Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Smart material design'

This thesis is intended to help eliminate misconceptions and missing information over the realm of smart materials, by offering a newly structured &lsquo
Information Hierarchy for Smart Materials Communication for Industrial / Product Design&rsquo
. Industrial and product designers are invited to use the findings of the thesis to assist in developing a common smart materials language and culture, enriched by details, technicalities, opportunities, and creative and innovative material attributes. The study commences with the creation of a concise and compact reservoir of technical knowledge on smart materials and critically contrasts two established systems of classification for smart materials. Then, the subject of materials information appropriate to industrial design is discussed, highlighting channels through which smart materials information may be communicated at an optimum level so as to be amenable to exploitation by industrial designers. A sectoral analysis of smart materials use follows, including the presentation of factors that may hinder their more extensive exploitation in major industrial sectors. v The thesis concludes that smart materials have potential to initiate a breakthrough in the materials universe, and that industrial designers have a role in promoting smart materials knowledge, the capabilities of smart materials, and their innovation possibilities. It is recomended that since smart materials are a new generation of materials quite different from the conventional, they be promoted carefully through the proposed Information Hierarchy.

This thesis is an investigation into woven textile structures and weave construction methodologies. The main question at the heart of this research is what are smart textiles and what role/s can weaving play in the creation of such textiles in the future? A critical review of the literature led to a grammatical investigation and interpretation of the term smart textiles, and as a result a key differentiator between superficial and deep responsivity in textiles is made: the latter is henceforth used to describe the uniqueness of smart textiles (chapter 3). The thesis proceeds to explore the fundamental engineering of textiles as material systems, and by doing so, provide clues as to how fabrics could themselves be considered smart. Through this exploration, an original ‘textile anatomy’ mapping tool is presented with the aim to enhance and deepen current understanding of textiles and represent them as material systems instead (chapters 4 and 5). The hybrid research methodology that governed this investigation is unique. It relies on the creative tools of Design while also inherently applies the investigative methods of Science, Technology and Engineering (chapter 2). Weaving is explored through processes of making as an approach to develop smart textiles following an extensive historical review revealing that although methods of weave production have much evolved, the weave structures themselves have not changed at all for thousands of years (chapter 5). A series of experimental case studies are presented, which therefore seek to explore and challenge current limitations of weaving for the creation of a new generation of material systems (chapter 6). As part of this practical work the alternative fabrication technology of additive manufacturing was considered, but its role as substitute manufacturing technique for textiles was accordingly rejected. This research finds that since weaving has become solely dependent on its machines, the structures produced through these processes of manufacturing are governed by such same specifications and limitations. As a result, in order to step away from current constraints, new assembly methodologies need to be revised. This is particularly applicable within the context of future (smart) material systems, and micro and nano fabrication techniques (chapters 7, 8 and 9).

Smart textiles especially Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are getting attention because these materials can provide regulation of wearer’s body climate and provide comfort in the temperature fluctuations during the physical activity like sports. These materials have the advantage of latent heat energy storage that can absorb and release high amount of energy over a narrow temperature range around the human’s body temperature to provide thermal comfort. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) absorb energy during the heating process as phase change takes place and release energy to the surroundings during the reverse cooling process. The types of phase change materials that are suitable for sports applications are hydrated inorganic salts, linear long chain hydrocarbons, Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG). The concept of thermal comfort and working of PCMs in the textiles garments are important for determining the functionality of PCMs. Phase Change materials are micro capsulated in the shells by “Situ polymerization technique before application to sportswear and garments. The PCMs microcapsules are incorporated in the sportswear and garments by fiber technology, lamination, foaming and coating. The testing of clothing containing micro capsulated PCMs is discussed after the incorporation of PCMs in textiles. Quality parameters that are key for getting good results are mentioned i.e. particle size, thermal conductivity, fire hazard treatment, durability and performance of micro capsulated PCMs and clothing. In the last section findings, suggestions and conclusion are discussed.
Program: Magisterutbildning i Applied Textile Management

A Smart Plug is a remote-controlled power socket that allows the user to, through an app, control any appliances that is plugged into the outlet. Since not all appliances are constructed with a smart function, the usage of a Smart Plug can be beneficial to facilitate the everyday life. Existing Smart Plug products from various companies are available on today’s market. Sigma Connectivity has therefore initiated this degree project with the ambition of constructing a Smart Plug distinguished from the others by optimizing the design and material selection with regard to environmentally friendly aspects.  The product concept development process generally consists of several different phases. Due to limitations in design and requirements, a traditional product concept development process was not followed. Customer requirements and wishes, as well as a preconstructed PCB assembly was given upon start of the project. The product concept development process consisted of a concept generation and a concept selection phase. The concept generation phase was performed by brainstorming where one product concept solution was determined and alterable parts of that concept was developed. Concept selection was executed on the alterable parts through Pahl and Beitz elimination matrix.  Injection molding was determined to be the optimal manufacturing method and it was determined after the concept selection was performed. The determination of manufacturing process for the Smart Plug was implemented in the early stages so potential design requirements could be applied in the three-dimensional design model. The three-dimensional model was created, where components of the Smart Plug were designed separately and later assembled into one product.  Material selection was performed on the plastic casing of the Smart Plug. The most promising candidate was the biodegradable thermoplastic Polylactic Acid.  Impact simulations were performed on the Smart Plug where the simulations corresponded to 1 meter drop simulations. The impact simulations were performed on both a rigid- and a wooden surface. The simulations resulted in high absorption of stresses for certain designed parts in almost all performed simulations. Design alterations on those parts is therefore necessary to perform.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of a designerly approach to data analytics. The research was conducted during the Interaction Design Master program at Malmö University in 2017 and follows a research through design approach where the material driven design process in itself becomes a way to acquire new knowledge. The thesis uses big data as design material for designers to ideate connected products and services in the context of smart city applications. More specifically, it conducts a series of material studies that show the potential of this new perspective to data analytics. As a result of this research a set of designs and exercises are presented and structured into a guide. Furthermore, the results emphasize the need for this type of research and highlights data as a departure material as of special interest for HCI.

Företaget HiQ i Norrköping vill skapa en bättre värld genom att förenkla och förbättra människors liv med hjälp av teknik. Konceptet Smart City handlar om utmaningar inom områden som energi, miljö och trafik som Norrköping kommun kommer att ställas inför i framtiden. HiQ anordnar i maj 2015 ett hackathon där studenter under några timmar ska komma fram till olika Smart City-lösningar. Dessa idéer kommer sedan presenteras i en utställning på Visualiseringscenter i Norrköping. För att dra besökare till utställningen krävs det att utställningen marknadsförs mot en intresserad och relevant målgrupp. Marknadsföringen till utställningen ska verka för att övertyga målgruppen att gå på utställningen. En affisch togs därför fram efter teorier och utvärderades sedan under sex kvalitativa intervjuer. Därefter transkriberades de insamlade data och analyserades med hjälp av meningskoncentrering.Studien syftar till att undersöka hur en affisch bör utformas visuellt för att locka målgruppen, Medieteknikstudenter vid Linköpings universitet, till utställningen. För att locka målgruppen till utställningen bör affischen innehålla fler visuella element i form av bilder, det vill säga illustrationer eller fotografier som är kopplade till konceptet och utställningen. Den textbaserade informationen bör tydligare förklara vad det är utställningen handlar om. Affischen bör utformas mer utmärkande om den ska bli ihågkommen. För att affischen som utformades i denna studie ska generera det förväntade intrycket krävs en del justeringar.

Electrical motors and/or hydraulics and pneumatics cylinders are commonly used methods of actuation in mechanical systems. Over the last two decades, due to arising market needs, novel self-independent mobile systems such as mobility assistive devices have emerged with the help of new advancements in technology. The actuation criteria for these devices differ greatly from typical mechanical systems, which has made the implementation of classical actuators difficult within modern assistive devices. Among the numerous challenges, limited energy storage capabilities by mobile systems have restricted their achievable operational time. Furthermore, new expectations for device weight and volume, as well as actuator structural compliance, have added to this quandary. Electroactive polymers, a category of smart materials, have emerged as a strong contender for the use in low-cost efficient actuators. They have demonstrated great potential in soft robotic and assistive device/prosthetic applications due to their actuation potential and similar mechanical behaviour to human skeletal muscles. Dielectric Elastomers, in particular, have shown very promising properties for these types of applications. Their structures have shown large achievable deformation, while remaining light-weight, mechanically efficient, and low-cost. This thesis aims to characterize, and model the behaviour of 3MTM VHB polyacrylic dielectric elastomer, in order to establish a foundation for its implementation in a proposed novel linear actuator concept. In this thesis, a comprehensive experimental evaluation is accomplished, which resulted in the better understanding of the elastomer’s biaxial mechanical and electro-mechanically coupled behaviours. Subsequently, a constitutive biaxial mechanical model was derived in order to provide a predictive design equation for future actuator development. This model proved effective in providing a predictive tool for the biaxial mechanical tensile response of the material. Finally, a simplified prototype was devised as a proof of concept. This first iteration applied experimental findings to validate the working principles behind the proposed actuator design. The results confirmed the proof of concept, through achieved reciprocal linear motion, and provided insight into the design considerations for prototype optimization and final actuator development.

This thesis presents the design and development of two switching amplifiers used to drive the so-called smart material actuators. Different from conventional circuits, a smart material actuator is ordinarily a highly capacitive load. Its capacitance is non-linear and its strain is hysteretic with respect to its electrical control signal. This actuator's reactive load property usually causes a large portion of reactive power circulating between the power amplifier and the driven actuator, thus reduces the circuit efficiency in a linear power amplifier scenario. In this thesis, a switching amplifier design based on the PWM technique is proposed to develop a highly efficient power amplifier, and peak current mode control is proposed to reduce the actuator's hysteretic behavior. Since the low frequency current loop gain tends to be low due to the circuit's capacitive load, average current mode control is further proposed to boost the low frequency current loop gain and improve the amplifier's low frequency performance. Both of the circuits have been verified by prototype design and their experimental measurement results are given.
Master of Science

Textile materials and textile design are a part of countless products in our surroundings,as well as diverse design fields and industries, each of which has very different materialtraditions and working methods. The aim of this thesis is to add to our understandingof the relationship between textiles and products in the design process, and to explorehow textiles enter and influence product design processes and how products functionin textile design processes. A further aim is to examine the effect of new textiletechnology, such as smart textiles and 3D printed textiles, on this dynamic. This thesis is the result of an interplay between theoretical work, experimentalpractice-based projects, and observation of design practice, and it presents two typesof results: Firstly, descriptions of how the relationship can manifest itself in the designprocess, which give a broad picture of the relationship between textile and productand in so doing add to our understanding of textiles as design materials and highlightsome of the additional complexities and possibilities for the design process that comewith new forms of textiles. Secondly, this thesis presents ways of describing thedynamics between textiles and products in the design process, with the intention ofopening up for reflection on how we design, and can design, with textiles. Here, themain outcome is a theoretical framework which examines the relationship from botha product design and a textile design perspective, and includes methods and questionsthat can be used to explore and define how textiles and products meet in the designprocess.

Waking up in a world where everyone carries a miniature supercomputer, interaction designers find themselves in their forerunners dreams. Faced with the reality of planetary-scale we have to confront the task of articulating approaches responsive this accidental ubiquity of computation. This thesis attempts such a formulation by defining computation as a strange material, a plasticity shaped equally by its technical properties and the mode of production by which is its continuously re-produced. The definition is applied through a methodology of excursions — participatory explorations into two seemingly disparate sites of computation, connected in they ways they manifest a labor of care. First, we visit the social infrastructures that constitute the Linux kernel, examining strangle entanglements of programming and care in the world's largest design process. This is followed by a tour into the thorny lands of artificial intelligence, situated in the smart replies of LinkedIn. Here, we investigate the fluctuating border between the artificial and the human with participants performing AI, formulating new Turing tests in the process. These excursions afford an understanding of computation as fundamentally re-produced through interaction, a strange kind of affective work the understanding of which is crucial if we ambition to disarm the critical accidents of our present future.

THIS PROJECT AIMS TO look at how Smart Textiles can change today’s view and useof the interiors of the healthcare environment, through conceptual examples of the usabilityof the Photochromics and Thermochromics working as an information bridge for moreisolated patients. The thesis has a practical experimental approach and points out some of thechromatic materials possibilities in relation to present research of the two chromatic materials.The thesis discusses the relation between healing environment and the importance of aesthetics,with a purpose to meet Emotional and Social needs of feeling “alive”, “well” and“included”. Research indicate that nature has a calming affect on patients, therefore flowersand leaves have been inspiration for the expression of the textiles. The colour changecreates a subtle communicative bridge between patient and movement in the hospital - “theRhythm of the House” and the outdoor -“the Rhythm of the Sun”. The conceptual proposalpresents a design solution where the colour changeability stands for a communicativelevel, as well as a decorative and a dynamic level. The textile samples communicate thevisual and hepatic expression, as well as the integration of the electronics. The scenariofor the thesis is set to the 2015-20, due to reasonability for Smart Textiles to be developedto be used as interior textile products for the healthcare environment.

Thesis (DTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.
This dissertation addresses the development and the testing of a simulation tool to be used to predict the behaviour of smart material/structures. Along with the development of the simulation tool, a new form of the model describing the behaviour of shape-memory alloy was developed and implemented. The proposed model was developed based on the existing cosine model, conventionally used in literature, but it uses hyperbolic tangent functions. The hyperbolic tangent function was chosen so as to allow the simulation of any range of temperatures. Experiments were performed to obtain the parameters to be used in the simulation and to validate the numerical results. Two different simulations were performed: a one dimensional FEA analysis with a two dimensional orientation (NiTi SMA wire simulation) and a three dimensional FEA analysis (NiTi SMA plate) [Msomi and Oliver, 2015]. Alongside the FEA analysis, two experiments were performed with the purpose of obtaining the material parameters to be used in FEA analysis and to compare the FEA results to the experimental results.
Airbus Company

ABSTRAKT  I mitt examensarbete vill jag utforska och skapa smarta lösningar som hjälper oss att leva och bo på ett mer aktivitetsbaserat sätt i framtiden. Ett boende där jag vill uppmuntra och förenkla för oss alla att bo på mindre yta och med fler flexibla platser och funktioner, både för miljöns skull men även för en mer solidarisk fördelning av den yta vi förfogar över idag.  Mindre boendeyta betyder även att allt vi fyller våra hem med behöver vara väl genomtänkta och funktionella. Så vad krävs då egentligen för att vi ska vilja släppa ifrån oss av vår yta? Och kan jag genom min design skapa en öppen och varm känsla på mindre yta utan att försaka estetik och bekvämlighet? Eller hur kan smarta lösningar få oss att välja att bo kvar i ett mindre boende även när vi blir fler i familjen, något som inte enbart gynnar miljön utan även den egna plånboken? De blir några av mina utgångspunkter i mitt utforskande. De metoder jag använder i min research är enkäter, intervjuer och egna observationer av min hemmiljö tillsammans med internetsökningar och texter om kompakta boenden, fällbara lösningar och minimalism.  Mina designbeslut tar jag med input från de svar jag får in och min målsättning är att ha minst en produktionsklar modell att visa upp vid Konstfacks vårutställning i maj 2021.

The increasing prevalence of digital fabrication technologies and the emergence of a novel materiality in contemporary craft practice have created the need to redefine the critical context of digital jewellery and wearable futures. Previous research in this area, such as that presented by Sarah Kettley (2007a) and Jayne Wallace (2007), has provided the foundations for further enquiry but has not been advanced significantly since its inception. The artistic research presented in this thesis focuses on how smart materials and microelectronic components could be used to create synergetic digital jewellery objects and wearable futures that reflect changes in the body of their wearer and their environment through dynamic responses. Laying the foundations for a theory of Interactive Craft through evaluating different aspects of creative practice that relate to responsive objects with a close relationship to the human body is at the centre of this enquiry. Through identifying four distinct categories of wearable object, the Taxonomy of the Wearable Object is formulated and clearly delineates the current existing conceptual, technological and material perspectives that govern the relationships between different types of wearable objects. A particular focus is placed on exploring the concept of Digital Enchantment and how it could be utilised to progress towards developing the Uncanny Object that appears to possess biological characteristics and apparent agency, yet is a fully artificial construct. The potential for the practical application of a design methodology guided by playful engagement with novel materials, microelectronics and digital fabrication technologies is analysed, taking into account Ingold’s concept of the textility of making (Ingold, 2011). Through exploring the notion of the Polymorphic Practitioner in the context of Alchemical Practice, a model for experiential knowledge generation through engaging in cross-disciplinary collaboration is developed. This is supported by a qualitative survey of European materials libraries, including accounts of site visits that evaluate the usefulness of materials libraries for creative practitioners invested in novel materiality as well as visually documenting a selection of the visited libraries’ most intriguing material holdings. Utilising a scientific testing protocol, a practical body of work that centres on conducting extensive experiments with smart materials is developed, with a particular focus on testing the compatibility and colour outcomes of chromic pigments in silicone. The resulting chromic silicone samples are collated, together with sourced smart materials, in a customised materials library. Investigational prototypes and the Microjewels collection of digital jewellery and wearable futures that responds to external and bodily stimuli whilst engaging the wearer through playful interaction are presented as another outcome of this body of research.

Textiles of today are materials with applications in almost all our activities. We wear clothes all the time and we are surrounded with textiles in almost all our environments. The integration of multifunctional values in such a common material has become a special area of interest in recent years. Smart Textile represents the next generation of textiles anticipated for use in several fashion, furnishing and technical textile applications. The term smart is used to refer to materials that sense and respond in a pre-defined manner to environmental stimuli. The degree of smartness varies and it is possible to enhance the intelligence further by combining these materials with a controlling unit, for example a microprocessor. As an interdisciplinary area Smart Textile includes design spaces from several areas; the textile design space, the information technology design space and the design space of material science. This thesis addresses how Smart Textiles affect the textile design space; how the introduction of smart materials and information technology affects the creation of future textile products. The aim is to explore the convergence between textiles, smart materials and information technology and to contribute to providing a basis for future research in this area. The research method is based on a series of interlinked experiments designed through the research questions and the research objects. The experiments are separated into two different sections: interactive textile structures and health monitoring. The result is a series of basic methods for how interactive textile structures are created and a general system for health monitoring. Furthermore the result consists of a new design space, advanced textile design. In advanced textile design the focus is set on the relation between the different natures of a textile object: its physical structure and its structure in the context of design and use.

Thesis (DTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, 2004.
Engineers and Technologists have always been identified as those individuals that put into practice the theories developed by scientists and physicists to enhance the lives of human beings. In the same spirit as those that came before, this thesis describes the development of a computational engineering tool that will aid Engineers and Technologists to design smart or intelligent structures comprising of NiTi shape memory alloy rods for actuation purposes. The design of smart actuators consisting of NiTi shape memory alloy structural members will be beneficial to industries where light weight, compactness, reliability and failure tolerance is of utmost importance. This is mainly due to the unique material responses exhibited by this smart material. The shape memory effect, one of these material responses consists out of two stages: a low temperature load induced phase transformation causing a macroscopic deformation (either extension, contraction, etc.) also known as quasi-plasticity; and a high temperature phase transformation that erases the low temperature macroscopic deformation and reverts the material to some predefined geometry. When designing actuators consisting of this smart material, the quasi-plastic material response produces the actuation stroke while the high temperature phase transformation produces the actuation force. The successful engineering design of smart structures and devices particularly suited for applications where they operate in a capacity, as actuators harnessing the shape memory effect are dependent on a few important factors. These include the engineers familiarity with the type of smart material used, the availability of sound experimental data pertaining to the complex material responses exhibited by the smart material, the engineers level of proficiency with existing constitutive models available to simulates these material responses, and the engineers knowledge of simulation tools consisting of a suitable control algorithm fo~ the modeling of not only the device or structure itself but also the actuator involved in the design.

Adhesion between different objects is happening everywhere. Without it, simple procedures like walking or holding something in a hand or attaching a postage stamp would be impossible. The life itself depends on adhesion on all levels, starting from the interactions between the living cells. Adhesion between two substrates is a complex phenomenon, which at present is still not well understood. There are several factors determining the strength of adhesion: (i) molecular interactions at interface, (ii) mechanical properties of adhesive, and (iii) area of contact between adhesive and probing surface. Two surfaces are tacky when they possess the right balance between these factors. Controlling the adhesion of materials is important in many fields ranging from industrial purposes to biomedical applications and everyday usage. There is a demand for “smart” materials with integrated functionalities that make them responsive, switchable, biocompatible, anti-bacterial, more energy efficient, or autonomous. In particular, materials for such cutting-edge applications like cell culture, drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensors, anti/biofouling, microfluidics, climbing robots, sport equipment and many others require adjustable/tuneable adhesive properties. Many efforts were directed towards fabrication of materials with either weak or strong adhesion depending on the field of application. However, design of “smart” surfaces with reversibly switchable/controllable adhesion is still a highly challenging task. Therefore, the thesis aims on design of smart polymeric materials with responsive / adaptive adhesion properties. For this, fabrication and investigation of two types of switchable polymer layers based on stimuli-responsive polymer brushes will be performed. The first group is dealing with thermoresponsive polymer brushes: poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) and two types of biocompatible polyethylene glycol-based systems. These polymer layers undergo phase transition below and above LCST between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states. The second part of the work is related to solvent-responsive comb-like and block copolymer brushes consisted of hydrophilic PEG and hydrophobic PDMS biocompatible and biodegradable polymers.

Technological innovation is increasingly contributing to the development of smart objects, meant as semi-autonomous devices augmented by sensing, processing and network capabilities that facilitate older adults being independent and in control of a healthy lifestyle. Given the lessened familiarity that the ageing population has with internet-based technologies, a 'digital divide' among generations is often observed. This research is premised on the basis that design interventions can develop intuitive and understandable smart objects minimising age-related differences and promote a greater technology adoption. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how the understandability of smart objects for the ageing population could be supported through the application, at the product design level, of Smart Materials (SMs), a category of engineered materials whose properties can be designed to both stimulate human sensorial abilities and to develop engaging experiences. In line with such research enquiry, SMs are adopted in this thesis for their ability to embody 'analogies' and 'metaphors' into product designs and systematically stimulate the prior knowledge and memories of older adults to facilitate their understanding of new concepts, following the principle of 'familiarity'. Analogies and metaphors, powerful learning tools for written, verbal and visual communication, have been recently investigated as 'non-linguistic' tools, when physically embedded into product designs, to facilitate the users' understanding how technology works. How non-linguistic metaphors help to cope with age-related differences is still incomplete. In order to demonstrate that embodied SMs can minimise differences in the understandability of technologies across generations, a qualitative and exploratory study was conducted; empirical evidence was collected through four techniques to accomplish the following objectives: 1. identify critical areas that affect older adults' everyday life and that smart objects should cope with; 2. define a set of embodied Smart Materials to be included into the prototype of a Smart Radio, a novel communicative device specifically design for the ageing population; 3. evaluate the prototype of the Smart Radio, where age-related similarities and differences in the interpretation are made explicit. 62 participants (n=31 under-60-year-old and n=31 over-60-year-old participants) evaluated the developed Smart Radio, the main evaluation study conducted in this thesis, using four different families of SMs. Findings reveal that embodied SMs considerably help mitigate age-related differences in the understanding of smart objects; this in return may increase the chance of technology adoption among ageing users. The embodiment of Smart Materials that enable metaphorical processing shows promising improvements on the older adult's ability to reaffirm their own subjective awareness, hence control, of the world around them along with opportunities for a human-centred technology development.

Shape control of a structure with distributed piezoelectric actuators can be achieved through optimally selecting the loci, shapes and sizes of the piezoelectric actuators and choosing the electric fields applied to the actuators. Shape control can be categorised as either static or dynamic shape control. Whether it is a transient or gradual change, static or dynamic shape control, both aim to determine the loci, sizes, and shapes of piezoelectric actuators, and the applied voltages such that a desired structural shape is achieved effectively. This thesis is primarily concerned with establishing a finite element formulation for the general smart laminated composite plate structure, which is capable to analyse static and dynamic deformation using non-rectangular elements. The mechanical deformation of the smart composite plate is modelled using a third order plate theory, while the electric field is simulated based on a layer-wise theory. The finite element formulation for static and dynamics analysis is verified by comparing with available numerical results. Selected experiments have also been conducted to measure structural deformation and the experimental results are used to correlate with those of the finite element formulation for static analysis. In addition, the Linear Least Square (LLS) method is employed to study the effect of different piezoelectric actuator patch pattern on the results of error function, which is the least square error between the calculated and desired structural shapes in static structural shape control. The second issue of this thesis deals with piezoelectric actuator design optimisation (PADO) for quasi-static shape control by finding the applied voltage and the configuration of piezoelectric actuator patch to minimise error function, whereas the piezoelectric actuator configuration is defined based on the optimisation technique of altering nodal coordinates (size/shape optimisation) or eliminating inefficient elements in a structural mesh (topology optimisation). Several shape control algorithms are developed to improve the structural shape control by reducing the error function. Further development of the GA-based voltage and piezoelectric actuator design optimisation method includes the constraint handling, where the error function can be optimised subjected to energy consumption or other way around. The numerical examples are presented in order to verify that the proposed algorithms are applicable to quasi-static shape control based on voltage and piezoelectric actuator design optimisation (PADO) in terms of minimising the error function. The third issue is to use the present finite element formulation for a modal shape control and for controlling resonant vibration of smart composite plate structures. The controlled resonant vibration formulation is developed. Modal analysis and LLS methods are also employed to optimise the applied voltage to piezoelectric actuators for achieving the modal shapes. The Newmark direct time integration method is used to study harmonic excitation of smart structures. Numerical results are presented to induce harmonic vibration of structure with controlled magnitude via adjusting the damping and to verify the controlled resonant vibration formulation.

Major earthquakes in recent years have highlighted the big concern of modern seismic design concept for the resilience of buildings. The overall goals of this thesis aim to design structural vibration control using smart materials and devices and to elucidate the factors determining their robustness, feasibility, and adaptability for earthquake-resistant and resilient buildings. The study mainly includes a) integrated wavelet-based vibration control with damage detection; b) shape memory alloy to eliminate the residual deformations; c) a mass damper for highly irregular tall buildings; and d) soil-structure interaction effects on the buildings. The robustness, feasibility, and adaptability of these proposed studies for earthquake-resistant and resilient buildings are evaluated using various performance measures. The findings of the study reveal that the structural vibration control strategies could advance the current-of-art knowledge in seismic risk mitigation as well as high system adaptability.

Les algorithmes numériques basés sur la méthode des éléments finis seront spécialisés dans l’analyse, la conception et l’optimisation de capteurs et d’actionneurs (S-A), ainsi que dans leur application aux structures intelligentes. Les S-A basés sur des actifs tangibles peuvent coupler plusieurs domaines, tels que les domaines mécanique, électrique, magnétique et thermique. Ils sont utilisés dans de nombreuses applications, notamment dans les structures intelligentes, la surveillance des dommages ou l’aérodynamique. Malgré l’expérience considérable de ces études, les étapes abordées consistent d’abord à développer une formulation thermodynamiquement cohérente à l’échelle macro pour introduire des modèles de plasticité; deuxièmement, fournir les outils permettant de prendre en compte les hétérogénéités des modèles multi-échelles pour les matériaux intelligents. L’objectif principal est la mise au point d’un code informatique de recherche permettant de simuler et d’étudier les performances, non seulement des S-A eux-mêmes, mais également des structures intelligentes dans lesquelles ces S-A seront montés
Numerical algorithms based on the Finite Element Method will be specialized for Analysis, Design, and Optimization of Sensors and Actuators (S-A) and their Application to Smart Structures. The S-A based on tangible assets can couple several fields, such as mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and thermal. They are used in many applications, particularly in smart structures, damage monitoring, or aerodynamics. Despite the considerable experience in these studies, the steps addressed are first to develop a thermodynamically consistent formulation for macro-scale to introduce plasticity models; second, to provide the tools to take into account the heterogeneities of multi-scale models for smart materials. The main objective is the development of a research computer code to simulate and study the performance, not only of the S-A themselves but also of the smart structures in which these S-A will be mounted

Negli ultimi anni, l'additive manufacturing ed in particolare le metodologie di stampa 4D, hanno subito un forte boost di interesse nella ricerca, soprattutto con l'ausilio di smart materials. Le applicazioni della stampa 4D atrtaverso smart materials vanno dall'idraulica all'ingegneria bio-medica, fino ad elementi atti a ottimizzare le prestazione energetiche degli edifici. In questa tesi si presenta una literature review dei topic principali associati alle tecnologie dell'additive manufacturing e alle metdologie di stampa 4D e si propone il progetto PUNTA, un punteruolo per sistema Braille ideato per imprimere e cancellare caratteri in un foglio costituito dal polimero a memoria di forma MM4520.

La presente tesis doctoral, titulada "Diseño de scaffolds inteligentes para la prevención y tratamiento de la infección ósea", se centra en el desarrollo de materiales híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos capaces de realizar una liberación controlada de fármacos con fines biomédicos. En el primer capítulo, se presenta una introducción general sobre química supramolecular, materiales híbridos orgánico-inorgánicos y materiales porosos. En el segundo capítulo, se presentan tres proyectos sobre el diseño de puertas moleculares. En el primero, se muestran dos sistemas basados en el uso de un vidrio mesoporoso que actúa como soporte inorgánico, cargado y funcionalizado con moléculas orgánicas para llevar a cabo una liberación controlada de sustancias. La primera puerta molecular está compuesta por aminas y adenosín 5'-trifosfato (ATP), y la segunda está formada por 3-(trietoxisilil)propilisocianato unido a polímeros de ε-poli-L-lisina. Los dos sistemas se han caracterizado por resonancia magnética nuclear en estado sólido (RMN) y espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). También se han estudiado las propiedades bioactivas de ambos materiales. Después, ambas puertas moleculares se han implementado en sólidos cargados con el objetivo de demostrar se podía realizar una liberación controlada de la carga. En el primer caso, el soporte mesoporoso se ha cargado con doxorubicina y se ha tapizado con moléculas de ATP. El sistema se ha validado in vitro con células humanas de osteosarcoma (HOS). En el segundo caso, el soporte mesoporoso se ha cargado con levofloxacino y se ha tapizado con ε-poli-L-lisina, y el sistema se validado con bacterias E.coli. Una vez descritos estos sistemas, se presenta una segunda publicación donde también se utiliza la puerta molecular de ATP. En este caso, el vidrio mesoporoso bioactivo que actúa como soporte inorgánico tiene una composición de 80%SiO2-15%CaO-5%P2O5, y se ha cargado con levofloxacino con el objetivo de conseguir propiedades antibióticas. El sólido se ha caracterizado mediante las técnicas correspoondientes, y se han estudiado sus propiedades bioactivas. Finalmente, se han utilizado bacterias E.coli para demostrar que el sólido posee actividad antibiótica, y es capaz de llevarala a cabo solo en presencia de fosfatasa ácida. El tercer proyecto presentado consiste en un soporte de MCM-41cargado con un colorante y funcionalizado con una secuencia peptídica que actúa como puerta molecular. El estímulo usado en este caso es la proteasa V8, típica del microorganismo S. aureus. El sistema ha sido correspondientemente caracterizado, y se han testado sus propiedades de liberación controlada de sustancias in vitro, demostrando la eficiencia del diseño. En el tercer capítulo, se utiliza un derivado de un componente de aceites esenciales (vanillina) para funcionar microesferas y scaffolds de fosfato de calcio, para dotarlos de propiedades antibióticas. En primer lugar, se ha sintetizado y se ha caracterizado el compuesto derivado de la vanillina, y se ha anclado en la superficie de los materiales de fosfato cálcico. Después, se han estudiado las propiedades antimicrobianas de ambos materiales en presencia de bacterias E.coli. También se han llevado a cabo ensayos de citotoxicidad con células tipo-fibroblasto L929 ynsayos de biocompatibilidad con células humanas tipo-osteoblasto MG-63, demostrando que las propiedades osteoregenerativas de los materiales originales no se ven modificadas tras el proceso de funcionalización. En resumen, se puede concluir que los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de esta tesis han contribuido al campo de los materiales de liberación controlada y de los materiales con efecto antibactérico. Estos nuevos diseños pueden ser clave en futuras aplicaciones para la investigación biotecnológica y biomédica, particularmente en terapias para la regeneración y contra la infección ósea.
This thesis, entitled "Design of smart scaffolds for the treatment and prevention of bone infection", is focused on the development of smart organic-inorganic hybrid materials capable of perform controlled-delivery of drugs with biomedical purposes. In the first chapter, a general introduction about supramolecular chemistry, organic-inorganic hybrid materials and porous materials is given. The characterization and applications of porous materials are extensively explained, since those contents are highly related to the developing of this thesis. In the second chapter, three projects based on the design of gated devices are presented. In the first publication, two gated systems based on the use of a mesoporous silica material as an inorganic support, loaded and functionalised with organic molecules to achieve a controlled drug release are studied. The first molecular gate is composed by amino moieties and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and the second one is composed by 3-(triethoxysilyl)propylisocyanate linked to ε-poly-L-lysine polymers. The two systems were characterized by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The bioactivity capabilities of the materials were also studied. Then, both molecular gates have been implemented in loaded solids in order to demonstrate their controlled-release capabilities. In a first case, the mesoporous support was loaded with doxorubicin and capped with ATP molecules, and the system has been validated in a human osteosarcoma cell culture test. In a second case, the mesoporous support was loaded with levofloxacin and capped with the ε-poly-L-lysine molecular gates, and the system has been validated with E.coli bacteria. Once these two systems are described, a second project with the ATP molecular gates is presented. In this case, the mesoporous bioactive glass which acts as support has a composition of 80%SiO2-15%CaO-5%P2O5, and it has been loaded with levofloxacin with the purpose of killing bacteria. The solid has been characterized by corresponding techniques, and its bioactive properties have been studied. Finally, E.coli bacteria have been used to demonstrate that the solid is able to perform an antimicrobial activity only in the presence of acid phosphatase. The third project consists of a MCM-41 support loaded with a dye and capped with a peptide sequence. The trigger used in this case is the V8 protease, typical of the microorganism S. aureus. The system has been correspondingly characterized, and its drug release properties in vitro have been tested, demonstrating the efficiency of the design. In the third chapter, calcium phosphate microspheres and scaffolds have been functionalised with an essential-oil component derivative in order to achieve antibacterial properties. First, the vanillin-derivative has been synthesized and characterised, and in a second step, it has been attached to the surface of the calcium phosphate materials. Then, the antimicrobial properties of both materials have been tested against E.coli bacteria. Cytotoxicity assays with L929 fibroblast-like cells have been performed in order to demonstrate that the functionalized scaffolds did not perform a cytototxic effect. Finally, biocompatibility assays have been made with MG-63 human osteoblast-like cells, demonstrating that the functionalization of the scaffolds with vanillin do not affect their osteoregenerative properties. To sum up, it can be concluded that the results obtained in this thesis have contributed to the field of stimuli-responsive materials and antibacterial devices. The new designs could be key in the development of future applications in biotechology and biomedical research, particularly in bone infection and bone regeneration therapeutics.
La present tesi doctoral, titulada "Disseny de scaffolds intel·ligents per la prevenció i tractament de la infecció òssia", es centra en el desenvolupament de materials híbrids orgànic-inorgànics capaços de realitzar una lliberació controlada de fàrmacs amb propòsits biomèdics. En el primer capítol, es presenta una introducció general sobre química supramolecular, materials híbrids orgànic-inorgànics i materials porosos. També s'explica extensivament la caracterització i les aplicacions d'aquests materials, ja que estos continguts estan altament relacionats amb el desenvolupament d'aquesta tesi. En el segon capítol, es presenten tres projectes sobre el disseny de portes moleculars. En el primer, es mostren dos sistemes basats en l'ús d'un vidre mesoporós que actua com a suport inorgànic, carregat i funcionalitzat amb molècules orgàniques per a dur a terme una lliberació controlada de substàncies. La primera porta molecular està formada per amines i adenosín 5'-trifosfat (ATP), i la segona està formada per 3-(trimetoxisilil)propilisocianat unit a polímers de ε-poli-L-lisina. Els dos sistemes s'han caracteritzat per resonància magnètica nuclear en estat sòlid (RMN) i espectroscopia infrarroja per transformada de Fourier (FTIR). També s'han estudiat les propietats bioactives de ambdós materials. Després, ambdues portes moleculars han sigut implementades en sòlids carregats amb l'objectiu de demostrar que es pot realitzar una lliberació controlada de la càrrega. En el primer cas, el suport mesoporós s'ha carregat amb doxorrubicina, i el sistema s'ha validat in vitro amb cèl·lules humanes d'osteosarcoma (HOS). En el segon cas, el suport mesoporós s'ha carregat amb levofloxací i s'ha entapissat amb ε-poli-L-lisina; el sistema s'ha validat amb bacteris E.coli. Una volta descrits aquests sistemes, es presenta una segona publicació on també s'utilitza la porta molecular d'ATP. En aquest cas, el vidre mesoporós bioactiu que actua com a suport inorgànic té una composició de 80%SiO2-15%CaO-5%P2O5., y s'ha carregat amb levofloxací amb l'objectiu d'aconseguir propietats antibiòtiques. El sòlid s'ha caracteritzat mitjançant les tècniques corresponents, i s'han estudiat les seues propietats bioactives. Finalment, s'han utilitzat bacteris E.coli per demostrar que el sòlid posseïx activitat antibiòtica, i que és capaç de dur-la a terme solament en presència de fosfatasa àcida. El tercer projecte presentat consisteix en un suport de MCM-41 carregat amb un colorant i funcionalitzat amb una seqüència peptídica que actua com a porta molecular. L'estímul utilitzat en aquest cas és la proteasa V8, típica del microorganisme S. aureus. El sistema ha sigut corresponentment caracteritzat, i s'han testat les seues propietats de lliberació controlada de substàncies in vitro, demostrant l'eficàcia del disseny. En el tercer capítol, s'ha utilitzat un derivat d'un component d'olis essencials (vanil·lina) per funcionalitzar microesferes i scaffolds de fosfat de calci amb l'objectiu de dotar-los de propietats antibiòtiques. En primer lloc, s'ha sintetitzat y caracteritzat el compost derivat de la vanil·lina, i s'ha unit a la superfície dels materials de fosfat càlcic. Després, s'han estudiar les propietats antimicrobianes d'ambdós materials en presència de bacteris E.coli. S'han dut a terme assajos de citotoxicitat amb cèl·lules tipus fibroblast L929i assajos de biocompatibilitat amb cèl·lules humanes tipus-osteoblast MG-63, demostrant que les propietats osteoregeneratives dels materials originals no es veuen modificades després del procés de funcionalització. En resum, es pot concluir que els resultats obtinguts en aquesta tesi han contribuït al camp dels materials de lliberació control·lada i materials amb propietats antibacterianes. Els nous dissenys poden ser claus per al desenvolupament de futures aplicacions en la recerca biotecnològica i bi
Polo Aguado, L. (2018). Design of smart scaffolds for the treatment and prevention of bone infection [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/111824
TESIS

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 213 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 206-213). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Smart structures are relevant and significant because of their relevance to phenomena such as hazard mitigation, structural health monitoring and energy saving. Electrical resistance could potentially serve as an indicator of structural well-being or damage in the structure. To this end, the development of a microprocessor-based automated resistance measurement system with customized GUI is desired. In this research, a nodal electrical resistance acquisition circuit (NERAC) system was designed. The system hardware interfaces to a laptop, which houses a customized GUI developed using DAQFactory software. Resistance/impedance was measured using DC/AC methods with four-point probes technique, on three substrates. Baseline reading before damage was noted and compared with the resistance measured after damage. The device was calibrated and validated on three different substrates. Resistance measurements were taken from PVDF samples, composite panels and smart concrete. Results conformed to previous work done on these substrates, validating the effective working of the NERAC device.

This thesis investigates the performance of composite frame structures with smart partially-restrained (PR) concrete filled tube (CFT) column connections through simplified 2D and advanced 3D computational simulations. It also provides a design methodology for new types of innovative connections based on achieving a beam hinging mechanism. These types of connections intend to utilize the recentering properties of super-elastic SMA tension bars, the energy dissipation capacity of low-carbon steel bars, and the robustness of CFT columns. In the first part of this study, three different PR-CFT connection prototypes were designed based on a hierarchy of strength models for each connection component. Numerical simulations with refined three dimensional (3D) solid elements were conducted on full scale PR-CFT connection models in order to verify the strength models and evaluate the system performance under static loading. Based on system information obtained from these analyses, simplified connection models were formulated by replacing the individual connection components with spring elements and condensing their contributions. Connection behavior under cyclic loads was extrapolated and then compared with the monotonic behavior. In the second part of this study, the application of these connections to low-rise composite frames was illustrated by designing both 2D and 3D, 4 and 6 story buildings for the Los Angeles region. A total of 36 frames were studied. Pushover curves plotted as the normalized shear force versus inter story drift ratio (ISDR) showed significant transition points: elastic range or proportional limit, full yielding of the cross-section, strength hardening, ultimate strength, and strength degradation or stability limit. Based on the transition points in the monotonic pushover curves, three performance levels were defined: Design Point, Yield Point, and Ultimate Point. All frames were stable up to the yield point level. For all fames, after reaching the ultimate point, plastic rotation increased significantly and concentrated on the lower levels. These observations were quantified through the use of elastic strength ratios and inelastic curvature ductility ratios. The composite frames showed superior performance over traditional welded ones in terms of ductility and stability, and validated the premises of this research.

Contemporary architecture has changed the features of building façades and this affects the design identity, forms and aesthetics, yet despite the advantages of modern technology, architectural elements have difficulties in fulfilling the idea of beauty that once traditional elements provided. This problem calls for an interdisciplinary design approach to deliver sustainable development solutions to protect and control against the surrounding environment, especially in hot arid climates. This research seeks to select a smart material which mimics the dynamic characteristics observed in nature, inspired from biomimetics, taking into consideration the role of sustainable development. Such qualities are found in the characteristics of smart dynamic glazing material particularly in the switchable, reversible properties of transparency and colouration efficiency. With this in mind, can a traditional window/wall/balcony design element be revived through the integration of new smart materials? This study adopts a design science methodology incorporating methods of biomimetics, analogy, and 21 semi structured interviews with a thematic analysis as the main data analysis technique. The emergent findings are then evaluated by conducting further interviews with 6 architects, where the material characteristics are attached to a digital prototype to visualise the difference between dynamic and static properties. Lumion 3D, Smart glazing VR, and Revit plugin visualization tools were used to develop a 3D digital prototype that expressed the difference between a traditional window/wall/balcony element and smart dynamic glazing element. These tools were needed not just to engage the interviewees to be part of the design process, but also to provide a clear illustration of the dynamic material characteristics and its impact on the architectural façade to improve design quality. Whilst they favoured the smart material in improving environmental control it was not favoured in its aesthetic aspects due to the transparency role and the abstraction of screen pattern details. Accordingly, the fixed image of traditional shanashil still imposes difficulties in understanding the dynamic characteristics, both aesthetically and functionally. This research concludes that the dynamic characteristics of smart glazing material are effective in delivering a multifunctional design quality. However, they still lack the potential to illustrate aesthetic aspects regarding colour, texture, order and proportion. Future research is needed to improve dynamic material characteristics in order to collectively blend in harmony with the surroundings.

In an effort to mitigate damage caused by earthquakes to the built environment, civil engineers have been commissioned to research, design, and build increasingly robust and resilient structural systems. Innovative means to accomplish this task have emerged, such as integrating Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) into structural systems. SMAs are a unique class of materials that have the ability to spontaneously recover strain of up to 8%. With proper placement in a structural system, SMAs can act as superelastic "structural fuses", absorbing large deformations, dissipating energy, and recentering the structure after a loading event. Though few applications have made it into practice, the potential for widespread use has never been better due to improvements in material behavior and reductions in cost. In this research, three different SMA-based structural applications are developed and tested. The first is a tension/compression damper that utilizes nickel-titanium (NiTi) Belleville washers. The second is a partially restrained beam-column connection utilizing NiTi bars. The third is an articulated quadrilateral bracing system utilizing NiTi wire bundles in parallel with c-shape dampers. Each system was uniquely designed to allow a structure to undergo large drift demands and dissipate energy while retaining strength and recentering ability. This exploratory work highlights the potential for SMA-based structural applications to enhance seismic structural performance and community resilience.

This research undertakes the problem of vibration control of vehicular and structural systems using intelligent materials and controllable devices. Advanced modeling tools validated with experimental test data are developed to help with understanding the fundamentals as well as advanced and novel applications of smart and conventional suspension systems. The project can be divided into two major parts. The first part is focused on development of novel smart suspensions using Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluids in unique configurations in order to improve efficiency, controllability, and safety of today's vehicles. In this part of the research, attention is paid to fundamentals as well as advanced applications of MR technology. Extensive rheological studies, both theoretical and experimental, are performed to understand the basic behaviors of MR fluids as complex non-Newtonian fluids in novel applications. Using the knowledge obtained from fundamental studies of MR fluids, unique application concepts are investigated that lead to design, development, and experimental testing of two new classes of smart devices: MR Hybrid Dampers and MR Squeeze Mounts. Multiple generations of these devices are built and tested as proof of concept prototypes. Advanced physics-based mathematical models are developed for these devices. Experimental test data are used to validate the models and great agreement is obtained. The models are used as design tools at preliminary as well as detailed design stages of device development. The significant finding in this part of the research is that MR fluids can deliver a much larger window of controllable force in squeeze mode compared to shear and valve modes which can be used in various applications. The second part of the research is devoted to the development of innovative design tools for suspension design and tuning. Various components of suspension systems are studied and modeled using a new physics-based modeling approach. The component of main interest is the shim stack assembly in hydraulic dampers which is modeled using energy and variational methods. A major finding is that the shims should be modeled individually in order to represent the sliding effects properly when the shim stack is deflected. Next, the individual component models are integrated into a full suspension model. This model is then used as a tool for suspension design, synthesis, and tuning. Using this design tool, suspension engineers in manufacturing companies and other industrial sections can easily perform parametric studies without the need to carry out time consuming and expensive field and laboratory tests.
Ph. D.

A series of water-soluble platinum(II) terpyridine complexes with functionalized alkynyl ligands and a boronic acid-containing polymer, PAAPBA, have been synthesized and characterized. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of all the platinum(II) complexes have been studied. Some of the complexes have been demonstrated to show ground-state aggregation in organic solvents and aqueous solutions at high concentrations, leading to Pt…Pt and/or π–π interactions and hence the emergence of metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) transitions in both the UV−visible and emission spectra. The induced self-assembly of [Pt(tpy)(C≡CC6H4−CH2NMe3-4)](OTf)2 by PAAPBA has been explored for the development of glucose sensing protocols and α-glucosidase assay by monitoring the triplet metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MMLCT) emission in the near-infrared (NIR) region. [Pt(tpy){C≡CC6H4− {NHC(=NH2+)(NH2)}-4}](OTf)2 has been observed to undergo induced aggregation in the presence of citrate, with good selectivity over other mono- and dicarboxylates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Enzymatic activity of citrate lyase has also been probed by the emission spectral changes of the complex in the NIR region. A series of water-soluble alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridine complexes and water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have been synthesized and characterized. The UV–vis absorption and emission properties of the platinum(II) complexes and CPEs have been investigated in organic solvents and/or aqueous buffer solutions. The electrochemical properties and ground-state aggregation at high concentrations of the platinum(II) complexes have also been examined. Two-component ensembles containing selected platinum(II) complexes and PPE-SO3− have been studied, and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) has been demonstrated from the PPE-SO3− donor to the aggregated complexes as acceptors. The ensemble containing PPE-SO3− and [Pt(tpy)(C≡CC6H4CH2NMe3-4)](OTf)2 has been employed for a “proof-of-principle” label-free detection of human serum albumin (HSA) in pH 3 buffer solutions with high selectivity and sensitivity, while another ensemble containing PPE-SO3− and [Pt{tpy(C6H4CH2NMe3-4)-4’}(C≡CC6H5)](OTf)2 has been utilized for selective label-free detection of G-quadruplex structure of the human telomeric DNA in physiological buffer solutions. A series of water-soluble platinum(II) terpyridine complexes with stimuli-responsive alkynyl ligands and a series of water-soluble platinum(II) metallosupramolecular triblock copolymers have been synthesized and characterized. The photophysical and electrochemical properties as well as the ground-state aggregation of the complexes have been investigated. Some of them have been found to show different electronic absorption and emission properties in aqueous solution at different pHs due to aggregation/deaggregation of the complexes. One of the complexes has been employed for live-cell imaging experiments to locate acidic organelles, such as lysosomes, in MDCK cells. The water-soluble platinum(II) metallosupramolecular triblock copolymers have been found to show an increase in 3MMLCT emission intensity in the red-NIR region with temperature, which has been attributed to the formation of spherical polymeric micelles. The platinum(II) triblock copolymer with pH-responsive –CH2NMe2 moieties has been demonstrated as a NIR-emitting dual sensor for pH and temperature through the changes in hydrophilicity and hence the emission properties with pH and temperature simultaneously.
published_or_final_version
Chemistry
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Les structures déployables peuvent être déformées entre les différentes configurations par des mécanismes prédéterminés, ce qui montre le grand potentiel de nombreuses applications d'ingénierie. Cependant, leurs mécanismes complexes rendent également très difficile la conception de leur structure. Avec les développements croissants en impression 4D, ses caractéristiques d'auto-transformation sous des stimuli externes offrent de nouvelles possibilités pour le déploiement de structures actives, complexes et difficiles. En outre, l'ingénierie basée sur les origamis a fourni un soutien technique considérable pour la transformation des structures, en particulier en passant par les états 2D à 3D, ce qui a conduit à de nombreuses études de conception basées sur des structures déployables inspirées de l'origami. Toutefois, la relation complexe entre la géométrie de la structure déployable et les matériaux et paramètres techniques connexes de l'impression 4D n'a pas été étudiée en profondeur. Actuellement, le manque de méthodologie de conception basée sur les origamis pour l'impression 4D fait toujours défaut. Dans ce travail de recherche, nous nous concentrons sur l'exploration des connexions internes entre les multiples niveaux d'abstraction allant de la structure globale du produit et l'affectation spécifique des matériaux et la conception géométrique afin d'aligner la bonne stratégie de conception sur une technique d'impression 4D spécifique. En bref, ce travail se veut être une ligne directrice pour la conception de structures actives déployables. Pour démontrer cet objectif, nous avons d'abord introduit les informations de base de l'impression 4D, de la conception basée sur les origamis et des structures déployables. Ensuite, nous avons analysé et résumé l'état d'avancement de leurs recherches et les difficultés existantes. Ensuite, nous proposons un cadre de conception systématique pour la conception de structures actives par impression 4D. Chaque étape de l'ensemble du processus de conception est présentée en détail, en particulier la conception de modèles d'origami basée sur la stratégie "3D-2D-3D" et la planification et le contrôle de la séquence de pliage. Enfin, sur la base des connaissances existantes, nous appliquons ce processus de conception à la structure active déployable et fournissons quelques études de cas illustratives
Deployable structures can be deformed between the different configurations through predetermined mechanisms, showing the great potential in many engineering applications. However, their exquisite and intricate mechanisms also bring a great difficulty to the design of its structure. With the growing 4D printing efforts, its self-transforming characteristics under external stimuli provide new possibilities for deploying complex and challenging driving structures. Furthermore, origami-based engineering has provided tremendous technical support for structural conversion, especially from 2D to 3D states, leading to many design studies based on origami-inspired deployable structures. However, the complicated relationship between the deployable structure's geometry and the related materials and engineering parameters of 4D printing has not been thoroughly explored. Currently, the origami-based design methodology for 4D printing is still missing. In this research work, we focus on exploring the internal connections between the multiple abstraction levels over the overall product structure to the specific material allocation and geometric design to make the right design strategy aligned to a specific 4D printing technique. In short, this work intends to be a guideline for designing active deployable structures. To demonstrate this objective, we first introduced the basic information of 4D printing, origami-based design, and deployable structures. Then we analyzed and summarized their research status and existing difficulties. Secondly, we propose a systematic design framework for active structure design by 4D printing. Each step in the entire design process is then introduced in detail, especially the origami pattern design based on the "3D-2D-3D" strategy and the folding sequence planning and control. Finally, based on the existing knowledge, we apply this design process to the active deployable structure and provide some illustrative case studies

Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Gall, Ken; Committee Chair: May, Gary S; Committee Member: Brand, Oliver; Committee Member: Degertekin, F Levent; Committee Member: Milor, Linda S. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Inventée en 1983, comme procédé de prototypage rapide, la fabrication additive (FA) est aujourd’hui considérée comme un procédé de fabrication quasiment au même titre que les procédés conventionnels. On trouve par exemple des pièces obtenues par FA dans des structures d’aéronef. Cette évolution de la FA est due principalement à la liberté de forme permise par le procédé. Le développement de diverses techniques sur le principe de fabrication couche par couche et l’amélioration en quantité et en qualité de la palette de matériaux pouvant ainsi être mis en forme, ont été les moteurs de cette évolution. De nombreuses autres techniques et matériaux de FA continuent de voir le jour. Dans le sillage de la FA (communément appelée impression 3D) a émergé un autre mode de fabrication : l’impression 4D (I4D). L’I4D consiste à explorer l’interaction matériaux intelligents (MIs) – FA. Les MIs sont des matériaux dont l’état change en fonction d’un stimulus ; c’est le cas par exemple des matériaux thermochromiques dont la couleur change en réponse à la chaleur ou des hydrogels qui peuvent se contracter en fonction du pH d’un milieu aqueux ou de la lumière. Les objets ainsi obtenus ont – en plus d’une forme initiale (3D) – la capacité de changer d’état (en fonction des stimuli auxquels sont sensibles les MIs dont ils sont faits) d’où la 4e dimension (temps). L’I4D fait – à juste titre – l’objet d’intenses recherches concernant l’aspect fabrication (exploration de nouveaux procédés et matériaux, caractérisation, etc.). Cependant très peu de travaux sont entrepris pour accompagner les concepteurs (qui, a priori, ne sont ni experts FA ni des experts de MIs) à l’utiliser dans leurs concepts. Cette nouvelle interaction procédé-matériau requiert en effet des modèles, des méthodologies et outils de conception adaptés. Cette thèse sur la conception pour l’impression 4D a pour but de combler ce vide méthodologique. Une méthodologie de conception pour la FA a été proposée. Cette méthodologie intègre les libertés (forme, matériaux, etc.) et les contraintes (support, résolution, etc.) spécifiques à la FA et permet aussi bien la conception de pièces que celle d’assemblages. En particulier, la liberté de forme a été prise en compte en permettant la génération d’une géométrie minimaliste basée sur les flux fonctionnels (matière, énergie, signal) de la pièce. Par ailleurs, les contributions de cette thèse ont porté sur la conception avec les matériaux intelligents. Parce que les MIs jouent plus un rôle fonctionnel que structurel, les préoccupations portant sur ces matériaux doivent être menées en amont du processus de conception. En outre, contrairement aux matériaux conventionnels (pour lesquels quelques valeurs de paramètres peuvent suffire comme information au concepteur), les MIs requièrent d’être décrits plus en détails (stimulus, réponse, fonctions, etc.). Pour ces raisons un système d’informations orientées conception sur les MIs a été mis au point. Ce système permet, entre autre, d’informer les concepteurs sur les capacités des MIs et aussi de déterminer des MIs candidats pour un concept. Le système a été matérialisé par une application web. Enfin un cadre de modélisation permettant de modéliser et de simuler rapidement un objet fait de MIs a été proposé. Ce cadre est basé sur la modélisation par voxel (pixel volumique). En plus de la simulation des MIs, le cadre théorique proposé permet également le calcul d’une distribution fonctionnelle de MIs et matériau conventionnel ; distribution qui, compte tenu d’un stimulus, permet de déformer une forme initiale vers une forme finale désirée. Un outil – basé sur Grasshopper, un plug-in du logiciel de CAO Rhinoceros® – matérialisant ce cadre méthodologique a également été développé
Invented in 1983, as a rapid prototyping process, additive manufacturing (AM) is nowadays considered as a manufacturing process almost in the same way as conventional processes. For example, parts obtained by AM are found in aircraft structures. This AM evolution is mainly due to the shape complexity allowed by the process. The driving forces behind this evolution include: the development of various techniques on the layer-wise manufacturing principle and the improvement both in quantity and quality of the range of materials that can be processed. Many other AM techniques and materials continue to emerge. In the wake of the AM (usually referred to as 3D printing) another mode of manufacturing did emerge: 4D printing (4DP). 4DP consists of exploring the smart materials (SM) – AM interaction. SMs are materials whose state changes according to a stimulus; this is the case, for example, with thermochromic materials whose color changes in response to heat or hydrogels which can shrink as a function of an aqueous medium’s pH or of light. The objects thus obtained have – in addition to an initial form (3D) – the capacity to shift state (according to the stimuli to which the SMs of which they are made are sensitive) hence the 4th dimension (time). 4DP is – rightly – the subject of intense research concerning the manufacturing aspect (exploration of new processes and materials, characterization, etc.). However, very little work is done to support the designers (who, in principle, are neither AM experts nor experts of SMs) to use it in their concepts. This new process-material interaction requires adapted models, methodologies and design tools. This PhD on design for 4D printing aims at filling this methodological gap. A design methodology for AM (DFAM) has been proposed. This methodology integrates the freedoms (shape, materials, etc.) and the constraints (support, resolution, etc.) peculiar to the AM and allows both the design of parts and assemblies. Particularly, freedom of form has been taken into account by allowing the generation of a minimalist geometry based on the functional flows (material, energy, and signal) of the part. In addition, the contributions of this PhD focused on designing with smart materials (DwSM). Because SMs play a functional rather than a structural role, concerns about these materials need to be addressed in advance of the design process (typically in conceptual design phase). In addition, unlike conventional materials (for which a few parameter values may suffice as information to the designer), SMs need to be described in more detail (stimulus, response, functions, etc.). For these reasons a design-oriented information system on SMs has been developed. This system makes it possible, among other things, to inform designers about the capabilities of SMs and also to determine SMs candidates for a concept. The system has been materialized by a web application. Finally, a modeling framework allowing quickly modeling and simulating an object made of SMs has been proposed. This framework is based on voxel modeling (volumetric pixel). In addition to the simulation of SMs behaviors, the proposed theoretical framework also allows the computation of a functional distribution of SMs and conventional material; distribution which, given a stimulus, makes it possible to deform an initial form towards a desired final form. A tool – based on Grasshopper, a plug-in of the CAD software Rhinoceros® – materializing this methodological framework has also been developed

Projektet behandlar utvecklingen av ett handledsskydd anpassat för snowboardåkare. Den primäramålsättningen är att med hjälp av optimerad design för komfort och användarvänlighet kunnaerbjuda ett högkvalitativt och funktionellt skydd. Det senare uppnås med hjälp av material som medhänsyn till skadebilden hos utövarna här anses vara den bästa lösningen. Val av material gjordes efteren ingående litteraturstudie över handledsskyddets funktion och mekanismerna bakomhandledsskador. Studien, i kombination med en rad andra metoder för informationsinhämtning, lågäven till grund för designprocessen och den slutgiltiga produkten.Lösningar på befintliga problem hos existerande handledsskydd har applicerats på slutprodukten.Användarvänlighet och passform har tillgodosetts genom att frångå det traditionella systemet medkardborrelås, till produktanpassning av ett etablerat snörsystem. En ökad bekvämlighet tillgodosesgenom hela skyddets form, men även med utvalda material, då dessa tillåter luftgenomströmninggenom skyddet.Inom ramen för projektet besvaras också frågeställningar rörande varför så få utövare använderhandledsskydd, och vad som kan göras för att locka till användning. Handledsskydd är idagimpopulära hos utövarna, trots att frakturer på handled är den vanligaste skadan förknippad medsnowboard. Genom utveckling av bättre skydd kan skadestatistiken kraftigt förbättras.
The project aims to develop customized wrist guards for snowboarders. By using optimized design for comfort and ease of use, the primary aim is to offer the customer a functional and high-quality protection. This is achieved by using materials that, considering the injury status of the practitioners, herein are considered to best meet the demands of such a protection. The choice of materials was made after a comprehensive literature-based study on wrist guard function and mechanisms responsible for wrist injuries. This study, along with other collected data, has formed the basis for the design process and the final product. Solutions to current problems with existing wrist guards have been applied to the final product. Requirements on ease of use and accuracy of fit have been met by abandoning the traditional closure-system of Velcro, in favor for an established lacing system that has been adapted to the current product. The entire shape of the wrist guard, combined with the selected materials breathable qualities, offers the user an increased comfort. The complementary aim of the project is to understand why so few practitioners wear wrist guards, and bring forth solutions that attracts to the usage of such. Wrist guards are currently unpopular amongst snowboarders, despite wrist fracture being the most common injury associated with the sport. Through the development of better wrist guards the injury statistics can be greatly improved.

碩士
國立高雄大學
電機工程學系-電子構裝整合技術產業碩士專班
106
In order to pursue high-efficiency and low-cost production targets, automated production is widely used in industry. This thesis is mainly aimed at the monitoring and utilization monitoring of raw materials in the automatic mask production process, and developed a set of sensor and material shortage warning system with additional devices. The design of the raw material monitoring system is to generate signals by an analog machine and collect the production information with the remote data extraction device and analyze it to understand the actual feeding status of the machine. The signal generated by the analog machine equipment is similar to the rotation mode of the raw material shaft of the mask production machine. The data acquisition device can collect the most realistic production information, and the accuracy of the analysis is relatively improved. In the future, the relative sensors can be combined with the existing working machine, which can achieve the effect of intelligent early warning. In addition, the analog machine circuit design, signal processing program and implementation and simulation details are described in detail in this article.

Smart material based actuators, such as piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, and shape memory alloy actuators, are known to exhibit hysteresis effects. When the smart actuators are preceded with plants, such non-smooth nonlinearities usually lead to poor tracking performance, undesired oscillation, or even potential instability in the control systems. The development of control strategies to control the plants preceded with hysteresis actuators has become to an important research topic and imposed a great challenge in the control society. In order to mitigate the hysteresis effects, the most popular approach is to construct the inverse to compensate such effects. In such a case, the mathematical descriptions are generally required. In the literature, several mathematical hysteresis models have been proposed. The most popular hysteresis models perhaps are Preisach model, Prandtl-Ishlinskii model, and Bouc-Wen model. Among the above mentioned models, the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model has an unique property, i.e., the inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model can be analytically obtained, which can be used as a feedforward compensator to mitigate the hysteresis effect in the control systems. However, the shortcoming of the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is also obvious because it can only describe a certain class of hysteresis shapes. Comparing to the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model, a generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model has been reported in the literature to describe a more general class of hysteresis shapes in the smart actuators. However, the inverse for the generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model has only been given without the strict proof due to the difficulty of the initial loading curve construction though the analytic inverse of the Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is well documented in the literature. Therefore, as a further development, the generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is re-defined and a modified generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model is proposed in this dissertation which can still describe similar general class of hysteresis shapes. The benefit is that the concept of initial loading curve can be utilized and a strict analytical inverse model can be derived for the purpose of compensation. The effectiveness of the obtained inverse modified generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model has been validated in the both simulations and in experiments on a piezoelectric micropositioning stage. It is also affirmed that the proposed modified generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model fulfills two crucial properties for the operator based hysteresis models, the wiping out property and the congruency property. Usually the hysteresis nonlinearities in smart actuators are unknown, the direct open-loop feedforward inverse compensation will introduce notably inverse compensation error with an estimated inverse construction. A closed-loop adaptive controller is therefore required. The challenge in fusing the inverse compensation and the robust adaptive control is that the strict stability proof of the closed loop control system is difficult to obtain due to the fact that an error expression of the inverse compensation has not been established when the hysteresis is unknown. In this dissertation research, by developing the error expression of the inverse compensation for modified generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model, two types of inverse based robust adaptive controllers are designed for a class of uncertain systems preceded by a smart material based actuator with hysteresis nonlinearities. When the system states are available, an inverse based adaptive variable structure control approach is designed. The strict stability proof is established thereafter. Comparing with other works in the literature, the benefit for such a design is that the proposed inverse based scheme can achieve the tracking without necessarily adapting the uncertain parameters (the number could be large) in the hysteresis model, which leads to the computational efficiency. Furthermore, an inverse based adaptive output-feedback control scheme is developed when the exactly knowledge of most of the states is unavailable and the only accessible state is the output of the system. An observer is therefore constructed to estimate the unavailable states from the measurements of a single output. By taking consideration of the analytical expression of the inverse compensation error, the global stability of the close-loop control system as well as the required tracking accuracy are achieved. The effectiveness of the proposed output-feedback controller is validated in both simulations and experiments.

Tese de Doutoramento (Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Mecânica)
Este projeto de doutoramento está focado na melhoria de alguns aspetos relacionados com os implantes de anca comercialmente disponíveis. Hoje em dia, soluções padronizadas são implantadas em pacientes para restaurar a funcionalidade da articulação da anca e a mobilidade sem dor. Essa cirurgia é chamada Artroplastia Total de Anca (ATA) e é realizada todos os anos em mais de um milhão de pacientes em todo o mundo. A liga Ti6Al4V é a principal escolha para implantes ortopédicos, devido à sua resistência mecânica, resistência à corrosão e compatibilidade biológica. Vários problemas indesejáveis prevalecem nestes implantes, levando a uma alta percentagem de cirurgias de revisão, geralmente 10 a 15 anos após a implantação. A necessidade dessas cirurgias de revisão é um grande problema na área ortopédica pois afeta um grande número de pessoas. Estas cirurgias devem ser evitadas, pois apresentam maior risco para os pacientes do que que a ATQ. As estatísticas indicam que o aumento da expectativa de vida da população, a obesidade e o aumento das fraturas de anca são três fatores principais que exigirão um número ainda maior de implantes de anca em um futuro próximo. A falha do implante está relacionada com três aspetos: O primeiro é o elevado módulo de elasticidade dos convencionais implantes densos, quando comparado com o tecido ósseo cortical. O segundo é a baixa resistência ao desgaste desta da liga Ti6Al4V que induz a liberação de detritos de desgaste que são extremamente prejudiciais para os tecidos biológicos. A terceira é a pressão de contato não uniforme existente entre o implante e o osso adjacente que leva a deficiente distribuição das tensões, causando reabsorção óssea. Neste projeto de doutoramento, uma técnica de Manufatura Aditiva (Fusão Seletiva por Laser) foi usada para dar vida a um design inovador de materiais e estruturas, a fim de produzir soluções multifuncionais e multimaterial para implantes de anca. Estruturas celulares monomateriais de Ti6Al4V e NiTi e estruturas celulares multimateriais de Ti6Al4V-PEEK e NiTi-Ti6Al4V foram produzidas. Estes materiais exibem uma adequada combinação de performance tribológica e de tribocorrosão, rigidez, rugosidade superficial, molhabilidade e capilaridade. Este projeto providencia ferramentas de projeto e estratégias para a fusão selectiva por laser que visam o desenvolvimento de implantes de anca inteligentes.
This PhD project is focused on the improvement of some aspects related to the commercially available hip implants. Nowadays, standardized solutions are implanted in patients to restore hip joint functionality and pain-free mobility. This surgery is called Total Hip arthroplasty (THA) and is performed every year to more than one million patients worldwide. Ti6Al4V alloy is the main choice for orthopedic implants, due to its mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biological compatibility. Several undesirable issues prevailing in these implants leading to a high percentage of revision surgeries, usually 10 to 15 years after implantation. Unfortunately, the need for these revision surgeries is a major problem in orthopedic field, affecting a large number of people. These surgeries should be avoided once they present higher risks to the patients. In addition, the statistics indicate that the increase in life expectancy of the population, obesity and the increase of hip fractures are three key factors that will demand an even higher number of hip implants in the near future. Implant failure is mostly correlated to three issues: The first is the over-high elastic modulus of the conventional dense implants when compared to cortical bone tissue; The second is the poor wear resistance of this alloy that induces the release of wear debris, extremely detrimental to the biological tissues. The third is the non-uniform contact pressure existing between the implant and the nearby cortical bone that leads to a deficient stress transmission, causing bone resorption. In this PhD project, a Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing technique (Selective Laser Melting) was used to bring to life innovative design of materials and structures to produce multi-functional and multi-material solutions for hip implants. Mono-material Ti6Al4V and NiTi cellular structures, and multi-material Ti6Al4V-PEEK and NiTi-Ti6Al4V cellular structures were SLM produced. These structured materials show a suitable combination of tribological and tribocorrosion performance, stiffness, surface roughness, wettability and capillarity. This PhD project provides design tools and SLM strategies targeting the development of smart hip implants.
PhD grant SFRH/BD/128657/2017.