Journal articles: 'Smart instruments; Intelligent sensors'

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Helmer, Richard J. N., Michael A. Mestrovic, Damian Farrow, Stuart Lucas, and Wayne Spratford. "Smart Textiles: Position and Motion Sensing for Sport, Entertainment and Rehabilitation." Advances in Science and Technology 60 (September 2008): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.60.144.

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Innovation in textiles and clothing has embodied various combinations of new and existing materials to meet conventional needs of comfort and fashion. Interactive and intelligent textiles are emerging as many new textile materials are being used to form sensors in garments to intimately interact with the human form. Interactive textiles typically contain sensors located within a garment to detect physiological functions that are wirelessly connected to digital infrastructure and application specific software. These devices can be realised in conventional garments and have scope for application in diverse fields including entertainment, education, sport, military and medicine. Position and Motion Sensing devices will be discussed for each application, in terms of the value proposition, performance requirements, regulations, and existing technology. A case study of an entertainment device that uses limb motion to achieve an imaginary instrument, the Wearable Instrument Shirt (WIS) will be discussed in this context. The WIS combines a wearable sensor interface with software to map gestures and audio data files to form an easy-to-use gesture driven instrument that allows real-time interactive musical performances without any need for significant instrument or computer skills.

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García-Moreno, Francisco M., Estefanía Rodríguez-García, María José Rodríguez-Fórtiz, José Luis Garrido, María Bermúdez-Edo, Carmen Villaverde-Gutiérrez, and José Manuel Pérez-Mármol. "Designing a Smart Mobile Health System for Ecological Frailty Assessment in Elderly." Proceedings 31, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019031041.

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The increasing adoption of mobile computing technology in the health and social domains offers new possibilities, for instance, promoting active aging. Health deterioration in elderly people could be successfully assessed by monitoring activities of daily living (ADLs) through mobile technology. In particular, frailty affects several dimensions (physical, psychological, and social) of human functioning, which are required to perform instrumental ADLs (IADLs). Starting from the definition of a model, this paper proposes the design of an intelligent mobile health system to assess frailty in an ecological way: to automatize the frailty assessment through wearable sensors, unobtrusively in free-living environments, and using machine learning in order to reduce the traditional efforts of clinicians assessing frailty. It supports automatic data collection from sensors and artificial intelligence analysis during the performance of real IADLs by elderly. The proposed system uses mobile/wearable devices, follows a microservices software architecture, and implements machine learning algorithms. A technical validation of the proposal is shown.

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Leng, Jin Song. "Multi-Functional Soft Smart Materials and their Applications." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.25.

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Stimulus-active polymers can change their shapes with respect to configuration or dimension upon exposure to a particular stimulus such as heat, electricity, light, magnetic, solvent and pH value. These unique characteristics enable stimulus-active polymers to be used in a myriad of fields, including clothing manufacturing, automobile engineering, medical treatment, and aerospace engineering. Stimulus-active polymers can be applied in smart textiles and apparels, intelligent medical instruments and auxiliaries, artificial muscles, biomimetic devices, heat shrinkable materials for electronics packaging, micro-electro-mechanical systems, self-deployable sun sails in spacecrafts, miniature manipulator, actuators and sensors, and many more. This paper presents some recent progress of soft smart materials and their applications. Special emphasis is focused upon shape memory polymer (SMP), electro-active polymer (EAP) for aerospace engineering such as space deployable structures and morphing aircraft, which has highlighted the need for development of these materials. A detailed overview of development in these smart soft materials, of which the undergoing and future applications are used in adaptive structures and active control, is presented. The paper concludes with a short discussion for multi-functional soft smart materials and their composites that are expected to extend the range of development and applications available to the related researches and engineers.

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Hong, Qingqi, Yiwei Ding, Jinpeng Lin, Meihong Wang, Qingyang Wei, Xianwei Wang, and Ming Zeng. "Image-Based Automatic Watermeter Reading under Challenging Environments." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020434.

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With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and fifth-generation mobile network technologies, automatic instrument reading has become an increasingly important topic for intelligent sensors in smart cities. We propose a full pipeline to automatically read watermeters based on a single image, using deep learning methods to provide new technical support for an intelligent water meter reading. To handle the various challenging environments where watermeters reside, our pipeline disentangled the task into individual subtasks based on the structures of typical watermeters. These subtasks include component localization, orientation alignment, spatial layout guidance reading, and regression-based pointer reading. The devised algorithms for orientation alignment and spatial layout guidance are tailored to improve the robustness of our neural network. We also collect images of watermeters in real scenes and build a dataset for training and evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method even under challenging environments with varying lighting, occlusions, and different orientations. Thanks to the lightweight algorithms adopted in our pipeline, the system can be easily deployed and fully automated.

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Hong, Qingqi, Yiwei Ding, Jinpeng Lin, Meihong Wang, Qingyang Wei, Xianwei Wang, and Ming Zeng. "Image-Based Automatic Watermeter Reading under Challenging Environments." Sensors 21, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020434.

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With the rapid development of artificial intelligence and fifth-generation mobile network technologies, automatic instrument reading has become an increasingly important topic for intelligent sensors in smart cities. We propose a full pipeline to automatically read watermeters based on a single image, using deep learning methods to provide new technical support for an intelligent water meter reading. To handle the various challenging environments where watermeters reside, our pipeline disentangled the task into individual subtasks based on the structures of typical watermeters. These subtasks include component localization, orientation alignment, spatial layout guidance reading, and regression-based pointer reading. The devised algorithms for orientation alignment and spatial layout guidance are tailored to improve the robustness of our neural network. We also collect images of watermeters in real scenes and build a dataset for training and evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method even under challenging environments with varying lighting, occlusions, and different orientations. Thanks to the lightweight algorithms adopted in our pipeline, the system can be easily deployed and fully automated.

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Shoushtari, M. A., and H. Sadeghi-Niaraki. "Ubiquitous Total Station Development using Smartphone, RSSI and Laser Sensor providing service to Ubi-GIS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-2/W3 (October 22, 2014): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-2-w3-237-2014.

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The growing trend in technological advances and Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) has targeted for intelligent human lives. Accordingly, Ubiquitous Computing Approach was proposed by Mark Weiser. This paper proposes an ubiquitous surveying solution in Geometrics and surveying field. Ubiquitous Surveying provides cost-effective, smart and available surveying techniques while traditional surveying equipment are so expensive and have small availability specially in indoor and daily surveying jobs. In order to have a smart surveying instrument, different information technology methods and tools like Triangle method, Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) method and laser sensor are used. These new ways in combine with surveying equations introduces a modern surveying equipment called Ubi-Total Station that also employed different sensors embedded in smartphone and mobile stand. RSSI-based localization and Triangle method technique are easy and well known methods to predict the position of an unknown node in indoor environments whereas additional measures are required for a sufficient accuracy. In this paper the main goal is to introduce the Ubiquitous Total Station as a development in smart and ubiquitous GIS. In order to public use of the surveying equipment, design and implementation of this instrument has been done. Conceptual model of Smartphone-based system is designed for this study and based on this model, an Android application as a first sample is developed. Finally the evaluations shows that absolute errors in X and Y calculation are 0.028 and 0.057 meter respectively. Also RMSE of 0.26 was calculated in RSSI method for distance measurement. The high price of traditional equipment and their requirement for professional surveyors has given way to intelligent surveying. In the suggested system, smartphones can be used as tools for positioning and coordinating geometric information of objects.

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Saleem, Khizra, Imran Sarwar Bajwa, Nadeem Sarwar, Waheed Anwar, and Amna Ashraf. "IoT Healthcare: Design of Smart and Cost-Effective Sleep Quality Monitoring System." Journal of Sensors 2020 (October 24, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8882378.

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Getting quality sleep is important for every person to get better physical health. Irregular sleep patterns may indicate the illness resulting in chronic depression, which makes the evaluation of the sleep cycle mandatory for a healthy body and mind. In the arena of globalization, along with the increased facilities, various other challenges have been probed to provide the quality health care facilities with the use of economical instruments and technology. The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology purports the preambles to build a consistent and cost-effective system to monitor the sleep quality of patients. Several other systems are available for this purpose; however, such systems are very costly and difficult to implement. To overcome the issue, this study suggests an inventive system to monitor and analyze the sleep patterns using ambient parameters. The proposed system is effective enough that it can proficiently monitor patient’s sleep using Commercial off the Shelf (COS) sensors as well as predicts the results using the intelligent capability of the random forest model. The patient’s bio status including physical movement of the body, heartbeat, SPO2 level (oxygen saturation in the blood for the proper functioning of the body), and snoring patterns could be measured through this system, in which recorded data is transmitted to the computer system in a real-time environment. This system consists of two parts. One part consists of analyzing the behavior of data using the intelligent technique of the random forest model and decision rules in a real-time environment. This real-time analysis notifies the caretaker about the situation of the patient. In the second part, batch data processing is performed which allows the detailed analysis of data using statistical methods to produce the overall condition of the patient in a specified interval of time. Through the proposed system, we can easily measure the sleep patterns of patients and provide them with better treatment by using this simple and cost-effective system. The result of the conducted research shows that the proposed technique provides 95% accuracy. The patient’s sleep data is used to test this method through the validation of manual results, which provides the minimum error rate. This study highlights the implementation of an intelligent and smart sleep quality monitoring system using IoT on a variant number of people with minimum expense rate.

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Austerjost, Jonas, Marc Porr, Noah Riedel, Dominik Geier, Thomas Becker, Thomas Scheper, Daniel Marquard, Patrick Lindner, and Sascha Beutel. "Introducing a Virtual Assistant to the Lab: A Voice User Interface for the Intuitive Control of Laboratory Instruments." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 23, no. 5 (July 18, 2018): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630318788040.

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The introduction of smart virtual assistants (VAs) and corresponding smart devices brought a new degree of freedom to our everyday lives. Voice-controlled and Internet-connected devices allow intuitive device controlling and monitoring from all around the globe and define a new era of human–machine interaction. Although VAs are especially successful in home automation, they also show great potential as artificial intelligence-driven laboratory assistants. Possible applications include stepwise reading of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and recipes, recitation of chemical substance or reaction parameters to a control, and readout of laboratory devices and sensors. In this study, we present a retrofitting approach to make standard laboratory instruments part of the Internet of Things (IoT). We established a voice user interface (VUI) for controlling those devices and reading out specific device data. A benchmark of the established infrastructure showed a high mean accuracy (95% ± 3.62) of speech command recognition and reveals high potential for future applications of a VUI within the laboratory. Our approach shows the general applicability of commercially available VAs as laboratory assistants and might be of special interest to researchers with physical impairments or low vision. The developed solution enables a hands-free device control, which is a crucial advantage within the daily laboratory routine.

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De Marino, Elvira, Cristina Chesta, Elisabetta Rugge, Paola Ferrari, Teresa Posca, Sara Lattuada, Renata Torazzo, Sabrina Rossetti, and Alessandra Di Cola. "A fall prevention and detection project: Preliminary results." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2014): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.30_suppl.142.

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142 Background: Falls often causes serious injury to cancer patients (PTS) and hospital costs account for two thirds of the total. Fall prevention and detection (FAPRE) project was planned to develop a new technology in three steps: first to identify potential high risk fallers (HRF) by Timed Up and Go (TUG) test; second to compare TUG with Conley Scale and third to hospitalize HRF in monitoring room equipped with a network of smart sensors that can identify person’s location, fall or lack of balance and posture connected by smartphone alerting watch nurse. Aim of this study is to describe general characteristic of HRF by TUG and to determine how new test instruments can identify them. Methods: A nurse performed TUG in ambulatory room equipped with pressure sensors on the floor (intelligent carpet), webcam, home gateway, WI-FI router and smartphone. PTS were required to sign informed consent. HRF were identified by TUG test >12 seconds. Results: From January to March a series of 99 consecutive PTS enter the trial, performance status ECOG < 2, age: median 73, range 34-87, 50 males and 49 females. All PTS underwent TUG and were evaluable. There were 11 hematologic (H) and 88 solid tumors (ST); 45/88 ST had metastatic disease; 97/99 were treating by chemotherapy, 2 by palliative care. Six PTS had brain metastasis and 9 bone; 33/99 had previous pathological fractures. Comorbidity: 14/99 diabetes and 33/99 hypertension 10/99 were taking psychoactive drugs, 22 were treated with opiate and 5 both. HRF identified by TUG were 44%; there were 27% H, 46% ST and 75% were older then 70 years. Previous pathological fracture in long bone were 14/33; bone metastasis (BM) 7/9; brain metastasis 3/6. HRF taking only psychoactive drugs were 5//10 and 17/22 opiate; 5/5 both. Conclusions: TUG detected HFR more frequently in ST, elderly with BM and previous long bone fractures treating by opiate and hypertension. Identify HRF by new integrated room automation FAPRE infrastructure seems a simple, reliable and manageable approach at preliminary data. Trial is ongoing and carrying on next step.

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Newnham, Robert E. "Smart, Very Smart, and Intelligent Materials." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 4 (April 1993): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400037313.

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One of the qualities that distinguishes living systems from inanimate matter is the ability to adapt to changes in the environment. Smart materials have the ability to perform both sensing and actuating functions and are, therefore, capable of imitating this rudimentary aspect of life. Poled piezoelectric ceramics, for instance, are capable of acting as both sensor and actuator. External forces are detected through the direct piezoelectric effect, and a response is elicited through the converse piezoelectric effect, in which a voltage of suitable phase, frequency, and amplitude is applied to the same ceramic.In this special issue, emphasis is placed on actuators, with articles on piezoelectric, electrostrictive, magnetostrictive, and shape memory materials. This is not to say that sensor materials are any less important; it is simply a matter of space. Optical fiber sensors, chemical sensors, thermistors, micromachined semiconductors, and other smart materials deserve special issues of their own.Smart materials can be conveniently subdivided into passively smart materials that respond to external change without assistance, and actively smart materials that utilize a feedback loop enabling them to both recognize the change and initiate an appropriate response through an actuator circuit.Zinc oxide varistors are passively smart materials capable of self-protection against high voltage breakdown. When struck by lightning, the ceramic varistor loses most of its electrical resistance, and the current is bypassed to ground. The resistance change is reversible, and acts as a standby protection phenomenon.

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Sabah Jumaah, Alsammarraie Mohammed, and Jianbin Xue. "Developing Intelligent Machines with Smart Sensors for a Smart Factory." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 9, no. 10 (October 12, 2019): p9430. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.9.10.2019.p9430.

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Han, Hui Lian. "Implementation of Electric Data Sheet Based on Virtual Instrument." Applied Mechanics and Materials 519-520 (February 2014): 1159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.519-520.1159.

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To solve the problem of the incompatible and interoperable in complex system configured by different buses or transducers, the paper introduced the IEEE1451 standard protocol, the transducer electric data sheet specified in the standard was analyzed in detail. On the basis, a smart sensor module was designed based on FPGA, TEDS specified in IEEE1451.2 were designed, data of transducers were filled in and downloaded in graphic and programmable VB language. Adopting intelligent TEDS in IEEE1451.2 standard improves the system performance, cost-effective and versatility, making the complex system be developed more easily, data processing simple.

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Zhang, Liang, Lei Na Zheng, Hao Dong Yang, and Tie Jun Pan. "Research of the Key Technologies of the Smart Home Based on IOT." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2304–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2304.

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This paper mainly studies Ihome, the application of smart home, which provides a cloud service background, based on the distributed and intelligent control and a series of control terminals, smart sensors, to let the family consumers can fast, easy to build an extensible intelligent home solutions. In addition, intelligent control, control terminals, smart sensors can also be integrated in the intelligent community.

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Colomo-Palacios, Ricardo, Juan A. Gómez-Pulido, and Alfredo J. Pérez. "Intelligent Health Services Based on Biomedical Smart Sensors." Applied Sciences 10, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 8497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238497.

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Health services can be improved by means of intelligent techniques that handle efficiently massive volumes of data collected from biomedical variables. Nowadays, these services are not only oriented to disease diagnosis and prevention, but wellness too. Advanced technologies and last trends in computing, internet of things, sensors, and data science are driving the development of new systems and applications in the area of intelligent health services based on biomedical smart sensors that deserve to be known. Through five research articles and a review, this Special Issue provides the opportunity to obtain a representative view of the potential of these technologies when applied to such a human welfare-oriented area.

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Rahimunnisa, K., Atchaiya M., Brindhhiniy Arunachalam, and V. Divyaa. "AI-based smart and intelligent wheelchair." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 18, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2020.18.6.1351.

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The differently abled and/or old-aged people require assistance for their movement. Generally, such assistant providing tool is wheelchair. Normal wheelchairs are manually operated and heavy to move adding burden to the suffered. Hence, automated wheelchairs that are equipped with sensors and a data processing unit constitute a special class of wheeled mobile robots, termed as “smart wheelchairs” in general. In the existing system, the wheelchair movement that is controlled by joystick uses buttons to start and stop the wheel. This is difficult for the differently abled to press the required button with precision. Although there are smart wheelchairs with gesture control, it lacks accuracy in the calculation of the location. The proposed system uses artificial intelligence for its working and proves to be a unique combination of wheelchair and health monitoring system. The wheelchair can be accessed both in manual and automatic modes. In the manual mode, the wheel is controlled using joystick whereas in the automated mode, MPU6050 sensor and accelerometer is used to control the direction by gesture. SPO2 sensor attached to the wheelchair is used to collect the health parameters. Thus, enabling the self-dependency of the person. Further, deep learning analysis of the data from the sensors and the wheelchair usage pattern is compared with the dataset to determine the stress level. The signal from the sensors is monitored and the vitals data is updated in the ThingSpeak website via Bluetooth module serving as a digital health chart.

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Alonso, Monica, Hortensia Amaris, Daniel Alcala, and Diana M. Florez R. "Smart Sensors for Smart Grid Reliability." Sensors 20, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 2187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20082187.

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Sensors for monitoring electrical parameters over an entire electricity network infrastructure play a fundamental role in protecting smart grids and improving the network’s energy efficiency. When a short circuit takes place in a smart grid it has to be sensed as soon as possible to reduce its fault duration along the network and to reduce damage to the electricity infrastructure as well as personal injuries. Existing protection devices, which are used to sense the fault, range from classic analog electro-mechanics relays to modern intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). However, both types of devices have fixed adjustment settings (offline stage) and do not provide any coordination among them under real-time operation. In this paper, a new smart sensor is developed that offers the capability to update its adjustment settings during real-time operation, in coordination with the rest of the smart sensors spread over the network. The proposed sensor and the coordinated protection scheme were tested in a standard smart grid (IEEE 34-bus test system) under different short circuit scenarios and renewable energy penetration. Results suggest that the short-circuit fault sensed by the smart sensor is improved up to 80% and up to 64% compared with analog electromechanics relays and IEDs, respectively.

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Vasanthanathan, A., S. Menaga, and K. Rosemi. "A Comprehensive Review of Smart Systems through Smart Materials." Current Materials Science 12, no. 1 (August 5, 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212797612666190408141830.

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Background:The vital role of smart materials in the field of aircraft, spacecraft, defence, electronics, electrical, medical and healthcare industries involve sensing and actuating for monitoring and controlling applications. The class of smart materials are also named as active materials or intelligent materials or adaptive materials. These materials act intelligently based upon the environmental conditions. Structures incorporated with smart materials are named as smart structures.Methods:The principal objective of the present paper is to explore a comprehensive review of various smart materials viz. piezoelectric materials, Shape Memory Alloy, micro sensors and fibre optic sensors. The significance of these intelligent materials in various fields are also deliberately presented in this work from the perspective of Patents and literatures test data.Results:Smart Materials possesses multifunctional capabilities. The smart materials viz. piezoelectric materials, Shape Memory Alloy, micro sensors and fibre optic sensors are embedded with structures like aircraft, spacecraft, automotive, bridges, and buildings for the purpose of exhibiting Structural Health Monitoring system. Smart materials are finding increasing applications in the present aircraft, spacecraft, automotive, electronics and healthcare industries.Conclusion:Innovative ideas would become reality by integrating the any structure with Smart Materials.

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Zhang, Dan, and Bin Wei. "Smart Sensors and Devices in Artificial Intelligence." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 21, 2020): 5945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205945.

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Qiu, Rong. "Using RFID Technology and Smart Sensor to Build Smart Home System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.767.

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Smart sensor is assigned sensors intelligent processing functions to share the central processor central processing functions. Intelligent processor response to the digital signal of the ADC output for intelligent processing, comprising: a self-compensating function, since the calculation and processing functions as well as self-learning and adaptive function. The paper presents using RFID technology and Smart Sensor to build Smart home system. Smart home controller using RFID and smart sensor technology constitute a unified smart home system many relatively independent of household appliances in the home.

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Pech, Martin, Jaroslav Vrchota, and Jiří Bednář. "Predictive Maintenance and Intelligent Sensors in Smart Factory: Review." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041470.

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With the arrival of new technologies in modern smart factories, automated predictive maintenance is also related to production robotisation. Intelligent sensors make it possible to obtain an ever-increasing amount of data, which must be analysed efficiently and effectively to support increasingly complex systems’ decision-making and management. The paper aims to review the current literature concerning predictive maintenance and intelligent sensors in smart factories. We focused on contemporary trends to provide an overview of future research challenges and classification. The paper used burst analysis, systematic review methodology, co-occurrence analysis of keywords, and cluster analysis. The results show the increasing number of papers related to key researched concepts. The importance of predictive maintenance is growing over time in relation to Industry 4.0 technologies. We proposed Smart and Intelligent Predictive Maintenance (SIPM) based on the full-text analysis of relevant papers. The paper’s main contribution is the summary and overview of current trends in intelligent sensors used for predictive maintenance in smart factories.

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Abele, E., T. Grosch, and E. Schaupp. "Smart Tool*/Smart Tool - Intelligent sensor-based tool management." wt Werkstattstechnik online 106, no. 03 (2016): 106–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2016-03-10.

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Im Kontext von Industrie 4.0 bietet eine Optimierung des Werkzeugmanagements zahlreiche Potentiale. Durch ein Track & Trace-System, welches in den gesamten Werkzeugkreislauf integriert wird, lässt sich der aktuelle Aufenthaltsort der Werkzeuge auf Individuumsebene in Echtzeit bestimmen. Eine im Werkzeughalter untergebrachte Sensorik liefert zusätzliche Informationen über den aktuellen Zustand der Werkzeuge, beispielsweise den Verschleiß.   In the context of the industrial internet (Industrie 4.0), tool management offers great potential. With a track&trace-system integrated in the whole tool cycle the current location of tools can be determined at individual level in real time. Furthermore, sensors placed in the tool holder provide information about the tool`s current condition, e.g. tool wear.

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Schmalzel, J., F. Figueroa, J. Morris, S. Mandayam, and R. Polikar. "An Architecture for Intelligent Systems Based on Smart Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 54, no. 4 (August 2005): 1612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2005.851477.

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Nowakowski, Andrzej, Paweł Wlazło, and Radosław Przybysz. "Intelligent Current Sensors as Part of Smart Grid Network." Acta Energetica, no. 23 (June 1, 2015): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12736/issn.2300-3022.2015205.

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Bai, Fang, Shan Li, and Ke Yuan Cheng. "The Design of the Integration Intelligent Melting Point Apparatus." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 1617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.1617.

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this paper presents the basic operation principle, the hardware structure and software programming of the Integration of smart melting point apparatus, which composed by the microcontroller, temperature sensor, heating system, mixing system, keyboard and LCD display. After conducting repeated experiments, the results emerged: the temperature control accuracy of the instrument reach ± 0.2°C, linear temperature error is less than 0.5%. All indications comply with the national pharmacopoeia standards. With the character of simple hardware structure and scientific software algorithms, the temperature control can be achieved with low cost and high precision.

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Połap, Dawid, Alicja Winnicka, Kalina Serwata, Karolina Kęsik, and Marcin Woźniak. "An Intelligent System for Monitoring Skin Diseases." Sensors 18, no. 8 (August 4, 2018): 2552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082552.

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The practical increase of interest in intelligent technologies has caused a rapid development of all activities in terms of sensors and automatic mechanisms for smart operations. The implementations concentrate on technologies which avoid unnecessary actions on user side while examining health conditions. One of important aspects is the constant inspection of the skin health due to possible diseases such as melanomas that can develop under excessive influence of the sunlight. Smart homes can be equipped with a variety of motion sensors and cameras which can be used to detect and identify possible disease development. In this work, we present a smart home system which is using in-built sensors and proposed artificial intelligence methods to diagnose the skin health condition of the residents of the house. The proposed solution has been tested and discussed due to potential use in practice.

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Kolte, Roshan. "Smart Agriculture using IoT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 14, 2021): 715–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35019.

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Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought revolution to each and every field of common man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. Smart agriculture is an emerging concept, because IoT sensors are capable of providing information about agriculture fields and act upon based on the user input. The feature of this paper includes development of system which can monitor temperature, level of water moisture through sensors using Arduino Board.

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Peng, Yiyao, Ning Yang, Qian Xu, Yang Dai, and Zhiqiang Wang. "Recent Advances in Flexible Tactile Sensors for Intelligent Systems." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 5392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165392.

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Tactile sensors are an important medium for artificial intelligence systems to perceive their external environment. With the rapid development of smart robots, wearable devices, and human-computer interaction interfaces, flexible tactile sensing has attracted extensive attention. An overview of the recent development in high-performance tactile sensors used for smart systems is introduced. The main transduction mechanisms of flexible tactile sensors including piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors are discussed in detail. The development status of flexible tactile sensors with high resolution, high sensitive, self-powered, and visual capabilities are focused on. Then, for intelligent systems, the wide application prospects of flexible tactile sensors in the fields of wearable electronics, intelligent robots, human-computer interaction interfaces, and implantable electronics are systematically discussed. Finally, the future prospects of flexible tactile sensors for intelligent systems are proposed.

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Corradino, Claudia, Gaetana Ganci, Giuseppe Bilotta, Annalisa Cappello, Ciro Negro, and Luigi Fortuna. "Smart Decision Support Systems for Volcanic Applications." Energies 12, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071216.

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The huge amount of information coming from remote sensors on satellites has allowed monitoring changes in the planetary environment from about 50 years. These instruments are widely adopted to observe extreme thermal events such as eruptive phenomena in volcanic areas. Although the availability of so many different infrared sensors makes these instruments suitable to observe different kind of thermal phenomena, choosing the right infrared sensor to monitor each thermal event is not straightforward. In fact, the decision should take into account both the main features of the phenomena under investigation, e.g., its size and temperatures, that are often not known a priori, and the instruments specifications, e.g., spatial resolution. Here, a smart decision support system (SDSS) is proposed to address this task. In particular, we used a SDSS to simulate remote sensors responses, collect data coming from three different classes of remote sensors, retrieve information about the main features of the observed thermal event and, consequently, select the most suitable infrared remote sensor for the specific observed phenomena. Results obtained for a real case of study at Etna volcano is shown.

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Fernández-Ramos, M. D., M. Pageo-Cabrera, L. F. Capitán-Vallvey, and I. M. Pérez de Vargas-Sansalvador. "Inkjet-printed O2 gas sensors in intelligent packaging." Analyst 146, no. 10 (2021): 3177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1an00295c.

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An inkjet printed membrane is presented as a colorimetric sensor for oxygen for use in smart packaging, in order to quickly inform the consumer about possible degradation reactions in modified atmosphere products (MAP).

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Jiang, Min, Yi Lu, Zhiyuan Zhu, and Wenzhu Jia. "Advances in Smart Sensing and Medical Electronics by Self-Powered Sensors Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060698.

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With the rapid progress of artificial intelligence, humans are moving toward the era of the intelligent connection of all things. Therefore, the demand for sensors is drastically increasing with developing intelligent social applications. Traditional sensors must be triggered by an external power source and the energy consumption is high for equipment that is widely distributed and working intermittently, which is not conducive to developing sustainable green and healthy applications. However, self-powered sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) can autonomously harvest energy from the surrounding environment and convert this energy into electrical energy for storage. Sensors can also be self-powered without an external power supply, which is vital for smart cities, smart homes, smart transportation, environmental monitoring, wearable devices, and bio-medicine. This review mainly summarizes the working mechanism of TENG and the research progress of self-powered sensors based on TENG about the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, human–computer interaction, and intelligent medical fields in recent years.

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Yapici, Murat, and Tamador Alkhidir. "Intelligent Medical Garments with Graphene-Functionalized Smart-Cloth ECG Sensors." Sensors 17, no. 4 (April 16, 2017): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s17040875.

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Udupa, Prathiba, and Siva S. Yellampalli. "Smart home for elder care using wireless sensor." Circuit World 44, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-12-2017-0072.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain, in brief, about smart, intelligent system which actively monitors the wellness of the elderly and will also send necessary alarms to the caretakers or doctors during an emergency because nowadays most of elderly people wish to stay alone independently. It is necessary to monitor their health conditions and activities continuously to prevent occurrence of health problems and also be able to provide medical assistance to them during emergencies. Design/methodology/approach The review paper describes the development of a methodology to monitor elderly continuously with a combination of advanced intelligent sensors, networking technologies and data processing system. Findings This paper identified various sensors used in smart home such as a pressure sensor, temperature sensor, etc., for monitoring elders health and their characteristics and also the cost, model number, etc., of various sensors available in the market. Originality/value This paper contains the comparison of various sensors available in the market that can be used in the smart home and also where we can use those sensors in smart home based on their characteristics.

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Chen, Zhen, Yan Mei Liu, Zhao Hui Liu, Xiao Yu Liu, and Tian Ming Song. "Intelligent Controller Design for Nonlinear Piezoelectric Smart Actuators." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.1447.

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Nonlinear characteristic hinder the effective use of piezoelectric smart materials in sensors and actuators. In this paper, the intelligent fuzzy PID controller is designed in the Matlab-Simulink environment. The piezoelectric smart actuator model is built. An adaptive fuzzy PID control scheme was proposed. The proposed control scheme was implemented in Matlab. The results of simulation and experiment indicate that the control method has good control ability.

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Dhanabalan, Sathish Chander, Balaji Dhanabalan, Xing Chen, Joice Sophia Ponraj, and Han Zhang. "Hybrid carbon nanostructured fibers: stepping stone for intelligent textile-based electronics." Nanoscale 11, no. 7 (2019): 3046–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr07554a.

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Sadiki, Soukaina, Mohammed Ramadany, M. Faccio, D. Amegouz, and S. Boutahari. "Running Smart Monitoring Maintenance Application Using Cooja Simulator." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 42 (April 2019): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.42.149.

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In recent years, the range of sensing technologies has expanded rapidly, whereas sensors present many advantages including flexibility, low cost, easy deployment and so on. Therefore, WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) can play a vital role in the Industry 4.0 framework. This has led to a rapid expansion in smart factories and intelligent manufacturing systems. Integration intelligent network sensors in case of remote maintenance applications that link information technology solutions with condition-based maintenance have not been considered before, for that the proposed application will enable industrial manufacturing to implement condition-based maintenance for the health status of industrial equipment. The paper presents system architecture and hardware organization, explain the choice of sensors devices; as well as the identification of sensor configurations and network topologies; also the choice of the more appropriate platform based on the power consumption in a comparative way using Contiki software.

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Lucibello, Sabrina, and Carmen Rotondi. "The biological encoding of design and the premises for a new generation of 'living' products : the example of Sinapsi." Temes de Disseny, no. 35 (July 25, 2019): 116–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46467/tdd35.2019.116-139.

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The following article aims to briefly describe the long and intricate search path which led to the design of Sinapsi, a smart device inspired by nature, for helping blind people’s mobility and orientation in track and field. The description will be accompanied by an analysis of different solutions already developed for helping blind people and by multiple thoughts, theoretical and methodological, that aim to critically explain the renewed role of design, as well as to highlight the importance of biological reference in a complex world populated by artificial intelligence. In particular, we will show how inspiration from biological systems can be one of the most innovative and attainable methods, not just to incorporate biological characteristics into machines and artifacts (nothing particularly new, even in AI) but to use it in the design process of smart systems as an instrument for improving quality of life and to expand our best human qualities. In fact, the growing complexity derived from the AI systems’ increasing degrees of autonomy has raised issues concerning the relationship between the user and the intelligent entity, as well as important ethical issues that call into question the design and that can be overcome through inspiration from the logic and the principles governing the intimate intelligence of nature. Finally, the explanation becomes particularly interesting and deep when we talk about assistive devices for sensory disabled people, in which the co-dependent relationship between the user and the technology becomes stronger and in which the boundary between help and substitution, between enhancement and helplessness, risks fading.

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El-Sherif, M. A. "Smart Structures and Intelligent Systems for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2, no. 3-4 (2005): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/303095.

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“Smart and intelligent” structures are defined as structures capable of monitoring their own “health” condition and structural behavior, such structures are capable of sensing external environmental conditions, making decisions, and sending the information to other locations. Available conventional devices and systems are not technologically mature for such applications. New classes of miniature devices and networking systems are urgently needed for such applications. In this paper, two examples of the successful work achieved so far, in biomedical application of smart structures, are presented. The first one is based on the development of a smart bone fixation device for rehabilitation and treatment. This device includes a smart composite bar that can sense physical stress applied to the fractured bones, and send the information to the patient's physician remotely. The second is on the development of smart fabrics for many applications including health monitoring and diagnostics. Successful development of such smart fabrics with embedded fiber optic sensors and networks is mainly dependent on the development of the proper miniature sensor technology, and on the integration of these sensors into textile structures. The developed smart structures will be discussed and samples of the results will be presented.

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Yacouba, Yazid Hambally, Amadou Diabagaté, Abdou Maiga, and Adama Coulibaly. "Multi-agent System for Management of Data from Electrical Smart Meters." International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science 13, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijitcs.2021.01.02.

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The smart meter can process sensor data in a residential grid. These sensors transmit different parameters or measurement data (index, power, temperature, fluctuation of voltage and electricity, etc.) to the smart meter. All of these measurement data can come in different ways at the smart meter. The sensors transmit each measurement data to the smart meter. In addition, the collection of this data to a central system is a significant concern to ensure data integrity and protect the privacy of residents. The complexity of these data management also lies in their volume, frequency, and scheduling. This work presents a scheduling and a collection mechanism in private power consumption data between both sensors and smart meters on one hand and between smart meters and the central data collection system on other hand. We have found several approaches to intelligent meter data management in scientific researches. We propose another approach in response to this concern for the scheduling and collection of measurement data to a central system from residential areas of sensors’ network connected to smart meters. This work is also an example of a link between data collection and data scheduling in intelligent information management, transmission, and protection. We also propose a modeling of the measurement objects of smart grid and highlight the changes made to these objects throughout the process of data processing. It should be noted that this smart grid system consists of three main active systems namely sensors, smart meters and central system. In addition to these three systems, there are other systems that communicate with the smart meters and the central system. We have identified three implementation models for the smart metering system. We also present an intelligent architecture based on multi-agent systems for the smart grid. Most current electricity management systems are not adapted to the new challenges imposed by social and economic development in Africa. The objectives of this study are to initiate the design of a smart grid system for the management of electricity data.

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Bellagente, Paolo, Michele Bona, and Domenico Gorni. "The Use of Smart Sensors in Healthcare Applications: Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 783 (August 2015): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.783.29.

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Sensors have always represented a fundamental component in most systems which have to guarantee a high reliability and huge performances. Industrial world provides a perfect example. During the last years, such instruments have increased their capabilities, thanks to the integration of functionalities which only certain devices had in the past, reaching a level of smartness which has allowed them to enlarge the range of their applications. One of the most interesting field, that has a great potential of development in the future, regards human healthcare (and rehabilitation in particular), which technology is giving a great contribution for. This paper aims to provide a general view of the exploitation of smart sensors in such domain. After having introduced the conceptual schemes which are the basis for the realization of a smart sensor, different typologies are described, which are utilized in implantable devices, wearable instruments and rehabilitation systems, trying to explain why they are the most suitable for certain applications.

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Zaman, Fawad, Sungchang Lee, Mohamad K. A. Rahim, and Sarmadullah Khan. "Smart Antennas and Intelligent Sensors Based Systems: Enabling Technologies and Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (July 14, 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6475832.

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Fujimura, Sadao. "Preface to the Special Issue on “Smart Systems and Intelligent Sensors”." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 119, no. 4 (1999): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.119.177.

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Kantharia, Mohan. "SMART CITY TO INTELLIGENT HOUSES: FUTURISTIC SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i2.2018.638.

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Human comfort is the key factor in all kind of developments, for this natural resources are exploitation is being continued. Though energy production have increased tremendously, but population growth rate is more than the development rate. Hence there is always scarcity of the electricity, safe drinking water. Intelligent houses with smart traffic, smart irrigation can make smart city and provide some solutions for these problems. In these review paper solutions of some common society problems with sensor based automation in infrastructure has been discussed. Major areas of overview are intelligent buildings, smart ventilation of buildings, integration of solar panels with smart roof, smart traffics control, and smart irrigation system etc. These smart systems not only saving energy, and water but also reducing the cost hence desirable. Though this arrangement need so many sensors, control system, management system, computer internets network hence complicated but solving our problems smartly. The future time will be of smart infrastructure.

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Gastaud, E. "FROM INTERNET OF THINGS TO SMART DATA FOR SMART URBAN MONITORING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W3 (September 25, 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w3-19-2017.

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Cities are facing some of the major challenges of our time: global warming, pollution, waste management, energy efficiency. The territory of the Metropolis of Lyon, France, which brings together 59 municipalities, for a total of 1.3 million inhabitants, has launched a smart city policy aimed, among other things, at finding solutions for these issues. The data platform set up in 2013 is one of the cornerstones of this policy. In this context, the Metropolis of Lyon is deploying solutions that will enable, through the collection of new data, to implement monitoring and action tools in several fields. As part of a European innovation project called "bIoTope", focused on the development of new services based on the Internet of Things, a multidisciplinary team is implementing a system to mitigate the effects of global warming in the city. Thanks to various connected objects allowing a true monitoring of the trees, and by using different data sources, an automatic and intelligent irrigation system is developed. In the field of waste management, several hundred containers in which the inhabitants throw away their used glass for recycling will soon be equipped with fill rate sensors. The main objective is to have this network of sensors interact easily with the container collection trucks. Expected results are an optimization of the collection, thus less fuel consumed, less noise, less traffic jam. The Metropolis of Lyon also participates in the "Smarter Together" project, focused on the development of intelligent duplicable solutions for cities, in the field of energy. A digital tool for analysing consumption and energy production at the level of a neighbourhood is currently being developed. This requires both interfaces with multiple partners, the development of a data model reflecting the reality of the terrain, from the sensors to the buildings, and the implementation of a visualization tool.

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Li, Jin Liang, and Li Ping Zhu. "Intelligent Quilt Based on Conductive Textile Materials, Smart Flexible Sensors, and Composite Charging Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 607 (July 2014): 926–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.607.926.

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In this paper, domestic and foreign progress and some of the results obtained in the field of conductive textile research are introduced. An intelligent quilt concept is conceived. The intelligent quilt is made from natural plant improved by genetic technology. It has certain “conductivity”, which is not necessarily the true current conduction, but may be the conduction of some weak “unique signal” sent out by some specially bred textile fibers organization. The research results of flexible sensor are applied to trace gas detection in the intelligent quilt. Also, new energy supply strategy with combination of. Bioenergy technologies and other energy are employed. The proposed intelligent quilt may be applied to the monitoring biochemical and autonomic parameters of the human body and provide helpful suggestions on people’s health status.

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Abdullah, Aziera, Siti Hajar Yusoff, Syasya Azra Zaini, Nur Shahida Midi, and Sarah Yasmin Mohamad. "Energy efficient smart street light for smart city using sensors and controller." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i2.1527.

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Smart street light is an intelligent control of street lights to optimize the problem of power consumption of the street, late in night. Conventional street lights are being replaced by Light Emitting Diode (LED) street lighting system, which reduces the power consumption. The focus of this project is to design a system of street lights controller to provide a reduction in power consumption. The prototype was designed by using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), Infrared sensor (IR), battery and LED. The brightness of the lamps is being controlled in this project to reduce the power consumption. The dimming of the lamps depends on the speed of object motion detected such as pedestrians, cyclists and cars. The higher speed of moving object, the greater the level of intensity. For this idea, the innovation of street lights is not quite the same as conventional street lights that are controlled by timer switch or light sensor which automatically turns light on during sunset and off during sunrise. According to the study, motion detection devices may help to save up to 40% of energy per month.

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Mia, Md Mahashin, Abdullah Al Hasan, Rahman Atiqur, and Rashed Mustafa. "An internet of things belief rule base smart system to predict earthquake." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v10.i2.pp149-156.

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An intelligent belief rule base (BRB) based system with internet of things (IoT) integration can evaluate earthquake prediction (EP). This ingenious and rational system can predict earthquake by aggregating changed animal behavior combined with environmental and chemical changes which are taken as real time inputs from sensors. The BRB expert system blends knowledge demonstration criterion like attribute weight, rule weight, belief degree. The intelligent BRB system with IoT predicts the probable occurrence of the earthquake in a region based on the sign and symptoms culled by the persistent sensors. The final result taken from Intelligent BRB system with IoT integration is compared with expert and fuzzy-based system. The projected method gives a better prediction than the up-to-date expert system and fuzzy system

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Hunter, Gary W., Philip G. Neudeck, Robert S. Okojie, Glenn M. Beheim, J. A. Powell, and Liangyu Chen. "An Overview of High-Temperature Electronics and Sensor Development at NASA Glenn Research Center." Journal of Turbomachinery 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1579508.

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This paper gives a brief overview of the status of high-temperature electronics and sensor development at NASA Glenn Research Center supported in part or in whole by the Ultra Efficient Engine Technology Program. These activities contribute to the long-term development of an intelligent engine by providing information on engine conditions even in high temperature, harsh environments. The technology areas discussed are: 1) high-temperature electronics, 2) sensor technology development (pressure sensor and high-temperature electronic nose), 3) packaging of harsh environment devices and sensors, and 4) improved silicon carbide electronic materials. A description of the state-of-the-art and technology challenges is given for each area. It is concluded that the realization of a future intelligent engine depends on the development of both hardware and software including electronics and sensors to make smart components. When such smart components become available, an intelligent engine composed of smart components may become a reality.title

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Chen, Jing Jing, Qing Xie Chen, and Yi Biao Fan. "The Study of Intelligent Smart Car Based on msp430." Advanced Materials Research 1006-1007 (August 2014): 901–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1006-1007.901.

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In this paper a method of designing intelligent smart car based on msp430 MCU is introduced. The method uses automatic control theory, detection technology, and the mcu receives signals which were collected and transmitted by the sensors fixed in front of the car and tyre, then controls the navigation of the motor to make the car go forward or change direction with unmanned operation system. The paper shows the design of both the hardware and software of the intelligent car system. The tests show that the smart car functions well as expected. Also, the design can be applied in automatic parking system and manufacturer transportation.

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Chen, Yuewen, Shengping Dai, Hao Zhu, Hongwei Hu, Ningyi Yuan, and Jianning Ding. "Self-healing hydrogel sensors with multiple shape memory properties for human motion monitoring." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 1 (2021): 314–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj04923a.

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Olalere, Isaac O., and Oludolapo A. Olanrewaju. "Optimising Production through Intelligent Manufacturing." E3S Web of Conferences 152 (2020): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015203012.

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Intelligent manufacturing system (IMS) has been the focus of most industries since Industry 4.0 revolution. IMS is being implemented through the integration of Internet of Things, (IoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), digital twin and big data analytics to optimize production through smart manufacturing. This research presents a conceptual approach of an adaptive clustering algorithm (ACA) for advanced manufacturing decision-making for smart machining manufacturing. The work considers product monitoring and assessment, machine health and operating parameters monitoring, as an important factor for intelligent decision making on a machining production line through the developed cyber twin of the machine tool for production optimisation. Cyber twin of the machine tool is developed which runs on a realtime sequence with the physical asset fussed with smart sensors and controllers enabled with cloud computing, IoT and data analytics. The ACA enables resources monitoring, production monitoring, machine condition monitoring, cloud feedback notification, product monitoring, and assessment, for intelligent decision-making from a cluster of similar machines using ANN clustering tool for self-aware, self-predict and self-reconfiguration in a smart machining production line to detect a cutting tool chipping of less than 0.25mm size. The method is proposed to optimise production by increasing productivity through intelligent decision and prediction for tool change, tool failure, maintenance, adjustment of operating parameters.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Smart instruments; Intelligent sensors'

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