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Lahodný, Libor. "Smart metering." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241047.
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Semester paper describes the design of smart sockets and their management. Sockets are wirelessly controlled by a central unit. The socket has an integrated sensor, designed to measure current consumption of the device. If necessary, it can remotely disconnect the unit plugged in socket from AC network. Work includes analysis of individual system elements, design of electrical schematics and PCB. In the construction is included ethernet module, which is used to display data using a computer.. The device has been constructed and tested.
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Vadda, Praveen, and Sreerama Murthy Seelam. "Smart Metering for Smart Electricity Consumption." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2476.
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In recent years, the demand for electricity has increased in households with the use of different appliances. This raises a concern to many developed and developing nations with the demand in immediate increase of electricity. There is a need for consumers or people to track their daily power usage in houses. In Sweden, scarcity of energy resources is faced during the day. So, the responsibility of human to save and control these resources is also important. This research work focuses on a Smart Metering data for distributing the electricity smartly and efficiently to the consumers. The main drawback of previously used traditional meters is that they do not provide information to the consumers, which is accomplished with the help of Smart Meter. A Smart Meter helps consumer to know the information of consumption of electricity for appliances in their respective houses. The aim of this research work is to measure and analyze power consumption using Smart Meter data by conducting case study on various households. In addition of saving electricity, Smart Meter data illustrates the behaviour of consumers in using devices. As power consumption is increasing day by day there should be more focus on understanding consumption patterns i.e. measurement and analysis of consumption over time is required. In case of developing nations, the technology of employing smart electricity meters is still unaware to many common people and electricity utilities. So, there is a large necessity for saving energy by installing these meters. Lowering the energy expenditure by understanding the behavior of consumers and its correlation with electricity spot prices motivated to perform this research. The methodology followed to analyze the outcome of this study is exhibited with the help of a case analysis, ARIMA model using XLSTAT tool and a flattening technique. Based on price evaluation results provided in the research, hypothesis is attained to change the behavior of consumers when they have better control on their habits. This research contributes in measuring the Smart Meter power consumption data in various households and interpretation of the data for hourly measurement could cause consumers to switch consumption to off-peak periods. With the results provided in this research, users can change their behavior when they have better control on their habits. As a result, power consumption patterns of Smart electricity distribution are studied and analyzed, thereby leading to an innovative idea for saving the limited resource of electrical energy.+91 9908265578
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Günther, Niklas, and Christoph Mengs. "Smart Metering: Einsparpotentiale für Kommunen?" Universität Leipzig, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34234.
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Der KOMKIS Report fasst die Ergebnisse einer Kurzstudie zusammen, die methodisch mit Hilfe eines teilstandardisierten Leitfadeninterviews mit Experten zu Smart Metering im kommunalen Kontext geführt wurde. Ziel war es, explorativ erste Einschätzungen für den aktuell erfolgenden Smart Meter Rollout für Kommunen in Sachsen zu erhalten. Ei-nerseits ist das Ergebnis, dass ein erneuter Strukturwandel in der Stromwirtschaft be-vorsteht, der jedoch aus Sicht der Experten noch offen für die einzelnen Marktakteure ist. Andererseits ist klar, dass sowohl das kommunale Energiemanagement als auch die kommunalen öffentlichen Unternehmen in der Energiewirtschaft mit neuen Chancen und Risiken konfrontiert sind, die es zu gestalten gilt.
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He, Yan. "Smart metering infrastructure for distribution network operation." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/97536/.
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With the increasing demand for energy throughout the world and the associated environmental problems, the development of a highly efficient and environmentally friendly Smart Grid has become an important objective worldwide. In Great Britain, the Smart Grid has been primarily focused on the distribution networks and smart metering is widely considered as a critical step towards the Smart Grid future. Conventionally, the communications infrastructure at the distribution level is very limited in terms of functionality and availability. There was very limited work to evaluate the impact of the communications performance of smart metering infrastructure on distribution network operation. This research investigated the impact of smart metering applications on communications requirements and the impact of the communications performance of smart metering infrastructure on distribution network operation. A smart metering communications infrastructure was modelled and simulated using OPNET. The impact of smart metering applications on smart metering communications requirements has been investigated. It is shown that individual communications requirements for smart meters are not particularly communications intensive and that infrequent large transactions posed the most significant challenges on the communications infrastructure. As the link speed decreased, large time delays were observed which have direct impact on the functions related to distribution network operations. An evaluation method was then developed to quantify the impact of smart metering communications infrastructure on distribution network operation. The main characteristics of the smart metering communications infrastructure were modelled. The characteristics of load variation were analysed and used to quantify the relationship between the time delay and the measurement error of the power system. The measured data from smart meters was refined to be used by the distribution network operational functions using state estimation and the impact was quantified using optimal power flow. Results show that fast data access is necessary for smart meter data to be used by the voltage control and the power control functions of a distribution network. The potential of using smart metering for outage management was investigated. A topology analysis method was developed which maps the physical plant model of a distribution network to a simplified analytical model. An outage area identification algorithm was developed which uses the information from smart meters and is based on the simplified network model. The outage area identification can act as one of the main functions of an outage management system providing possible outage extent information. The impact of smart meter communications on the outage area identification algorithm was investigated based on the OPNET communications model. Test results showed that smart metering has a potential to support outage management of a power distribution network. Test results showed that the arrival criterion and the smart metering communications infrastructure have a large impact on the performance of the outage area identification.
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Lőrincz, Máté János. "Narrowing the gap between smart metering and everyday life : comfort, cleanliness and smart metering technologies in undergraduate students' households." Thesis, Keele University, 2017. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/4364/.
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Smart meters measure aggregate energy consumption for an entire building. Recent literature suggests that disaggregated information describing appliance-by-appliance electricity consumption is more effective than aggregate information (Kelly et al. 2016, Fisher 2008). The thesis therefore investigates the potential for aggregated and disaggregated energy metering data but takes a different angle by trying to understand how newly established student households use energy in their daily lives and whether this can be changed with smart electricity display meters. The interdisciplinary methodology involved video recorded guided tours, focus groups, semi-structured interviews, photographs, video diaries and metered energy data. The data was collected in three phases. Initially, a video recorded guided tour was carried out in each student household to find out how students are sensing their environments as they move inside the house and how they are maintaining these environments through the sensory aesthetic of the home. This was followed by focus group sessions and semi-structured interviews in each household to find out how electricity was implicated in everyday practices. Next, students received three different types of smart electricity display monitors, aimed at assessing the implication of disrupting practices by real-time metering feedback. The central finding of this work is that practices-that-consume energy cannot be reduced to attitudes or intentions. This finding is nuanced by an extended discussion on the relationship between practices and the temporal structuring of practices. The research identifies other types of feedback (such as social, material and sensory) that influence the energy use in practices or substitute practices for other non-energy using practices, suggesting that there are no simple technological or behavioural fixes. More profoundly, this thesis suggests that policy should focus on connection between practices, rather than technological performance or what consumers think about electricity display monitors. The thesis concludes by discussing a re-framing of policy expectations; identifying the ways in which smart metering data could target domestic practices and its influencing elements potentially constrain or catalyse a transition towards a more sustainable way of living.
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Chen, Qipeng. "Gaining insight into the smart grid by analysing smart metering data." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702864.
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By 2020, the majority of EU and US consumers will have smart meters installed. This thesis considers the exploitation of the potential to analyse smart metering data to help gain insight into the medium voltage electrical power systems' operating conditions, the low voltage electrical' power systems' topology information and consumers' power consumption habits. Distribution system state estimation can estimate a medium voltage system's electrical quantities. Its inputs involve transformers' loads that can be given by the aggregation of smart metering data. However, such loads have errors due to the lack of synchronisation among smart meters, the power loss in low voltage systems and the delay of meter data collection, so the subsequent impact of these three issues on the performance of the distribution system state estimation in MV systems are analysed, in order to determine whether they are barriers to gaining insight into these systems' operating conditions. The results show that: the first issue does not show a clear affect; the impact of the second issue is obvious; and the third issue significantly degrades the state estimation performance. To increase the insight into a low voltage system's topology, a phase identification method is designed and a topology identification technique is studied. The benefit of topology identification for state estimation is further assessed - limited benefit is shown, especially when the smart metering data used has low accuracy. The utility companies can provide specialised services to guide their electricity consumers to correctly control their own power demand, so power systems' energy efficiency may be increased. This requires the knowledge about consumers' power consumption habits. Therefore, in this work such knowledge is discovered from consumers' smart metering, socio-demographic and other data by three rule induction techniques. It is shown how, for example, those consumers with high potential for peak demand shifting can be targeted.
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Gregor, Filip. "Demonstrační úloha zaměřující se na problematiku Smart Metering." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442366.
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The thesis deals with PLC technology and issues with Smart Metering. In the theoretical part, a principle of technology's functionality and its advantages and disadvantages were described. In the experimental part methodology of data concentrator and electric meters was designed. In addition, extensive testing set according to capturing of DLMS communication, link quality influencing, reading registers of meters were realized. In the second experimental part limits of communications between broadband BPL modems were detected by the power line communication hardware channel emulator. Measurement of throughput, latency, frame loss passed off according to RCF 2544, RFC 6349 recommendation and according to the methodology of TCP Throughput In the last part, two laboratory exercises were created, first one deals with Smart Metering system and communication between the data concentrator and electric meters and the second one deals with communication among broadband BPL modems not only for Smart Metering purposes.
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Lewis, Richard Peter. "Smart electricity metering : hardware development and socioeconomic aspects." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678602.
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Lee, Ping Kwong. "A practical role of smart metering in smart grids development and applications." Thesis, City University London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.591912.
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The thesis explores and presents a practical and potential approach about smart meters in future smart micro grid and power grid applications. Digital electronic meters have been introduced into the markets for quite some time but they are mainly used in power and energy applications. However, they can be further extended and be fully utilized to support the smart power grid and micro grid development. People knew that "smart meters" are typically used for power utilities. However. they can be used as smart interface between power grid and micro grid for multiple sites peak demand response and renewable distributed generation. In this thesis, a practical approach will be introduced from the design to the applications to enhance the energy efficiency of power and micro grids. The smart metering system design architecture from power grid and micro grid will be introduced. Besides, the practical role of smart meters in power quality and energy efficiency application for distributed generation from micro grid will be demonstrated. Future development idea from power quality and energy data mining to expert system will be proposed to enhance the smart grid application as well . Nowadays, many theories are introduced in smart metering system to support smart grid development. In this thesis, the author introduces the smart metering contribution from the practical point of view. It will provide so lid references when engineers try to plan and design their smart micro or power grids. Some of the important points for the system planning and design will be highlighted for future work and consideration. Also, some measurement result from the real applications will be introduced to demonstrate the contributions made to the energy conservation and demand response. Although smart grid is still under discussion, evaluation, development and planning in many countries, the role of smart metering is not clearly defined for recommendation. However, the author implemented few major applications based on the existing infrastructure to conclude that some new areas are proven to be applicable to improve power quality, reliability, demand response and energy efficiency of smart grids.
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Anjos, Reginaldo Silva dos. "SGMIee â Software de GestÃo da MediÃÃo Inteligente de Energia ElÃtrica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11053.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorA modernizaÃÃo dos sistemas elÃtricos de potÃncia à nos dias atuais um tema de relevÃncia, com destaque à participaÃÃo do consumidor na geraÃÃo de energia elÃtrica e gestÃo da energia consumida. A automaÃÃo da MediÃÃo Inteligente à uma das principais vertentes e o precursor das Redes ElÃtricas Inteligentes. Considerando-se este cenÃrio, neste trabalho, apresenta-se um software de gestÃo da mediÃÃo inteligente de energia elÃtrica, denominado SGMIee. Trata-se de uma ferramenta computacional, desenvolvida com tecnologias computacionais de cÃdigo aberto e gratuito, utilizada para a aquisiÃÃo, armazenamento, processamento, visualizaÃÃo e gerenciamento das informaÃÃes registradas em uma infraestrutura de mediÃÃo inteligente de eletricidade. A plataforma Java e a estrutura de banco de dados MySQL sÃo as principais tecnologias utilizadas no desenvolvimento do software. O SGMIee tem sido aplicado a um sistema de mediÃÃo inteligente de energia elÃtrica instalado na infraestrutura do Departamento de Engenharia ElÃtrica (DEE), do Centro de Tecnologia (CT), da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC). O sistema de mediÃÃo inteligente de energia elÃtrica utilizado à composto por 05 unidades de medidores eletrÃnicos inteligentes trifÃsicos, 01 unidade de interface de comunicaÃÃo sem fio, 01 unidade de interface de comunicaÃÃo via porta Ãtica e 01 unidade de equipamento In-Home Display (IHD). A infraestrutura de mediÃÃo inteligente à baseada em uma rede RF e disposta em uma topologia Mesh, sendo utilizados os protocolos ABNT NBR 14522 e ZigBee para a realizaÃÃo da comunicaÃÃo entre os equipamentos do sistema. Dados coletados de 05 medidores eletrÃnicos, instalados em quadros de distribuiÃÃo de baixa tensÃo nas unidades do DEE, foram utilizados para testar e validar as funcionalidades do software proposto, sendo considerados aspectos normativos nacionais da Ãrea durante as anÃlises dos resultados obtidos. As funcionalidades sobre pÃgina fiscal, consumo, faltas de energia, alarmes e grÃficos foram implementadas no SGMIee, possibilitando-se o gerenciamento energÃtico baseado em dados de mediÃÃes e alarmes consultados de forma instantÃnea ou atravÃs de histÃrico. ApÃs as anÃlises, observou-se que os objetivos definidos para o SGMIee foram atendidos, sendo a disponibilizaÃÃo de uma ferramenta computacional para gerir os dados de mediÃÃes de parÃmetros elÃtricos, integrada a um cenÃrio de mediÃÃo inteligente de eletricidade a principal contribuiÃÃo deste trabalho.
The modernization of electric power systems is nowadays a topic of relevance, with emphasis on consumer participation in power generation and management of energy consumption. The automation of Smart Metering is one of the main aspects and the precursor of Smart Grids. Considering this scenario, this paper presents electricity smart metering management software, called SGMIee. It is a computational tool developed with free and open source technologies, used for the acquisition, storage, processing, display and management of recorded information in a smart metering infrastructure for electricity. The Java platform and structure of MySQL database are the main technologies used in software development. The SGMIee has been applied to a smart metering of electricity infrastructure installed in the Department of Electrical Engineering (DEE), the Technology Center (TC), Federal University of Cearà (UFC). The smart metering system used is composed of 05 three-phase smart meters units, 01 wireless communication interface unit, 01 optical interface unit and 01 In-Home Display (IHD) unit. The smart metering infrastructure is based on a RF network and willing in a Mesh topology, protocols being used ABNT NBR 14522 and ZigBee for the realization of communication between the system equipment. Data collected from 05 smart meters installed in low voltage switchboards units DEE, were used to test and validate the functionality of the proposed software, and are considered national normative aspects of the area during the analysis of the results obtained. The features about summary snapshot of electrical quantities measured, consumption, power outages, alarms and charts were implemented in SGMIee, enabling the power management based on measurement data and alarms consulted instantaneously or through history. After the analyzes, it was observed that the objectives for the SGMIee were achieved and the availability of a computational tool for managing measurement data of electrical parameters, integrated with a scenario of electricity smart metering the main contribution of this work.
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Flores, Rodriguez Andrea Carolina 1987. "Compressão de dados de demanda elétrica em Smart Metering." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259131.
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Orientador: Gustavo FraidenraichDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:16:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FloresRodriguez_AndreaCarolina_M.pdf: 1415054 bytes, checksum: 6b986968e8d7ec4e6459e4cea044d379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: A compressão dos dados de consumo residencial de energia elétrica registrados torna-se extremadamente necessária em Smart Metering, a fim de resolver o problema de grandes volumes de dados gerados pelos medidores. A principal contribuição desta tese é a proposta de um esquema de representação teórica da informação registrada na forma mais compacta, sugerindo uma forma de atingir o limite fundamental de compressão estabelecido pela entropia da fonte sobre qualquer técnica de compressão disponibilizada no medidor. A proposta consiste na transformação de codificação dos dados, baseado no processamento por segmentação: no tempo em taxas de registros de 1/900 Hz a 1 Hz, e nos valores de consumo residencial de energia elétrica. Este último subdividido em uma compressão por amplitude mudando sua granularidade e compressão dos dados digitais para representar o consumo com o menor número de bits possíveis usando: PCM-Huffman, DPCM-Huffman e codificação de entropia supondo diferentes ordens de distribuição da fonte. O esquema é aplicado sobre dados modelados por cadeias de Markov não homogêneas para as atividades dos membros da casa que influenciam no consumo elétrico e dados reais disponibilizados publicamente. A avaliação do esquema é feita analisando o compromisso da compressão entre as altas taxas de registro, distorção resultante da digitalização dos dados, e exploração da correlação entre amostras consecutivas. Vários exemplos numéricos são apresentados ilustrando a eficiência dos limites de compressão. Os resultados revelam que os melhores esquemas de compressão de dados são encontrados explorando a correlação entre as amostras
Abstract: Data compression of recorded residential electricity consumption becomes extremely necessary on Smart Metering, in order to solve the problem of large volumes of data generated by meters. The main contribution of this thesis is to propose a scheme of theoretical representation of recorded information in the most compact form, which suggests a way to reach the fundamental limit of compression set by the entropy of the source, of any compression technique available in the meter. The proposal consists in the transformation of data encoding, based on the processing by segmentation: in time by registration rate from 1/900 Hz to 1 Hz, and in the values of residential electricity consumption. The latter is subdivided into compression: by amplitude changing their regularity, and digital data compression to represent consumption as few bits as possible. It is using PCM-Huffman, DPCM-Huffman and entropy encoding by assuming different orders of the source. The scheme is applied to modeled data by inhomogeneous Markov chains to create the activities of household members that influence electricity consumption, and real data publicly available. The assessment scheme is made by analyzing the trade off of compression between high registration rates, the distortion resulting from the digitization of data, and analyzing the correlation of consecutive samples. Several examples are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the compression limits. The analysis reveals that better data compression schemes can be found by exploring the correlation among the samples
Mestrado
Telecomunicações e Telemática
Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica
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Christiansen, Filip, and Matilda Tranell. "Data Management and Business Opportunities inEmerging Smart Metering Market." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206975.
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Major changes in the energy systems throughout Europe have resulted in the implementation of new technologies such as smart grids and meters, enabling a two-way flow of information and electricity. This results in large volumes of metering data which needs to be efficiently managed for market and grid operational purposes. In addition to this, a new market for third parties seeking to enhance and convert data into valuable information has emerged. Current data management strategies vary between countries, resulting in a great diversity of data management models. To reach consensus, the European Commission has developed three theoretical reference models in order to cover all possible options. For the success of third parties, it is important to understand the rather complex mechanisms of these reference models. This can ease the process of recognizing the implemented data management model on a given market, as well as the interaction with related obstacles or barriers, in order to determine business opportunities. This report aims to present market conditions for third party actors in two European countries that have implemented different data management models. The Netherlands and Great Britain are selected based on certain conditions. With existing theories of the reference models, the actual models will be defined in each country. Key barriers are also identified. This report will then study how appropriate the implemented models are in relation to the barriers. Therefore, these two countries will also serve as case studies for evaluating the applicability of the reference models. In the Netherlands, case 1 of the reference models is identified per definition, although a transitioning towards case 2 can be observed. The major barrier consists of privacy concerns although customer engagement is becoming a central focus. In relation to these issues, targeted regulations seems to have more positive impact than the implemented model. The Dutch market is evolving and it is shown that the customers are open to new innovative services, although the intent to purchase such services is low. A central point of access to data facilitates efficient data management, however this only includes data with a 15 minute frequency. Data with a 10 second update interval can currently be accessed only via a physical smart meter port. In Great Britain, parts from both reference model 2 and 3 are implemented and the main barrier is currently customer engagement. The model has been developed with high emphasis on earlier privacy concerns, but it has potential to also address customer engagement by supporting innovation and new services. However, earlier restrictive regulations have only allowed certain feedback services, i.e. In Home Displays, to be offered to customers. As of 2015, other options are allowed which opens up a promising market for third party actors. Data can be accessed either centrally, with half-hourly updates, or via so called Consumer Access Devices providing data with updates every 10 second. A gap between the theoretical models and reality is observed; theoretical benefits are not always evident in practice. It is also observed how all possible data flows are not always properly described or included in data management model mappings. Therefore, it is important for third parties to look beyond such mappings to understand the access to certain data that fits their purpose. At last, privacy concerns can be eased through increased customer awareness and empowerment, which is also related to the receptivity to innovations among customers.Uppkomsten av smarta elnät och elmätare möjliggör ett dubbelriktat flöde av information i elnät. Detta ger upphov till stora datamängder och för marknadsaktiviteter och elnätsrelaterade åtaganden krävs därför en effektiv datahantering. Dessutom uppstår en ny marknad för tredjepartsaktörer som kan använda datan och göra om den till värdefull information. Strategier för hur datahanteringen ska gå till skiljer sig åt mellan länder och mångfalden är stor. Europeiska Kommissionen har tagit fram tre olika teoretiska referensmodeller för att uppnå konsensus inom detta område. Dessa modeller kan fungera som verktyg för tredjepartsaktörer i syfte att identifiera verkliga modeller för datahantering. Dessutom kan de ge värdefull information om relationen mellan datahantering och försvårande omständigheter; något som är viktigt att förstå för att bedöma marknadsmöjligheter. Målet med denna rapport är att presentera marknadsmöjligheter för tredjepartsaktörer i två europeiska länder som har olika modeller för datahantering. Utifrån särskilda kriterier väljs Nederländerna och England. Med hjälp av existerande teori kring referensmodellerna definieras de reella modellerna i länderna. Därefter utreder rapporten hur lämpliga de reella modellerna är i relation till identifierade barriärer. Därmed fungerar de två länderna även som fallstudier för utvärdering av applicerbarheten hos referensmodellerna. I Nederländerna identifieras den verkliga modellen för datahantering som en variant av modell 1 av referensmodellerna, och en utveckling mot modell 2 kan observeras. Den avgörande barriären är integritetsrelaterad, men kundengagemang blir ett alltmer centralt fokus. I relation till dessa problem kan det konstateras att specifika regleringar har större positiv genomslagskraft än själva modellen. Den holländska marknaden befinner sig i ett tidigt utvecklingsstadie men det har visat sig att kunder är positivt inställda till innovativa tjänster. Effektiv datahantering främjas av en central åtkomstpunkt, men detta inkluderar endast data med en uppdateringsfrekvens om 15 minuter. Data med uppdateringsfrekvens om 10 sekunder är tillgänglig via en fysisk port på själva elmätaren. I England identifieras den verkliga modellen för datahantering som delar av både referensmodell 2 och 3, och den största barriären är brist på kundengagemang. Tidigare utbredda integritetsproblem har delvis utformat modellen, men trots detta återfinns positiva funktioner sett till rådande utmaning då modellen främjar högre innovationsnivåer för tjänster. Regleringar har dock tidigare begränsat utbudet av sådana tjänster till endast s.k In Home Displays. Under 2015 förändrades denna reglering vilket medför lovande marknadsmöjligheter för tredjepartsaktörer. Datatillgång sker antingen via en central åtkomstpunkt, med en uppdateringsfrekvensen om 30 minuter, eller via s.k Consumer Access Devices där uppdateringsfrekvensen är 10 sekunder. Ett gap mellan de teoretiska modellerna och den verkliga implementeringen kan observeras eftersom teoretiskt beskrivna fördelar inte alltid förekommer i praktiken. En annan viktig upptäckt är att visualiseringar av datamodeller inte alltid beskriver eller inkluderar samtliga dataflöden. Därmed bör tredjepartsaktörer inte enbart förlita sig på sådana kartläggningar; andra metoder kan vara nödvändiga för att bedöma tillgången till nödvändig data. Till sist kan det konstateras att integritetsproblem kan motverkas med metoder som ökar uppmärksamheten hos kunder. Ett viktigt samband mellan detta och mottagligheten för innovation hos kunderna kan påvisas.
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Chasempour, Alireza. "Optimizing the Advanced Metering Infrastructure Architecture in Smart Grid." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5023.
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Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is one of the most important components of smart grid (SG) which aggregates data from smart meters (SMs) and sends the collected data to the utility center (UC) to be analyzed and stored. In traditional centralized AMI architecture, there is one meter data management system to process all gathered information in the UC, therefore, by increasing the number of SMs and their data rates, this architecture is not scalable and able to satisfy SG requirements, e.g., delay and reliability. Since scalability is one of most important characteristics of AMI architecture in SG, we have investigated the scalability of different AMI architectures and proposed a scalable hybrid AMI architecture. We have introduced three performance metrics. Based on these metrics, we formulated each AMI architecture and used a genetic-based algorithm to minimize these metrics for the proposed architecture. We simulated different AMI architectures for five demographic regions and the results proved that our proposed AMI hybrid architecture has a better performance compared with centralized and decentralized AMI architectures and it has a good load and geographic scalability.
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Selmke, Pierre. "Auswirkungen einer Einführung von Smart Metering auf die Unternehmensführung mittelgroßer Energieversorgungsunternehmen." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262388.
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In the European Union (EU), increasing final energy efficiency, so as to save energy, has become mandatory. This obligation will fundamentally alter the EU energy sector. The relevant EU directive, 2006/32/EG, requires that adjustments be made to energy billing and, where technically feasible, that new metering technologies (i.e. smart metering) be introduced. Individual EU countries are implementing these requirements in different ways: Smart metering is either being nearly fully implemented (e.g. in Italy), is being planned (e.g. in Germany), or completely disregarded (e.g. in the Czech Republic). Since the introduction of smart metering affects virtually all value-added steps, organisational structures and areas of operation in medium-sized energy providers, these providers must take the relevant requirements into account at as early a stage as possible. The present thesis analyses the effects of the introduction of smart metering on the business management of such companies. A deductive method was chosen and the effects of intro- ducing smart metering were assessed through a cross-sectional study of two separate data collections. Experts were interviewed and their statements were qualitatively evaluated. A written survey followed via online questionnaires, the results of which were quantitatively evaluated. Institutional, functional and activity-based perspectives were considered as well as normative, strategic and operative aspects of business management. The evaluation of the survey enabled a better assessment and analysis of the introduction of smart metering. An analysis of the scope of the upcoming alterations within energy providers illustrates just how fundamental a change this will bring to medium-sized energy providers. However, the outcome of the written survey shows that most executives do not recognise this need for change and therefore are unable to initiate it. These management deficiencies threaten the very existence of these companies and must be resolved through the timely initiation of consistent change management.
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Mattei, Umberto. "Extended physical layer modeling for smart metering utility network simulators." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsteori, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152517.
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Smart grids are nowadays considered to be the most promising electricity distribution framework,leading to a greener and more cost-eective electricity consumption than before. Their technologicalforefront consists in advanced communication systems allowing full-duplex communications till the veryedge of distribution networks, which also turn smart grids into platforms for a new variety of homeautomation services. One key innovation in such a communication system consists in how meters accessthe smart grid data network. Within this context, the Smart metering Utility Networks (SUNs) standardhas been recently developed. As an emerging technology allowing to deploy smart grid distributionsystems, SUNs are considered a relevant but yet largely unexplored research topic. Within this work, a simulation tool for assessing the performance of SUNs is developed and employedto study a typical scenario. In order to obtain a high coherence with real networks in terms of theirsize and the reproduced OSI layers, a network simulator (ns-3) has been chosen as main development environment. The focus is on the physical layer, which is typically represented by a coarse structure in network simulators, lacking most of the relevant communication features. Since network simulators typically do not allow to fully implement physical layer features as in scientic programming languages(e.g. Matlab), we develop models reflecting physical layer behavior onto the above layers. The main engaged challenges regarding model construction are an adequate modeling of data units structure, channel properties and transmission features, including advanced transmission techniques such as forward error correction coding and multiple-antenna beamforming. Simulation runs prove our tool to be reasonably valid and consistent with the analyzed technology. Furthermore, they provide a basis for formulating design guidelines for reliable communication schemes inthe considered scenario. The developed models constituting the tool show a general structure that can be employed for any wireless network simulator and, due to their proven validity, open paths to interestinginvestigation and optimization work.Eldistribution genom smarta elnät spås en mycket lovande framtid då detta möjliggör en miljömedvetenoch kostnadseektiv elförbrukning. Tack vare detta framstående kommunikationssystem nns numöjlighet till full-duplex-kommunikation från eldistributören hela vägen till utkanten av nätverket, vilketäven gör att smarta elnät kan användas som plattform för nya hemautomationssystem. Den huvudsakligainnovationen med systemet är mätarens förmåga att återkoppla information om den lokala elförbrukningenoch -produktionen, något som inte tidigare varit möjligt. I detta sammanhang har Smart Metering UtilityNetwork (SUN)-standarden nyligen utvecklats. SUN anses som ett aktuellt forskningsområde eftersomdet tillåter utplacering av smarta elnät, dock är detta fortfarande ett outforskat område.I detta projekt utvecklas ett simuleringsverktyg för att utvärdera SUN:s prestanda. Dessutom användsdet för att undersöka ett typiskt scenario. Målet är att efterlikna nätverkets beteende sett till storlekoch simulerade OSI-lager, varför en nätverkssimulator (ns-3) har valts som huvudsaklig utvecklingsram.Fokus har lagts på det fysiska lagret, vilket vanligen representeras av grova strukturer i nätverkssimulatorer.Då dessa simulatorer inte kan ge samma detaljnivå av det fysiska lagret som vetenskapligaprogrammeringsverktyg, exempelvis Matlab, utvecklas modeller som simulerar eekterna av det fysiskalagret på de ovanstående lagren, eftersom de kan hanteras av nätverkssimulatorer. Dessa modeller omfattardataenhetsstrukturer, kanalegenskaper och överföringsfunktioner, vilka även inkluderar avanceradekommunikationstekniker såsom forward error correction och multiple-antenna beamforming.Resultaten visar att det utvecklade verktyget fungerar enligt förväntan och stämmer väl överens medSUN:s teknologi. Vidare bistår de med riktlinjer för att utforma tillförlitliga kommunikationsteknikeri det simulerade scenariot. Simulatorns modeller har en generell struktur och kan därför anpassas föratt simulera alla typer av trådlösa nätverk, och tillåter tack vare sin bevisade tillförlitlighet grund förytterligare utforskning och optimering.
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Finster, Sören [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Zitterbart. "Protokolle für privatsphärengerechtes Smart Metering / Sören Finster. Betreuer: M. Zitterbart." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1056955953/34.
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Černíková, Eva. "Smart Metering vodovodu v areálu stavební fakulty VUT v Brně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227728.
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The aim of this thesis is to perform an analysis of possibilities and benefits of installing the Smart Water Metering technology at campus of Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The main goal was to provide specific solutions of Smart Metering systems from different companies. One part of this thesis is dedicated to a detailed analysis of a water consumption measurement campaign that took place at the beginning of this academic year using dataloggers. Real-time flow rate and consumed volume was recorded every five minutes. Therefore it was possible to determine water consumption patterns during the day and also tell the minimum, maximum and average flow rate in different parts of the campus. Thanks to these measurements, irregular water consumption during the night was observed. This would not have been easily detected without recording real-time data. This system of recording real-time flow rates with dataloggers is considered to be suitable for the needs of faculty. Thanks to a GSM module, recorded values are sent to an FTP server once a day. From there the data can be downloaded to any kind of analysis software. Installation of Smart Water Metering technology at campus of Faculty of Civil Engineering would be beneficial for both operation of the water supply network and also for purposes of an academic research.
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Torri, Lucas Bortolaso. "Uma proposta de arquitetura extensível para micro medição em Smart Appliances." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/49747.
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O sistema de energia atual passou por poucas alterações desde sua concepção original, há mais de 100 anos. No entanto, a crescente complexidade da infraestrutura e da demanda global por energia vem criando diversos desafios que a sua constituição original não previa, culminando em problemas como apagões e outras falhas no seu fornecimento. Além disso, nota-se nos últimos anos, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos, uma certa diversificação na matriz energética, incentivando a utilização de fontes de energia renováveis e distribuídas. Isto se deve não apenas ao potencial energético das, mas também visando uma menor utilização de combustíveis fósseis, devido tanto a volatilidade e tendência de alta dos preços do petróleo, mas também pela necessidade de contenção do volume de emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Apesar desta defasagem do sistema de energia contemporâneo, avanços nas áreas de informática, eletrônica embarcada, além das tecnologias empregadas na construção de sensores e atuadores, têm possibilitado a criação de uma rede de energia moderna, automatizada e distribuída. Esta rede, conhecida como Mart Grid, traz novas perspectivas no gerenciamento e na operação dos sistemas de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia elétrica, inserindo propostas que visam melhorar diversos fatores da rede de energia atual, aumentado sua eficiência, segurança e confiabilidade de transmissão, além da eliminação de obstáculos para a integração em larga escala de fontes de energia distribuídas e renováveis. Este novo paradigma é caracterizado por um fluxo bidirecional de eletricidade e de informações, afim de criar uma rede automatizada e distribuída de energia. Ele incorpora à grade os benefícios da computação distribuída e de comunicações para fornecer informações em tempo real e permitir o equilíbrio quase instantâneo da oferta e da procura dos bens energéticos. Dentro do contexto de Smart Grids, Smart Appliances são uma modernização dos aparelhos eletrodomésticos quanto a sua utilização de energia, de forma que estes sejam capazes de monitorar, proteger e ajustar automaticamente o seu funcionamento às necessidades do proprietário e a disponibilidade deste recurso. Ou seja, estes possuem não apenas características de inteligência, mas também a capacidade de utilizarem as informações disponibilizados no Smart Grid para adaptar seu funcionamento. Apesar do grande interesse despertado em torno destes conceitos, há ainda uma enorme carência de padrões e tecnologias que permitam a criação de tais aparelhos inteligentes inseridos nos ambientes domésticos e prediais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar e conceituar o Smart Grid, pesquisando os grupos existentes que buscam uma padronização deste, bem como conceituar Smart Appliances, avaliando projetos e pesquisas existentes, e, principalmente, propondo uma arquitetura que permita a construção de tais dispositivos. Os requisitos necessários para a criação desta arquitetura são discutidos ao longo da dissertação, bem como as tecnologias necessárias e existentes para permitir sua proposta. Finalmente, o funcionamento bem sucedido, através de uma implementação da mesma, é demonstrado através de diferentes experimentos, avaliando como as características do Smart Grid podem ser utilizadas para criar aparelhos eletrodomésticos capazes de usarem as informações disponíveis para melhorar seu funcionamento.Since its original conception, for over 100 years, the current energy system has experienced little changes. However, the increasing complexity of the infrastructure, together with the growing global demand for energy, have imposed many challenges that its original constitution did not foresee, which has resulted in problems such as blackouts along with other energy supply failures. Moreover, over the last few years, some diversification in energy generation has been seen, especially in developed countries, encouraging the use of distributed and renewable energy sources. Apart from the energetic potential offered by those sources, it aims to decrease the greenhouse gases emission volume, in addition to reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which tend to increase in price. Despite the lack of upgrades, improvements in the areas of computing, embedded electronics, and technologies employed in sensors and actuators assembly have enabled the creation of a modern automated and distributed power grid. This grid, better known as Smart Grid, enhances several factors of the current power network, bringing new perspectives in electricity management, operation, generation, transmission and distribution. That result in increased efficiency, transmission safety and reliability, additionally eliminating obstacles in large-scale integration of renewable and distributed energy sources. This new paradigm also features a bi-directional electricity and information flow, enabling an automated and distributed energy network that incorporates the grid benefits of distributed computing and communications to provide real-time information and allowing almost instantaneous supply and demand balance of energy goods. Within the context of Smart Grids, Smart Appliances proposes an extension of regular appliances with intelligence and self-awareness of their energy use, so that they are able to monitor, protect and automatically adjust its operation according to the owner's needs and availability of this resource. That is, besides of being smart, they feature ability to use the information available on the Smart Grid to adapt its running behavior. Even though the increased interest around these concepts, there is still a gap of standards and technologies enabling the creation and embedding of intelligent devices in residences and buildings. The present projects attempts to study and conceptualize Smart Grid, surveying existing standardization groups, as well as conceptualize Smart Appliances, evaluating existing projects and research, proposing an architecture allowing the building of such devices. The requirements for this architecture, together with the required and existing technologies to make the implementation feasible, are discussed throughout the project development. Finally, the architecture's successful functioning is demonstrated through an implementation of it, together with different experiments, relying on them to evaluate the Smart Grid characteristics and how appliances can improve their operation based on the information shared throughout the Smart Grid.
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Jokar, Paria. "Detection of malicious activities against advanced metering infrastructure in smart grid." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/56294.
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In this thesis we investigate security challenges in smart grid and propose several algorithms for detecting malicious activities against AMI. Our work includes two parts. In the first part, we focus on the problem of intrusion detection in ZigBee HANs. We study the requirements and challenges of designing intrusion detection systems for HANs, and suggest application of model based intrusion detection and automatic intrusion prevention techniques. Accordingly we design algorithms for detecting and preventing spoofing attacks as an important attack type against wireless networks. We extend this work to design an intrusion detection and prevention system for ZigBee HANs, HANIDPS, which is able to detect and automatically stop various attack types. Through extensive experiments and analysis we show that the proposed method is able to detect and stop the attacks with high precision, low cost and short delay, which makes it suitable for HANs. Considering that in HANIDPS the prevention operation is performed automatically, costs of false positives are low and limited to some network overhead. Also the delay in stopping the attacks is significantly shortened compared to when human intervention is required. This reduces the damages caused by possible attacks. In the next part, we focus on detection of cyber intrusions that affect the load curve. We suggest that by monitoring abnormalities in customers' consumption pattern these attacks are detectable. We introduce a consumption pattern based electricity theft detector, CPBETD, which unlike previous techniques is robust against nonmalicious changes in consumption pattern and provides a high and adjustable performance without jeopardizing customers' privacy. Extensive experiments on real dataset of 5000 customers show the effectiveness of our approach. We also introduce instantaneous anomaly detector, IAD, which by monitoring the usage patterns effectively detects attacks against direct and indirect load control which are some of the major concerns in AMI.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Ahmed, Nisar, and Shahid Yousaf. "For Improved Energy Economy – How Can Extended Smart Metering Be Displayed?" Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2173.
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Context: A District Heating System (DHS) uses a central heating plant to produce and distribute hot water in a community. Such a plant is connected with consumers’ premises to provide them with hot water and space heating facilities. Variations in the consumption of heat energy depend upon different factors like difference in energy prices, living standards, environmental effects and economical conditions etc. These factors can manage intelligently by advanced tools of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as smart metering. That is a new and emerging technology; used normally for metering of District Heating (DH), district cooling, electricity and gas. Traditional meters measures overall consumption of energy, in contrast smart meters have the ability to frequently record and transmit energy consumption statistics to both energy providers and consumers by using their communication networks and network management systems. Objectives: First objective of conducted study was providing energy consumption/saving suggestions on smart metering display for accepted consumer behavior, proposed by the energy providers. Our second objective was analysis of financial benefits for the energy provides, which could be expected through better consumer behavior. Third objective was analysis of energy consumption behavior of the residential consumes that how we can support it. Moreover, forth objective of the study was to use extracted suggestions of consumer behaviors to propose Extended Smart Metering Display for improving energy economy. Methods: In this study a background study was conducted to develop basic understanding about District Heat Energy (DHE), smart meters and their existing display, consumer behaviors and its effects on energy consumption. Moreover, interviews were conducted with representatives of smart heat meters’ manufacturer, energy providers and residential consumers. Interviews’ findings enabled us to propose an Extended Smart Metering Display, that satisfies recommendations received from all the interviewees and background study. Further in this study, a workshop was conducted for the evaluation of the proposed Extended Smart Metering Display which involved representatives of smart heat meters’ manufacture and residential energy consumers. DHE providers also contributed in this workshop through their comments in online conversation, for which an evaluation request was sent to member companies of Swedish District Heating Association. Results: Informants in this research have different levels of experiences. Through a systematic procedure we have obtained and analyzed findings from all the informants. To fulfill the energy demands during peak hours, the informants emphasized on providing efficient energy consumption behavior to be displayed on smart heat meters. According to the informants, efficient energy consumption behavior can be presented through energy consumption/saving suggestions on display of smart meters. These suggestions are related to daily life activities like taking bath and shower, cleaning, washing and heating usage. We analyzed that efficient energy consumption behavior recommended by the energy providers can provide financial improvements both for the energy providers and the residential consumers. On the basis of these findings, we proposed Extended Smart Metering Display to present information in simple and interactive way. Furthermore, the proposed Extended Smart Metering Display can also be helpful in measuring consumers’ energy consumption behavior effectively. Conclusions: After obtaining answers of the research questions, we concluded that extension of existing smart heat meters’ display can effectively help the energy providers and the residential consumers to utilize the resources efficiently. That is, it will not only reduce energy bills for the residential consumers, but it will also help the energy provider to save scarce energy and enable them to serve the consumers better in peak hours. After deployment of the proposed Extended Smart Metering Display the energy providers will able to support the consumers’ behavior in a reliable way and the consumers will find/follow the energy consumption/saving guidelines easily.mcs294@yahoo.com, shahid_yousaf27@yahoo.com
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Jin, Li Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Resilient operations of smart highways : platooning, ramp metering, and incident management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120635.
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Thesis: Ph. D. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-194).
Highway systems have witnessed a significant modernization in recent years due to the deployment of traffic sensing and control capabilities. In addition, the ongoing developments in connected and autonomous vehicle technology are poised to enable advanced capabilities such as platooning and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. On one hand, these advancements offer new opportunities for improving the operational efficiency of highway systems. On the other hand, most highway system operators still face significant challenges in ensuring adequate performance under disruptions such as incidents and other capacity-reducing events, as well as demand fluctuations. Furthermore, the inherent vulnerabilities of cyber-physical components in smart highway systems are prone to exploitation by adversarial agents, who can introduce strategic disruptions. Thus, ensuring the resiliency of highway operations is a principal concern of system operators. In this thesis, we contribute to the above-mentioned challenge by developing a system-theoretic approach for maintaining resilient highway operations under a broad range of disruptions, modeled as stochastic perturbations in highway capacity or traffic demand. In particular, we focus on three types of highway operations: vehicle platooning, ramp metering, and capacity-aware routing/demand management. Our approach relies on (i) modeling partially automated traffic flow dynamics under disruptions as stochastically switching dynamical systems, (ii) analyzing their long-time properties (stability and/or convergence), and (iii) designing traffic control schemes that improve system throughput with stability guarantees. We demonstrate the application of our approach to several realistic situations ranging from capacity perturbations at incident hotspots to moving bottlenecks created by heavy-duty vehicles to stochastic arrivals/progression of autonomous vehicle platoons. To model traffic flow dynamics under disruptions, we extend classical macroscopic traffic flow/queuing models by combining them with Markovian switches in flow/queuing dynamics that capture the stochasticity in occurrence/clearance of disruptions. Specifically, we propose two models: Piecewise-Deterministic Queuing (PDQ) model, and Stochastic Switching Cell Transmission Model (SS-CTM). The PDQ model is the most basic model that captures the dynamic evolution of a traffic queue upstream of a highway bottleneck under perturbations in capacity or demand. We use this model to analyze link-level capacity management schemes and design capacity-aware routing schemes for parallel-route highway systems. The SS-CTM captures the spatial propagation of a disturbance created by capacity perturbations, and is useful for identifying the congestion bottlenecks induced by these perturbations. We adopt this model to analyze the impact of perturbations on the on-ramp queues and highway throughput as well as to design new ramp control schemes with improved performance guarantees. Our results on the stability analysis of PDQ and SS-CTM utilize more general results on the stability of continuous-time Markov processes. We refine them for the purpose of evaluating the boundedness of traffic queues upstream of highway bottlenecks and on the ramps. Our key contribution is a computationally tractable approach for verifying the classical Foster-Lyapunov drift condition over a finite subset of states, which happen to be the vertices of an invariant set for the stochastic traffic dynamics. This requires us to exploit the long-time properties of the PDQ and SS-CTM-in particular, the cooperativity of traffic flow dynamics and ergodicity of Markov chain that models disruptions. Our analysis approach enables us to estimate how performance metrics such as throughput and travel time change with location and intensity (rate) of disruptions. We also extend our results to the problem of designing traffic control schemes that improve system throughput under perturbations, while maintaining stable traffic queues. This leads us to identify somewhat surprising ways to prioritize and route traffic on real-world highway systems, and relate them to important operational capabilities such as lane control on automated highways, speed regulation of platoons, incident-aware routing, and stabilization of on-ramp queues. Finally, we also consider the modeling and impact evaluation of security disruptions. We report an initial game-theoretic model that captures an emerging security concern in multi-priority highway systems. The model is relevant to study the incentives of strategic misbehavior by individual vehicles who can exploit the security vulnerabilities in vehicle-to-infrastructure communications and impact the highway operations. We also discuss strategic response to cyber-physical attacks on smart highway infrastructure for timely recovery of compromised traffic links.
by Li Jin.
Ph. D. in Transportation
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Vaniš, Zdeněk. "Electricity Smart Metering in the Czech Republic: Status and Future Challenges." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73427.
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This work deals with technology and innovation management issues on the particular case of electricity smart metering in the Czech Republic. The popular literature on this topic is not reflecting on industries with high level of regulation in demand determination, which is the precise case of this industry. Positions of distribution network operators, technology suppliers, end-consumers and the regulatory players are analyzed. Comparison with other European countries is shown with market development predictions also taking part of the analysis. The outcome of this work reflects on the 2012 decision of the regulatory authority in the Czech Republic, which is to decide on a mandatory roll-out of this technology. This work presents the path towards this decision and discusses the potential outcomes.
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Ridnert, Carl. "Machine Learning for Sparse Time-Series Classification - An Application in Smart Metering." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-243925.
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Smart Meters are measuring devices collecting labeled time series data of utility consumptions from sub-meters and are capable of automatically transmit-ting this between the customer and utility companies together with other companies that offer services such as monitoring of consumption and cleaning of data. The smart meters are in some cases experiencing communication errors. One such error occurs when the information about what the utility sub-meters are measuring is lost. This information is important for when the producers of the utility are billing the customers for their usage. The information has had to be collected manually, something which is inefficient in terms of time and money. In this thesis a method for classifying the meters based on their raw time series data is investigated. The data used in the thesis comes from Metry AB and contains thousands of time series in five different classes. The task is complicated by the fact that the data has a high class imbalance, contains many missing values and that the time series vary substantially in length. The proposed method is based on partitioning the time series into slices of equal size and training a Deep Neural Network (DNN) together with a Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) to classify the slices. Prediction on new time series is performed by the prediction of individual slices for that time series followed by a voting procedure. The method is justified through a set of assumptions about the underlying stochastic process generating the time series coupled with an analysis based on the multinomial distribution. The results indicate that the models tend to perform worse on the samples coming from the classes ”water” and ”hot water” and that the worst performance is on the ”hot water”-class. On all the classes the models achieve accuracies of around 60%, by excluding the ”hot water” class it is possible to achieve accuracies of at least 70% on the data set. The models perform worse on time series that contain a few number of good quality slices, by considering only time series which has many good quality slices, accuracies of 70% are achieved for all classes and above 80% when excluding ”Hot Water”. It is concluded that in order to further improve the classification performance, more data is needed. Drawbacks with the method are the increased number of hyper-parameters involved in the extraction of slices. However, the voting method seems promising enough to investigate further on more highly sparse data sets.Smarta Mätare är maskiner kapabla att automatiskt sända data från sub-mätare mätandes förbrukningar av nyttigheter(utility) mellan kunden och företag som producerar nyttigheterna. Detta har inneburit att en marknad har öppnats upp för företag som tar förbrukningsdata och erbjuder tjänster så som appar där kunden kan se sin förbrukning samt rensning eller interpolering av data. Denna kommunikation har inneburit vissa problem, ett identifierat sådant är att det händer att information om vilken nyttighet som har mätts går förlorat. Denna information är viktig och har tidigare behövt hämtas manuellt på ett eller annat sätt, något som är ineffektivt. I detta examensarbete undersöks huruvida den informationen går att få tag på med enbart rådatan och klassificeringsalgoritmer. Datan kommer från Metry AB och innehåller tusentals tidsserier från fem olika klasser. Uppgiften försvåras av att datan uppvisar en stor obalans i klasserna, innehåller många saknade datapunkter och att tidsserierna varierar stort i längd. Metoden som föreslås baseras på en uppstyckning av tidsserierna i så kallade ”slices” av samma storlek och att träna Djupa Neurala Nätverk (DNN) och Bayesiska Neurala Nätverk (BNN) på dessa. Klassificering av nya tidsserier sker genom att låta modellerna rösta på slices från dem och välja den klass som får flest röster. Arbetet innehåller en teoretisk analys av röstningsprocessen baserat på en multinomial fördelning kombinerat med olika antaganden om processen som genererar dessa slices, denna syftar till att motivera valet av metod. Resultaten visar att modellerna kan tränas och korrekt klassificera mätarna till en viss grad samt att röstningsprocessen tenderar till att ge bättre resultat än att bara använda en slice per mätare. Det påvisas att prestandan är mycket sämre för en specifik klass, genom att exkludera den klassen så lyckas modellerna prestera slutgiltiga noggrannheter på mellan 70 − 80%. Det påvisas vissa skillnader mellan BNN modellen och DNN modellen i termer av noggrannhet, dock så är skillnaderna för små för att det ska gå att dra några generella slutsatser om vilken klassificeringsalgoritm som är bäst. Slutsatserna är att metoden verkar fungera rimligt väl på denna typ av data men att det behövs mer arbete för att förstå när den fungerar och hur man kan göra den bättre, detta är framtida arbete. Den största möjligheten till förbättring för just denna tillämpning identifieras vara att samla in mer data.
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Oliveira, Paulo Nuno Viseu de. "Tarifas de eletricidade em contexto de smart metering : determinação de períodos tarifários." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5388.
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PANZAVECCHIA, Nicola. "DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ADVANCED METERING AND ICT SOLUTIONS FOR SMART ENERGY DISTRICTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/533641.
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Climate change will have an influence on the world's 8 billion inhabitants, the majority of whom live in cities, which account for roughly two-thirds of the CO2 emissions that are at the root of the climate crisis. To attain a net-zero carbon future, a rapid transition across business models and policy is required. At the same time, policy and legislation are struggling to keep up with smart technology and the Internet of Things. The management of smart urban infrastructure is the key to successful decarbonisation and the achievement of sustainable cities. In this framework, the smart electricity infrastructure shall be equipped with integrated technologies, such solar panels, storage facilities, electric vehicle charging, intelligent public lighting system and sensor connected to a digital platform. This paradigm has changed the view of the power system itself, as decades ago the energy infrastructure was built for a centralised power system, not for a decentralised and digitalized system when energy flows in a bi-directional way within the grid. This increases the advanced metering and ICT solutions for a proper and safe management of the grid itself.
This Ph.D. thesis proposes a smart architecture, as well as smart equipment and solutions, to suit the needs of the new power grid that will support smart energy districts. The developed architecture provides a distributed measurement system to keep the distributor updated about the status of the grid. Power Line Communication (PLC) has been chosen as communication technology in order to allow the DSO to reduce the cost of the upgrade of the grid and keep the control over the communication medium. Within this architecture, several devices have been developed. In detail, a concentrator and a remote PLC bridge implementing the PLC-PRIME v1.4 protocol have been developed to fulfil the requirements of the architecture. An IEC-6100-4-3/4-7 Class S Power quality analyser has been implemented on a low cost STMicroelectronics platform already used for smart metering applications. Starting from field measurement data collection, a specific software has been developed as oracle for the SCADA system in order to provide Distribution System Operators (DSOs) with valuable information for a better management of the power grid.
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Tonyali, Samet. "Privacy-Preserving Protocols for IEEE 802.11s-based Smart Grid Advanced Metering Infrastructure Networks." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3693.
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The ongoing Smart Grid (SG) initiative proposes several modifications to the existing power grid in order to better manage power demands, reduce CO2 emissions and ensure reliability through several new applications. One part of the SG initiative that is currently being implemented is the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) which provides two-way communication between the utility company and the consumers' smart meters (SMs).
The AMI can be built by using a wireless mesh network which enables multi-hop communication of SMs. The AMI network enables collection of fine-grained power consumption data at frequent intervals. Such a fine-grained level poses several privacy concerns for the consumers. Eavesdroppers can capture data packets and analyze them by means of load monitoring techniques to make inferences about household activities. To prevent this, in this dissertation, we proposed several privacy-preserving protocols for the IEEE 802.11s-based AMI network, which are based on data obfuscation, fully homomorphic encryption and secure multiparty computation. Simulation results have shown that the performance of the protocols degrades as the network grows. To overcome this problem, we presented a scalable simulation framework for the evaluation of IEEE 802.11s-based AMI applications. We proposed several modifications and parameter adjustments for the network protocols being used. In addition, we integrated the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) into the protocol stack and proposed five novel retransmission timeout calculation functions for the CoAP in order to increase its reliability.
Upon work showing that there are inconsistencies between the simulator and a testbed, we built an IEEE 802.11s- and ZigBee-based AMI testbed and measured the performance of the proposed protocols under various conditions. The testbed is accessible to the educator and researchers for the experimentation.
Finally, we addressed the problem of updating SMs remotely to keep the AMI network up-to-date. To this end, we developed two secure and reliable multicast-over-broadcast protocols by making use of ciphertext-policy attribute based signcryption and random linear network coding.
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Villani, Clemente. "Progettazione, caratterizzazione e calibrazione di un sensore di tensione contactless per smart metering." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8023/.
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Arnesano, Marco. "Design of a comfort based smart metering system for sport and recreational buildings." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242712.
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Il presente lavoro descrive il progetto e lo sviluppo di un sistema di Smart metering basato sul comfort per edifici di tipo sportivo. I sistemi di smart metering sono generalmente pro-gettati per il monitoraggio energetico, mentre il comfort è solitamente trascurato. Tuttavia questo è molto importante a causa del livello di attività e del desiderio di benessere tipico di tali ambienti. Le funzionalità sviluppate per implementare tale approccio riguardano il mo-nitoraggio energetico, la valutazione del comfort, l’ottimizzazione di reti di sensori, l’analisi e la visualizzazione dei dati. L’applicazione degli indici di comfort (PMV, predicted mean vote, e PPD, predicted percentage of dissatisfied) necessita di una procedura di calibrazione e una analisi globale di sensibilità per questo tipo di ambienti. La procedura di calibrazione è basata sul confronto tra il comfort soggettivo determinato con questionari e misure og-gettive con centralina microclimatica. Tale analisi, applicata a due casi reali (piscina e pale-stra), rivela una traslazione del punto di neutralità termica che viene usato come fattore cor-rettivo dell’indice PMV. Mentre l’analisi globale di sensibilità permette la riduzione del numero di variabili misurate identificando i parametri a bassa sensibilità e l’identificazione dei fattori critici in questa applicazione. Il sistema di misura deve essere sviluppato in gran-di ambienti con una rete di sensori efficace e con il giusto livello di accuratezza per il siste-ma di controllo. Per ridurre l’impatto dell’incertezza legata alla distribuzione orizzontale dell’aria è stato sviluppato un software di ottimizzazione in grado di ricavare il numero e la posizione ottimale di sensori di temperatura con un potenziale risparmio energetico che è stato valutato con l’ausilio di un modello simulativo. La soluzione presentata è parte dello sviluppo di un BMS (Building Management System) specifico per edifici sportivi nell’ambito del Progetto Europeo FP7 SportE2.This work summarizes the design and development of a comfort-based smart metering-system dedicated to sport facilities. Smart metering systems are usually designed only to monitor energy, while comfort is often neglected. This is on the contrary particularly im-portant in these facilities because of the intense activities carried out and the desire to maintain a sense of well-being. The different functionalities are developed in agreement with this approach, involving energy monitoring, comfort evaluation, sensors network op-timization, data analysis and display for the end user. Comfort indices (PMV, predicted mean vote, and PPD, predicted percentage of dissatisfied) are used instead of the only air temperature, accompanied by a calibration procedure and global sensitivity analysis. The calibration procedure is based on the comparison between subjective comfort through sur-veys and objective measurement with a microclimate station. This analysis, applied at two real cases (swimming pool and gym), reveals a drift of the thermal neutrality which is used as correction factor. The global sensitivity analysis is useful on one hand to apply some simplification hypothesis to avoid the measurement of the low-sensitive variables and, on the other hand, to identify which variables are more important in this field of application. The measurement system has to be deployed in very large spaces with a sufficiently cost-effective sensor network and with an accuracy suitable for feedback to the control systems. In order to reduce the impact of the uncertainty, due to the horizontal distribution and air stratification, a dedicated tool has been developed which provides the optimal number and position of temperature sensors in the space with a potential energy saving that has been assessed with a simulation model. The designed solution is part of the development of a dedicated BMS (Building Management System) for sport and recreational buildings in the framework of the European Project FP7 SportE2.
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Beussink, Andrew. "Preserving Consumer Privacy on IEEE 802.11s-Based Smart Grid AMI Networks." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1383.
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While the newly envisioned smart grid will result in a more efficient and reliable power grid, its use of fine-grained meter data has widely raised concerns of consumer privacy. This thesis implements a data obfuscation approach to preserve consumer privacy and assesses its feasibility on a large-scale advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) network built upon the new IEEE 802.11s wireless mesh standard. This obfuscation approach preserves consumer privacy from eavesdroppers and the utility companies while preserving the utility companies' ability to use the fine-grained meter data for state estimation. The impact of this privacy approach is assessed based on its impact on data throughput and delay performance. Simulation results have shown that the approach is feasible to be used even when the network size grows. Additional adaptations to the approach are analyzed for their feasibility in further research.
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Yeh, Liu Hao Wei. "Estrategias de control y operación económica para la administración de la demanda y su incorporación al netmetering." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/132895.
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Ingeniero Civil EléctricoEl sistema eléctrico chileno deberá dar el siguiente paso si es que se quiere seguir con los lineamientos de energías limpias y eficiencia energética. La adaptación de la urbe a una más "inteligente" podría brindar la solución a la mayoría de los problemas concernientes a su integración, dándole también la oportunidad a nuevas tecnologías que favorecerían esta nueva ideología. Respecto a la integración y sus problemas, se resalta en esta ocasión la referente a frecuencia: se hará cada vez más notorio con la inserción de ciertas ERNC (generación sin inercia), por lo que se plantea la elaboración de un esquema de desconexión selectiva de cargas para paliar el efecto de falta de inercia en situaciones de contingencia. La elaboración, prueba, validación y evaluación del esquema fue realizada en el entorno DIgSILENT; ajustándose los parámetros necesarios mediante procesamiento de datos de perfil de consumo en la capital y apuntando a aplicaciones específicas que cumplieran un set de requisitos. Como comparación, se utilizan casos de estudios similares a los emitidos por la DO del CDEC para los estudios de EDAC. Los resultados finales auguran un buen desempeño en la parte técnica. Los beneficios percibidos apuntan a mejores niveles de frecuencia, pudiendo impedir la activación de hasta 4 etapas de EDAC si se enfoca y diseña apropiadamente el esquema. La flexibilidad del diseño permite priorizar resultados tanto para ciertos parámetros de evaluación, como para la magnitud de fallas que se quiera soportar. Económicamente aportaría ahorros no menores en una ventana de tiempo adecuada, aunque siendo sus atractivos principales el aporte técnico/operacional y el de formar parte de uno de los tantos esquemas aplicables que sustentarían la instalación de medidores inteligentes.
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Deb, Nath Atul Prasad. "Hardware-based Authentication and Security for Advanced Metering Infrastructure." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1470106841.
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Landi, Marco. "Bidirectional Metering Advancements and Applications to Demand Response Resource Management." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1448.
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2012 - 2013The power grid is an electric system capable of performing electricity generation, transmission, distribution and control. Nowadays it has been subjected to a deep transformation, which will reshape it completely. In fact, growing electricity demand and consequent increase of power losses in transmission and distribution grids, the increase in prices of fossil fuels and the diffusion of renewable resources, the need for a more effective and efficient grid management and use of energy, the availability of new technologies to be integrated into the grid, they all push for a modernization of the power grid. Integrating technology and approaches typical of different areas (i.e. power systems, ICT, measurements, automatic controls), the aim is to build a grid capable of engulfing all types of sources and loads, capable of efficiently deliver electricity automatically adapting to changes in generation and demand, ultimately empowering customers with new and advanced services. This paradigm is known as Smart Grid. In this context, the role of measurement theories, techniques and instrumentation is a fundamental one: the automatic management and control of the grid is a completely unfeasible goal without a timely and reliable picture of the state of the electric network. For this reason, a metering infrastructure (including sensors, data acquisition and process system and communication devices and protocols) is needed to the development of a smarter grid. Among the features of such an infrastructure are the ability to execute accurate and real‐time measurements, the evaluation of power supply quality and the collection of measured data and its communication to the system operator. Moreover, a so defined architecture can be extended to all kinds of energy consumption, not only the electricity ones. With the development of an open energy market, an independent entity could be put in charge of the execution of measurements on the grid and the management of the metering infrastructure: in this way, “certified” measurements will be guaranteed, ensuring an equal treatment of all grid and market users. In the thesis, different aspects relative to measurement applications in the context of a Smart Grid have been covered. A smart meter prototype to be installed in customers’ premises has been realized: it is an electricity meter also capable of interfacing with gas and hot water meters, acting as a hub for monitoring the overall energy consumption. The realized prototype is based on an ARM Cortex M3 microcontroller architecture (precisely, the ST STM32F103), which guarantees a good compromise among cost, performance and availability of internal peripherals. Advanced measurement algorithms to ensure accurate bidirectional measurements even in non‐sinusoidal conditions have been implemented in the meter software. Apart from voltage and current transducer, the meter embeds also a proportional and three binary actuators: through them is possible to intervene directly on the monitored network, allowing for load management policies implementation. Naturally the smart meter is only functional if being a part of a metering and communication infrastructure: this allows not only the collection of measured data and its transmission to a Management Unit, which can so build an image of the state of the network, but also to provide users with relevant information regarding their consumptions and to realize load management policies. In fact, the realized prototype architecture manages load curtailments in Demand Response programs relying on the price of energy and on a cost threshold that can be set up by the user. Using a web interface, the user can verify his own energy consumptions, manage contracts with the utility companies and eventually his participation in DR programs, and also manually intervene on his loads. In the thesis storage systems, of fundamental importance in a Smart Grid Context for the chance they offer of decoupling generation and consumption, have been studied. They represent a key driver towards an effective and more efficient use of renewable energy sources and can provide the grid with additional services (such as down and up regulation). In this context, the focus has been on li‐ion batteries: measurement techniques for the estimation of their state of life have been realized. Since batteries are becoming increasingly important in grid operation and management, knowing the degradation they are subjected has a relevant impact not only on grid resource planning (i.e. substitution of worn off devices and its scheduling) but also on the reliability in the services based on batteries. The implemented techniques, based on Fuzzy logic and neural networks, allow to estimate the State of Life of li‐ion batteries even for variation of the external factors influencing battery life (temperature, discharge current, DoD). Among the requisites a Smart Grid architecture has, is the integration into the grid of Electric Vehicles. EVs include both All Electric Vehicles and Plug‐in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and have been considered by governments and industry as sustainable means of transportation and, therefore, have been the object of intensive study and development in recent years. Their number is forecasted to increase considerably in the next future, with alleged consequences on the power grid: while charging, they represent a consistent additional load that, if not properly managed, could be unbearable for the grid. Nonetheless, EVs can be also a resource, providing their locally stored energy to the power grid, thus realizing useful ancillary services. The paradigm just described is usually referred to as Vehicle‐to‐Grid (V2G). Being the storage systems onboard the EVs based on li‐ion batteries, starting from the measurement and estimation techniques precedently introduced, aim of the thesis work will be the realization of a management systems for EV fleets for the provision of V2G services. Assuming the system model in which the aggregator not only manages such services, but can also be the owner of the batteries, the goal is to manage the fleets so to maximize battery life, and guarantee equal treatment to all the users participating in the V2G program. 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Strengers, Yolande Amy-Adeline, and Yolande strengers@rmit edu au. "Bridging the divide between resource management and everyday life: smart metering, comfort and cleanliness." RMIT University. Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2010. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20100329.165839.
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Smart metering residential demand management programs, such as consumption feedback, variable pricing regimes and the remote control of appliances, are being used to respond to the resource management problems of peak electricity demand, climate change and water shortages. Like other demand management programs, these strategies fail to account for (and respond to) the reasons why people consume resources in their homes, namely to carry out everyday practices such as bathing, laundering, heating and cooling. In particular, comfort and cleanliness practices together constitute most of Australia's potable water consumption in urban centres, and represent most of household energy consumption. In addition, new household cooling practices involving air-conditioning appliances are the major contributor to the nation's rising peak electricity demand, which overloads the electricity system on hot days, costing consumers millions of dollars each year. The oversight of comf ort and cleanliness practices in smart metering demand management programs is concerning because these practices are continuing to shift and change, often in more resource-consuming directions, potentially negating the resource savings achieved through demand management programs. This thesis aims to bridge the problematic divide between the policies and strategies of demand managers, and the day-to-day practices which constitute everyday life. Using the empirical 'hook' of smart metering demand management programs and the everyday practices of comfort and cleanliness, this thesis develops a practice-based conceptual framework to study, understand and analyse these practices and the ways in which smart metering demand management programs reconfigure or further entrench them. A series of qualitative methods were employed in studying 65 households across four research groups, focusing specifically on the household practices of heating, cooling, bathing, laundering, toilet flushing and house cleaning. In addition, 27 interviews were conducted with smart metering industry stakeholders involved or implicated in delivering demand management strategies. Together, these lines of inquiry are used to analyse householders' existing and changing comfort and cleanliness practices, the role of several smart metering demand management strategies in reconfiguring these practices, and potential avenues and opportunities for further practice change in less resource-intensive directions. In particular, this thesis highlights the inherent contradictions and problems in accounting for everyday practices within the dominant demand management paradigm, and offers an alternative paradigm termed the co-management of everyday practices. The thesis concludes by briefly identifying the ways in which smart metering could potentially constrain or catalyse a transition towards this new paradigm.
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Ding, Ni. "Load models for operation and planning of electricity distribution networks with smart metering data." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENT092/document.
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En 2010, ERDF (Electricité Réseau Distribution France) a entamé la mise en place du projet « Linky » dont l'objectif est d'installer 35 millions de compteurs intelligents en France. Ces compteurs permettront de collecter les données de consommation en « temps réel », avec lesquelles des modèles de charge plus précis pourront être envisagés. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse définit deux objectifs: la définition de modèles prédictifs de charge pour la conduite et la conception de modèles d'estimation de charge pour la planification. En ce qui concerne la conduite, nous avons développés deux modèles. Le premier exploite le formalisme mathématique des séries chronologiques ; le second est basé sur un réseau de neurones. Les deux modèles cherchent à prévoir la charge des jours « J+1 » et « J+2 » à partir des informations collectées jusqu'au jour « J ». Le modèle « série chronologique » repose sur les propriétés temporelles des courbes de charge. Ainsi on découpe la courbe de charge en trois parties : la tendance, la périodicité et le résidu. Les premiers deux sont déterministes et indépendamment développés en deux modèles : le modèle de tendance et le modèle de cyclicité. La somme de la prévision de ces deux modèles est la prévision finale. Le résidu quant à lui capture les phénomènes aléatoires que présente la courbe de charge. Le modèle de prédiction ainsi développé s'aide de nombreux outils statistiques (e.g., test de stationnarité, test ANOVA, analyse spectrale, entres autres) pour garantir son bon fonctionnement. Enfin, modèle « série chronologique » prend en compte plusieurs facteurs qui expliquent la variation dans la courbe de consommation tels que la température, les cyclicités, le temps, et le type du jour, etc. En ce qui concerne le modèle à base de réseaux de neurones, nous nous focalisons sur les stratégies de sélection de la structure pour un modèle optimal. Les choix des entrées et du nombre de neurones cachés sont effectués à travers les méthodes dites de «régression orthogonale » et de « leave-one-out-virtuel ». Les résultats montrent que la procédure proposée permet de choisir une structure de réseau de neurones qui garantisse une bonne précision de prédiction. En ce qui concerne la planification, un modèle non paramétrique est proposé et comparé avec le modèle actuel « BAGHEERA » d'EDF. Avec l'ouverture du marché d'électricité, la relation entre les fournisseurs, les clients et les distributeurs devient flexible. Les informations qualitatives d'un client particulier telles que sa puissance souscrite, son code d'activité, ses tarifs etc. sont de moins en moins disponibles. L'évolution du modèle BAGHEERA qui dépend ces informations pour classer les clients dans différentes catégories est devenue indispensable. Le modèle non paramétrique est un modèle individuel centré sur le relevé des compteurs. Trois variables de régression non paramétriques : Nadaraya Watson, Local Linear et Local Linear adapted ont été analysées et comparées. Les scénarios de validation montrent que le modèle non paramétrique est plus précis que le modèle « BAGHEERA ». Ces nouveaux modèles ont été conçus et validés sur de vraies données collectées sur le territoire françaisFrom 2010, ERDF (French DSO) started the “Linky” project. The project aims at installing 35 millions smart meters in France. These smart meters will collect individual client's consumption data in real time and transfer these data to the data center automatically in a certain frequency. These detailed consumption information provided by the smart metering system enables the designs of more accurate load models. On this purpose, two distinctive objectives are defined in this dissertation: the forecasting load models for the operation need and the estimation load models for the planning need. For the operation need, two models are developed, respectively relying on the “time series” and the “neural network” principals. They are both for the objective of predicting the loads in “D+1” and “D+2” days based on the historical information till “D” day. The “time series” model divides the load curve into three components: the trend, the cyclic, and the residual. The first two parts are deterministic, from which two models named the trend model and the cyclic model are made. The sum of the prevision of these two models is the final prediction result. For a better precision, numerous statistical tools are also integrated such that the stationary test, the smoothed periodogram, the ANOVA test and the gliding window estimation, etc. The time series model can extract information from the influence factors such as the time, the temperature, the periodicities and the day type, etc. Being the most popular non linear model and the universal approximator, the neural network load forecasting model is also studied in this dissertation. We focus on the strategy of the structure selection. The work is in collaboration with Prof. Dreyfus (SIGMA lab), a well known expert in the machine learning field. Input selection and model selection are performed by the “orthogonal forward regression” and the “virtual-leave-one-out” algorithms. Results show that the proposed procedure is efficient and guarantees the chosen model a good accuracy on the load forecasting. For the planning, a nonparametric model is designed and compared with the actual model “BAGHEERA” of the French electricity company EDF. With the opening of the electricity market, the relationship among the regulators, suppliers and clients is changing. The qualitative information about a particular client such as his subscribed power, his activity code and his electricity tariffs becomes less and less available. The evolution from the BAGHEERA model to a data-driven model is unavoidable, since the BAGHEERA model depends on these information to attribute every client in the French territory into a pre-defined category. The proposed nonparametric model is individualized and can deal with both temperature sensitive (possessing an electrical heater) and temperature insensitive clients. Three nonparametric regressors are proposed: the Nadaraya Watson, the local linear, and the local linear adapted. The validation studies show that the nonparametric model has a better estimation precision than the BAGHEERA model. These novel models are designed and validated by the real measurements collected in the French distribution network
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Weiss, Tobias, and Dorothea Reisbach. "Förderung der Kundeninteraktion zur Nutzung von Datenvisualisierungen auf Basis von Smart Metering im Privatkundenbereich." TUDpress, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36564.
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Beschlossen 2015 im Gesetzesentwurf zur Digitalisierung der Energiewende (s. BMWi (2015a)) sollen verstärkt Smart Meter ausgerollt werden. Diese digitalen Stromzähler bestehen aus einem digitalen Zählwerk sowie einer Kommunikationseinheit, welche eine sichere und standardisierte Kommunikation ermöglichen soll. Die Smart Meter erfassen und veranschaulichen den aktuellen Verbrauch und können zusätzlich sogar simultan die momentane Erzeugung von Energie, z. B. durch eine Solaranlage, erfassen. Durch die ständige Erfassung des aktuellen Energieverbrauchs, verbunden mit der Übermittlungsfunktion an den EVU, kann dem Kunden unmittelbar sein aktueller Verbrauch aufgezeigt werden – eine wesentliche Grundlage für Transparenz im Verbrauch, Datenauswertungen und Startpunkt für Verbrauchsoptimierungen (vgl. BMWi (2015b); Fox (2010), S. 408). [... aus Punkt 1.2]
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Blom, Rikard. "Advanced metering infrastructure reference model with automated cyber security analysis." Thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-204910.
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European Union has set a target to install nearly 200 million smart metersspread over Europe before 2020, this leads into a vast increase of sensitiveinformation flow for Distribution System Operators (DSO’s), simultaneously thisleads to raised cyber security threats. The in and outgoing information of the DSOneeds to be processed and stored by different Information technology (IT)- andOperational Technology (OT)-systems depending on the information. High demandsare therefore required of the enterprise cyber security to be able to protect theenterprise IT- and OT-systems. Sensitive customer information and a variety ofservices and functionality is examples that could be fatal to a DSO if compromised.For instance, if someone with bad intentions has the possibility to tinker with yourelectricity, while you’re away on holiday. If they succeed with the attack and shuttingdown the house electricity, your food stored in your fridge and freezer would mostlikely to be rotted, additionally damage from defrost water leaking could cause severedamaging on walls and floors. In this thesis, a detailed reference model of theadvanced metering architecture (AMI) has been produced to support enterprisesinvolved in the process of implementing smart meter architecture and to adapt to newrequirements regarding cyber security. This has been conduct using foreseeti's toolsecuriCAD, foreseeti is a proactive cyber security company using architecturemanagement. SecuriCAD is a modeling tool that can conduct cyber security analysis,where the user can see how long time it would take for a professional penetrationtester to penetrate the systems in the model depending of the set up and defenseattributes of the architecture. By varying defense mechanisms of the systems, fourscenarios have been defined and used to formulate recommendations based oncalculations of the advanced meter architecture. Recommendation in brief: Use smalland distinct network zones with strict communication rules between them. Do diligentsecurity arrangements for the system administrator PC. The usage of IntrusionProtection System (IPS) in the right fashion can delay the attacker with a percentageof 46% or greater.Europeiska Unionen har satt upp ett mål att installera nära 200miljoner smarta elmätare innan år 2020, spritt utöver Europa, implementeringen ledertill en rejäl ökning av känsliga dataflöden för El-distributörer och intresset av cyberattacker ökar. Både ingående och utgående information behöver processas och lagraspå olika IT- och OT-system beroende på informationen. Höga krav gällande ITsäkerhet ställs för att skydda till exempel känslig kundinformation samt en mängdvarierande tjänster och funktioner som är implementerade i systemen. Typer avattacker är till exempel om någon lyckats få kontroll over eltillgängligheten och skullestänga av elektriciteten till hushåll vilket skulle till exempel leda till allvarligafuktskador till följd av läckage från frysen. I den här uppsatsen så har en tillräckligtdetaljerad referens modell för smart elmätar arkitektur tagits fram för att möjliggörasäkerhetsanalyser och för att underlätta för företag i en potentiell implementation avsmart elmätare arkitektur. Ett verktyg som heter securiCAD som är utvecklat avforeseeti har använts för att modellera arkitekturen. securiCAD är ett modelleringsverktyg som använder sig av avancerade beräknings algoritmer för beräkna hur långtid det skulle ta för en professionell penetrationstestare att lyckats penetrera de olikasystem med olika sorters attacker beroende på försvarsmekanismer och hurarkitekturen är uppbyggd. Genom att variera systemens försvar och processer så harfyra scenarion definierats. Med hjälp av resultaten av de fyra scenarierna så harrekommendationer tagits fram. Rekommendationer i korthet: Använd små ochdistinkta nätverkszoner med tydliga regler som till exempel vilka system som fårkommunicera med varandra och vilket håll som kommunikationen är tillåten.Noggranna säkerhetsåtgärder hos systemadministratörens dator. Användningen avIPS: er, genom att placera och använda IPS: er på rätt sätt så kan man fördröjaattacker med mer än 46% enligt jämförelser mellan de olika scenarier.
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Asbery, Christopher W. "SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/10.
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Smart grid technologies are starting to be the future of electric power systems. These systems are giving the utilities detailed information about their systems in real time. One of the most challenging things of implementing smart grid applications is employing the communications into the systems. Understanding the available communications can help ease the transition to these smart grid applications. Many of the utility personnel are spending too much time trying to figure out which communication is better for their application or applications. So this thesis presents the different communication types available with discussing the different attributes in which these communication types are going to offer to the utility. Then these communication types are looked such that utilities can quickly understand how to approach the difficult task of obtaining the information from the different smart grid applications by the use of different communication options.
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Maloš, Martin. "IS-Innovation fokussiert auf Utility-Marktsegment." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2003. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77149.
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This thesis addresses the innovation of information systems in enterprises, particularly in the utility market segment. The thesis starts with a definition of utilities, a market segment containing companies involved in generation, transmission, distribution and retail of energy services as well as other companies providing related networked services. The aims of this thesis are both theoretical and practical. The theoretical part offers a new theory for IS innovations for the selected segment and for the relation between the innovation and the architectures of IS. In the practical part, the author identifies current challenges and opportunities in the selected market segment and offers scenarios and visions for future development. The first part of the thesis maps out the general innovation theories in the context of the selected topic. The second part introduces a new innovation theory based on an analysis of the specific conditions in the utility market segment. The next section focuses on the topic of IS architecture and its ability for tracking and managing the changes of the IS during the innovation process. The following part relays designs for specific architecture models supporting the current innovation trends in the utility market. The final part of the thesis summarizes particular business recommendations for innovation procedures in utilities, identifies innovation opportunities, and inspires visions for the future development of the market. The opportunities are related to a new way of understanding the role of IS in utility companies. IS provides a portfolio of information services to support the customer oriented business services, advanced services with added value and tailor made services for specific customer groups.
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Cole, Graham. "Smart Meter Enabled Disaggregation of Residential Peak Water Demand: Implications for Urban Water Planning and Tariff Reform." Thesis, Griffith University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367964.
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The price of water to the urban consumer is one of the most politicised issues confronting state and federal legislators in Australia today. Water is an essential requirement of life and, arguably, there will always be a public sentiment that the price of water should not constitute an economic burden, least of all for those more economically disadvantaged members of society. As a result, and regardless of the "proper" underlying economic principles such as "user pays” and “full cost recovery”, there has always been a political willingness in Queensland, at both the state and local level, to continue with cross subsidies that distort the price of water.
This has led to a political blame game amongst the major political parties that leaves the average consumer even more confused about the cost of water. Though the politics of water in Queensland may have seen the flight of rationality from public debate, the water industry itself has progressed substantially in recent years in securing a reliable future supply in South East Queensland (SEQ).
On the supply side, important initiatives such as a desalination plant, dual reticulation schemes and provision for potable reuse have assured supply in SEQ for many years. The downside, however, is significant state debt and given the current public sensitivity to water pricing, passing this cost burden directly to the consumer is simply not on the agenda.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Klučka, Tomáš. "Implementace technologie smart meteringu do provozu malého obecního vodovodu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-391949.
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The diploma thesis describes the actual situation of smart water metering, an overview of water meters suitable for remote data reading and individual components for application of remote data transmission including transmission itself. The thesis also contains the characteristics of available wireless data communication technologies and detailed solutions according to two companies specializing in remote transmission of water meter data. Subsequently, the pilot projects of large water company are presented, including practical findings. The practical part deals with the implementation of smart water metering in three specific municipalities, including a description of the area of interest, water supply system specification and possible limitations, the recommended technology, the requirements for putting in into operation and the pricing of technology and services according to two specialized companies. Finally, the possibilities of other using of smart water meter technology are discussed.
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Collard, Sophie. "Assessing and Predicting the Impact of Energy Conservation Measures Using Smart Meter Data." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-150352.
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Buildings account for around 40 percent of the primary energy consumption in Europe and in the United States. They also hold tremendous energy savings potential: 15 to 29 percent by 2020 for the European building stock according to a 2009 study from the European Commission. Verifying and predicting the impact of energy conservation measures in buildings is typically done through energy audits. These audits are costly, time-consuming, and may have high error margins if only limited amounts of data can be collected. The ongoing large-scale roll-out of smart meters and wireless sensor networks in buildings gives us access to unprecedented amounts of data to track energy consumption, environmental factors and building operation. This Thesis explores the possibility of using this data to verify and predict the impact of energy conservation measures, replacing energy audits with analytical software. We look at statistical analysis techniques and optimization algorithms suitable for building two regression models: one that maps environmental (e.g.: outdoor temperature) and operational factors (e.g.: opening hours) to energy consumption in a building, the other that maps building characteristics (e.g.: type of heating system) to regression coefficients obtained from the first model (which are used as energy-efficiency indicators) in a building portfolio. Following guidelines provided in the IPMVP, we then introduce methods for verifying and predicting the savings resulting from the implementation of a conservation measure in a building.
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Ieria, Alessandro. "Valutazione sperimentale delle prestazioni di un sistema di smart metering a 169 Mhz in ambiente urbano." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8208/.
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Sono state valutate sperimentalmente le prestazioni di tre diversi collegamenti di Smart Metering in tre ambienti (urbano, sub-urbano e urbano denso) alla frequenza di 169 MHz. Grazie al calcolo del valore di Building Penetration Loss e dei valori di Path Loss è stato possibile stabilire le distanze massime di collegamento accentratore-meter al variare della probabilità di copertura.
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Mustafa, Mustafa Asan. "Smart Grid security : protecting users' privacy in smart grid applications." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/smart-grid-security-protecting-users-privacy-in-smart-grid-applications(565d4c36-8c83-4848-a142-a6ff70868d93).html.
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Smart Grid (SG) is an electrical grid enhanced with information and communication technology capabilities, so it can support two-way electricity and communication flows among various entities in the grid. The aim of SG is to make the electricity industry operate more efficiently and to provide electricity in a more secure, reliable and sustainable manner. Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Electric Vehicle (SEV) charging are two SG applications tipped to play a major role in achieving this aim. The AMR application allows different SG entities to collect users’ fine-grained metering data measured by users’ Smart Meters (SMs). The SEV charging application allows EVs’ charging parameters to be changed depending on the grid’s state in return for incentives for the EV owners. However, both applications impose risks on users’ privacy. Entities having access to users’ fine-grained metering data may use such data to infer individual users’ personal habits. In addition, users’ private information such as users’/EVs’ identities and charging locations could be exposed when EVs are charged. Entities may use such information to learn users’ whereabouts, thus breach their privacy. This thesis proposes secure and user privacy-preserving protocols to support AMR and SEV charging in an efficient, scalable and cost-effective manner. First, it investigates both applications. For AMR, (1) it specifies an extensive set of functional requirements taking into account the way liberalised electricity markets work and the interests of all SG entities, (2) it performs a comprehensive threat analysis, based on which, (3) it specifies security and privacy requirements, and (4) it proposes to divide users’ data into two types: operational data (used for grid management) and accountable data (used for billing). For SEV charging, (1) it specifies two modes of charging: price-driven mode and price-control-driven mode, and (2) it analyses two use-cases: price-driven roaming SEV charging at home location and price-control-driven roaming SEV charging at home location, by performing threat analysis and specifying sets of functional, security and privacy requirements for each of the two cases. Second, it proposes a novel Decentralized, Efficient, Privacy-preserving and Selective Aggregation (DEP2SA) protocol to allow SG entities to collect users’ fine-grained operational metering data while preserving users’ privacy. DEP2SA uses the homomorphic Paillier cryptosystem to ensure the confidentiality of the metering data during their transit and data aggregation process. To preserve users’ privacy with minimum performance penalty, users’ metering data are classified and aggregated accordingly by their respective local gateways based on the users’ locations and their contracted suppliers. In this way, authorised SG entities can only receive the aggregated data of users they have contracts with. DEP2SA has been analysed in terms of security, computational and communication overheads, and the results show that it is more secure, efficient and scalable as compared with related work. Third, it proposes a novel suite of five protocols to allow (1) suppliers to collect users accountable metering data, and (2) users (i) to access, manage and control their own metering data and (ii) to switch between electricity tariffs and suppliers, in an efficient and scalable manner. The main ideas are: (i) each SM to have a register, named accounting register, dedicated only for storing the user’s accountable data, (ii) this register is updated by design at a low frequency, (iii) the user’s supplier has unlimited access to this register, and (iv) the user cancustomise how often this register is updated with new data. The suite has been analysed in terms of security, computational and communication overheads. Fourth, it proposes a novel protocol, known as Roaming Electric Vehicle Charging and Billing, an Anonymous Multi-User (REVCBAMU) protocol, to support the priced-driven roaming SEV charging at home location. During a charging session, a roaming EV user uses a pseudonym of the EV (known only to the user’s contracted supplier) which is anonymously signed by the user’s private key. This protocol protects the user’s identity privacy from other suppliers as well as the user’s privacy of location from its own supplier. Further, it allows the user’s contracted supplier to authenticate the EV and the user. Using two-factor authentication approach a multi-user EV charging is supported and different legitimate EV users (e.g., family members) can be held accountable for their charging sessions. With each charging session, the EV uses a different pseudonym which prevents adversaries from linking the different charging sessions of the same EV. On an application level, REVCBAMU supports fair user billing, i.e., each user pays only for his/her own energy consumption, and an open EV marketplace in which EV users can safely choose among different remote host suppliers. The protocol has been analysed in terms of security and computational overheads.
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Nardello, Matteo. "Low-Power Smart Devices for the IoT Revolution." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/274371.
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Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary paradigm approaching both industries and consumers everyday life. It refers to a network of addressable physical objects that contain embedded sensing, communication and actuating technologies, to sense and interact with the environment where being deployed. It can be considered as a modern expression of Mark Weiser's vision of ubiquitous computing where tiny networked computers become part of everyday objects, fusing together the virtual world and the physical word.
Recent advances in hardware solutions have led to the emergence of powerful wireless IoT systems that are entirely energy-autonomous. These systems extract energy from their environment and operate intermittently, only as power is available. Battery-less sensors present an opportunity for the pervasive wide-spread of remote sensor deployments that require little maintenance and have low cost. As the number of IoT endpoint grows -- industry forecast trillions of connected smart devices in the next few years -- new challenges to program, manage and maintain such a huge number of connected devices are emerging. Web technologies can significantly ease this process by providing well-known patterns and tools - like cloud computing - for developers and users. However, the existing solutions are often too heavyweight or unfeasible for highly resource-constrained IoT devices.
This dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of two of the biggest problems that the IoT is currently facing: R1) How are we going to provide connectivity to all these devices? R2) How can we improve the quality of service provided by these tiny autonomous motes that rely only on limited energy scavenged from the environment?
The first contribution is the study and deployment of a Low-Power Wide-Area-Network as a feasible solution to provide connectivity to all the expected IoT devices to be deployed in the following years. The proposed technology offers a novel communication paradigm to address discrete IoT applications, like long-range (i.e., kilometers) at low-power (i.e., tens of mW). Moreover, results highlight the effectiveness of the technology also in the industrial environment thanks to the high immunity to external noises.
In the second contribution, we focus on smart metering presenting the design of three smart energy meters targeted to different scenarios. The first design presents an innovative, cost-effective smart meter with embedded non-intrusive load monitoring capabilities intended for the domestic sector. This system shows an innovative approach to provide useful feedback to reduce and optimize household energy consumption. We then present a battery-free non-intrusive power meter targeted for low-cost energy monitoring applications that lower both installation cost due to the non-intrusive approach and maintenance costs associated to battery replacement. Finally, we present an energy autonomous smart sensor with load recognition capability that dynamically adapts and reconfigures its processing pipeline to the sensed energy consumption. This enables the sensor to be energy neutral, while still providing power consumption information every 5 minutes.
In the third contribution, we focus on the study of low-power visual edge processing and edge machine learning for the IoT. Two different implementations are presented. The first one discusses an energy-neutral IoT device for precision agriculture, while the second one presents a battery-less long-range visual IoT system, both leveraging on deep learning algorithms to avoid unnecessary wireless data communication. We show that there is a clear benefit from implementing a first layer of data processing directly in-situ where the data is acquired, providing a higher quality of service to the implemented application.
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Borges, de Oliveira Fábio [Verfasser], Max [Akademischer Betreuer] Mühlhäuser, and Fengjun [Akademischer Betreuer] Li. "On Privacy-Preserving Protocols for Smart Metering Systems / Fábio Borges de Oliveira. Betreuer: Max Mühlhäuser ; Fengjun Li." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1111910901/34.
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Bräuchle, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Datenschutzprinzipien in IKT-basierten kritischen Infrastrukturen : Die Formalisierung der datenschutzrechtlichen Einwilligung in Smart Metering Systemen / Thomas Bräuchle." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1160486174/34.
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Wulf, Sabrina. "Smart Metering und die Liberalisierung des Messwesens : Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen zur Schaffung von Wettbewerb auf dem deutschen Energiemarkt /." Baden-Baden : Nomos, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017545826&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Uhlenbrock, Jens [Verfasser]. "Pricing And Regulation In Multi-sided Markets - Implications for Payment Card Networks And Smart Metering / Jens Uhlenbrock." Kiel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1221618121/34.
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CANALE, Laura. "About the impact of individual metering on the energy efficiency of residential buildings." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Cassino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11580/75194.
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Since 2002, the European Union has promoted individual metering of energy consumption as an effective tool to improve energy efficiency in buildings.
In 2012, the Energy Efficiency Directive has set mandatory the individual heat accounting in buildings when centralized heating/cooling systems are installed, when technically feasible and cost efficient.
As far, Member States of European Union adopted different approaches regarding this obligation, due to differences in their climatic conditions, building stocks characteristics and installed technologies but also to a lack of knowledge about the real impact of the use of such devices.
As a consequence, this measure has led to a series of technical, legal and consumer protection issues which still need to be solved. This thesis aims to address, with a multi-thematic approach, the issue of measuring thermal energy consumption in residential buildings. A number of four research questions have been investigated in order to answer to the main question: “What is the
impact of the use of energy metering devices in residential buildings?”.
To this aim, a number of six case studies were investigated to: i) evaluate the expected metrological performances of individual metering devices on-field; ii) assess the potential energy saving gainable through the use of individual metering devices in Mediterranean climates and analyse possible feedback strategies to enhance end-user awareness; iii) evaluate the potential impact of different energy policies on the outcome of this energy measure; iv) evaluate the performances of current methodologies applied for end-users’ profiling through individual metering.
Results of this thesis provide useful insights to researchers, designers and policy makers, filling some of the gaps highlighted in the existing scientific literature in all the analysed areas.
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Petreová, Adela. "Zavádzanie inteligentných meracích systémov v elektroenergetike na Slovensku." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262038.
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The goal of the Master´s thesis is to map the actual situation of transformation of power energy sector to smart grid, find answers to some of the major questions concerning the implementation of smart metering systems, evaluate societal and economic costs and benefits, evaluate trends in legislation, compare the situation in Slovakia with other peer countries from the European Union, and create a follow-up recommendations for Slovakia based on this assessment. The thesis includes detailed critical analysis of the CBA, originally created for Slovakia, using benchmarking with countries with a different calculation approach. The used methodology in this work is a research of available resources, qualitative research of case studies, break-down of the CBA, and expert research through interviewing. The outcome is evaluation of economic and societal contributions of smart metering systems and mapping the process and state of the implementation.