Journal articles: 'Smart directional antenna'

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Ng, Chee Kyun, Nor Kamariah Noordin, Sabira Khatun, Borhanuddin Mohd Ali, Sudhanshu Shekhar Jamuar, and Mahamod Ismail. "Directional Diversity of Smart Antenna in LAS CDMA Systems." Wireless Personal Communications 46, no. 3 (December 6, 2007): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9435-4.

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Kim, Jae Hee, Dong-Jin Lee, Tae-Ki An, Jong-Gyu Hwang, and Chi-Hyung Ahn. "Multifunctional Partially Reflective Surface for Smart Blocks." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 6508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196508.

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In general, a partially reflective surface (PRS) is mainly used to increase the gain of an antenna; some metallic objects placed on the PRS degrades the antenna performance because the objects change the periodic structure of the PRS. Herein, we propose a multifunctional PRS for smart block application. When a passenger passes over a smart block, the fare can be simultaneously collected and presented through the LED display. This requires high gain antenna with LED structure. The high gain characteristic helps the antenna identify passengers only when they pass over the block. The multifunctional PRS has a structure in which an LED can be placed in the horizontal direction while increasing the antenna gain. We used the antenna’s polarization characteristics to prevent performance deterioration when LED lines are placed in the PRS. We built the proposed antenna and measured its performance: At 2.41 GHz, the efficiency was 81.4%, and the antenna gain was 18.3 dBi. Furthermore, the half-power beamwidth was 18°, confirming a directional radiation pattern.

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Jusoh, M., M. F. Jamlos, M. R. Kamarudin, and T. Sabapathy. "A Reconfigurable WiMAX Antenna for Directional and Broadside Application." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/405943.

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A novel reconfigurable compact patch array antenna for directional and broadside application is proposed. The presented antenna has successfully been able to function for directional beam at 320° or 35° and divisive broadside beam at 43° and 330°. This is realized in the unique form of aperture coupled spiral feeding technique and positioning of the radiating elements at 0°, 90,° and 180°. The switchable feature is effectively performed by the configuration of three PIN diodes. All PIN diodes are positioned at the specific location of the aperture coupled structure. It is discovered in simulation that the switches can be represented with a copper strip line or touchstone (TS) block . The proposed antenna design operates at 2.37 GHz to 2.41 GHz and has a maximum gain of 6.4 dB and efficiency of 85.97%. Such antenna produces a broadside HPBW with a wider bandwidth covering from −90° to 90° compared to the normal microstrip antenna which could only provide HPBW of −50° to 50°. Moreover, the proposed antenna has small physical dimension of 100 mm by 100 mm. The simulation and measurement results have successfully exhibited the idea of the presented antenna performance. Therefore, the antenna is sufficiently competent in the smart WiMAX antenna application.

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Wagih, Mahmoud, Alex S. Weddell, and Steve Beeby. "Overcoming the Efficiency Barrier of Textile Antennas: A Transmission Lines Approach." Proceedings 32, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019032018.

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Designing high-efficiency antennas on textiles is fundamental for the development of wirelessly-connected smart garments. Furthermore, large antenna arrays could be used to receive or harvest directional and ambient radio-frequency (RF) power from the environment, thus enabling battery-free e-textiles. The key challenges that are hindering the realisation of high efficiency antennas lie in the dielectric properties of fabrics, the conductivity of their traces, and their low textile thickness. This work numerically and experimentally analyses different RF transmission line structures to establish the limitations of widely utilised antenna designs, such as the microstrip patch, and proposes alternative wearable antenna design based on coplanar waveguide (CPW) structures. It is demonstrated that by using a CPW, insertion losses in a 20 mm line can be minimized by up to 40% for the same substrate, as compared to a microstrip, at 30 GHz. A CPW monopole antenna is demonstrated with more than 80% efficiency on a lossy, thin, poly-cotton substrate. Moreover, it is shown that the efficiency of the CPW monopole is independent of the substrate’s thickness and type of fabric.

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Yue, Zhou. "Design of Wireless Intelligent Electronics Card Four-Element Rectangular Micro-Strip Antenna Array." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1203.

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Wake-up signal reception sensitivity and the antenna has a close relationship, from the parking lot of the practical needs of communication, as well as the works of Wireless Intelligent Electronics Card System structure requirements, using a quarter-wavelength design four rectangular micro-strip antenna array modules. Wireless intelligent electronic card to participate in the car parks are long-distance communication systems RFID identification system, four modules of rectangular micro-strip antenna array to send wake-up signal is highly directional, and four units of rectangular micro-strip antenna array to send the signal electron can wake up the wireless smart card job, and avoid the region other than the wireless smart card electronic interference.

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Panagiotou, Stylianos C., Stelios C. A. Thomopoulos, and Christos N. Capsalis. "Genetic Algorithms in Antennas and Smart Antennas Design Overview: Two Novel Antenna Systems for Triband GNSS Applications and a Circular Switched Parasitic Array for WiMax Applications Developments with the Use of Genetic Algorithms." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/729208.

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Genetic algorithms belong to a stochastic class of evolutionary techniques, whose robustness and global search of the solutions space have made them extremely popular among researchers. They have been successfully applied to electromagnetic optimization, including antenna design as well as smart antennas design. In this paper, extensive reference to literature related antenna design efforts employing genetic algorithms is taking place and subsequently, three novel antenna systems are designed in order to provide realistic implementations of a genetic algorithm. Two novel antenna systems are presented to cover the new GPS/Galileo band, namely, L5 (1176 MHz), together with the L1 GPS/Galileo and L2 GPS bands (1575 and 1227 MHz). The first system is a modified PIFA and the second one is a helical antenna above a ground plane. Both systems exhibit enhanced performance characteristics, such as sufficient front gain, input impedance matching, and increased front-to-back ratio. The last antenna system is a five-element switched parasitic array with a directional beam with sufficient beamwidth to a predetermined direction and an adequate impedance bandwidth which can be used as receiver for WiMax signals.

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Song, Bok-Sob, Hyeon-Cheol Lee, and Seung-Bum Kim. "Mount Location Simulation of UHF-Band Omni-Directional Antenna for Smart UAV." Journal of Korea Information and Communications Society 38C, no. 11 (November 30, 2013): 982–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2013.38c.11.982.

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Shi, Chun, Xian Hua Dai, Shu Qian He, Zheng Jie Deng, and Ping Yuan Liang. "Packet Scheduling Algorithm in MAC of Smart Antenna System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 263-266 (December 2012): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.1076.

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Head of Line (HOL) blocking and deaf node problem are the main challenges in the smart antenna system in wireless ad hoc networks. To resolve these difficulties, we propose a novel packet scheduling algorithm based on the Directional Network Allocation Vector (DNAV). In the new algorithm, we divide the surrounding space of a tagged node into interference regions and free regions, and then transmit packets selected in turn from the data queue if there is an appropriately free region. The proposed algorithm can eliminate the deaf node problem and resolve the HOL blocking efficiently. Higher throughput and lower network delay are obtained by adapting to the dynamic network topology than other methods. The simulation results confirm the validity of the proposed algorithm.

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Maneiro-Catoira, Roberto, Julio Brégains, José A. García-Naya, and Luis Castedo. "Dual-Beam Steerable TMAs Combining AM and PM Switched Time-Modulation." Sensors 22, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22041399.

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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are increasingly requiring directional antennas that not only provide higher capacity, security, transmission range or robustness against interference, but also contribute with smart antenna capabilities such as adaptive beamforming or multi beam radiation patterns. Standard phased arrays provide these features, but employing feeding networks based on digitally controlled variable phase shifters (VPSs) which have the disadvantage of high cost and limited angular resolution. Instead, time-modulated arrays (TMAs) use switched feeding networks governed by digital periodic sequences which allow harmonic patterns to be radiated and endows (TMAs) with attractive multifunctional capabilities. In this paper, we analyze and properly combine (TMA) switched feeding networks capable of time-modulating an antenna array with discretized amplitude modulation (AM) and phase modulation (PM) waveforms. The advantages of the proposed innovative dual-beam (TMA) with respect to the competing architectures are, on the one hand, its power efficiency and beamsteering (BS) phase sensitivity and, on the other, its hardware simplicity, which allows for an excellent relative cost advantage.

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Zhou, Wenying, and Mai Lu. "Miniaturization of Quasi-Yagi Antenna Array with High Gain Using Split-Ring Resonators." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2020 (May 22, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4915848.

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In order to realize the miniaturization of quasi-Yagi antenna array, an antenna array with split-ring resonators (SRRs) based on two 7 units quasi-Yagi elements is designed in this paper. The radiation performance of the quasi-Yagi antenna array degrades significantly when array element spacing is reduced. After embedding SRRs on both sides of the miniaturized dielectric substrate surface, the S parameters and gain of array are significantly better than the array without SRRs, and the adjustable wave beam energy is also enhanced effectively. It indicates that the proposed antenna array with SRRs has good directional radiation performance under the miniaturize process at the operation frequency of 2.45 GHz, which could be widely applied in the fields of smart rail transportation and wireless power transfer.

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DENG, Juinn-Horng, Nuri CELIK, Zhengqing YUN, and Magdy F. ISKANDER. "Low Complexity Hybrid Smart Antenna with Directional Elements over Frequency Selective Fading Channel." IEICE Transactions on Communications E94-B, no. 12 (2011): 3610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e94.b.3610.

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Zhijun Zhang, M. F. Iskander, Zhengqing Yun, and A. Host-Madsen. "Hybrid smart antenna system using directional elements - Performance analysis in flat Rayleigh fading." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 51, no. 10 (October 2003): 2926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.818002.

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Inzillo, Vincenzo, Floriano Rango, Alfonso Quintana, and Amilcare Santamaria. "An Adaptive Beamforming Time with Round-Robin MAC Algorithm for Reducing Energy Consumption in MANET." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 7, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan7040050.

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The use of smart antenna systems (SASs) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) has been promoted as the best choice to improve spatial division multiple access (SDMA) and throughput. Although directional communications are expected to provide great advantages in terms of network performance, directional MAC (medium access control) protocols introduce several issues. One of the most known problems in this context is represented by the fact that, when attempting to solve or at least mitigate the problems introduced by these kinds of antennas especially at MAC layer, a large amount of energy consumption is achieved; for example, due to excessive retransmissions introduced by very frequently issue such as deafness and handoff. The expedients proposed in order to reduce these drawbacks attempting to limit beamforming time of nodes in cooperation with a round-robin scheduling can grant high performance in terms of fairness and throughput. However, the overall energy distribution in the network is not efficient due to static approach. In view of this, we propose adaptive beamforming time with round-robin MAC providing a dynamic assignment of the beamforming time with the aim to limit the waste of energy of nodes. The proposed approach provides benefits in terms of energy consumption distribution among nodes in sectorized antennas environments and, simultaneously, improves MAC packet performance.

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Fu, Hai Yang, Hong Gang He, and Xiang Dong Jia. "Study on the Broadcast Beam-Forming of Smart Antenna by the Method of Baseband-Amplitude-Weighting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 1874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.1874.

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In reality, wireless communication channels are designed to serve for multiple users while multipath propagation interference (MPI) and other problems are deteriorating the quality of service, especially when modern wireless communication demands higher data rate giving that less and less radio spectrum resources are available. Compared to conventional techniques trying to solve the related problems, smart antenna (SA) may have shed new light on the solutions of these issues. The forming of broadcast beam of SA is studied in this paper. Firstly, the mathematical formulas for the forming of directional broadcast beam by the method of baseband-amplitude-weighting are derived, according to which the corresponding circuit diagram is given. Then the forming method for broadcast beam for SA by combining several directional radio beams is presented. Moreover, the computer simulation results of SA with 6 array elements are provided to demonstrate the accuracy and achievability of this beam-forming method.

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A, Sasi, and Santhiya P. "Dynamic Location Modelling in 3D Beamforming for 5G Mobile Communications." Computer Engineering and Applications Journal 4, no. 1 (February 18, 2015): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18495/comengapp.v4i1.116.

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Mobile communication system is designed to provide reliable communication with more number of services and with low cost among multiple users. Due to limited frequency spectrum and resources, mobile communication requires more development in case of both establishing communication and maintenance in service quality. To fulfill these requirements, 5G mobile communication is being developed to provide high quality reliable communication and quality of service, by using beamforming model. As the trend of next generation mobile communication, 3D directional transmission is considered to give enhanced coverage model and reusability of frequency. Phase arrayed antenna is used in this beamforming model to give orthogonal communication among users. In this paper, a new modeling of beamforming is applied to give a new dimension by considering altitude with potential field strategy. Here phase arrayed antenna is replaced by 3-D smart antenna to improve the performance of 5G mobile communications. Performance evaluation outcomes 3D beamforming leads 2D beamforming in terms of communication delay, and uplink downlink throughput.

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Xu, Wencong, Bingshu Chen, Yandong Li, Yue Hu, Jianxun Li, and Zijing Zeng. "Dir-MUSIC Algorithm for DOA Estimation of Partial Discharge Based on Signal Strength Represented by Antenna Gain Array Manifold." Sensors 22, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 5406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22145406.

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Inspection robots are widely used in the field of smart grid monitoring in substations, and partial discharge (PD) is an important sign of the insulation state of equipment. PD direction of arrival (DOA) algorithms using conventional beam forming and time difference of arrival (TDOA) require large-scale antenna arrays and high computational complexity, making them difficult to implement on inspection robots. To address this problem, a novel directional multiple signal classification (Dir-MUSIC) algorithm for PD direction finding based on signal strength is proposed, and a miniaturized directional spiral antenna circular array is designed in this paper. First, the Dir-MUSIC algorithm is derived based on the array manifold characteristics. This method uses strength intensity information rather than the TDOA information, which could reduce the computational difficulty and the requirement of array size. Second, the effects of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and array manifold error on the performance of the algorithm are discussed through simulations in detail. Then, according to the positioning requirements, the antenna array and its arrangement are developed and optimized. Simulation results suggested that the algorithm has reliable direction-finding performance in the form of six elements. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is tested by using the designed spiral circular array in real scenarios. The experimental results show that the PD direction-finding error is 3.39°, which meets the need for partial discharge DOA estimation using inspection robots in substations.

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Samir, Nasrina M., Maisarah Musni, Zurina Mohd Hanapi, and Mohamed Ridzal Radzuan. "Impact of Denial-of-Service Attack on Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks." Baghdad Science Journal 18, no. 4(Suppl.) (December 20, 2021): 1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4(suppl.).1371.

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Directional Compact Geographic Forwarding (DCGF) routing protocol promises a minimal overhead generation by utilizing a smart antenna and Quality of Service (QoS) aware aggregation. However, DCGF was tested only in the attack-free scenario without involving the security elements. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to examine the routing protocol algorithm whether it is secure against attack-based networks in the presence of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. This analysis on DoS attack was carried out using a single optimal attacker, A1, to investigate the impact of DoS attack on DCGF in a communication link. The study showed that DCGF does not perform efficiently in terms of packet delivery ratio and energy consumption even on a single attacker.

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Carie, Anil, Mingchu Li, Satish Anamalamudi, Prakash Reddy, Bhaskar Marapelli, Hayat Dino, Wahab Khan, and Waseef Jamal. "An internet of software defined cognitive radio ad-hoc networks based on directional antenna for smart environments." Sustainable Cities and Society 39 (May 2018): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.11.038.

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Kalra, Sahil, Bishakh Bhattacharya, and Bhawdeep Singh Munjal. "Development of shape memory alloy actuator integrated flexible poly-ether-ether-ketone antenna with simultaneous beam steering and shaping ability." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 18 (September 12, 2018): 3634–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18798946.

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Active control of antenna radiation by mechanical reconfiguration has large potential applications in space as well as in ground segment. Such reconfigurable antenna primarily has two functionalities: beam steering and beam shaping. While previous research has shown individual control of these functions; we have developed a suitable antenna actuation system which takes care of both the functionalities. To demonstrate our concept, we have fabricated a 1-m diameterC-band flexible reflector of poly-ether-ether-ketone using precisely machined aluminum mold. A periphery feed structure is connected to the center of the reflector by a goose-neck-shaped supporting frame. Next, we have designed and developed a smart control-disk containing two types of shape memory alloy actuator-based self-locking devices. A group of actuators are used for locking/unlocking the rotational degree of freedom of the antenna; while the other group generates deformation of antenna at the desired direction. An 8-bit absolute encoder is installed with each locking device to sense and feedback the displacement of a control point. We have achieved a controllable deflection up to 25 mm with a precision of 0.3 mm with this system. A directional precision of [Formula: see text] is also achieved simultaneously. Presently, we have developed eight such actuation points on the disk to control the shape of the antenna. For numerical simulation of the structural deformation and study of the radio frequency pattern, finite element analysis is carried out using ABAQUS, and the far-field radiation pattern corresponding to the deformed shape is obtained. The electromagnetic patterns are analyzed using geometric optics technique. Finally, a methodology of achieving surface coordinates for desired radiation pattern is presented. The study provides useful insights into the design of flexible and reconfigurable antenna system.

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Ma, Hong Jiao, Meng Li, Kang Wang, and Zai Ming He. "Adaptive Beam Forming Algorithm of Anti-Jamming GNSS Terminal Research." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.591.

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A variety of high-density and strong signal electromagnetic jamming and interference effect is one of the difficult problems which have bad effects on the accuracy of GNSS Satellite navigation receivers. For different types of jamming and interference effect, this paper will analyze their corresponding coping strategies on GNSS satellite navigation terminal. On the structure basis of the smart antenna array, the algorithm flow of LMS, RLS and CMA are analyzed and the simulation of these three classic beam forming algorithm are also performed. The comparison result of the convergence curves output and convergent beam directional diagram shows that all of them can extract the useful signal from the interfering signals. RLS algorithm has a better setup speed and convergence rate, and also has a strong adaptability to non-stationary signals. Therefore, its filtering performance is significantly better than LMS and CMA. But due to its high computational complexity, real-time processing is very hard to achieve.

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Qasim, Aseel Abdul-Karim, Adheed Hassan Sallomi, and ِAli Khalid Jassim. "Rabid Euclidean direction search algorithm for various adaptive array geometries." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 856–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.1899.

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One of the exciting technologies used to meet the increasing demand for wireless communication services is a smart antenna. A smart antenna is basically confirmed by an array of antennas and a digital beamformer unit through which cellular base station can direct the beam toward the desired user and set nulls toward interfering users. In this paper, different array configurations (linear, circular, and planer) with the REDS algorithm are implemented in the digital beam-forming unit. The wireless system performance is investigated to check the smart antenna potentials assuming Rayleigh fading channel environment beside the AWGN channel. Results show how the REDS algorithm offers a significant improvement through antenna radiation pattern optimization, sidelobe level, and interference reduction, and also the RDES algorithm proves fast convergence with minimum MSE and better sidelobe level reduction comparing with other algorithms.

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Бердников, К. А., Е. А. Ищенко, В. В. Кузнецова, and С. М. Фёдоров. "DESIGNING A MIMO ANTENNA ARRAY FOR 5G NETWORKS." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.17.4.013.

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Рассматривается антенная система для сетей пятого поколения частот 37 ГГц (миллиметровый диапазон радиоволн). Предлагается установка антенны на задней стенке устройства, а излучение радиоволн происходит через стеклянную заднюю панель устройства. Для функционирования в сетях пятого поколения была разработана MIMO антенная решетка, которая состоит из четырех элементов и способна функционировать в «умном» режиме. Благодаря этому возможно формирование луча в антенной системе (beamforming). Для анализа характеристик антенной системы были получены коэффициенты корреляции огибающей, диаграммы направленности, картины электрических полей, получены зависимости эффективной изотропно излучаемой мощности (EIRP), построены графики кумулятивных функций распределения EIRP в линейном и логарифмическом масштабе. Для определения влияния излучения на человека были построены картины удельного коэффициента поглощения (SAR) в соответствии с европейскими нормами на 10 грамм тканей. Все полученные результаты показывают высокую эффективность разработанной конструкции антенной решетки для сетей пятого поколения. Антенные элементы обладают малой взаимной корреляцией, позволяют обеспечить формирование луча, кумулятивные функции распределения показывают высокий уровень покрытия сферы эффективной изотропно излучаемой мощности радиоволнами. Также было показано, что разработанная антенная система обладает малым уровнем удельного коэффициента поглощения, что доказывает безопасность сетей пятого поколения миллиметрового диапазона радиоволн. Развитие современных систем связи позволяет достичь высокой безопасности и эффективности при получении информации The article discusses an antenna system for networks of the fifth generation of 37 GHz frequencies (millimeter-wave radio waves). We propose to install the antenna on the rear wall of the device, radio waves are emitted through the glass rear panel of the device. For functioning in networks of the fifth generation, a MIMO antenna array was developed, which consists of four elements and is capable of functioning in a "smart" mode. This makes it possible to form a beam in the antenna system (beamforming). To analyze the characteristics of the antenna system, we obtained the correlation coefficients of the envelope, directional patterns, patterns of electric fields, the dependences of the effective isotropically radiated power (EIRP), and we plotted the graphs of the cumulative distribution functions of EIRP on a linear and logarithmic scale. To determine the effect of radiation on a person, we built pictures of the specific absorption rate (SAR) in accordance with European standards for 10 grams of tissue. All the results obtained show the high efficiency of the developed design of the antenna array for fifth generation networks. Antenna elements have low cross-correlation, allow for beam formation, cumulative distribution functions show a high level of coverage of the sphere of effective isotropically radiated power by radio waves. We also show that the developed antenna system has a low level of specific absorption coefficient, which proves the safety of fifth-generation networks of millimeter-wave radio waves. The development of modern communication systems makes it possible to achieve high security and efficiency in obtaining information

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Ашихмин, А. В., Ю. Г. Пастернак, В. А. Пендюрин, and Ф. С. Сафонов. "SWITCHING SCANNING ANTENNA SYSTEM BASED ON A FLAT LUNEBERG LENS WITH CONCENTRIC RINGS." ВЕСТНИК ВОРОНЕЖСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2021.17.2.009.

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Антенные системы с возможностью широкоугольного сканирования довольно часто используются в современных системах беспроводной связи и радиолокационных системах гражданского и военного назначения. Особое внимание привлекли Smart-антенны (антенны с коммутируемым лучом и адаптивные антенные системы), а также фазированные антенные решетки (ФАР). В работе рассмотрен вариант построения ФАР с коммутационным сканированием с диаграммообразующей схемой в виде плоской линзы Люнеберга, состоящей из системы концентрических диэлектрических колец, размещенных на подложке из материала Rogers 5880. Исследованы влияние кронштейна крепления для ФАР на диаграмму направленности, уровень излучения, снижение коэффициента направленного действия и уровня сектора сканирования в азимутальной плоскости. Максимальный диаметр ФАР 160 мм, полная высота такой антенны получилась 38 мм. Запитка осуществляется при помощи коаксиальных кабелей с волновым сопротивлением 50 Ом. Диаметр самой линзы Люнеберга был выбран 80 мм; полная высота линзы мм. Подложка имеет толщину мм, склеенная слоем клея толщиной 0.025 мм. Концентрические кольца на этой подложке имеют высоту 0.787 мм. Минимальная ширина концентрического кольца (внешнего) мм (при резке УФ лазером минимальная ширина перегородки между отверстиями равна 0.05 мм). Полосковые трансформаторы расположены на плате из материала Rogers 5880 и имеют толщину равную мм Scanning antennas with wide-angle scanning capabilities are widely used in the areas such as modern wireless communications and military and civilian radars. Among them, lens antennas with switched beams and phased array antennas (PHAR) attracted considerable attention. In this paper, we consider a variant of the construction of switching scanning PHAR with a diagram-forming scheme in the form of a flat Luneberg lens consisting of a system of concentric dielectric rings placed on a substrate made of Rogers 5880 material. We studied the effect of the PHAR mounting bracket on the presence of its influence on the radiation pattern, the radiation level, the decrease in the directional coefficient, and the level of the scanning sector in the azimuth plane. The maximum diameter of the PHAR is 160 mm, the full height of this antenna is 38 mm. The power supply is carried out using coaxial cables with a wave resistance of 50 Ohms. The diameter of the Luneberg lens itself was chosen 80 mm; the full height of the lens is H =0.939 mm. The substrate has a thickness of t =0.127 mm, glued with a layer of glue, 0.025 mm thick. The concentric rings on this substrate are 0.787 mm high. Minimum width of the concentric ring (external) d - W =0.25 mm (when cutting with a UV laser, the minimum width of the partition between the holes is 0.05 mm). Strip transformers are located on the board made of Rogers 5880 material and have a thickness of H =0.939 mm

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Fadl, Adiba EL. "Estimation Direction Arrival of Smart Antenna." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research 8, no. 4 (April 25, 2020): 1051–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30534/ijeter/2020/16842020.

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Sathiskumar, Sathya. "A performance comparison of CDA and ICDA in ADRP." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 5 (June 4, 2013): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871300055x.

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Broadcasting is an inevitable operation in networks. This paper addresses the issues related to broadcasting such as node interference and latency delay in ad-hoc networks .These problems could be overcome by our proposed algorithm approximate directional routing protocol (ADRP) which is mainly inspired by the existing on-demand directional routing protocol (DRP). DRP is also similar to Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). The use of directional antennas for broadcasting is gaining acceptance in ad-hoc networks. The key benefits of smart antennas are minimum energy consumption and bandwidth conservation. Although excess of literature is directed toward the use of smart antennas, a powerful protocol for reducing redundancy, end-to-end delay, and interference is being researched. One such protocol is ADRP. ADRP is a reactive protocol that combines the effect of DRP and approximation algorithm that finds optimal solution for broadcast problems. Omni-directional antennas are capable of wide angle signal transmission. Compared with omni-directional antennas, its successor directional antennas have come up with significant advantages of reducing packet redundancy and interference by gaining higher signal-to-noise ratio. The duo pack will considerably decrease end-to-end delay and node interference giving out significant performance benefits thereby substantially increasing throughput.

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Schäfer, Sassan, Simon Müller, Daniel Schmiech, and Andreas R. Diewald. "Radar system with dedicated planar traveling wave antennas for elderly people monitoring." Advances in Radio Science 18 (December 10, 2020): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-18-97-2020.

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Abstract. Radar systems for contactless vital sign monitoring are well known and an actual object of research. These radar-based sensors could be used for monitoring of elderly people in their homes but also for detecting the activity of prisoners and to control electrical devices (light, audio, etc.) in smart living environments. Mostly these sensors are foreseen to be mounted on the ceiling in the middle of a room. In retirement homes the rooms are mostly rectangular and of standardized size. Furniture like beds and seating are found at the borders or the corners of the room. As the propagation path from the center of the room ceiling to the borders and corners of a room is 1.4 and 1.7 time longer the power reflected by people located there is 6 or even 10 dB lower than if located in the center of the room. Furthermore classical antennas in microstrip technology are strengthening radiation in broadside direction. Radar systems with only one single planar antenna must be mounted horizontally aligned when measuring in all directions. Thus an antenna pattern which is increasing radiation in the room corners and borders for compensation of free space loss is needed. In this contribution a specification of classical room sizes in retirement homes are given. A method for shaping the antenna gain in the E-plane by an one-dimensional series-fed traveling wave patch array and in the H-plane by an antenna feeding network for improvement of people detection in the room borders and corners is presented for a 24 GHz digital beamforming (DBF) radar system. The feeding network is a parallel-fed power divider for microstrip patch antennas at 24 GHz. Both approaches are explained in theory. The design parameters and the layout of the antennas are given. The simulation of the antenna arrays are executed with CST MWS. Simulations and measurements of the proposed antennas are compared to each other. Both antennas are used for the transmit and the receive channel either. The sensor topology of the radar system is explained. Furthermore the measurement results of the protoype are presented and discussed.

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Senthilkumar, K. S., K. Pirapaharan, P. R. P. Hoole, and R. R. H. Hoole. "Single Perceptron Model for Smart Beam forming in Array Antennas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.10719.

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In this paper, a single neuron neural network beamformer is proposed. A perceptron model is designed to optimize the complex weights of a dipole array antenna to steer the beam to desired directions. The objective is to reduce the complexity by using a single neuron neural network and utilize it for adaptive beamforming in array antennas. The selection of nonlinear activation function plays the pivotal role in optimization depends on whether the weights are real or complex. We have appropriately proposed two types of activation functions for respective real and complex weight values. The optimized radiation patterns obtained from the single neuron neural network are compared with the respective optimized radiation patterns from the traditional Least Mean Square (LMS) method. Matlab is used to optimize the weights in neural network and LMS method as well as display the radiation patterns.

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Senthilkumar, K. S., K. Pirapaharan, P. R. P. Hoole, and R. R. H. Hoole. "Single Perceptron Model for Smart Beam forming in Array Antennas." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2016): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i5.pp2300-2309.

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In this paper, a single neuron neural network beamformer is proposed. A perceptron model is designed to optimize the complex weights of a dipole array antenna to steer the beam to desired directions. The objective is to reduce the complexity by using a single neuron neural network and utilize it for adaptive beamforming in array antennas. The selection of nonlinear activation function plays the pivotal role in optimization depends on whether the weights are real or complex. We have appropriately proposed two types of activation functions for respective real and complex weight values. The optimized radiation patterns obtained from the single neuron neural network are compared with the respective optimized radiation patterns from the traditional Least Mean Square (LMS) method. Matlab is used to optimize the weights in neural network and LMS method as well as display the radiation patterns.

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Gavish, Bezalel, Yoram Ofek, and Roger M. Whitaker. "Uplink analysis with mobile devices using directional-smart antennas." International Journal of Mobile Network Design and Innovation 1, no. 1 (2005): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmndi.2005.007938.

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Morab, Feroz, Rajeshwari Hegde, and Veena N. Hegde. "Detection, Estimation and Radiation Formation Using Smart Antennas for the Spatial Location." Traitement du Signal 39, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.390141.

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The Electromagnetic (EM) waves are impinging on the base station from all the directions, Equally Spaced Uniform Linear Antenna Array (ESULA) are used to process these incoming EM waves to Detect and Estimate the directions of the mobile transmitters. After the process of Detection and Estimation, Electronic Beamforming is used to provide the narrow sharper beam towards the detected user. This Detection, Estimation and Beamforming plays a key role in variety of use cases like Radar, Wireless Communication and Sonar based systems. Smart Antenna Systems are implemented using two strategies namely Direction of Arrival (DoA) and Beamforming (BF). Direction of Arrival is a mechanism of Detecting and Estimating the directions of the mobile transmitters. Beamforming on the other hand is a process of transmission of the EM waves towards the source in a specific direction and providing the Spectral Nulls to other Interfering users. To increase the user capacity and to enhance the user experience Spatial Location based Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) technology is used. To improve the overall performance of the smart antenna systems energy and packet delivery is majorly focused on specific source directions rather than using blind transmission strategy. In this paper performance analysis of algorithms for Direction of Arrival methods as well as the Beamforming methods have been performed. Experimental simulations are conducted and comparison is done with respect to Bias, Resolution and Time complexity for the Direction of Arrival methods. Noise Subspace Method (NSM) DoA algorithm consistently delivered the optimal bias, high resolution detection of the user location in spatial domain and provided lesser time complexity for both the scenarios which uses fewer antenna elements or larger number of antenna array elements at the base station. Similarly for the case of Beamforming methods the Mean Square Error and Beam-directions have been compared.

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Soualmi, Nouamane, Ahmed Rouaba, and Hou Min Li. "A 5.8 GHz Band Smart Antenna Using 4x4 Butler Matrix." Applied Mechanics and Materials 610 (August 2014): 878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.610.878.

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A smart antenna using 4x4 Butler matrix for 5.8 GHz band is designed. The antenna array has four inputs and is excited by the Butler matrix feeding network to electronically steer the beams in desired directions. The architecture of the Butler matrix beamforming network is designed without using cross couplers, in fact the array antenna will be surrounded by the hybrid couplers, and it leads to decrease losses due to the crossing lines. The designed prototype is simulated on Rogers RT /duroid 5880 substrate with a relative permittivity of 2.2 using ADS momentum software.

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Eranti, Pranav Kumar, and Buket D. Barkana. "An Overview of Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Methods Using Adaptive Directional Time-Frequency Distributions." Electronics 11, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091321.

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Direction of arrival (DOA) is one of the essential topics in array signal processing that has many applications in communications, smart antennas, seismology, acoustics, radars, and many more. As the applications of DOA estimation are broadened, the challenges in implementing a DOA algorithm arise. Different environments require different modifications to the existing methods. This paper reviews the DOA algorithms in the literature. It evaluates and compares the performance of the three well known algorithms, including MUSIC, ESPRIT, and Eigenvalue Decomposition (EVD), with and without using adaptive directional time–frequency distributions (ADTFD) at the preprocessing stage. We simulated a case with four sources and three receivers. The sources were well separated. Signals were received at each sensor with an SNR value of −5 dB, 0 dB, 5 dB, and 10 dB. The angles of the sources were 15, 30, 45, and 60 degrees. The simulation results show that the ADTFD algorithm significantly improved the performance of MUSIC, while it did not provide similar results for the ESPRIT and EVD methods. As expected, the computation time of the algorithms was increased by implementing the ADTFD algorithm as a preprocessing step.

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Boustani, Btissam, Abdennaceur Baghdad, Aicha Sahel, and Abdelmajid Badri. "Performance analysis of direction of arrival algorithms for Smart Antenna." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 4873. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4873-4881.

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This paper presents the performance analysis of the direction of arrival estimation algorithms such as Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique (ESPRIT), Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC), Weighted Subspace Fitting (WSF), The Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR or capon) and beamspace. These algorithms are necessary to overcome the problem of detecting the arrival angles of the received signals in wireless communication. Therefore, these algorithms are evaluated and compared according to several constraints required in smart antenna system parameters, as the number of array elements, number of samples (snapshots), and number of the received signals. The main purpose of this study is to obtain the best estimation of the direction of arrival, which can be perfectly implemented in a smart antenna system. In this context, the ROOT-Weighted Subspace Fitting algorithm provides the most accurate detection of arrival angles in each of the proposed scenarios.

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Wang, Kunye, Zheng Ma, Yao Zhao, Yunkai Deng, Yunhua Luo, Mang He, and Haitao Xu. "Design of Irregularly Distributed Antenna Array towards Smart 6G Networks." Electronics 11, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 3150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193150.

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The integration of sensing, computing, storage, and communications is one of the main research directions of current network development. To achieve the integration, an innovative design in the antenna array is essential. This paper presents a novel design of an irregularly distributed antenna array for smart 6G networks. Firstly, to solve the problem of fast amplitude and phase distribution of conformal arrays, the fast electromagnetic code of the multilevel fast multipole (MLFMA) based on volume surface integral equations (VSIE) is used to simulate the radiation characteristics of the irregularly distributed antenna arrays. Secondly, another stochastic global optimization algorithm, Simulated Annealing (SA), has been widely used to solve multiscale nonlinear problems. Finally, the performance of the proposed antenna array is given by simulation results and tests, to prove the effectiveness and correctness.

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Ihedrane, Mohammed Amine, and SeddikBri . "Matrix Pencil for Direction Of Arrival Using Smart Antenna." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 8, no. 6 (December 31, 2016): 3093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2016/v8i6/160806429.

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Zeb, Hassan, Moneeb Gohar, Moazam Ali, Arif ur Rahman, Waleed Ahmad, Anwar Ghani, Jin-Ghoo Choi, and Seok-Joo Koh. "Zero Energy IoT Devices in Smart Cities Using RF Energy Harvesting." Electronics 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010148.

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The invention of batteries made it possible to store electricity for many purposes. One of the purposes is to keep the operations of WSN running without any interruptions. The main drawback of sensor nodes is their limited energy sources. The researcher introduces the energy harvesting (EH) concept for IoT-based WSNs to overcome energy limitations and charge the IoT devices. Many energy harvesting techniques have been introduced, such as solar, thermal, and flow-based ones, but radio frequency (RF)-based EH techniques received great attention from researchers due to their easy availability (from TV, radio, and wireless frequencies). In this paper, we have conducted a real-world experiment on Powercast energy harvesting devices and examined the behavior of sensed data in different scenarios, such as indoor, distance (feet/meters), and directional antennas. In our experiments, we have observed that when a device is removed from the charger, the energy scavenging process degrades and reaches a dead state. To stop a device from entering a dead state, we introduce a mobile charger technique to charge the device and find the optimal place for chargers and sensor devices. During mobile charging, we have also observed that when the directional antennas change their angle, the energy scavenging process degrades. To tackle these problems, we introduced two algorithms for directional and omni-directional antennas that efficiently solve the problem. Furthermore, we have obtained results for these scenarios and show that this technique has a promising output.

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Kennedy, J., and M. C. Sullivan. "Direction finding and "smart antennas" using software radio architectures." IEEE Communications Magazine 33, no. 5 (May 1995): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/35.392997.

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Wu, Nan, Chengguo Liu, Bin Zhang, Shuai Zhou, Jingwei Zhang, and Zhi P. Wu. "Wireless bi-directional data link for smart temperature recording." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 39, no. 4 (November 19, 2016): 420–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331216675402.

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In application systems of the Internet of Things (IoT), real-time monitoring and control of the systems need to be realized with wireless communications from machine to machine (M2M), especially under harsh application scenarios. The data link of the M2M communication has also a critical effect on the system in the application. In this paper, a wireless bi-directional data link for smart temperature recording is reported. The radio frequency hardware employed consists of NRF24L01 wireless transceivers, RFX2401 amplifiers and matching network sand antennas. The microcontroller unit (MCU) is based on the STM32F103VET6 chip, which controls the NRF24L01 by a four-pin serial peripheral interface (SPI) to realize the bi-directional data link, and the sensor data are sampled with 12-bit analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). The communication is realized as the interrupt request (IRQ) signal of the NRF24L01 changes periodically. A look-up table and a linear optimization method are also implemented to improve the accuracy of ADC data. The bi-directional data link is then applied to a wired heating control system. The results show that temperature data can be transmitted and received over a distance up to 320 m in an open environment and 52 m in an indoor complex environment with the hardware implemented. The real-time temperature data can be displayed on a computer or a handheld device. Wireless M2M communication and control are thus demonstrated.

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Pradhan, Deven, and Rabindranath Bera. "Direction of Arrival Estimation via ESPRIT Algorithm for Smart Antenna System." International Journal of Computer Applications 118, no. 6 (May 20, 2015): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/20747-3135.

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Dandekar, K. R., H. Ling, and G. Xu. "Effect of mutual coupling on direction finding in smart antenna applications." Electronics Letters 36, no. 22 (2000): 1889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20001309.

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Inamdar, Sadanand, B. Sathish Babu, and Ravi Yadahalli. "Ant Based Adaptive Directional Monitoring MAC Protocol Using Smart Antennas in MANET." International Journal of Business Data Communications and Networking 14, no. 1 (January 2018): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijbdcn.2018010103.

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In Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MAC), the existing MAC protocol based on the short busy advertisement is not an efficient method for data fragmentation. In addition, the data-fragment length adjustment according to the network environments is still an issue. In order to overcome this issue, in this article, the authors propose to design an Adaptive Directional Monitoring MAC (ADM-MAC) protocol for smart Antennas using Ant colony optimization (ACO) technique. In this technique, the network density and traffic intensity information is estimated using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique and then passed on to the MAC protocol. Then data fragment transmission is performed by adaptively adjusting the directional monitoring period based on the packet size. By simulation results, the authors show that the proposed technique reduces the delay, packet drop due to collision and increases the throughput and packet delivery ratio.

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Rehman, Ata ur, Zeeshan Ellahi, Asif Iqbal, Farman Ullah, Ahmed Ali, and Kyung Sup Kwak. "Design and Implementation of Directional Sensors for Privacy-Ensured Device-Free Target Localization in Indoor Environment." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (December 27, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8391307.

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This paper presents two radio frequency (RF) sensors with different directivities designed and tested for device-free localization (DFL) in an indoor environment. Mostly, in smart homes and smart offices, peoples may be irritated by wearing the device on them all the time. As compared with device-based localization, the proposed sensors can localize both cooperative and non-cooperative targets (intruders and guests etc.) without privacy leakages. Both sensors are tested to detect the change in received signal strength (ΔRSS) due to the presence of an obstacle. RF sensors, i.e., antennas are designed to operate in the ISM band of 2.4–2.5 GHz. Experimental results show that the sensor with higher directivity provides better ΔRSS that helps in improved accuracy to detect a device-free target.

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Kleinau, B. A., D. L. de Melo, M. T. de Melo, D. C. P. Barbosa, A. J. B. Oliveira, C. P. N. Silva, and J. M. A. M. de Oliveira. "Application of the Base Transceiver Station with Smart Antennas in the Power Distribution Sector." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (June 18, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621116.

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The use of distribution automation systems has grown significantly in electricity companies in recent years. The main reason for this is the need to have a smarter network, in order to reduce the time of power interruption. For such applications, communication using radio frequency is preferred because this solution is more reliable than 3G/4G and cheaper than fiber optics. In this context, it is of utmost importance to have a more efficient base transceiver station (BTS) that can cover the communication of a larger area. In this paper, the mathematical concepts of an intelligent antenna array, as well as the logical operation of an intelligent radiation system controller, are presented. Such system receives as inputs the geographic coordinates of network elements and automatically feeds an intelligent Yagi–Uda antenna array with the appropriate parameters, in order to optimize the radiation pattern into the desired directions. The presented model uses a stochastic optimization method to automatically achieve a set of optimal electrical parameters to excite the array and efficiently direct its beams in a fully controlled way. Thus, the results obtained indicate that the proposed intelligent scheme allows the energy optimization of the antenna system, reducing in 61% the number of BTS needed to cover the same area, when compared to traditional collinear antenna systems.

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Li, Qiang, Jianbin Chen, and Liang Zhao. "Research on an Improved Metal Surface Defect Detection Sensor Based on a 3D RFID Tag Antenna." Journal of Sensors 2020 (July 8, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8824091.

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Structural health monitoring (SHM) technology is a monitoring process and early warning method for the health status or damage of special workpiece structures by deploying sensors. In recent years, there have been many studies on SHM, such as ultrasonic, pulsed eddy current, optical fiber, magnetic powder, and other nondestructive testing technologies. Due to their sensor deployment, testing environment, power supply, and transmission line wiring mechanism, they bring problems such as detection efficiency, long-term monitoring, and unreliable systems. The combination of wireless sensing technology and intelligent detection technology is used to solve the above problems. Therefore, this paper studies the tag antenna smart sensor, which is used to characterize the extension of metal defects in SHM. Then, it presents a wireless passive three-dimensional sensing antenna, and simulations verify the feasibility of the antenna. The simulation results show that the antenna can characterize the two extension directions of depth and width of the metal surface structure smooth defect. At the same time, the antenna can characterize the position of smooth defects on the surface of metal structures relative to the antenna and then realize the smooth defect positioning.

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Ali, Shahid, Cheab Sovuthy, Muhammad Imran, Soeung Socheatra, Qammer Abbasi, and Zuhairiah Abidin. "Recent Advances of Wearable Antennas in Materials, Fabrication Methods, Designs, and Their Applications: State-of-the-Art." Micromachines 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11100888.

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The demand for wearable technologies has grown tremendously in recent years. Wearable antennas are used for various applications, in many cases within the context of wireless body area networks (WBAN). In WBAN, the presence of the human body poses a significant challenge to the wearable antennas. Specifically, such requirements are required to be considered on a priority basis in the wearable antennas, such as structural deformation, precision, and accuracy in fabrication methods and their size. Various researchers are active in this field and, accordingly, some significant progress has been achieved recently. This article attempts to critically review the wearable antennas especially in light of new materials and fabrication methods, and novel designs, such as miniaturized button antennas and miniaturized single and multi-band antennas, and their unique smart applications in WBAN. Finally, the conclusion has been drawn with respect to some future directions.

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Tseng, Yau-Hwa, Ing-Jiunn Su, and Ruey-Bing Hwang. "An X-band eight-subarray smart antenna system for direction of arrival estimation." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 56, no. 11 (August 27, 2014): 2582–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.28654.

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Kavak, A., M. Torlak, W. J. Vogel, and G. Xu. "Vector channels for smart antennas. Measurements, statistical modeling, and directional properties in outdoor environments." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 48, no. 6 (June 2000): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.846719.

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Babich, F., and M. Comisso. "Throughput and Delay Analysis of 802.11-Based Wireless Networks Using Smart and Directional Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Communications 57, no. 5 (May 2009): 1413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2009.05.070250.

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Dinh, Thanh, and Younghan Kim. "Actor-oriented directional anycast routing in wireless sensor and actor networks with smart antennas." Wireless Networks 23, no. 5 (February 27, 2016): 1467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1216-0.

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Chen, Kai, and Fan Jiang. "A range-adaptive directional MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks with smart antennas." AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications 61, no. 10 (November 2007): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2006.12.011.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Smart directional antenna'

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