Academic literature on the topic 'Smart radiator valves'
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Journal articles on the topic "Smart radiator valves"
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Seri, Federico, Marco Arnesano, Marcus Martin Keane, and Gian Marco Revel. "Temperature Sensing Optimization for Home Thermostat Retrofit." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 3685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113685.
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Most existing residential buildings adopt one single-zone thermostat to control the heating of rooms with different thermal conditions. This solution often provides poor thermal comfort and inefficient use of energy. The current market proposes smart thermostats and thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) as cheap and relatively easy-to-install retrofit solutions. These systems provide increased freedom of installation, due to the use of wireless communication; however, the uncertainty of the measured air temperature, considering the thermostat placement, could impact the final heating performance. This paper presents a sensing optimization approach for a home thermostat, in order to determine the optimal retrofit configuration to reduce the sensing uncertainty, thus achieving the required comfort level and minimizing the retrofit’s payback period. The methodology was applied to a real case study—a dwelling located in Italy. The measured data and a simulation model were used to create different retrofit scenarios. Among these, the optimal scenario was achieved through thermostat repositioning and a setpoint of 21 °C, without the use of TRVs. Such optimization provided an improvement of control performance due to sensor location, with consequent energy savings of 7% (compared to the baseline). The resulting payback period ranged from two and a half years to less than a year, depending on impact of the embedded smart thermostat algorithms.
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Kull, Tuule Mall, Karl-Rihard Penu, Martin Thalfeldt, and Jarek Kurnitski. "Energy saving potential with smart thermostats in low-energy homes in cold climate." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 09009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017209009.
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Smart home systems with smart thermostats have been used for years. Although initially mostly installed for improving comfort, their energy saving potential has become a renowned topic. The main potential lies in temperature reduction during the times people are not home, which can be detected by positioning their phones. Even if the locating is precise, the maximum time people are away from home is short in comparison to the buildings’ time constants. The gaps are shortened by the smart thermostats, which start to heat up hours before occupancy to ensure comfort temperatures at arrival, and low losses through high insulation and heat-recovery ventilation in new buildings, which slow down the cool-down process additional to the thermal mass. Therefore, it is not clear how high the actual savings can be for smart thermostats in new buildings. In this work, a smart radiator valve was installed for a radiator in a test building. Temperature setback measurements were used to calibrate a simulation model in IDA ICE. A simulation analysis was carried out for estimating the energy saving potential in a cold climate for different usage profiles.
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Senthilkumar, K. S., K. Pirapaharan, P. R. P. Hoole, and R. R. H. Hoole. "Single Perceptron Model for Smart Beam forming in Array Antennas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.10719.
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<p>In this paper, a single neuron neural network beamformer is proposed. A perceptron model is designed to optimize the complex weights of a dipole array antenna to steer the beam to desired directions. The objective is to reduce the complexity by using a single neuron neural network and utilize it for adaptive beamforming in array antennas. The selection of nonlinear activation function plays the pivotal role in optimization depends on whether the weights are real or complex. We have appropriately proposed two types of activation functions for respective real and complex weight values. The optimized radiation patterns obtained from the single neuron neural network are compared with the respective optimized radiation patterns from the traditional Least Mean Square (LMS) method. Matlab is used to optimize the weights in neural network and LMS method as well as display the radiation patterns.</p>
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Senthilkumar, K. S., K. Pirapaharan, P. R. P. Hoole, and R. R. H. Hoole. "Single Perceptron Model for Smart Beam forming in Array Antennas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2300-2309.
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<p>In this paper, a single neuron neural network beamformer is proposed. A perceptron model is designed to optimize the complex weights of a dipole array antenna to steer the beam to desired directions. The objective is to reduce the complexity by using a single neuron neural network and utilize it for adaptive beamforming in array antennas. The selection of nonlinear activation function plays the pivotal role in optimization depends on whether the weights are real or complex. We have appropriately proposed two types of activation functions for respective real and complex weight values. The optimized radiation patterns obtained from the single neuron neural network are compared with the respective optimized radiation patterns from the traditional Least Mean Square (LMS) method. Matlab is used to optimize the weights in neural network and LMS method as well as display the radiation patterns.</p>
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Krisna, Trismono C., Manfred Wendisch, André Ehrlich, Evelyn Jäkel, Frank Werner, Ralf Weigel, Stephan Borrmann, et al. "Comparing airborne and satellite retrievals of cloud optical thickness and particle effective radius using a spectral radiance ratio technique: two case studies for cirrus and deep convective clouds." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 7 (April 3, 2018): 4439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4439-2018.
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Abstract. Solar radiation reflected by cirrus and deep convective clouds (DCCs) was measured by the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System (SMART) installed on the German High Altitude and Long Range Research Aircraft (HALO) during the Mid-Latitude Cirrus (ML-CIRRUS) and the Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interaction and Dynamic of Convective Clouds System – Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud Resolving Modelling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (ACRIDICON-CHUVA) campaigns. On particular flights, HALO performed measurements closely collocated with overpasses of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the Aqua satellite. A cirrus cloud located above liquid water clouds and a DCC topped by an anvil cirrus are analyzed in this paper. Based on the nadir spectral upward radiance measured above the two clouds, the optical thickness τ and particle effective radius reff of the cirrus and DCC are retrieved using a radiance ratio technique, which considers the cloud thermodynamic phase, the vertical profile of cloud microphysical properties, the presence of multilayer clouds, and the heterogeneity of the surface albedo. For the cirrus case, the comparison of τ and reff retrieved on the basis of SMART and MODIS measurements yields a normalized mean absolute deviation of up to 1.2 % for τ and 2.1 % for reff. For the DCC case, deviations of up to 3.6 % for τ and 6.2 % for reff are obtained. The larger deviations in the DCC case are mainly attributed to the fast cloud evolution and three-dimensional (3-D) radiative effects. Measurements of spectral upward radiance at near-infrared wavelengths are employed to investigate the vertical profile of reff in the cirrus. The retrieved values of reff are compared with corresponding in situ measurements using a vertical weighting method. Compared to the MODIS observations, measurements of SMART provide more information on the vertical distribution of particle sizes, which allow reconstructing the profile of reff close to the cloud top. The comparison between retrieved and in situ reff yields a normalized mean absolute deviation, which ranges between 1.5 and 10.3 %, and a robust correlation coefficient of 0.82.
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Khurshid, Adnan, Jian Dong, and Ronghua Shi. "A Metamaterial-Based Compact Planar Monopole Antenna for Wi-Fi and UWB Applications." Sensors 19, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 5426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19245426.
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Ultrawideband (UWB) antennas are widely used as core devices in high-speed wireless communication. A novel compact UWB monopole antenna with an additional narrow band for Wi-Fi applications comprising a metamaterial (MTM) is proposed in this paper. The antenna has a compact size of 27 × 33 mm2 and consists of a V-shaped slot with two rectangular slots in the radiation patch. The inductance and capacitance develop due to the V-shaped slot in the radiation patch. The proposed antenna has −10 dB bandwidths of 3.2 GHz to 14 GHz for UWB and 2.38 GHz to 2.57 GHz for narrowband, corresponding to 144% and 7.66% fractional bandwidths, respectively. The measured gain and efficiency meet the desired values for UWB and Wi-Fi applications. To verify the performance of the antenna, the proposed antenna is fabricated and tested. The simulated and measured results agree well at UWB frequencies and Wi-Fi frequencies, and the antenna can be used as a smart device for portable IoT applications.
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Gotovkina, Elena, Vladimir Tyutikov, Nikolay Smirnov, Vladimir Lebedev, and Evgeniy Bushuev. "Influence of insolation and ambient temperature on operation of digital voltage transformers in Russia." MATEC Web of Conferences 178 (2018): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817809005.
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The present study is devoted to questions connected with influence of solar radiation and high values of ambient air temperatures on work of digital voltage transformers. The developed designs of digital voltage transformers are included in smart grid system of technical and commercial metering of electric energy consumption. The analysis of the unfavorable conditions for work of digital voltage transformers for the conditions of Russia in summer is carried out. The results of mathematical simulation for thermal state of transformers, obtained with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics program based on the finite element method, are presented. Experimental research regarding the thermal field of resistive voltage divider transformer was conducted on a verified mathematical model in order to determine the position of resistive elements where their self-heating is minimal.
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Di Salvo, Santina. "Kinetic Solutions for Responsive and Communicative Building Skin." Advanced Materials Research 1149 (August 2018): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1149.86.
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Theskinof buildings represents the first level of communication between construction, man and environment. In this relationship, the concept of communication acquires different values, because it can be applied both to the architectural field in relation to the shape, and to the perceptive and communicative sphere, aimed to transmission of messages or even to the interaction of the architectural envelope with the user and the environment. This brings us back to the energy and sustainability aspects, since the primary role as a separation and filter layer of the building façades is that of shielding. The solution with a kinetic façade constitutes not only a possibility of climatic mediation between outside and inside, guaranteeing ventilation and protection from solar radiation, but allows to redesign the aesthetic, communicative and perceptive appearance of a building. The contribution focuses on the communicative and perceptive potential of the façades and the ongoing experimentations of the new smart materials applied to these.
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Petropoulos, Ioannis, Konstantinos Voudouris, Raed A. Abd-Alhameed, Steve M. R. Jones, and Nikos Athanasopoulos. "A Novel Design of Microstrip Arrays for Relay-Based Wireless Network." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/870183.
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A relay station (RS) is a smart transceiver used under a 4G wireless network in order to extend network's coverage and capacity. It uses an antenna system that includes an antenna for connecting the relay with the end users (access link) and the RS with the base station (backhaul link). In this paper, a 7.9 dBi access and 11.4 dBi backhaul antennas are presented for the frequency range of 3.3 to 3.8 GHz. The antennas are simulated and fabricated, and relevant measured results in terms of return loss and radiation pattern are presented and analyzed. Considering that the planes of those two antennas are positioned in an angle (omega), two antenna configuration geometries are tested in terms of coupling. The experimental results of for several values of the angle show that the interaction between the radiating elements is dependent on their relative position. Simulated and experimental results are in good agreement, showing coupling typically less than −40 dB. A comparison in terms of coupling between the proposed antennas and commercial ones proves that the suggested antennas provide 10 dB lower coupling.
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Roy, Nayan. "Population ecology and ETs based time series for climate smart pest management of Spilosoma obliqua Walker." ENTOMON 45, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33307/entomon.v45i1.500.
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The two-sex pooled life table of S. obliqua Walker (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) was constructed along with their population density and yield loss estimation to determine their economic thresholds (ETs) based time series on two different crops such as sesame (S. indicum; cv. Rama) and green gram (V. radiata; cv. KB-54) in 2019. The population ecology and ETs of S. obliqua were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the host phytoconstituents in terms of host suitability or susceptibility (sesame>green gram). Average EIL and ET for S obliqua was 26.388±1.627 and 24.230±2.412 pests/30 plants, respectively for sesame that were insignificantly (F1,4=2.794-3.335; P≥0.142) differed from the green gram. For a single pest per m2 (30±2 plants/m2) the possible time that can be taken to reach EIL (Ti) and ET (Tt) were 38.246±1.157 and 37.246±1.157 days, respectively on sesame which were significantly (F1,4=24.111; P=0.008) lower than green gram. Even, ETs based time series was also calculated to find the specific time (Tt days) to reach ET for any number of pest(s) on the selected crops for time based management. The benefit cost ratio (BCR/ha) of sesame and green gram was 0.478 and 0.390, respectively with significant (P<0.05) deviation. The carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE) of sesame (301.860 kg/ha) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than green gram (172.260 kg/ha) due to more biomass production. These findings will obviously help farmers to choose sesame as a suitable trap crop for green gram on the basis of pest attraction or susceptibility, ETs based time series, BCR values (sesame>green gram) as well as CSE for climate smart pest management (CSPM) by applying appropriate control measures judiciously if required within the time limit to reach the ETs as in time series for sustainable climate smart agriculture (CSA) of such crops in near future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Smart radiator valves"
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Slámová, Hana. "Forenzní analýza prostředí IoT ze stop síťové komunikace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445577.
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The goal of this master's thesis is a creation of dataset capturing selected users' activities, network analysis of this dataset, design and implementation of method to detect selected users' activities and discussion of achieved results. 4 devices have been chosen for the creation of this dataset.
Book chapters on the topic "Smart radiator valves"
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Narynbaev, Alisher F., Baatai M. Maksatov, Alexey Gennad'evich Vaskov, Galina V. Deryugina, and Roman V. Pugachev. "Selection of an Information Source and Methodology for Calculating Solar Resources of the Kyrgyz Republic." In Handbook of Research on Smart Technology Models for Business and Industry, 236–72. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3645-2.ch010.
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Detailed data on incoming solar radiation are needed in the design of solar energy systems of any scale: from large PV plants to small off-grid systems. However, in most cases, obtaining data on measurements of solar radiation is connected with difficulties due to financial or technical restrictions. Often, ground-based measurements of solar radiation are either not carried out at all or only the value of the global horizontal intensity of solar radiation is measured. The aim of the present study is to review and to verify some existing empirical models of the global solar radiation and its components for the climatic conditions of Kyrgyzstan as well as to estimate the applicability of Meteonorm database model for the available solar radiation in the territory of Kyrgyzstan. The necessity to select the most suitable models of the solar radiation is called by the lack of similar studies on this direction for the conditions of the country.
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Taillefer, Eddy, Jun Cheng, and Takashi Ohira. "Direction of Arrival Estimation with Compact Array Antennas." In Handbook on Advancements in Smart Antenna Technologies for Wireless Networks, 201–16. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-988-5.ch010.
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This chapter presents direction of arrival (DoA) estimation with a compact array antenna using methods based on reactance switching. The compact array is the single-port electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (Espar) antenna. The antenna beam pattern is controlled though parasitic elements loaded with reactances. DoA estimation using an Espar antenna is proposed with the power pattern cross correlation (PPCC), reactance-domain (RD) multiple signal classification (MUSIC), and, RD estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) algorithms. The three methods exploit the reactance diversity provided by an Espar antenna to correlate different antenna output signals measured at different times and for different reactance values. The authors hope that this chapter allows the researchers to appreciate the issues that may be encountered in the implementation of direction-finding application with a single-port compact array like the Espar antenna.
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Lavrukhin, Pavel, Sergey Senkevich, and Pavel Ivanov. "Placement Plants on the Field Area by Seeding Machines." In Handbook of Research on Smart Computing for Renewable Energy and Agro-Engineering, 240–61. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1216-6.ch010.
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Any harvest is primarily the realization of the potential productivity of plants in certain conditions, depending on the parameters and operating modes of the sowing machine. The result of the operation of mechanized sowing will be the parameters of the nutrition area of each plant is the shape and numerical value of these area. The resulting schemes of plant placement on the field correspond to certain characteristics and parameters of the areas of plant nutrition, determining the availability of all elements of mineral nutrition, photosynthetically active radiation, and the relationship of units of agrophytocenosis. This is one of the decisive conditions for the harvest. The development of theoretical ideas about the uniformity of plant placement and the use of appropriate criteria and characteristics will create the necessary understanding of the role of the sowing machines in crop production during cultivated plants in the framework of mechanized technology.
Conference papers on the topic "Smart radiator valves"
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Alzufri, Habib Syeh, and Dede Nurmiati. "Efektifitas Penggunaan Sistem AEC (Smart mA) untuk Optimisasi Dosis dan Kualitas Citra pada Protokol CT Abdomen." In Seminar Si-INTAN. Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53862/ssi.v1.062021.002.
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This study aims to analyze Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) with Smart mA software on water phantom image quality and CTDIvol dose. The researched image quality is CT Number and noise. In addition, the CT Number is evaluated for accuracy, uniformity, and noise using the Noise Power Spectrum method. The results of image measurements with and without Smart mA on CT Number accuracy are still in the Standard range of ± 4 CT, the uniformity value of CT Number and noise is also still within the Standard, namely ± 2 CT. The use of Smart mA increases the noise value by 14.29%. The noise value from the noise power spectrum analysis when using Smart mA is higher than without using Smart mA. Meanwhile, the CTDIvol radiation dose from using Smart mA decreases by 52.33%. Image quality using Smart mA has a CT Number value almost the same or uniform with the test object, namely water phantom, so that the use of Smart mA can characterize body tissues well, but the noise value generated is more significant than without using Smart mA. Although the noise value generated by Smart mA is more excellent, visually, the noise value does not disturb the radiologist too much in determining the diagnosis because the image quality is still in good condition so that it can give a dose according to the patient's body thickness according to the ALARA principle. Keywords: CT Number, CTDIvol, AEC, NPS.
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Campbell Ramírez, Héctor Enrique, René Delgado Rendón, Alejandro A. Lambert Arista, and Margarita Gil Samaniego Ramos. "Solar Energy in the Housing: Case — Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-64916.
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A study was designed and implemented to simulate and validate experimentally the thermal performance and energy of two houses equipped for efficient use of energy in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. The objectives were the simulation and the assessment of energetic, economic, social and environmental impacts of the use of high efficiency air conditioning, high efficiency refrigerators, Solar Water Heater (SWH) and photovoltaic (PV) modules. The simulations carried out were validated by field measurements during years 2011 and 2012. For PV systems, we estimated generation of 1837 kWh/yr. and in the annual monitoring values were obtained 1855 kWh/yr. For SWH, the investment is recovered within a reasonable time (6 years) by saving conventional energy. Electricity consumption per unit area of building for winter and summer was 0.23 and 0.46 kWh/ft2, respectively. The field data of average power for the AC is consistent with the SEER 13 being of 1.0 kW, and for the refrigerator, average power was 128 W. For the 2-story house (1033 sq. ft.), simulation predicted an annual consumption of 4559 kWh and measured value was 4197, PV system contributed 55% of consumption. In regard to the estimated electric bill was for $233 USD, and the reported value was $207 USD. The PV cells contributed with 60%, and the electric utility invoice was $78 USD. In these prototype homes is significantly diminishing electricity consumption in contrast to habitual housing. When energy efficiency is achieved as a first goal, the contribution of renewable energy becomes significant. However, for the PV systems, there is much to do, as combining lower investment with funding polices, because, when energy use is reduced, by energy efficiency and saving programs, customers have a subsidized electricity rate. We strongly recommend focus the subsidy for the users and not to the electricity rates. The way to use energy and habits of user, impacts significantly saving actions and energy efficient and the development of renewable energy. It is not easy to compare houses with different family behaviors. We recommend carry out energy education programs, to induce the market for energy saving and renewable. The monitoring allowed a better assessment of current performance of photovoltaic modulus and inverters, and the effects of temperature; radiation changes due to shade and clouds; dust on surfaces, and of the quality and stability of the supply lines (voltage variations), over their behavior and efficiency. Finally, field experiences will help to develop non-invasive systems, using telemetry of data and control commands, which must be combined with the design of house facilities in such a way forward to smart systems.
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Harne, Ryan L., Zhangxian Deng, and Marcelo J. Dapino. "Characterization of Adaptive Magnetoelastic Metamaterials Under Applied Magnetic Fields." In ASME 2016 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2016-9252.
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Whether serving as mounts, isolators, or dampers, elastomer-based supports are common solutions to inhibit the transmission of waves and vibrations through engineered systems and therefore help to alleviate concerns of radiated noise from structural surfaces. The static and dynamic properties of elastomers govern the operational conditions over which the elastomers and host structures provide effective performance. Passive-adaptive tuning of properties can therefore broaden the useful working range of the material, making the system more robust to varying excitations and loads. While elastomer-based metamaterials are shown to adapt properties by many orders of magnitude according to the collapse of internal void architectures, researchers have not elucidated means to control these instability mechanisms such that they may be leveraged for on-demand tuning of static and dynamic properties. In addition, while magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) exhibit valuable performance-tuning control due to their intrinsic magnetic-elastic coupling, particularly with anisotropic magnetic particle alignment, the extent of their properties adaptation is not substantial when compared to metamaterials. Past studies have not identified means to apply anisotropic MREs in engineered metamaterials to activate the collapse mechanisms for tuning purposes. To address this limited understanding and effect significant performance adaptation in elastomer supports for structural vibration and noise control applications, this research explores a new concept for magnetoelastic metamaterials (MM) that leverage strategic magnetic particle alignment for unprecedented tunability of performance and functionality using non-contact actuation. MM specimens are fabricated using interrelated internal void topologies, with and without anisotropic MRE materials. Experimental characterization of stiffness, hysteretic loss, and dynamic force transmissibility assess the impact of the design variables upon performance metrics. For example, it is discovered that the mechanical properties may undergo significant adaptation, including two orders of magnitude change in mechanical power transmitted through an MM, according to the introduction of a 3 T free space external magnetic field. In addition, the variable collapse of the internal architectures is seen to tune static stiffness from finite to nearly vanishing values, while the dynamic stiffness shows as much as 50% change due to the collapsing architecture topology. Thus, strategically harnessing the internal architecture alongside magnetoelastic coupling is found to introduce a versatile means to tune the properties of the MM to achieve desired system performance across a broad range of working conditions. These results verify the research hypothesis and indicate that, when effectively leveraged, magnetoelastic metamaterials introduce remarkably versatile performance for engineering applications of vibration and noise control.