf72 knockdown cells, depletion of Smcr8 results in a reduced flux with an abnormal expression of lysosomal enzymes. Thus, C9ORF72 and SMCR8 have similar functions in modulating autophagy induction by regulating ULK1 and play distinct roles in regulating autophagic flux.

6

Amick, Joseph, Agnes Roczniak-Ferguson, and Shawn M. Ferguson. "C9orf72 binds SMCR8, localizes to lysosomes, and regulates mTORC1 signaling." Molecular Biology of the Cell 27, no. 20 (October 15, 2016): 3040–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0003.

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Hexanucleotide expansion in an intron of the C9orf72 gene causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. However, beyond bioinformatics predictions that suggested structural similarity to folliculin, the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome tumor suppressor, little is known about the normal functions of the C9orf72 protein. To address this problem, we used genome-editing strategies to investigate C9orf72 interactions, subcellular localization, and knockout (KO) phenotypes. We found that C9orf72 robustly interacts with SMCR8 (a protein of previously unknown function). We also observed that C9orf72 localizes to lysosomes and that such localization is negatively regulated by amino acid availability. Analysis of C9orf72 KO, SMCR8 KO, and double-KO cell lines revealed phenotypes that are consistent with a function for C9orf72 at lysosomes. These include abnormally swollen lysosomes in the absence of C9orf72 and impaired responses of mTORC1 signaling to changes in amino acid availability (a lysosome-dependent process) after depletion of either C9orf72 or SMCR8. Collectively these results identify strong physical and functional interactions between C9orf72 and SMCR8 and support a lysosomal site of action for this protein complex.

7

Jung, Jennifer, and Christian Behrends. "Multifaceted role of SMCR8 as autophagy regulator." Small GTPases 11, no. 1 (October 3, 2017): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21541248.2017.1346553.

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8

Talaia, Gabriel, Joseph Amick, and Shawn M. Ferguson. "Receptor-like role for PQLC2 amino acid transporter in the lysosomal sensing of cationic amino acids." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 8 (February 17, 2021): e2014941118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2014941118.

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PQLC2, a lysosomal cationic amino acid transporter, also serves as a sensor that responds to scarcity of its substrates by recruiting a protein complex composed of C9orf72, SMCR8, and WDR41 to the surface of lysosomes. This protein complex controls multiple aspects of lysosome function. Although it is known that this response to changes in cationic amino acid availability depends on an interaction between PQLC2 and WDR41, the underlying mechanism for the regulated interaction is not known. In this study, we present evidence that the WDR41–PQLC2 interaction is mediated by a short peptide motif in a flexible loop that extends from the WDR41 β-propeller and inserts into a cavity presented by the inward-facing conformation of PQLC2. The data support a transceptor model wherein conformational changes in PQLC2 related to substrate transport regulate the availability of the WDR41-binding site on PQLC2 and mediate recruitment of the WDR41-SMCR8-C9orf72 complex to the surface of lysosomes.

9

Zhao, Shidong, Wenwen Ru, Xinyan Chen, Shanhui Liao, Zhongliang Zhu, Jiahai Zhang, and Chao Xu. "Structural insights into SMCR8 C-degron recognition by FEM1B." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 557 (June 2021): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.046.

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10

Kumar, Vijay. "Molecular interactions between C9ORF72 and SMCR8: A local energetic frustration perspective." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 570 (September 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.016.

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11

Tang, Dan, Jingwen Sheng, Liangting Xu, Chuangye Yan, and Shiqian Qi. "The C9orf72-SMCR8-WDR41 complex is a GAP for small GTPases." Autophagy 16, no. 8 (June 17, 2020): 1542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2020.1779473.

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12

Fukatsu, Shoya, Hinami Sashi, Remina Shirai, Norio Takagi, Hiroaki Oizumi, Masahiro Yamamoto, Katsuya Ohbuchi, Yuki Miyamoto, and Junji Yamauchi. "Rab11a Controls Cell Shape via C9orf72 Protein: Possible Relationships to Frontotemporal Dementia/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (FTDALS) Type 1." Pathophysiology 31, no. 1 (February 9, 2024): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology31010008.

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Abnormal nucleotide insertions of C9orf72, which forms a complex with Smith–Magenis syndrome chromosomal region candidate gene 8 (SMCR8) protein and WD repeat-containing protein 41 (WDR41) protein, are associated with an autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 1 (FTDALS1). The differentially expressed in normal and neoplastic cells (DENN) domain-containing C9orf72 and its complex with SMCR8 and WDR41 function as a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Rab GTP/GDP-binding proteins (Rab GEF, also called Rab activator). Among Rab proteins serving as major effectors, there exists Rab11a. However, it remains to be established which Rab protein is related to promoting or sustaining neuronal morphogenesis or homeostasis. In this study, we describe that the knockdown of Rab11a decreases the expression levels of neuronal differentiation marker proteins, as well as the elongation of neurite-like processes, using N1E-115 cells, a well-utilized neuronal differentiation model. Similar results were obtained in primary cortical neurons. In contrast, the knockdown of Rab11b, a Rab11a homolog, did not significantly affect their cell morphological changes. It is of note that treatment with hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid (also known as Vitamin P), recovered the neuronal morphological phenotypes induced by Rab11a knockdown. Also, the knockdown of Rab11a or Rab11b led to a decrease in glial marker expression levels and in morphological changes in FBD-102b cells, which serve as the oligodendroglial differentiation model. Rab11a is specifically involved in the regulation of neuronal morphological differentiation. The knockdown effect mimicking the loss of function of C9orf72 is reversed by treatment with hesperetin. These findings may reveal a clue for identifying one of the potential molecular and cellular phenotypes underlying FTDALS1.

13

Lan, Yungang, Peter M. Sullivan, and Fenghua Hu. "SMCR8 negatively regulates AKT and MTORC1 signaling to modulate lysosome biogenesis and tissue homeostasis." Autophagy 15, no. 5 (January 29, 2019): 871–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2019.1569914.

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14

Zhang, Yingying, Aaron Burberry, Jin-Yuan Wang, Jackson Sandoe, Sulagna Ghosh, Namrata D. Udeshi, Tanya Svinkina, et al. "The C9orf72-interacting protein Smcr8 is a negative regulator of autoimmunity and lysosomal exocytosis." Genes & Development 32, no. 13-14 (June 27, 2018): 929–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.313932.118.

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15

Xue, Bin, Ruiting Li, Haining Ma, Abdul Rahaman, and Vijay Kumar. "Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the C9ORF72 that affect folding and binding to SMCR8 protein." Process Biochemistry 121 (October 2022): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.013.

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16

Shao, Qiang, Mei Yang, Chen Liang, Li Ma, Wei Zhang, Zhiwen Jiang, Jun Luo, Jae-Kyung Lee, Chengyu Liang, and Jian-Fu Chen. "C9orf72 and smcr8 mutant mice reveal MTORC1 activation due to impaired lysosomal degradation and exocytosis." Autophagy 16, no. 9 (December 26, 2019): 1635–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2019.1703353.

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17

Amick, Joseph, Arun Kumar Tharkeshwar, Catherine Amaya,, and Shawn M. Ferguson. "WDR41 supports lysosomal response to changes in amino acid availability." Molecular Biology of the Cell 29, no. 18 (September 2018): 2213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e17-12-0703.

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C9orf72 mutations are a major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. The C9orf72 protein undergoes regulated recruitment to lysosomes and has been broadly implicated in control of lysosome homeostasis. However, although evidence strongly supports an important function for C9orf72 at lysosomes, little is known about the lysosome recruitment mechanism. In this study, we identify an essential role for WDR41, a prominent C9orf72 interacting protein, in C9orf72 lysosome recruitment. Analysis of human WDR41 knockout cells revealed that WDR41 is required for localization of the protein complex containing C9orf72 and SMCR8 to lysosomes. Such lysosome localization increases in response to amino acid starvation but is not dependent on either mTORC1 inhibition or autophagy induction. Furthermore, WDR41 itself exhibits a parallel pattern of regulated association with lysosomes. This WDR41-dependent recruitment of C9orf72 to lysosomes is critical for the ability of lysosomes to support mTORC1 signaling as constitutive targeting of C9orf72 to lysosomes relieves the requirement for WDR41 in mTORC1 activation. Collectively, this study reveals an essential role for WDR41 in supporting the regulated binding of C9orf72 to lysosomes and solidifies the requirement for a larger C9orf72 containing protein complex in coordinating lysosomal responses to changes in amino acid availability.

18

Liang, Chen, Qiang Shao, Wei Zhang, Mei Yang, Qing Chang, Rong Chen, and Jian-Fu Chen. "Smcr8 deficiency disrupts axonal transport-dependent lysosomal function and promotes axonal swellings and gain of toxicity in C9ALS/FTD mouse models." Human Molecular Genetics 29, no. 6 (February 14, 2020): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddaa012.

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19

Leray, Xavier, Rossella Conti, Yan Li, Cécile Debacker, Florence Castelli, François Fenaille, Anselm A. Zdebik, Michael Pusch, and Bruno Gasnier. "Arginine-selective modulation of the lysosomal transporter PQLC2 through a gate-tuning mechanism." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 32 (August 3, 2021): e2025315118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025315118.

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Lysosomes degrade excess or damaged cellular components and recycle their building blocks through membrane transporters. They also act as nutrient-sensing signaling hubs to coordinate cell responses. The membrane protein PQ-loop repeat-containing protein 2 (PQLC2; “picklock two”) is implicated in both functions, as it exports cationic amino acids from lysosomes and serves as a receptor and amino acid sensor to recruit the C9orf72/SMCR8/WDR41 complex to lysosomes upon nutrient starvation. Its transport activity is essential for drug treatment of the rare disease cystinosis. Here, we quantitatively studied PQLC2 transport activity using electrophysiological and biochemical methods. Charge/substrate ratio, intracellular pH, and reversal potential measurements showed that it operates in a uniporter mode. Thus, PQLC2 is uncoupled from the steep lysosomal proton gradient, unlike many lysosomal transporters, enabling bidirectional cationic amino acid transport across the organelle membrane. Surprisingly, the specific presence of arginine, but not other substrates (lysine, histidine), in the discharge (“trans”) compartment impaired PQLC2 transport. Kinetic modeling of the uniport cycle recapitulated the paradoxical substrate-yet-inhibitor behavior of arginine, assuming that bound arginine facilitates closing of the transporter’s cytosolic gate. Arginine binding may thus tune PQLC2 gating to control its conformation, suggesting a potential mechanism for nutrient signaling by PQLC2 to its interaction partners.

20

Mulyana, Ade Mula, and Fahrunnisa Fahrunnisa. "Pola Komunikasi Penyuluh Pertanian Dalam Program Peningkatan Kapasitas Petani Jagung Di Kabupaten Sumbawa (Studi Kasus Kelompok Tani Desa Luk Kecamatan Rhee Kabupaten Sumbawa)." KAGANGA KOMUNIKA: Journal of Communication Science 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36761/kagangakomunika.v3i1.1053.

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This is evident from the fact that Luk Village's petunia corn production has increased in the previous 5 years. In increasing the capacity of farmers this is caused by a communication process carried out by agricultural extension agents with farmer groups. So in this study the researcher intends to find out how the communication patterns of agricultural extension agents in the program to increase the capacity of maize farmers in Sumbawa Regency.This research uses a case study qualitative method. The theoretical analysis used is the SMCRE theory from David Kennet Berlo and the Communication Patterns from Effendy so that farmers can find out the communication process and communication patterns that occur at the agricultural extension agent with the Luk Village farmer groups. The informants of this study were agricultural extension workers and farmer groups in Luk. Collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that in the capacity building program there is an SMCR communication process, the SMCR process itself includes:Message source, message, communication channel, message recipient, and finally the communication effect. Then there were 3 communication patterns carried out by the agricultural extension agents in the corn farmer groups of Luk Village including one-way communication patterns, two-way communication patterns, and multidirectional communication patterns Keywords: Communication Patterns, Agricultural Extension, Corn Farmer Group

21

Newman, Jane D., Meghan M. Russell, Lixin Fan, Yun-Xing Wang, Giovanni Gonzalez-Gutierrez, and Julia C. van Kessel. "The DNA binding domain of the Vibrio vulnificus SmcR transcription factor is flexible and binds diverse DNA sequences." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 10 (May 22, 2021): 5967–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab387.

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Abstract Quorum sensing gene expression in vibrios is regulated by the LuxR/HapR family of transcriptional factors, which includes Vibrio vulnificus SmcR. The consensus binding site of Vibrio LuxR/HapR/SmcR proteins is palindromic but highly degenerate with sequence variations at each promoter. To examine the mechanism by which SmcR recognizes diverse DNA sites, we generated SmcR separation-of-function mutants that either repress or activate transcription but not both. SmcR N55I is restricted in recognition of single base-pair variations in DNA binding site sequences and thus is defective at transcription activation but retains interaction with RNA polymerase (RNAP) alpha. SmcR S76A, L139R and N142D substitutions disrupt the interaction with RNAP alpha but retain functional DNA binding activity. X-ray crystallography and small angle X-ray scattering data show that the SmcR DNA binding domain exists in two conformations (wide and narrow), and the protein complex forms a mixture of dimers and tetramers in solution. The three RNAP interaction-deficient variants also have two DNA binding domain conformations, whereas SmcR N55I exhibits only the wide conformation. These data support a model in which two mechanisms drive SmcR transcriptional activation: interaction with RNAP and a multi-conformational DNA binding domain that permits recognition of variable DNA sites.

22

Ping, Zhongxin, Fang Xie, Xiaobo Gong, Liwu Liu, Jinsong Leng, and Yanju Liu. "Effects of Accelerated Aging on Thermal, Mechanical and Shape Memory Properties of Cyanate-Based Shape Memory Polymer: III Vacuum Thermal Cycling." Polymers 15, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15081893.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) with intelligent deformability have shown great potential in the field of aerospace, and the research on their adaptability to space environments has far-reaching significance. Chemically cross-linked cyanate-based SMPs (SMCR) with excellent resistance to vacuum thermal cycling were obtained by adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) with linear polymer chains to the cyanate cross-linked network. The low reactivity of PEG overcame the shortcomings of high brittleness and poor deformability while endowing cyanate resin with excellent shape memory properties. The SMCR with a glass transition temperature of 205.8 °C exhibited good stability after vacuum thermal cycling. The SMCR maintained a stable morphology and chemical composition after repeated high–low temperature cycle treatments. The SMCR matrix was purified by vacuum thermal cycling, which resulted in an increase in its initial thermal decomposition temperature by 10–17 °C. The continuous vacuum high and low temperature relaxation of the vacuum thermal cycling increased the cross-linking degree of the SMCR, which improved the mechanical properties and thermodynamic properties of SMCR: the tensile strength of SMCR was increased by about 14.5%, the average elastic modulus was greater than 1.83 GPa, and the glass transition temperature increased by 5–10 °C. Furthermore, the shape memory properties of SMCR after vacuum thermal cycling treatment were well maintained due to the stable triazine ring formed by the cross-linking of cyanate resin. This revealed that our developed SMCR had good resistance to vacuum thermal cycling and thus may be a good candidate for aerospace engineering.

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Kim, Seung Min, Jin Hwan Park, Hyun Sung Lee, Won Bin Kim, Jung Min Ryu, Ho Jae Han, and Sang Ho Choi. "LuxR Homologue SmcR Is Essential for Vibrio vulnificus Pathogenesis and Biofilm Detachment, and Its Expression is Induced by Host Cells." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 10 (July 29, 2013): 3721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00561-13.

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ABSTRACTQuorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication system known to control many bacterial processes. In the present study, the functions of quorum sensing in the pathogenesis ofVibrio vulnificus, a food-borne pathogen, were assessed by evaluating the virulence of a mutant deficient in SmcR, a quorum-sensing regulator and homologue of LuxR. When biofilms were used as an inoculum, thesmcRmutant was impaired in virulence and colonization capacity in the infection of mice. The lack of SmcR also resulted in decreased histopathological damage in mouse jejunum tissue. These results indicated that SmcR is essential forV. vulnificuspathogenesis. Moreover, thesmcRmutant exhibited significantly reduced biofilm detachment. Upon exposure to INT-407 host cells, the wild type, but not thesmcRmutant, revealed accelerated biofilm detachment. The INT-407 cells increasedsmcRexpression by activating the expression of LuxS, an autoinducer-2 synthase, indicating that host cells manipulate the cellular level of SmcR through the quorum-sensing signaling ofV. vulnificus. A whole-genome microarray analysis revealed that the genes primarily involved in biofilm detachment and formation are up- and downregulated by SmcR, respectively. Among the SmcR-regulated genes,vvpEencoding an elastolytic protease was the most upregulated, and the purified VvpE appeared to dissolve established biofilms directly in a concentration-dependent mannerin vitro. These results suggest that the host cell-induced SmcR enhances the detachment ofV. vulnificusbiofilms entering the host intestine and thereby may promote the dispersal of the pathogen to new colonization loci, which is crucial for pathogenesis.

24

Yonk, Ryan M., Josh T. Smith, and Arthur R. Wardle. "Exploring the Policy Implications of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act." Resources 8, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010025.

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This paper explores how policy structure, institutions, and political climate impact the ability of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) to ensure the reclamation of surface coal mines. We conduct a policy review that traces the impacts of the three parts of SMCRA; Reclamation Standards, Reclamation Bonding Requirements, and the Abandoned Mine Land fund. We examine the implications the act and its approach have for the mining industry and their ability to reclaim mining areas. We find that each of the three parts of SMCRA’s approach face substantial problems in their implementation. Though largely a positive force for internalizing the environmental costs of surface mining, those issues commonly elucidated in the public choice literature reduce the efficacy of the policy approach and call into question the act’s ability to ensure reclamation occurs. Both in the structure of the bonding requirements and in the regulatory structure created by the act, misaligned incentives sometimes hamper effective reclamation. Further, the funds created under SMCRA to reclaim and restore mined lands have often been directed towards projects that are politically expedient for politicians instead of those that would best serve the fund’s original reclamation purpose. After revealing these problems and putting them in the context of the public choice literature, we suggest updates to the current policy that would align reclamation incentives and better ensure that the reclamation of surface mines occurs. We emphasize the cooperative elements of SMCRA and suggest how other countries, especially those without major existing frameworks for handling reclamation, can emulate the successes of SMCRA while avoiding its implementations snags.

25

Emison, R., and R. J. Shostak. "Pipelines and Subsidence: Overlooked in SMCRA." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1994, no. 4 (1994): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr94040322.

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26

Groninger, John W., Stephen D. Fillmore, and Ron A. Rathfon. "Stand Characteristics and Productivity Potential of Indiana Surface Mines Reclaimed Under SMCRA." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2006): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/23.2.94.

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Abstract The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) addresses a wide range of environmental concerns. However, its impacts on forest stand development and productive potential have only recently been investigated. We surveyed the vegetation and forest productivity on 22 surfacemine sites throughout the coal-bearing region of Indiana that were reclaimed to forest cover under the provisions of SMCRA 7–14 years prior to sampling. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were the most widely occurring tree species.Tall fescue and goldenrod were the most widely occurring nonarborescent species. Median site index (base age 50 for black oak) was 30 ft. Although satisfying forest cover stocking requirements for bond release, these reclaimed surface mines almost always displayed a level of productivity farbelow those of native forests typical of this region. Reclamation techniques differing from those used on these study sites are needed to restore forest productivity to surface-mined lands while still complying with SMCRA.

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Nurwahidah Karim, Yusriani, and Fairus Prihatin Idris. "Hubungan Model Komunikasi SMCR Bidan di Desa dengan Perilaku Ibu Hamil dalam Mencegah Hipertens." Window of Public Health Journal 2, no. 4 (August 30, 2021): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33096/woph.v2i4.220.

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Data provinsi Sulawesi Selatan tahun 2015 prevalensi hipertensi pada perempuan 47,73% lebih besar dibandingkan dengan laki-laki 38,51%. Data dari dinas kesehatan Kabupaten Luwu Utara pada tahun 2019 ditemukan 5656 ibu hamil dengan usia 15-39 tahun dan diperoleh angka ibu hamil beresiko terjadi hipertensi sebanyak 739 ibu hamil. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif, menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan model komunikasi SMCR bidan desa dengan pengetahuan ibu hamil dalam mencegah hipertensi. Populasi dalam penelitian sebanyak 132 ibu hamil. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan probability sampling dengan Teknik simple random sampling. Data yang dikumpulkan kemudian diolah secara manual dengan menggunakan SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa didapatkan sebanyak 22 responden (29.7%) ibu hamil yang memiliki pengetahuan kurang dan yang memiliki pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 52 (70.3%), sehingga tidak ada hubungan antara model komunikasi SMCR bidan desa dengan pengetahuan ibu hamil dengan nilai p (value) = 0,412. Di harapkan pada peneliti selanjutnya sebaiknya meneliti hubungan model komunikasi SMCR bidan desa dengan pengetahuan ibu hamil dalam mencegah hipertensi. Dan di harapkan kepada Bidan desa harus mampu meningkatkan model komunikasi SMCR dengan ibu hamil agar pengetahuan lebih efektif.

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Merkin, Zina R., and Thomas J. Nieman. "REINTERPRETING SMCRA: "PERMITTING" PHASED POSTMINING LAND USE." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1996, no. 1 (1996): 766–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr96010766.

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Pécsi, Balázs, and László Csaba Mangel. "The Real-Life Impact of Primary Tumor Resection of Synchronous Metastatic Colorectal Cancer—From a Clinical Oncologic Point of View." Cancers 16, no. 8 (April 11, 2024): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16081460.

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Aim: The complex medical care of synchronous metastatic colorectal (smCRC) patients requires prudent multidisciplinary planning and treatments due to various challenges caused by the primary tumor and its metastases. The role of primary tumor resection (PTR) is currently uncertain; strong arguments exist for and against it. We aimed to define its effect and find its best place in our therapeutic methodology. Method: We performed retrospective data analysis to investigate the clinical course of 449 smCRC patients, considering treatment modalities and the location of the primary tumor and comparing the clinical results of the patients with or without PTR between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2018 at the Institute of Oncotherapy of the University of Pécs. Results: A total of 63.5% of the 449 smCRC patients had PTR. Comparing their data to those whose primary tumor remained intact (IPT), we observed significant differences in median progression-free survival with first-line chemotherapy (mPFS1) (301 vs. 259 days; p < 0.0001; 1 y PFS 39.2% vs. 26.6%; OR 0.56 (95% CI 0.36–0.87)) and median overall survival (mOS) (760 vs. 495 days; p < 0.0001; 2 y OS 52.4 vs. 26.9%; OR 0.33 (95% CI 0.33–0.53)), respectively. However, in the PTR group, the average ECOG performance status was significantly better (0.98 vs. 1.1; p = 0.0456), and the use of molecularly targeted agents (MTA) (45.3 vs. 28.7%; p = 0.0005) and rate of metastasis ablation (MA) (21.8 vs. 1.2%; p < 0.0001) were also higher, which might explain the difference partially. Excluding the patients receiving MTA and MA from the comparison, the effect of PTR remained evident, as the mOS differences in the reduced PTR subgroup compared to the reduced IPT subgroup were still strongly significant (675 vs. 459 days; p = 0.0009; 2 y OS 45.9 vs. 24.1%; OR 0.37 (95% CI 0.18–0.79). Further subgroup analysis revealed that the site of the primary tumor also had a major impact on the outcome considering only the IPT patients; shorter mOS was observed in the extrapelvic IPT subgroup in contrast with the intrapelvic IPT group (422 vs. 584 days; p = 0.0026; 2 y OS 18.2 vs. 35.9%; OR 0.39 (95% CI 0.18–0.89)). Finally, as a remarkable finding, it should be emphasized that there were no differences in OS between the smCRC PTR subgroup and metachronous mCRC patients (mOS 760 vs. 710 days, p = 0.7504, 2 y OS OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.58–1.26)). Conclusions: The role of PTR in smCRC is still not professionally justified. Our survey found that most patients had benefited from PTR. Nevertheless, further prospective trials are needed to clarify the optimal treatment sequence of smCRC patients and understand this cancer disease’s inherent biology.

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Xiao, Yi, Xian Zhang, Ruiqi Wang, Chong Zheng, and Fuqiang Huang. "Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic properties of layered SmCrS2−xSexO solid solutions." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 7, no. 20 (2020): 3980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qi00815j.

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Shao, Chung-Ping, and Lien-I. Hor. "Regulation of Metalloprotease Gene Expression in Vibrio vulnificus by a Vibrio harveyi LuxR Homologue." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 4 (February 15, 2001): 1369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.4.1369-1375.2001.

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ABSTRACT Expression of the Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease gene, vvp, was turned up rapidly when bacterial growth reached the late log phase. A similar pattern of expression has been found in the metalloprotease gene of Vibrio cholerae, and this has been shown to be regulated by a Vibrio harveyiLuxR-like transcriptional activator. To find out whether a LuxR homologue exists in V. vulnificus, a gene library of this organism was screened by colony hybridization using a probe derived from a sequence that is conserved in various luxR-like genes of vibrios. A gene containing a 618-bp open reading frame was identified and found to be identical to the smcR gene ofV. vulnificus reported previously. An isogenic SmcR-deficient (RD) mutant was further constructed by an in vivo allelic exchange technique. This mutant exhibited an extremely low level of vvp transcription compared with that of the parent strain. On the other hand, the cytolysin gene, vvhA, was expressed at a higher level in the RD mutant than in the parent strain during the log phase of growth. These data suggested that SmcR might not only be a positive regulator of the protease gene but might also be involved in negative regulation of the cytolysin gene. Virulence of the RD mutant in either normal or iron-overloaded mice challenged by intraperitoneal injection was comparable to that of the parent strain, indicating that SmcR is not required for V. vulnificusvirulence in mice.

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Jeong, JiYeon, and Nohil Park. "Exploring Research Topics in Human - Artificial Intelligence Communication: Leveraging ChatGPT and the SMCRE Model." Journal of Digital Contents Society 24, no. 8 (August 31, 2023): 1805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.9728/dcs.2023.24.8.1805.

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Teh, Amy Huei Teen, Yi Wang, and Gary A. Dykes. "The influence of antibiotic resistance gene carriage on biofilm formation by two Escherichia coli strains associated with urinary tract infections." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 60, no. 2 (February 2014): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0633.

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Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli are one of the most common forms of human disease. In this study, the effect of the presence of newly acquired antibiotic resistance genes on biofilm formation of UTI-associated E. coli strains was examined. Two clinical UTI-associated E. coli strains (SMC18 and SMC20) carrying different combinations of virulence genes were transformed with pGEM-T, pGEM-T::KmΔAmp, or pGEM-T::Km to construct ampicillin-resistant (KmSAmpR), kanamycin-resistant (KmRAmpS), or ampicillin- and kanamycin-resistant (KmRAmpR) strains. Transformed and wild-type strains were characterized for biofilm formation, bacterial surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, morphology, and attachment to abiotic surfaces. Transformation with a plasmid carrying an ampicillin resistance gene alone decreased (p < 0.05) biofilm formation by SMC18 (8 virulence marker genes) but increased (p < 0.05) biofilm formation by SMC20 (5 virulence marker genes). On the other hand, transformation with a plasmid carrying a kanamycin resistance gene alone or both ampicillin and kanamycin resistance genes resulted in a decrease (p < 0.05) in biofilm formation by SMC18 but did not affect (p > 0.05) the biofilm formation by SMC20. Our results suggest that transformation of UTI-associated E. coli with plasmids carrying different antibiotic resistance gene(s) had a significant impact on biofilm formation and that these effects were both strain dependent and varied between different antibiotics.

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Tatsumi, Kazuyoshi, Yu Yamamoto, and Shunsuke Muto. "Site-by-Site Electronic Structure Analysis of Al-Containing Complex Compounds Using Channeling EELS and First Principles Calculations." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 2091–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.2091.

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Al K ELNES of oxide ceramics, which show reverse spinel and garnet structures containing two types of Al sites, are investigated site-selectively using TEM-EELS under electron channeling conditions. We applied a self-modeling curve resolution (SMCR) technique to separate a set of experimental spectra into individual spectra of individual atomic sites. The refined spectra after SMCR were in consistent with the theoretical spectra obtained by the first principles electronic structure calculations. The spectral difference of the six-coordinated aluminum between the two materials was discussed in terms of the cationic coordination.

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Ma, Zhijie, Guanghui Liu, Weijun Gao, Yuzhuang Liu, Liang Xie, Xuemin He, Liqing Liu, Yongtao Li, and Hongguang Zhang. "The tunable spin reorientation, temperature induced magnetization reversal, and spontaneous exchange bias effect of Sm0.7Y0.3Cr1−xGaxO3." RSC Advances 8, no. 58 (2018): 33487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra05720f.

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In this work, the tunable spin reorientation, temperature induced magnetization reversal, and spontaneous exchange bias effect were achieved in SmCrO₃ by codoping nonmagnetic ions at Sm- and Cr-sites.

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Gupta, Preeti, and Pankaj Poddar. "Study of magnetic and thermal properties of SmCrO3 polycrystallites." RSC Advances 6, no. 85 (2016): 82014–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17203b.

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SmCrO₃ polycrystallites exhibits inverse and normal magnetocaloric effect at and around spin reorientation transition (T_SR) along with normal magnetocaloric effect at Néel transition (T_N).

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Silva, Jhullyana Rocha, Larissa Mayara de Sousa Alencar, Lucas Costa Sá, and Marcos Vinícios Ferreira dos Santos. "As consequências da não utilização correta do protocolo de Manchester nos serviços de Urgência e Emergência." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 13 (October 8, 2022): e324111335476. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i13.35476.

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Introdução: O Sistema Manchester de Classificação de Risco (SMCR) foi desenvolvido no Reino Unido por médicos e enfermeiros com a finalidade de priorizar o atendimento na emergência de acordo com critérios clínicos de maior risco com intuito de minimizar agravos à saúde do paciente. Objetivos: Identificar as principais dificuldades e desfechos clínicos durante o uso SMCR. Metodologia: Revisão integrativa da literatura através da pesquisa nas bases de dados PUBMED e SciELO, utilizando os descritores “triagem de Manchester” e “emergência” e suas variações em inglês. Foram incluídos os artigos publicados entre 2017 à 2022, que respondessem à pergunta de pesquisa e textos completos gratuitos. Ao final, obteve-se uma amostra de 16 artigos. Resultados E Discussão: Foram elencadas três categorias temáticas. A primeira correspondeu ao perfil clínico dos pacientes triados pelo SMCR, que apontou a prevalência de pacientes do sexo masculino nas categorias branca e vermelha e as comorbidades mais prevalentes na categoria vermelha estavam associadas ao diabetes mellitus e a hipertensão. Outra categoria evidenciou as principais dificuldades associadas, sendo estas a ausência de padronização, equipe de enfermagem sem treinamento prévio e menor desempenho da triagem quanto maior o nível de complexidade do paciente. A última categoria apontou que o SMCR é um bom preditor de mortalidade. Conclusão: Há diversos fatores que dificultam o processo de triagem, sendo necessário que as instituições promovam a capacitação dos profissionais da área da saúde para melhorar os protocolos de padronização de triagem, a fim de gerar uma menor taxa de erros e redução da morbimortalidade.

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Kadu, Brijesh S. "Suzuki–Miyaura cross coupling reaction: recent advancements in catalysis and organic synthesis." Catalysis Science & Technology 11, no. 4 (2021): 1186–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cy02059a.

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Lee, Dong Hwan, Hye Sook Jeong, Hee Gon Jeong, Kyung Mo Kim, Heebal Kim, and Sang Ho Choi. "A Consensus Sequence for Binding of SmcR, aVibrio vulnificusLuxR Homologue, and Genome-wide Identification of the SmcR Regulon." Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, no. 35 (June 25, 2008): 23610–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m801480200.

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Tripathi, Malvika, R. J. Choudhary, and D. M. Phase. "Phase coexistence and the magnetic glass-like phase associated with the Morin type spin reorientation phase transition in SmCrO3." RSC Advances 6, no. 93 (2016): 90255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra21279d.

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SmCrO₃ undergoes a discontinuous Morin type spin reorientation process due to discrete flipping of Cr³⁺ ions from the high temperature Γ₄ to low temperature Γ₁ configuration.

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Ashby, W. "Factors Limiting Tree Growth in Southern Illinois Under SMCRA." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 1990, no. 1 (1990): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr90010287.

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Rodrigue, J. A., and J. A. Burger. "FOREST AND SITE PRODUCTIVITY ON PRE-SMCRA MINED LAND." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2001, no. 1 (2001): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr01010121.

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Pfannenstiel, Vern R., and Gary W. Wendt. "Twenty-Plus Years After SMCRA: Reflecting On The Results." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2002, no. 1 (June 30, 2002): 992–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr02010992.

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Zipper, C. E., J. A. Burger, J. M. McGrath, and B. Amichev. "CARBON ACCUMULATION POTENTIALS OF POST-SMCRA COAL-MINED LANDS." Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation 2007, no. 1 (June 30, 2007): 962–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21000/jasmr07010962.

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Болдырев, К. Н., Е. А. Добрецова, С. Ю. Гаврилкин, В. В. Мальцев, and Н. И. Леонюк. "Магнитные фазовые переходы в новом мультиферроике SmCr3(BO3)4." Вестник НИЯУ МИФИ 3, no. 4 (2014): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2304487x1404004x.

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Yin, L. H., Y. Liu, S. G. Tan, B. C. Zhao, J. M. Dai, W. H. Song, and Y. P. Sun. "Multiple temperature-induced magnetization reversals in SmCr1−xFexO3 system." Materials Research Bulletin 48, no. 10 (October 2013): 4016–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.06.016.

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Malinda, Ning Amirah. "Pola Dakwah Ustadzah Lilis Mulyani Terhadap Golongan Muallaf di Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia." Anida (Aktualisasi Nuansa Ilmu Dakwah) 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/anida.v20i2.8961.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine methods, characteristics, and patterns of preaching to the converts. The object is Ustadzah Lilis Mulyani as a da'wah (Da'i) actor who conducts da'wah activities to converts in Teratak Fitrah Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia. Researchers use a theory that is in accordance with the object of research, namely the SMCR theory found by David Berlo. This SMCR theory consists of: Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver. The source is what makes the message, while the message is the idea that is explained or the code in the form of symbols to be understood. The results showed that the methods and approaches used by Ustadzah Lilis Mulyani to the converts in developing and spreading their da'wah using the methods of da'wah bil-oral, bil-hikmah, mauidzatul hasanah and mujadalah bil-lati hiya ahsan. The impact of this research is the creation of preaching patterns or models of converts and scientific development of da'wah for the converts.Keywords: Patterns of Da'wah; Ustadzah; Method; MuslimABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui metode, karakteristik, dan pola dakwah dakwah kepada muallaf. Objek adalah Ustadzah Lilis Mulyani sebagai pelaku dakwah (Da’i) yang melakukan kegiatan dakwah kepada muallaf di Teratak Fitrah Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia. Peneliti menggunakan teori yang bersesuaian dengan objek penelitian yakni teori SMCR yang ditemukan oleh David Berlo. Teori SMCR ini terdiri dari: Source, Message, Channel, dan Receiver. Sumber adalah yang membuat pesan, adapun pesan itu adalah gagasan yang diterangkan atau kode yang berupa simbol-simbol untuk di pahami. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tata cara dan pendekatan yang digunakan oleh Ustadzah Lilis Mulyani kepada golongan muallaf dalam mengembangkan dan menyebarkan dakwahnya dengan menggunakan metode dakwah bil-lisan, bil-hikmah, mauidzatul hasanah dan mujadalah bil-lati hiya ahsan. Adapun dampak penelitian ini adalah terciptanya pola atau model dakwah terhadap muallaf dan pengembangan keilmuan dakwah bagi golongan muallaf.Kata Kunci : Pola Dakwah; Ustadzah; Metode; Muallaf

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Bulteau, Laurent, Guillaume Fertin, Géraldine Jean, and Christian Komusiewicz. "Sorting by Multi-Cut Rearrangements." Algorithms 14, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14060169.

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A multi-cut rearrangement of a string S is a string S′ obtained from S by an operation called k-cut rearrangement, that consists of (1) cutting S at a given number k of places in S, making S the concatenated string X1·X2·X3·…·Xk·Xk+1, where X1 and Xk+1 are possibly empty, and (2) rearranging the Xis so as to obtain S′=Xπ(1)·Xπ(2)·Xπ(3)·…·Xπ(k+1), π being a permutation on 1,2,…,k+1 satisfying π(1)=1 and π(k+1)=k+1. Given two strings S and T built on the same multiset of characters from an alphabet Σ, the Sorting by Multi-Cut Rearrangements (SMCR) problem asks whether a given number ℓ of k-cut rearrangements suffices to transform S into T. The SMCR problem generalizes several classical genomic rearrangements problems, such as Sorting by Transpositions and Sorting by Block Interchanges. It may also model chromoanagenesis, a recently discovered phenomenon consisting of massive simultaneous rearrangements. In this paper, we study the SMCR problem from an algorithmic complexity viewpoint. More precisely, we investigate its classical and parameterized complexity, as well as its approximability, in the general case or when S and T are permutations.

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Qian, Xiao-Long, Jian Kang, Bo Lu, Shi-Xun Cao, and Jin-Cang Zhang. "Kinetics of glass transition, negative magnetization and exchange bias effects in Sm1−xBixCrO3." RSC Advances 6, no. 13 (2016): 10677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra25006d.

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DC magnetization and magnetic relaxation studies of polycrystalline Sm_1−xBi_xCrO₃ (x = 0, 0.1) demonstrated the kinetics of magnetic glass behaviour in SmCrO₃: the frozen antiferromagnetic state was dominant to the glassy transition state.

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Yamani, Ahmad. "Analisis Model Komunikasi Pusat Pelatihan Pertanian dan Perdesaan Swadaya (P4S) Desa Jinoyo, Kabupaten Mojokerto, Jawa Timur." AGRIEKSTENSIA 21, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.34145/agriekstensia.v21i2.2306.

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P4S is an agricultural extension institution that will be established, owned and managed by independent farmers. This study aims to analyze the communication model that will be carried out by P4S as an extension institution in implementing the Millennial Farmer extension program in Jinoyo Village, Mojokerto Regency, East Java. The method to be used is a field qualitative method. The results of the study show that there are two phases in outreach to millennial farmers. From pre-extension to extension the communication model used is linear so that during the pre-extension the model used is unidirectional SMCR and two-way SMCR. In post extension, the communication model used is the network communication model and the media forum communication model.