Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Smart City Projects'

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This article aims to assess critically different definitions and indicators of smart cities. Drawing on exemplary case studies, the author proposes a typology of four categories of smart cities: type A are the world leaders who pioneer ideas not predicated on smart city projects; type B are aspirational cities punching above their weight; type C are surprise transformers that use the smart city concept to propel real transformation; and type D are cases where smart city projects do not directly address the main urban problems. The discussion highlights the need to prevent ‘smart-wash’ by avoiding superficial technological solutions that chase symptoms but not causes of some of the complex urban challenges that they are intending to address. In conclusion, the author considers the public policy implications of applying these typologies to cities in general with particular reference to the Global South
British Academy: [grant number IPM 15008]
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 30 Jul 2021.

Information and communication technologies are increasingly being infused into city systems and services as part of a growing trend to make cities ‘smart’. Through the design and implementation of these efforts, large information technology (IT) providers are interacting with local government policy and planning processes via: (a) strategy—project objectives, priorities and approaches; (b) engagement—which actors are involved, the roles they play and the interactions between and among them; and (c) representation—how the local government portrays the project through narrative and brand. In the discussion below, I argue that as smart projects multiply, interactions around this proliferation will pave the way for IT providers to more broadly inform urban governance processes. For in effect, IT providers are not just selling smart technologies. Rather, they are propagating a set of assertions about the role, structure, function and relationships of local government. These assertions are informed by neoliberal and entrepreneurial principles, bound up with the concept of smart, and attractively wrapped within the smart city imaginary. This imaginary is largely created by IT providers, and cannot be pursued without them. Within my approach, I view smart initiatives not simply as technical but social and political strategies, for while these projects are about technological innovation, they are also about ‘innovations’ in the relationships, interactions and discourse that surround them. To capture both the discursive and material realities of these projects, my methods of examination included key informant interviews and case study analysis of two cities in the United States, Dubuque, Iowa and Portland, Oregon. I focus specifically on smart projects led by IBM, an influential actor in the smart city market, and use Dubuque as a primary case study with Portland for comparison. My work provides an in-depth view of the IT provider IBM alongside the rise of the corporate entrepreneurial smart city, and sheds light on what these initiatives might mean for municipal administrations and city residents in similar urban environments.

The primary goal of this research is to help any organization, which is planning to transform to the big data analytics era, by providing a systematic and comprehensive model that this organization can use to better understand what factors influence big data projects. Also, the organization's current status against those factors. Finally, what enhancements are needed in the organization's current capabilities for optimal management of factors influencing an upcoming big data project. However, big data applications are vast and cover many sectors, and while most of the factors influencing big data projects are common across sectors, there are some factors that are related to the specific circumstances of each sector. Therefore, this research will focus on one sector only, which is the smart city sector, and its generalizability to other sectors is discussed at the end of the research. In this research, literature review and experts feedback were used to identify the most critical factors influencing big data projects, with focus on smart city. Then, the HDM methodology was used to elicit experts' judgment to identify the relative importance of those factors. In addition, experts' feedback was used to identify possible statuses an organization might have regarding each factor. Finally, a case study of four projects related to the City of Portland, Oregon, was conducted to demonstrate the practicality and value of the research model. The research findings indicated that there are complicated internal and external, sometimes competing, factors affecting big data projects. The research identified 18 factors as being among the most important factors affecting smart-city-related big data projects. Those factors are grouped into four perspectives: people, technology, legal, and organization. Furthermore, the case study demonstrated how the model could pinpoint shortcomings in a city's capabilities before the project start, and how to address those shortcomings to increase chances of a successful big data project.

The main topic of this doctoral thesis is the co-benefit concept, here applied as an assessment paradigm to innovative urban projects. In this research, a co-benefit is defined as any positive impact or effect, regardless of the intentionality, exceeding the primary project goal. More specifically, because the projects here analyzed are those aiming at (re)developing smart and sustainable energy districts, CO2 emission reduction and energy savings are considered the twin primary goals. To investigate the applicability of the assessment paradigm, the work focuses both on methodological and operative issues, each developed in a single research. The general topic and the four papers are summarized in chapter 1 “Introduction and research papers presentation”, also including a brief overview of complementary research activities, and then further developed in as many chapters. The core of the work starts with two general investigations concerning (i) the co-benefits identification and classification under the smart-city perspective, and (ii) the application to them of the most suitable monetization techniques. Then, it concludes with two instances of investigative fieldwork into co-benefits, about (iii) the marginal implicit value of energy performance in residential properties, and (iv) the priorities declared by houseowners as they consider a deep-energy retrofit. To identify and classify the co-benefits, with respect to the various project activities, it is necessary to establish a common lexicon among the various expressions and definitions employed by projects. This phase is also needed to define the boundaries of the investigation, as well as the reference scale, and to avoid double counting. In chapter 2 “Overview and taxonomy of co-benefits based on European experiences”, I propose a classification rooted in practical experiences reported by projects dealing with the implementation of green neighborhoods and urban renewable-energy systems. Due to the vastness and diversity of urban projects labeled as smart, sustainable, or both, it was also necessary to identify a subset of them having similar characteristics, here named Smart and Sustainable Energy-District Projects (SSEDPs). Thus, the focus was on 36 finished or still-running SSEDPs funded by the European Union (EU) within two relevant initiatives: “Concerto” and “Smart Cities and Communities”. The anticipated or already experienced co-benefits were extracted by accessing official sources (e.g., websites, reports) and reviewing them with respect to the specialized literature, obtaining 156 different expressions referring to positive impacts. After a thorough and iterative comparison by a group of experts, a short list of 19 key urban co-benefits is extracted. Finally, to show how relevant is the contribution of these projects to improving the quality of life of citizens and urban competitiveness, a smart-city-based taxonomy is elaborated, by sorting the co-benefits into seven groupings: smart natural environment, smart services, smart community, smart governance, smart economy, smart built environment, and smart mobility. Chapter 3 “Economic assessment methodologies” faces the issue of providing an overview of suitable methodologies for economic assessment, and of creating a framework for evaluating the key urban co-benefits recognized by EU-funded SSEDPs. The aim is to explore the feasibility of a co-benefit approach to a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) being applied to the decision-making framework by quantifying, in monetary terms, all the positive effects (benefits or inflow), as well as the negatives (costs or outflow). Due to the specificity of some co-benefits, besides direct-market value, non-market techniques have been identified as applicable to price them. Such techniques investigate consumers’ preferences starting from individual purchasing habits (revealed preferences) or asking them directly about their preferences (stated preferences). It showed that, for a minority of co-benefits, even the monetization of the human capital should be assessed to complete the whole picture. As a result, looking at the reference literature and involving a multidisciplinary team of experts, an “assessment menu” is developed, suggesting indicators and techniques. The menu also includes some estimated values reported by other studies, examples of practical application in similar contexts, and techniques or approaches suggested by analogy to the reference literature. The chapter 4 “A hedonic price model of energy performance of buildings” is tested in the city of Bolzano. This estimation technique identifies price factors (transactions or asking prices) according to the premise that an asset’s price is determined both by the intrinsic characteristics of the good being sold and extrinsic ones. The research constitutes the first attempt at breaking down the local residential property price and including, among the relevant factors, internal characteristics such as the energy performance certificate (EPC) class. By accessing a specialized real-estate website, 1,130 selling advertisements are collected, then geolocated, and analyzed by using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The aim was to test the presence of spatial autocorrelation, and to eventually correct the estimation based on the ordinary least-squares (OLS) method. In fact, a neglected consideration of spatial relationships, in the presence of spatial dependence would lead to biased results. After a careful refinement of the sample, the evaluation of the marginal contribution of EPC class in the determination of the asking price has been estimated in a 6.3% price premium, moving from lowest class (G) to middle classes (C or D), and a 9.5% when reaching the highest classes (A or B), ceteris paribus. Finally, the OLS-regression result is confirmed, after checking for spatial autocorrelation and testing the Spatial Lag model (the GIS software ArcMap and GeoDa were used). In chapter 5 “A multiple benefits approach to understanding citizen priorities for deep-energy retrofitting”, the focus shifts from a specific co-benefit to a specific target group. Here, priorities declared by houseowners approaching a deep-energy retrofit are shown and weighted, adopting a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method. According to the test-phase results, a decision tree with five criteria and 15 subcriteria has been designed: four in “thermal and hygrometric comfort”; three in “design and architectural quality”, “acoustic comfort”, and “economic benefits”; and two in “sustainability”. Then, a pool of ten experts in the field of energy refurbishment and building works (selected among those working in South Tyrol) has been interviewed by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, which enables evaluation of qualitative criteria through pairwise comparison. The “Super Decisions” software was used, which is specifically designed to support the data collection and results’ validation of AHP. Not surprisingly, the “economic-benefits” side plays a relevant role (38% of the global importance). However, a cross-sector analysis of expected benefits dealing with better health and well-being of occupants reveals that they cover 41% of the overall motivation. These points should be carefully considered not only in the design phase of a private project but also in the communication strategies and within each participatory phase of any project where the decision-maker (private or public) differs from the occupant. The thesis culminates with chapter 6 “Conclusions”, where achieved results of all the four previously described investigations are briefly summarized and further developments are proposed as an impetus for deeper investigations or cross-cutting research.
Il tema principale di questa tesi di dottorato è costituito dal concetto di “co-beneficio” (in inglese co-benefit), qui inteso come un paradigma di valutazione di progetti urbani innovativi. In questa ricerca, il co-beneficio è definito come un qualsiasi impatto o effetto po-sitivo che ecceda l'obiettivo primario del progetto, indipendentemente dalla intenzionalità o meno con cui esso si manifesta. Nello specifico, poiché i progetti qui analizzati sono volti alla creazione di distretti energetici intelligenti e sostenibili (in inglese Smart and Sustainable Energy District Projects – SSEDPs) o alla rigenerazione di quartieri esistenti, il loro obiettivo primario può essere considerato duplice: riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 e raggiungimento di risparmi energetici. Per studiare l'applicabilità del paradigma di valutazione, il lavoro di tesi si concentra sia su questioni metodologiche che operative, ognuna sviluppata in una singola ricerca. Il tema generale e le quattro ricerche specifiche sono riassunti nel capitolo 1 "Introduzione e presentazione dei research papers", che offre inoltre un breve excursus su attività di ricerca complementari. Poi, le quattro ricerche sono sviluppate in altrettanti capitoli della tesi. Il nucleo del lavoro si apre con due indagini generali relative a (i) identificazione co-benefici e loro classificazione in una logica di smart city, e (ii) definizione delle più opportune tecniche di monetizzazione a loro applicabili. Da qui il lavoro procede con due attività di investigazione e analisi sul campo dei co-benefici, ovvero (iii) determinazione del valore marginale implicito della prestazione energetica nel prezzo di offerta degli immobili residenziali, e (iv) pesatura dei benefici attesi dichiarati dai proprietari immobiliari nel commissionare una ristrutturazione energetica radicale (in inglese deep energy retrofit) della propria residenza. Per identificare e classificare i co-benefici, in relazione alle differenti attività di progetto, è stato necessario stabilire un lessico comune tra le varie espressioni e definizioni rintracciabili in diversi contesti. Si è reso inoltre necessario, nella fase preliminare, definire i confini della ricerca, così come la dimensione di riferimento, per evitare un doppio conteggio dello stesso co-beneficio. Nel capitolo 2 "Descrizione e tassonomia dei co-benefici sulla base delle esperienze europee", si propone una classificazione fondata sulle evidenze riportate dai progetti riguardanti la realizzazione di quartieri sostenibili e di sistemi energetici urbani con integrazione di fonti energetiche rinnovabili. Data la vastità e diversità dei progetti urbani definiti smart, sostenibili, o da entrambe i termini, è stato necessario individuare un sottoinsieme di progetti con caratteristiche simili ed equiparabili. Ad essi è stata attribuita la dicitura di Smart and Sustainable Energy District Projects – SSEDPs. In tal modo, l'attenzione della ricerca si è concentrata su 36 SSEDPs, alcuni già conclusi, altri ancora in esecuzione, finanziati dall’Unione Europea (UE) all’interno di due importanti iniziative: "Concerto" e "Smart Cities and Communities". I co-benefici, attesi o già riscontrati, sono stati ottenuti accedendo alle fonti ufficiali (quali siti web e report) e incrociandoli rispetto alla letteratura specializzata di settore. Si sono così ottenute 156 diverse espressioni riferibili agli impatti positivi. Dopo un confronto approfondito e iterativo condotto da un gruppo di esperti, si è giunti alla formulazione di una lista sintetica di 19 co-benefici urbani di preminente interesse. Infine, per mostrare quanto rilevante sia il contributo di questi progetti al miglioramento della qualità della vita dei cittadini e della competitività urbana, è stata elaborata una tassonomia dei co-benefici basata sulle sette dimensioni della smart city (ambiente naturale, servizi, comunità, governance, economia, ambiente costruito, mobilità). Il capitolo 3 "Metodologie di valutazione economica" affronta il problema di fornire una panoramica di quali possano essere le metodologie adeguate per la valutazione economica dei co-benefici, e di creare un quadro di riferimento applicabile ai principali co-be-nefici urbani evidenziati dagli SSEDPs finanziati dalla UE. L'obiettivo è quello di esplorare la fattibilità di un approccio allargato, incorporante i co-benefici, nella formulazione di ana-lisi costi-benefici (in inglese Cost-Benefit Analysis - CBA), e pertanto di offrire al quadro decisionale una quantificazione monetaria di tutti gli effetti positivi e negativi. A causa della specificità di alcuni co-benefici, oltre alla identificazione diretta del valore di mercato, sono state ipotizzate le tecniche non di mercato strategicamente applicabili per la definizione del loro valore. Tali tecniche permettono di indagare le preferenze dei consumatori a partire da singole abitudini di acquisto (preferenze rivelate) o chiedendo loro diretta-mente di esprimersi sulle preferenze (preferenze dichiarate). Per una minoranza di co-benefici, anche una monetizzazione del valore del capitale umano dovrebbe essere inclusa per completare l'intero quadro. Come risultato, ancora una volta riferendosi alla letteratura scientifica specializzata e coinvolgendo un team multidisciplinare di esperti nel dibattito, è stato possibile sviluppare un "menù di valutazione", suggerendo indicatori e tecniche applicabili ai progetti esaminati. Il menù comprende anche alcuni valori stimati riportati da altri studi, esempi di applicazione pratica in contesti simili, e le tecniche o approcci suggeriti per analogia alla letteratura di riferimento. Nel capitolo 4 "Un modello di prezzo edonico per l’analisi della prestazione energetica negli edifici" è testato nella città di Bolzano. Questa tecnica di stima individua i fattori determinanti il prezzo dell’immobile (applicabile alle transazioni quanto ai prezzi di offerta, come in questo caso) in base alla premessa che esso sia determinato da caratteristiche intrinseche del bene stesso posto in vendita e da caratteristiche estrinseche. La ricerca costituisce un primo tentativo di scomporre il prezzo di offerta degli immobili residenziali di Bolzano comprendendo tra i fattori rilevanti intrinseci anche la classe riportata dall'attestato di certificazione energetica (in inglese Energy performance certificate - EPC). Ac-cedendo a un portale internet immobiliare specializzato, sono stati raccolti 1.130 annunci, successivamente geolocalizzati e analizzati utilizzando sistemi informativi geografici (in inglese Geographic Information System - GIS). Lo scopo di questo passaggio, aggiuntivo rispetto ad un classico modello edonico, è stato quello di verificare la presenza di auto-correlazione spaziale, ed eventualmente correggere la stima ottenuta sulla base del metodo dei minimi quadrati (in inglese Ordinary Least Squares - OLS). Questo poiché, come evidenziato dalla letteratura, una non considerazione delle relazioni spaziali, in presenza di forte dipendenza spaziale, porterebbe a risultati distorti della stima. Dopo un attento affinamento del campione, il contributo marginale della classe energetica nella determinazione del prezzo di offerta, prendendo come base di riferimento gli immobili in classe peggiore (G), è stato stimato in un aumento del 6,3% per le classi medie (C o D), e del 9,5% per le classi più elevate (A o B), ceteris paribus. Infine, il risultato del modello di regressione dei minimi quadrati è stato confermato, dopo averlo verificato nella componente di autocorrelazione spaziale testando il modello spatial-Lag (per queste fasi sono stati utilizzati i software GIS ArcMap e GeoDa). Nel capitolo 5 "Un approccio basato sui benefici multipli per la comprensione delle priorità dei cittadini nelle ristrutturazioni energetiche", l'attenzione è stata spostata dall’analisi di un co-beneficio specifico a quella di un target specifico. Qui, le priorità dichiarate dai proprietari di immobili residenziali che si approcciano ad un deep energy retrofit della propria abitazione sono espresse e ponderate adottando un metodo di analisi di decisone multi-criteri (in inglese Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis - MCDA). Sulla base dei risultati di una prima fase test, è stato disegnato un albero del processo decisionale articolato in cinque criteri e 15 sotto-criteri, così suddivisi: quattro in "comfort termico e igrometrico"; tre in "design e qualità architettonica", "comfort acustico", "benefici economici"; due in "sostenibilità". Successivamente, un gruppo di dieci esperti nel campo della ristrutturazione energetica e nel settore dell’edilizia residenziale (selezionati tra quelli attivi in Alto Adige), è stato intervistato applicando la tecnica dell’Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), che con-sente la valutazione di criteri qualitativi attraverso il confronto a coppie. In questo studio è stato utilizzato il software "Superdecision", che è specificamente progettato per suppor-tare la raccolta dei dati e la validazione dei risultati AHP. Dai risultati ottenuti emerge, come era intuibile dato il contesto normativo attuale, che la dimensione dei "benefici economici" gioca un ruolo considerevole nella scelta (38% della rilevanza globale). Tuttavia, un'analisi trasversale dei benefici attesi che coinvolgono aspetti della salute e del benessere degli occupanti rivela che questi coprono il 41% della motivazione complessiva. Lo studio evidenzia quindi come tali punti debbano essere attentamente considerati non solo in fase di redazione dei singoli progetti, ma anche nelle strategie di comunicazione e all'interno di ciascuna fase di partecipazione nel caso di progetti nei quali il decisore (pubblico o privato) non corrisponda all'occupante. La tesi termina con il capitolo 6 "Conclusioni", dove sonno riepilogati i percorsi delle quattro indagini precedentemente descritte e sono brevemente riassunti i risultati. Sono inoltre evidenziati possibili sviluppi futuri, proposti come un impulso per indagini più approfondite o per ricerche trasversali.

Parque Científico y Tecnológico (PACYT, Science and Technology Park) is a large-scale R+D project that seems to be framed in a Smart City plan for Concepción, Chile, which the media has presented as “the Chilean Silicon Valley” (Araus, 2015; Tele13, 2019) and promises to bring not only research and development opportunities for the city but also thousands of direct and indirect jobs (Estudio Interdiseño, 2018; la Tercera, 2015) carried out by PACYT Corporation. Nonetheless, voices have raised to question the construction of the 91 hectares initiative, and some of them have even organized in citizen groups targeting the creation of the urban complex, which actively share information contesting the PACYT through social media, and coordinate activities to protest and spread the word. This is the study case to be analyzed in the present research, which aims to explore and understand, on the one hand, the reasons that have led to the organization of citizens contesting the PACYT project, and on the other hand, the way the project has been advertised and developed in relationship to the city's inhabitants. It intends to make a novel contribution to the field of Urban Studies, both in the areas of Critical Smart Urbanism and Postcolonial Studies, which in this case collide in Latin America, part of the Global South, while opening a discussion around the topic of citizens contesting urban developments with a Smart City background, where few incursions have been made and more specifically in the Latin American context, where the Smart City seems to have a particular interpretation. With that in mind, the current research tries to dig into an under-studied territory, and in doing so, it plans to bring to the table the relevance of studying the approach and way of developing Smart Cities’ ideas in Latin American, and to put focus on what city’s inhabitants have to say about those developments and what their interests are, using the lenses of the right to the city and the understandings coming from urban social movements and conflicts. In that sense, the research outputs are to question the form in which Smart City projects are being implemented in Latin America and to find possible guidelines to incorporate the city’s inhabitants in the development of them elsewhere, with that in mind, future research can be supported by this investigation, which encourages further studies both in the described fields and territory. To do so, the current investigation explores and unwrap theories regarding the mentioned fields and focuses on analyzing the case making use of mixed methods research, by executing qualitative and quantitative methodological tools to reach relevant data that helps to answer the research inquiries. In that sense, the results show that it can be confirmed that the nature of the PACYT, i.e. its R+D purposes and origins linked to a Smart City plan to transform the city into smartness, does not play a relevant role in the development of the conflict that has emerged between the PACYT management, and the people opposed to its construction, but several aspects explain the urban social conflict and that will be explored in the present work.

Acknowledgment.

First of all, I would like to thank all the interviewees that decided to share their thoughts in the present study, as well as to all the people that participated in the survey; without your contribution, it would have not been possible for me to reach my research goals and to count on with the rich material I have. On the other hand, I want to thank people from academia, such as my peers, who have given me advice and stamina, to my tutor, who has contributed with his wisdom, and to my mentor at university, who has kept me on track and provided me with valuable insights. I am grateful to these people for helping me with my willpower and effectiveness. Finally, I need to thank those surrounding me, like my family for supporting me from the distance, my partner for being here to contain and take care of me, and my dog for always being around me and spreading his love and joy.

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O rápido aumento da população urbana apresenta novos desafios para a administração de cidades em todo o mundo. No entanto, com a adoção generalizada de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC), um número crescente de iniciativas estão sendo implementadas para aliviar essa tensão ao tentar transformar os centros urbanos em cidades inteligentes. Paralelamente ao conceito de cidades inteligentes, uma variação específica deste conceito emergiu no setor de turismo, cunhado na ideia de destinos turísticos inteligentes (DTI). Com base na experiência de Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brasil), esta pesquisa explora algumas questões cruciais ao processo de transformação de um destino turístico em inteligente. De fato, os principais destinos turísticos estão implementando cada vez mais as TIC para enriquecer as experiências dos turistas e, como resultado, melhorar a competitividade do destino. Apesar do crescente número de iniciativas de DTI em diferentes países, a literatura existente permanece incipiente sobre esse fenômeno crescente. Assim, o primeiro artigo desta tese propõe um modelo teórico – o Smart Destinantion Development Model - visando indicar um caminho estratégico que um destino turístico deveria seguir para se tornar inteligente. Ao discutir a ideia de DTI, argumentamos que, além de aumentar a competitividade do destino, um projeto de DTI deve basear-se em um paradigma sustentável para criar valor público para a comunidade local. O segundo trabalho, desenvolvido sob a perspectiva da teoria Ator-Rede, está focado em investigar o processo de implementação do projeto de cidade inteligente de Armação dos Búzios, denominado Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Além disso, essa pesquisa também tentou entender o papel do contexto na implementação de um projeto de cidade inteligente. Nossas descobertas revelam que o projeto da cidade inteligente estudado foi principalmente motivado pela regulação pública e decisões, que caracterizamos como de cima para baixo, praticadas através das interações de seus participantes Após reconhecer o papel dos atores envolvidos no projeto CIB, bem como suas motivações, o terceiro artigo analisou o mesmo projeto usando o modelo SDDM. Desta forma, o artigo III visa investigar se, no processo de implementação do projeto da cidade inteligente, Armação dos Búzios também buscou se tornar um DTI. Nossos resultados mostraram que, apesar das oportunidades que surgiram com a infraestrutura tecnológica trazida pelo projeto da cidade inteligente, o setor de turismo de Armação dos Búzios não conseguiu se tornar mais eficiente. Assim, o último artigo provou que as TIC não irão atuar por si só para melhorar a experiência dos turistas. Na verdade, há uma cadeia de valor turístico muito complexa que precisa ser organizada e envolvida com uma visão estratégica comum, antes que a tecnologia se torne útil para aumentar a competitividade do destino turístico.
The rapid increase in urban population poses significant challenges to the administration of cities throughout the world. However, with the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT), a growing number of initiatives are being implemented to alleviate such strain by attempting to transform urban centers into Smart Cities. Parallel to the concept of Smart City, a specific variation of this concept is emerging in the Tourism sector, which regards the idea of Smart Tourism Destinations (STD). Drawing upon Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brazil) experience, this research explores some key issues to be addressed in the process of transforming a tourism destination into a smart one. In fact, mainstream tourism destinations are increasingly implementing ICTs to enrich tourists' experiences and, as a result, improve the competitiveness of the tourism destination. Despite the growing number of STD initiatives in different countries, the extant literature remains silent on this growing phenomenon. As such, the first article of this thesis proposes a theoretical model – The Smart Destination Development Model – aimed at indicating a strategic path that a tourism destination should follow to become a smart one. By discussing the idea of STD, we argue that besides enhancing the destination competitiveness, an STD project should be grounded on a sustainable paradigm in order to create public value for the hosting community. The second paper, developed under the Actor-Network theory perspective, is focused on investigating the implementation process of the smart city project that took place in Armação dos Búzios, named Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Additionally, this research also attempted to understand the role of context in the implementation of a smart city project. Our findings reveal that the smart city project studied was primarily motivated by public regulation and mainstream decisions we characterized as top-down decisions implemented through interactions of project participants. After acknowledging the role of actors involved the CIB project, as well as their motivations, the third article has studied the same project using the SDDM. In this way, article III aims at investigating if in the process of implementing the smart city project, Armação dos Búzios also sought to become a STD. Our results have shown that, despite the opportunities that emerged with the technological infrastructure brought by the smart city project, the tourism sector of Armação dos Búzios was not able to become more efficient. Thus, the last paper has proven that ICT will not act by itself in improving the tourists’ experience. In fact, there is a very complex touristic value chain that needs to be organized, and be engaged with a common strategic vision, before technology becomes useful to increase the tourism destination competitiveness.

Increased urbanisation against the backdrop of limited resources is complicating city planning and management of functions including public safety. The smart city concept can help, but most previous smart city systems have focused on utilising automated sensors and analysing quantitative data. In developing nations, using the ubiquitous mobile phone as an enabler for crowdsourcing of qualitative public safety reports, from the public, is a more viable option due to limited resources and infrastructure limitations. However, there is no specific best method for the analysis of qualitative text reports for a smart city in a developing nation. The aim of this study, therefore, is the development of a model for enabling the analysis of unstructured natural language text for use in a public safety smart city project. Following the guidelines of the design science paradigm, the resulting model was developed through the inductive review of related literature, assessed and refined by observations of a crowdsourcing prototype and conversational analysis with industry experts and academics. The content analysis technique was applied to the public safety reports obtained from the prototype via computer assisted qualitative data analysis software. This has resulted in the development of a hierarchical ontology which forms an additional output of this research project. Thus, this study has shown how municipalities or local government can use CAQDAS and content analysis techniques to prepare large quantities of text data for use in a smart city.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how processes of subjectification constitute the empowered citizen/patient in the discourses on smart cities. Descriptions of smartphone apps which use environmental sensor data are analysed through discourse analytic approach to governmentality. More specifically the thesis investigates the empowered citizen in relation to responsibilisation and relations to knowledge and power. The study finds that the citizen-subject is responsibilised and the relations knowledge are reformulated and redistribute responsibility. Data and the derived knowledge is represented as a form of empowerment. The citizen-subject is constituted as a manager of their own health, and a catalysts for changing the environment. Emphasising the importance of data and putting the user at the heart of data collecting further contributes to the responsibilisation. However, as the information from the data streams is transferable it also redistributes responsibility in the network of individuals who have access to it. The way of knowing the self and the environment is augmented to include a codified interface, which conditions the relationship. A distributed network of sensors allows the citizen-subject is able to simultaneously read the environment in multiple locations. Relations in knowledge production are also found to be altered.

Recently, the ‘Smart City’ label has emerged as a popular umbrella term for numerous projects around the world that claim to offer an enhanced urban experience, often provided in collaboration with international companies through private-public partnerships. As smart cities pledge to create long-term economic sustainability and progressive form of urban entrepreneurialism, it is getting important to highlight risks such as the reduced role of the public sector, technological dominance and data privacy.In contrast to more a conventional, long-term, holistic master planning, a technologically pre-determined form of Smart City endangers the emancipator usage of public spaces as spaces of diversity, creativity, inclusive citizen participation and urban sustainability.This research approaches the concept of Smart Cities as a future category and, thus, targets to develop a comprehensive visual analysis based on architectural representations in the form of computer-generated images (CGI’s). The Quayside project, a notable and widely criticized urban development project, by Sidewalk Toronto, a cooperation between Waterfront Toronto and Sidewalk Labs which is a sister subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., has been selected as Smart City case study as. Visual analysis was conducted by using the theoretical frame advocating ‘Coordinating Smart Cities’ in contrast to ‘Prescriptive Smart Cities’ by Richard Sennett. In addition to Sennett’s concept of ‘Incomplete Form’, Jan Gehl’s ‘Twelve Quality Criteria’ was used as coding categories to elaborate the content analysis which was followed by semiological and compositional interpretations. Visuals have been investigated in three sequential sets and analyzed focusing on time-based comparative frequency counts for sets of visuals. Concentrating on how future public spaces are illustrated, the study aims to uncover and to discuss how Smart Cities are being imagined and advertised.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le déploiement du concept Smart City à l’échelle de la ville, avec une application à la ville de Saint-Quentin. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit contribuent à enrichir la recherche dans le domaine de la Smart City avec pour objectif de combler l’écart de connaissance entre la théorie et la pratique.L’objectif principal est de développer une méthodologie pour l’élaboration d’une feuille de route "Smart City" comme première phase de l'implémentation d'une démarche Smart City.Le travail comporte 5 parties.La première partie présente une synthèse l’état de l’art des recherches et des pratiques sur la Smart City dans le monde.La deuxième partie présente la méthodologie développée pour conduire une démarche Smart City. Elle constitue une base scientifique solide pour mener à bien et concevoir une stratégie globale "Smart City".La troisième partie présente l’application de la méthodologie développée à la ville de Saint-Quentin. Après une analyse profonde du territoire, nous avons réalisé un diagnostic en vue d’un déploiement du concept Smart City. Ce travail a comporté une identification des enjeux de la ville et les pistes d’amélioration. A cet effet, une série de projets pilotes a été proposée.La quatrième partie présente une description du patrimoine immobilier de la ville de Saint-Quentin, ainsi qu’une analyse de leurs consommations énergétique et émissions de CO2.La dernière partie présente les travaux réalisés pour la transformation intelligente des bâtiments municipaux de la ville de Saint-Quentin. Deux sites d’expérimentation pilotes sont présentés : une salle de concerts et un groupe scolaire maternelle et primaire. Le chapitre présente également la méthodologie de déploiement des capteurs pour mesurer et suivre, en temps réel, les paramètres de confort et de sécurité ainsi que l’utilisation de ces données
This thesis work focuses on the deployment of the Smart City concept at the city level, with an application in the city of Saint-Quentin. The work, presented in this manuscript, contributes to enrich the Research in the field of the smart city with the objective of bridging the knowledge gap between theory and practice.Thus, the main objective is to develop a methodology for the development of a "Smart City" roadmap as the first phase of the implementation of a Smart City project.This thesis report is divided into five main parts.The first part presents a synthesis of the state of the art of research and practice on the Smart City in the world.The second part presents the methodology developed to conduct a smart city approach. It constitutes a solid scientific basis for carrying out and designing a global “Smart City” strategy.The third part is about the application of the methodology developed to the city of Saint-Quentin. After a deep analysis of the territory, we carried out a diagnosis with a view to deploying the Smart City concept. This task included identifying the challenges facing the city and areas for improvement. A series of pilot projects have been proposed.The fourth part consists on describing the real estate assets of the city of Saint-Quentin, as well as analyzing their energy consumption and CO2 emissions.At last but not least, the fifth part aims to reflect the work carried out for the intelligent transformation of municipal buildings in the city of Saint-Quentin. Two main test sites are presented : a hall for concerts and shows and a nursery and primary school group. This chapter also presents the methodology for deploying sensors to measure and monitor comfort and safety parameters in real time as well as the use of these data

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The purpose of this work is to elaborate a proposal of Living Labs organization on the region known as 'Linha Verde' urban zone of road BR 116, that crosses Curitiba and became the sixth structuring axis of the city. As an old road, it provides low added-value services and has social demands pending of solution, as the same time as it is passing by an urban requalification process aiming the change in this scenario. It is believed that, by transforming this route in a sustainable innovation center, the attractiveness of this zone will be increased, bringing in companies and services intensive in technology and of higher complexity. To accomplish the change in 'Linha Verde' in aaccordance with the Reference Term presented by the City Hall of Curitiba to Fundação Getulio Vargas, a study on Living Labs was conducted – real life experimentation labs that target the creation of innovative products and services through public-private-personal partnerships. The research methods applied in the formulation of the present thesis proposal were national and international experience collection through literature revision, semi-structured interviews with key players of 'Linha Verde' project material analysis and field visits. The Strategic Situational Planning was used to realize scenario diagnosis and proposals to the solution of the case. The proposal developed in the work consists of mapping potential Living Labs for 'Linha Verde' detaling important aspects apprehended in bibliographical review (coordination, participation and network formation and implementation method). It was made the option of suggesting them according to the six interest areas of a smart city (smart environment, smart mobility, smart living, smart people, smart economy and smart governance) given the fact that Curitiba already adopts this concept. In addition to that, the creation of a structure of governance and innovative ideas capitation was suggested, based on researched international experiences. Possible externalities that the Living Labs may bring to the city are also presented. Lastly, the steps of the proposal implemetation are presented. The initiatives presented here can contribute to make the 'Linha Verde' a social and economic development area serving as a laboratory of innovative urban solutions.
O objetivo desse trabalho consiste na elaboração de proposta para estruturação de Living Labs na região da Linha Verde, trecho urbano da BR 116, que cruza Curitiba, e que se tornou o sexto eixo estruturante da cidade. Por ser antiga rodovia, apresenta serviços de baixo valor agregado, com demandas sociais a serem resolvidas, e passa por um processo de requalificação urbana, visando mudar esse cenário. Acredita-se que transformar essa via num centro de inovações urbanas sustentáveis aumentará a atratividade da região, trazendo empresas e serviços intensivos em tecnologia e de maior complexidade. Para realizar essa mudança na Linha Verde, atendendo ao Termo de Referência apresentado à Fundação Getulio Vargas pela Prefeitura de Curitiba, realizou-se estudo de Living Labs – laboratórios de experimentação na vida real, cujo objetivo é criar produtos e serviços inovadores por meio de parcerias público-privada-pessoais. Os métodos de pesquisa utilizados para formulação da proposta dessa dissertação foram: revisão de literatura com levantamento de experiências nacionais e internacionais, entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores do projeto da Linha Verde, análise de materiais e visitas de campo. Utilizou-se o Planejamento Estratégico Situacional para diagnóstico do cenário e proposição das soluções para o caso. A proposta elaborada no trabalho consiste no mapeamento de potenciais Living Labs para a Linha Verde, com detalhamento de aspectos importantes identificados na revisão bibliográfica (coordenação, participação, formação da rede e método de implementação). Optou-se por sugeri-los de acordo com as seis áreas de interesse de uma cidade inteligente (smart environment, smart mobility, smart living, smart people, smart economy e smart governance), visto que Curitiba já adota esse conceito. Adicionalmente, sugeriu-se a criação de estrutura de governança e de captação de ideias inovadoras, baseadas em experiências internacionais pesquisadas. Apresentam-se também possíveis externalidades que os Living Labs podem trazer à cidade. Por fim, apresentam-se as etapas de implantação da proposta. As iniciativas aqui propostas podem contribuir para tornar a Linha Verde uma área de desenvolvimento econômico e social, servindo como um laboratório de soluções urbanas inovadoras.

Trabalho de projecto de mestrado, Engenharia Informática (Engenharia de Software) Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019
Este relatório foi realizado no âmbito da disciplina de Dissertação/Projeto de Engenharia Informática do 2º ano de Mestrado em Engenharia Informática da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa e reporta o trabalho desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto SMART CITY BUS: FLEXIBLETRANSPORT.AI na empresa Card4B – Systems, S.A, projeto que está relacionado com a temática dos transportes públicos e pretende desenvolver um conjunto de mecanismos e soluções que têm por objetivo melhorar o funcionamento destes. Nos dias de hoje, os serviços públicos de mobilidade em meios urbanos (serviços de transportes) são maioritariamente divididos em dois tipos, antagónicos: serviços coletivos regulares com horários e percursos pré-definidos (ex. carreiras da Carris) e serviços a pedido (ex. táxis, Uber). A flexibilidade dos serviços a pedido tem um acréscimo de preço significativo face aos serviços coletivos regulares, o que restringe a sua utilização por vastas camadas da população. Com as tecnologias existentes nas áreas de informação e de comunicação começa a ser possível obter informação sobre os movimentos e a concentração dos cidadãos na malha urbana. Estas tecnologias permitem ainda gerir de forma mais dinâmica grandes frotas de veículos de transportes, pelo que é expectável o aparecimento de serviços coletivos com trajetos e horários mais flexíveis, dinâmicos e ajustados aos padrões de mobilidade dos utilizadores deste tipo de transporte. Este trabalho consistiu na implementação e alteração de um sistema de transportes inteligentes (STI), que permite a um utilizador executar a função pretendida sem dificuldades no menor tempo possível, com uma arquitetura modular, permitindo a independência de módulos e uma instalação simples do sistema, com módulos de back-end e frond-end. As implementações e alterações efetuadas originam melhoramentos no sistema, como uma troca de mensagens mais rápida por parte de um WebService, novas funcionalidades em vários módulos e ainda um conversor que permite a integração de dados no sistema, sendo estes dados provenientes de diferentes empresas clientes. O trabalho realizado permite a compra de bilhetes em papel por parte dos motoristas e das bilheteiras, e ainda a validação de passes em dispositivos presentes nos autocarros. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido sobre uma plataforma que é explorada comercialmente pela empresa Card4B – Systems, S.A, o que levou a que existissem algumas restrições de divulgação de detalhes e/ou implementações dos diferentes componentes que constituem o sistema. Neste sentido, e de acordo com as regras da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, foram elaboradas duas versões do presente relatório (uma versão pública e outra confidencial). Na versão pública, a atual, o sistema é descrito por meio das suas funcionalidades, sendo omitidos os detalhes dos mecanismos internos, bem como a sua implementação. No que diz respeito à versão confidencial, os aspetos omitidos na versão pública são descritos em detalhe de forma a descrever o trabalho que foi feito durante este estágio. No que diz respeito à plataforma resultante deste projeto e às funcionalidades implementadas, esta permite um controlo pormenorizado de dados existentes no sistema, permitindo avaliar o sistema atual com base na informação existentes nas variadas bases de dados de cada módulo e comparar o estado do sistema antes e depois das alterações realizadas.
This report was done in the context of the course of Computer Engineering Dissertation/Project, as part of the 2nd year of MSc in Computer Engineering of the School of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. It reports the work developed under the SMART CITY BUS: FLEXIBLETRANSPORT.AI project that ran at the company CARD4B – Systems, S.A. The SMART CITY BUS: FLEXIBLETRANSPORT.AI project is related to public transportation theme and aims to develop a set of mechanisms and solutions to improve the efficiency of public transportation systems. Nowadays, public mobility services in urban areas (transportation services) are divided in two antagonistic types: regular collective services with predetermined schedules and routes (e.g. Carris buses) and services on request (e.g. Taxis, Uber). The flexibility of on-demand services has a significant price compared with regular collective services, which restricts their use by many sectors of the population. Based on information and communication technologies, it is now possible to obtain information about the movements and concentration of citizens in the urban network. These technologies also allow a more dynamic management over large fleets of transport vehicles, so it is expected that new services with more flexibility, dynamic routes and schedules will appear, adjusted to user needs and fleets. The work reported here consisted on the implementation and modification of an intelligent transport system, designed to present a modular architecture, allowing the modules independence and a simple system installation, with backend and front-end modules. Besides those capabilities it presents a user-friendly interaction, allowing users to execute the desired function without difficulties in the shortest possible time. The implementations and changes lead to improvements in the system, such as faster exchange of messages by a Webservice, new functionalities in several modules and a converter that allows the integration of data in the system, being this data coming from different client companies. The work done allows the purchase of paper tickets by drivers and ticket offices, as well as the validation of passes inside buses. This work was developed on a commercial platform that is exploited by the Card4B - Systems, S.A company, which led to some restrictions on the description of details and/or implementations of the different components that make up the system. In this sense, and in accordance with the rules of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, two versions of this report (a public and a confidential version) have been created and delivered. In the public version, the current one, the system is described through its functionalities, being omitted the details of the internal mechanisms, as well as their implementations. Regarding to the confidential version, all modules, mechanisms and functionalities are described in detail. In terms of final solution, it allows a detailed control of existing data in the system, allowing to evaluate the current system status based on information coming from the various databases of each module and compare the state of the system before and after the changes made.

Trabalho de projecto de mestrado, Engenharia Informática (Engenharia de Software) Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2019
Within the scope of the SMART CITY BUS: FLEXIBLE TRANSPORT. AI FRONT-END project, developed in the company Card4B – Systems, S. A. the present document was written to report the results and conclusions of said project in the context of the discipline of Computer Engineering Dissertation/Project Report of the 2nd year of MSc in Computer Engineering from the School of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. This project is directly related to public transportation services management and improvement regarding its flexibility and is focused in the front-end (Android) component of the system. Nowadays, the public transportation services are almost exclusively divided in two main categories: regular collective services with predefined routes and schedule and on-demand services (such as UBER). Any additional flexibility in these services is reflected in its price, which inevitably alienates a big volume of the population. The main idea is to build a system to manage these services in a more dynamic way by getting information regarding people’s movement patterns in the city. This system is to be integrated in a public transportation management platform. The driver mobile application is part of one of those systems. This android component is supposed to be used by the bus drivers to open and close their service – which can be either a predefined service or not – and ultimately sell, charge and validate transport titles with a certain contract/tariff, depending on their current location. The communication between the mobile app and the other elements of the system is indispensable to gurantee the reflection of the data collected by the services, shifts and sales performed in the application in the overall recommendation system. In the end, all the elements implemented and optimized along this project proved to be an asset for the entire system by improving the performance and stability of the Android front-end component.

В ходе исследования были изучены основные принципы концепции умных городов, рассмотрен мировой опыт и потенциальные перспективы реализации подобных подходов в Екатеринбурге. Целью работы было выявить уровень соответствия элементов городской среды Екатеринбурга концепции Smart City. Задачи: 1. Изучить содержание и основные составляющие концепции «Умный город». 2. Изучить мировой опыт внедрения принципов Smart City. 3. Рассмотреть элементы городской среды Екатеринбурга применительно концепции «Умный город». 4. Выделить перспективы развития городской среды Екатеринбурга в соответствии с принципами Smart City. Мировой опыт внедрения принципов Smart City очень разнообразен и не может быть на 100% применен в России в неизменном виде, поскольку без учета особенностей жизни общества и условий среды он будет неэффективен. Важно адаптировать достойные идеи на своей территории, а не полностью заимствовать чужие проекты. Результаты опроса показали, что есть некоторые препятствия в распространении и реализации принципов концепции «умного города» в Екатеринбурге: низкая информированность населения, инертность властей и горожан, недостаточный уровень культуры людей, отсутствие системности при внедрении новшеств и др. Несмотря на это, респонденты склонны верить в возможность развития городского пространства по принципам Smart City, осознавая также необходимость объединения усилий власти и населения для реализации проектов. В целом есть неплохие перспективы развития городской среды Екатеринбурга в соответствии с принципами Smart City.
During the research, the basic principles of the concept of smart cities were studied, world experience and potential prospects for the implementation of such approaches in Yekaterinburg were examined. The aim of the work was to identify the level of compliance of the elements of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg with the Smart City concept. Tasks: 1. To study the content and the main components of the concept of Smart City. 2. To study the world experience in implementing the principles of Smart City. 3. To consider the elements of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg in relation to the concept of "Smart City"/ 4. To highlight the prospects for the development of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg in accordance with the principles of Smart City. The world experience in implementing the principles of Smart City is very diverse and cannot be 100% applied in Russia unchanged, because without taking into account the characteristics of society and environmental conditions, it will be ineffective. It is important to adapt worthy ideas on your territory, and not to completely borrow other people's projects. The results of the survey showed that there are some obstacles to the dissemination and implementation of the principles of the smart city concept in Yekaterinburg: low public awareness, inertia of the authorities and citizens, insufficient culture of people, lack of consistency in introducing innovations, etc. Despite this, respondents tend to believe into the possibility of developing urban space according to the principles of Smart City, realizing also the need to combine the efforts of the authorities and the population for the implementation of projects. In general, there are good prospects for the development of the urban environment of Yekaterinburg in accordance with the principles of Smart City.

Atualmente os edifícios são dos maiores responsáveis pelos impactos causados na natureza, consomem mais de metade da energia usada nos países desenvolvidos e produzem mais de metade dos gases que modificam o clima. A arquitetura destina-se principalmente a melhorar a qualidade de vida humana, no entanto pode também direcionar os seus princípios para preservar áreas florestais, evitando a sua destruição em troca da criação de ambientes para suportar as sociedades. A sustentabilidade pode ser definida como um processo que tem qualidade de continuidade e preservação, e a não extinção de recursos do seu ambiente, dando-lhe tempo e condições para a sua renovação, seja por meio natural ou Acão humana. Como tema central desta dissertação aborda-se a temática da Smart City associada a fatores de natureza tecnológica, social e ambiental que contribuem para a promoção da cidade inteligente. Uma cidade inteligente integra a mais avançada tecnologia, serviços e aplicações de vanguarda; combina equipamentos terminais, serviços e tecnologias avançados; permite simplificar a vida do cidadão, das impressas, das habitações, do trabalho e dos locais públicos. Assim, requerem-se soluções avançadas na gestão de mobilidade - infraestruturas de transporte, sistemas informativos e monitorização. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os requisitos da Smart City, tendo como estudo de caso a cidade de Bragança, de modo a contribuir para futuras ações de intervenção na zona histórica. Esta cidade procura, atualmente, um futuro mais ecológico, no entanto, é vítima, ainda, de muitas carências. O estudo da cidade deverá indicar alguns caminhos que serão seguidos pela obra, uma vez que o uso de matérias-primas locais e a interação com a natureza são pontos importantes a ser analisados. Na visão de Smart City, quando aplicada ao caso de estudo, pretende-se: repensar, em termos de complexidade, a arquitetura e a paisagem, a partir de uma nova cultura tecnológica, utilizar bens naturais e culturais para construir condições para uma boa qualidade de vida: uma cidade verde, atraente com raízes num forte sentido de lugar, que valorize a criatividade, crie locais quotidianos de qualidade aumentada, que combine relações entre sons, luz, imagens, mundo virtual, artificial e natural, potencie a interatividade, na perspetiva de comunicação social e da visualização. Para a cidade se tornar inteligente não basta estudar o que existe “à vista de qualquer um”, como a paisagem urbana, para tal o estudo da “Cidade Natural” torna-se um ponto focal deste documento. Assim sendo será realizada uma recolha de informação para que o estudo da cidade seja total – “cidade natural” (geomorfologia, geologia, vegetação e clima) – “cidade artificial” (arquitetura, urbanismo, economia e etnologia). A proposta do projeto prático é fornecida tendo em conta os seguintes temas da Smart City: Smart Creative City, Smart/Gentle City Life, Smart Community Revitalization, Smart Media System, Smart Energy Grid, Smart Indoor/Outdoor Comfort, Smart Health City, Smart Materials and Recycled Materials, Smart Ecology of Urban Space. Para além destes temas é também tido em conta todo o estudo geomorfológico e urbanístico da componente teórica.
Currently the buildings are largely responsible for the impacts on nature, consume more than half of the energy used in developed countries and produce more than half of gases that alter the climate. The architecture is intended primarily to improve the quality of human life, but can also direct its principles to preserve forest areas, preventing their destruction in exchange for creating environments to support societies. Sustainability can be defined as a process that has continuity and quality preservation, and not finite resources of their environment, giving you time and conditions for renewal, either through natural or human action. Central theme of this dissertation addresses the issue of Smart City associated with factors of the technological, social and environmental factors that contribute to the promotion of smart city. A smart city integrates the most advanced technology, services and leading edge applications; combines terminal equipment, services and advanced technologies, simplifies the life of the citizen, the printed, housing, work and public places. Thus, to require advanced solutions in mobility management - transport infrastructure, information systems and monitoring. This thesis aims to analyze the requirements of Smart City, taking as a case study the city of Bragança, in order to contribute to future intervention activities in the historic district. This city looking currently a greener future, however, è victim still many shortcomings, the study of the city shall indicate some paths that will be followed by the work, since the use of local raw materials and interaction with nature are important points to be analyzed. In the vision of Smart City when applied to the case study, we intend to: rethinking in terms of complexity, architecture and landscape, from a new technological culture, using natural and cultural assets to build conditions for good quality life: a green city, attractive with strong roots in a sense of place that values creativity, create local daily increased quality, combining relations between sounds, light, pictures, virtual world, natural and artificial, potentiates interactivity in perspective media and visualization. To become smart city not just study what exists "in the sight of any one," as the urban landscape, for this study the "Natural City" becomes a focal point of this document. Thus there will be a collection of information for the study of the city is full - "natural city" (geomorphology, geology, vegetation and climate) - "artificial city" (architecture, urbanism, economics and anthropology). The project proposal is practical provided taking into account the following issues of Smart City: Creative Smart City, Smart / Gentle City Life, Smart Community Revitalization, Smart Media System, Energy Smart Grid, Smart Indoor / Outdoor Comfort, Health Smart City, Smart Materials and Recycled Materials, Smart Ecology of Urban Space. Besides these issues is also taken into account all the geomorphologic study of the theoretical component and urban.

Driven by the rise oftechnology the physical world becomes increasingly connected to the digital world. As a result, vast amounts of data from sensorial measurements are available waiting to be fully utilized. The “Customer Brand Engagement” project of Axians, the field lab partner, aims to create a system for the measurement of engagement. Understanding the customer on the inside through data from the outside, will lead to a deeper customer knowledge, which enables forming long lasting and meaningful connections between customers and brands. The available opportunities of such analytics technologies are being examined in the report.

The concept of smart cities points out the future cities, which will incorporate IoT and digitalization for facilitating the communication among people, their devices, government services, and various facilities that can provide enough services for the enormous population in the future cities. To achieve the goal of having the ideal smart cities, it is necessary to go digital and plan for having virtual imagination for every component in the cities, including the construction facilities. BIM method as a means of having a virtual vision of each element of the construction project glows in mind as one sort of assistance to reach this target. This thesis investigates the impact of BIM on the quality of communication in the future smart cities based on the literature review of the three smartest cities including Singapore, London, and Manchester.:Table of Contents List of Figures IV List of Tables V List of Abbreviations VI 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Problem Statement 1 1.2 Aim of the Study 3 1.3 Research Question 4 1.4 Methodology 4 1.5 Structure of Work 5 2 Research Methodology 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Overview of Common Research Methods 6 2.2.1 Inductive Method 6 2.2.2 Deductive Method 7 2.2.3 Inductive vs. Deductive Method 8 2.2.4 Quantitative Research 8 2.2.5 Qualitative Research 9 2.2.6 Tools for Data Collection 10 2.3 Research Scheme of This Thesis 16 3 Literature Review and Historical Background 19 3.1 Introduction to BIM 19 3.2 BIM Definition 20 3.2.1 National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) 20 3.2.2 Autodesk 22 3.2.3 Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) 22 3.3 BIM Levels 24 3.4 Application of BIM 25 3.4.1 Advantages of BIM 27 3.4.2 Disadvantages of BIM 29 3.5 History of employing BIM in construction projects 30 3.5.1 Before the year 2000 30 3.5.2 After the year 2000 31 3.6 Communication in construction projects 32 3.6.1 Communication, Combination of Factors 32 3.6.2 Communication Disorders in Construction Projects 33 3.7 BIM and Project Management 35 3.7.1 BIM vs. PMBOK 36 3.8 Smart Cities 36 3.8.1 Communication in smart city projects 37 3.8.2 Project Management in Smart Cities 39 3.9 Literature Review or Relevant previous studies 40 4 Case- Study 44 4.1 Singapore 44 4.1.1 BIM Use in Singapore 45 4.1.2 ITS Projects in Singapore 49 4.1.3 Intelligent Productivity and Safety System (IPASS) 50 4.1.4 Addressing Communication Challenges by BIM in the projects in Singapore 50 4.2 London, United Kingdom (UK) 52 4.2.1 Smart Projects in London (UK) 53 4.2.2 BIM Use in UK 55 4.2.3 Addressing Communication Challenges by BIM in the projects in UK 56 5 Conclusion 61 5.1 Summary of results 61 5.1.1 Findings of the Questions 62 5.2 Further Research Recommendation 63 Bibliography VIII

From Introduction: "As part of my master's thesis, I decided to take up the topic of reorganizing public spaces in the Zabłocie district in Krakow. The focus of attention on this area of the city results from the fact that during the past 5 years of studying at the Krakow Academy, I had the pleasure to get to know the structure of this district, its possibilities, potential, architectural and landscape values. I also got to know the threats and weaknesses of the studied area. In getting to know Zabłocie, I focused primarily on the critical observation of public space. From the point of view of the inhabitant, this is an extremely important point in the functional program of each district, because public space surrounds us every day. However, we cannot only limit its definition to attractively designed parks, city squares and streets. Public space is also any place accessible to the public, where any of the city's residents can find themselves. Observing the values of the above-mentioned public spaces in Zabłocie, an image of mediocrity and mediocrity emerges, and the dominant function is subordinated to cars. This is incomprehensible, as in recent years Zabłocie has become an area of exceptionally intensive residential development, around which the space should serve to improve the quality of life of residents and to establish and develop social relations. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, I decided to make an architectural and urban intervention"(...)

碩士
國立清華大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
105
Smart City projects make people live better and cities work better. They apply ICT (Information and Communications Technology) to accurately monitor, measure and control city processes, from transportation to water supplies, the location of city vehicles to the performance of electric grids. Smart Cities are about saving money, becoming more efficient and delivering better service to the citizens living in the cities. They believe they have the broadband and ICT infrastructure they need to be competitive. The most important thing to build up a Smart City is to complete ICT infrastructure construction first. Thus, both Central Government and Local Government must do lots of investments in Smart City Program. And the whole life cycle of Smart City Program includes feasibilities evaluation, initial planning, public hearing and discussion, detailed design and engineering, procurement, construction, operation and management, and re-evaluation, etc. The main purpose of this research is to study ICT SI (System Integrations) firms’ strategies in the emerging markets of Smart City. We study a real case of a SI company and its Taipei City Fiber Optic Network FTTH Project to find out any competitive strategies and innovative business models.

The Pecan Street Project (PSP) is a public-private initiative that seeks to establish the City of Austin and its electric utility, Austin Energy (AE), as leaders in developing the electric utility system of the future and clean energy economy. The four main components of the project are to: 1) develop a local, public-private consortium dedicated to research and development of clean energy technologies and distributed power generation; 2) open the city’s electric grid to act as a lab to test emerging clean energy technologies; 3) develop a new business model to ensure AE’s continued profitability; and 4) show the world how the new business and systems model can work. This report provides a case study of PSP and describes an analytical approach for evaluating projects, programs, and policies proposed by PSP working groups to develop a cleaner, more efficient electric system. This report includes a history of the project, discusses opportunities and challenges identified by PSP, and evaluates the potential economic, environmental, system, and other impacts of different project ideas through a technical analysis. This report concludes with a series of recommendations to PSP and identifies policy implications for the City of Austin, AE, other policymakers, and other electric utilities.
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