Academic literature on the topic 'Smart City Projects'

This research focused on a behavioral model as a significant tangible enabler for smart city plans and initiatives across Asian and EU regions as per transportation projects. This study aimed to create a behavioral model to serve as a planning tool for policymakers, planners, and implementers of transportation initiatives in smart cities. The paper discusses the validity of the proposed model framework for fostering the diffusion of a successful smart city project transformation in a general smart city ecosystem and particularly within the transportation industry. The framework was verified using three different methods: literature review to give a speculative understanding of current smart city approaches; case studies from Germany and South Korea smart city ecosystems that were selected and applied against the behavioral model; and finally, desktop research (behavioral model) performed for smart city project development. As a result, the authors recognized key variables for deriving a possible successful behavioral model as a suggested efficient framework for further smart city strategic projects. Researchers developed and tested, with two validated examples, the suggested behavioral model for smart city projects with a focus on the transportation industry. Results of this survey could help stakeholders in different countries analyze factors influencing decision-making processes and adopt smart city projects to local business environments.

This article is focused on whether and to what extent the measures taken by cities’ shape their creative and intelligent space safety. For this purpose, research was carried out among medium and large cities in Poland. The analysis of the obtained results showed that, although projects shaping the creative and intelligent space of medium and large cities are undertaken in order to increase the broadly understood security, they are not treated as a priority. Subsequently, security projects implemented in the selected cities were presented.

Consider that 26.3 million people live in Shanghai and 20 million live in Beijing as of 2019. Now consider that these 46.3 million people live within an area of approximately 23,000 km². By comparison, Canada’s population in 2019 was 37.6 million and the area of Canada is approximately 10 million km². China is on the leading edge of smart-city projects because population density gives it little choice. China must take bold steps in terms of both technology and regulation to cope with the demands for social management, which these megacities create. Accordingly, about half of the Smart City Projects globally are in China. Many smart cities pilot projects are underway across China addressing many infrastructures and other organizational concerns. One such organizational concern is coping with the solid waste generated in cities. China produces more than 300 million tons of solid waste per year, and much of it comes from its cities. This research project explores China's food and beverage delivery online platforms and the waste they cause. In 2019, this industry has developed rapidly, generating economic activity valued at ¥ 653.6 billion that year ($CAD 121 billion). Out of a total population of 1.4 billion, 460 million people are currently consumers of these online platforms. Most of these consumers live in China’s megacities. This consumption is not projected to decrease post-pandemic. The problem is that solid waste from this industry in 2019 weighed approximately 2.7 million tons. This paper analyzes reasons why the online food take-out industry has caused a plastic waste surge from the perspective of China's environmental legislation, law enforcement efficiency, and recycling subsidies. At the same time, through the case study of the German Packaging Law, this paper suggested on the management and recycling of Chinese take-out packaging were put forward. The Chinese government has issued national standards for the design and construction of smart cities. This paper explores how to use legal governance and supervision in smart city design and operation to assist in implementing environmental regulations to control the take-out waste. The take-out waste problem does not only exist in China. Almost all major cities in the world are facing this problem. China's experiences may provide a new path for the city's solid waste disposal and other environmental issues and lead the cities to explore more environmental protection possibilities.

Context. A Smart city is intended as a city able to offer advanced integrated services, based on information and communication technology (ICT) technologies and intelligent (smart) use of urban infrastructures for improving the quality of life of its citizens. This goal is pursued by numerous cities worldwide, through smart projects that should contribute to the realization of an integrated vision capable of harmonizing the technologies used and the services developed in various application domains on which a Smart city operates. However, the current scenario is quite different. The projects carried out are independent of each other, often redundant in the services provided, unable to fully exploit the available technologies and reuse the results already obtained in previous projects. Each project is more like a silo than a brick that contributes to the creation of an integrated vision. Therefore, reference models and managerial practices are needed to bring together the efforts in progress towards a shared, integrated, and intelligent vision of a Smart city. Objective. Given these premises, the goal of this research work is to propose a Smart City Integrated Model together with a Smart Program Management approach for managing the interdependencies between project, strategy, and execution, and investigate the potential benefits that derive from using them. Method. Starting from a Smart city worldwide analysis, the Italian scenario was selected, and we carried out a retrospective analysis on a set of 378 projects belonging to nine different Italian Smart cities. Each project was evaluated according to three different perspectives: application domain transversality, technological depth, and interdependences. Results. The results obtained show that the current scenario is far from being considered “smart” and motivates the adoption of a Smart integrated model and Smart program management in the context of a Smart city. Conclusions. The development of a Smart city requires the use of Smart program management, which may significantly improve the level of integration between the application domain transversality and technological depth.

The current trend in urban planning has been evolved for developing the cities smart. Smart city concept directs urban development in to a strategic path to achieve sustainability in urban development. The understanding made up on the concept of smart city within any region would be fruitful to review in this nature. Similarly, the various stakeholders who would influence and contribute on smart city development projects are profound to identify in order to make the project success. As previous researches denoted, a timely and effective consultation of relevant stakeholders is of paramount importance for the success of any project. In line of thinking, this research was aimed to conduct a stakeholder analysis through a comprehensive literature review. Thirty one (31) key literature projects were obtained from recognised research databases and were critically reviewed to identify the internal and external project stakeholders of smart city development projects. As the key findings, the concept of smart city was first recognised. Secondly, academia and research institutions, local and regional administrations, financial suppliers/investors, energy suppliers, ICT sector representatives, citizens, government, property developers, non-profit organisations, planners, policy makers, experts and scientists, political institutions and media were identified as key internal and external stakeholders of a smart city development project. The key research findings were presented through a conceptual framework. The developed framework could be utilised as a basis to analyse the different influences and contributions of stakeholders of smart city development projects in any context.

Policy makers around the world are turning to smart city projects in an effort to address the challenges of population growth, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Previous studies have evaluated the effect of smart city projects on air quality. However, evidence on the impact of the projects on energy efficiency remains unclear. This study gathered prefecture-level city panel data in China, and used three strategies, namely a difference-in-differences estimator, a matching difference-in-differences estimator, and a counterfactual model using a machine learning algorithm, to assess the impact of smart city projects on energy efficiency. This study reported similar results across these strategies above. That is, after the introduction of a smart city project, energy efficiency had a remarkable and sizeable increase, ranging from 4 to 7 per cent. Moreover, this study shows that the effects of smart city projects increased over time. In addition, this study found that the effects varied according to the characteristics of the cities.

Smart cities have become a new urban model for thinking and designing cities in the connected society. It is time to ask ourselves what kind of city we want and need. There is still a long way to go in relation to the role of citizenship in the field of smart cities. This autoethnography reveals different contradictions found during the preparation of my doctoral thesis, which studied the citizens’ perception of smart city policies in a city in southern Spain, in my double role as a doctoral student/researcher and public manager. Many of the statements and conclusions of different scientific research contrasted with the reality that I was experiencing in my daily work. My conclusions can help in the current debate on which cities we want to build at a time when the population is concentrated in cities and where it is necessary to respond to not only the economic, but also the social and environmental problems posed by sustainability

The term smart city is often associated with the desire for accelerated modernization of space and urban social interactions, especially based on Information and Communications Technologies. Smart cities are creative and sustainable areas that bring improvements on the quality of life, a friendlier environment and where the prospects of/for economic development are stronger. Such cities are to be considered as the sum of the various improvements in urban infrastructure, the quality of services provided to citizens, the operational costs of public administration. Romania has several key cities that have begun their pivot from regular and only digitized cities, to smart cities. According to information from the Romanian Smart City Association (ARSC), in 2018, at Romanian national level, 24 cities could be considered smart, the following cities being most visible in terms of how many projects have been undertaken so as to develop a smart city: Alba Iulia city has 60 such projects, Cluj-Napoca city has 10, Arad has 9, Sibiu and Oradea each have 8 projects, and Bucharest has started six such projects. At 2020 level, we notice an increase in the number of projects in the following way: Alba-Iulia now has 106 projects, Cluj-Napoca has 54 projects, Timisoara 26, Arad and Iasi have each 19 projects, Brasov and Bucuresti (Sector 4) have 18 projects each, Oradea 17, Sibiu 15, and Piatra Neamț 15 projects. The main areas of interest being Smart Mobility, Smart Governance, Smart Living, Smart Economy, Smart Environment, and Smart People. Having set goals of cutting energy costs by 30% in the field of public transportation and an increase of 45% in terms of innovation products that are to be sourced locally, the city of Oradea has attracted project worth 369 million euros, and this entire sum has been achieved through EU funded grants.

Smart buildings and smart cities are not the future perspectives anymore—the smart building integration into a smart city is an actual question for today and tomorrow. Development of smart buildings not only enhances the smart city concept but also promotes positivity to the urban development and national economy, and increases the quality of life of the whole population reacting to global challenges of sustainability. The innovative smart building and smart city technologies enable us to overcome these challenges by being employed through all real estate (RE) project development stages. The Evaluation Framework for Real Estate Development in Smart Cities created by the authors provides the possibility to assess the existing as well as to forecast future RE projects integration into a smart city during the whole life-cycle stage. The practical application of the presented evaluation framework was illustrated by the comparative case study. Based on the created smart building integration into a smart city evaluation framework for real estate development, 10 RE projects in Lithuania and over the world were assessed and rated by selected criteria relevant to different RE development stages. The evaluation results revealed that, especially at the design and construction stages, the existing intelligence of RE projects and/or cities is insufficient. Although real estate projects are technologically advanced as single entities, the integration into smart city networks is limited by interoperability capabilities of the cities or by different strategic goals settled by real estate developers.

Yes
This article aims to assess critically different definitions and indicators of smart cities. Drawing on exemplary case studies, the author proposes a typology of four categories of smart cities: type A are the world leaders who pioneer ideas not predicated on smart city projects; type B are aspirational cities punching above their weight; type C are surprise transformers that use the smart city concept to propel real transformation; and type D are cases where smart city projects do not directly address the main urban problems. The discussion highlights the need to prevent ‘smart-wash’ by avoiding superficial technological solutions that chase symptoms but not causes of some of the complex urban challenges that they are intending to address. In conclusion, the author considers the public policy implications of applying these typologies to cities in general with particular reference to the Global South
British Academy: [grant number IPM 15008]
The full-text of this article will be released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 30 Jul 2021.

Information and communication technologies are increasingly being infused into city systems and services as part of a growing trend to make cities ‘smart’. Through the design and implementation of these efforts, large information technology (IT) providers are interacting with local government policy and planning processes via: (a) strategy—project objectives, priorities and approaches; (b) engagement—which actors are involved, the roles they play and the interactions between and among them; and (c) representation—how the local government portrays the project through narrative and brand. In the discussion below, I argue that as smart projects multiply, interactions around this proliferation will pave the way for IT providers to more broadly inform urban governance processes. For in effect, IT providers are not just selling smart technologies. Rather, they are propagating a set of assertions about the role, structure, function and relationships of local government. These assertions are informed by neoliberal and entrepreneurial principles, bound up with the concept of smart, and attractively wrapped within the smart city imaginary. This imaginary is largely created by IT providers, and cannot be pursued without them. Within my approach, I view smart initiatives not simply as technical but social and political strategies, for while these projects are about technological innovation, they are also about ‘innovations’ in the relationships, interactions and discourse that surround them. To capture both the discursive and material realities of these projects, my methods of examination included key informant interviews and case study analysis of two cities in the United States, Dubuque, Iowa and Portland, Oregon. I focus specifically on smart projects led by IBM, an influential actor in the smart city market, and use Dubuque as a primary case study with Portland for comparison. My work provides an in-depth view of the IT provider IBM alongside the rise of the corporate entrepreneurial smart city, and sheds light on what these initiatives might mean for municipal administrations and city residents in similar urban environments.

The primary goal of this research is to help any organization, which is planning to transform to the big data analytics era, by providing a systematic and comprehensive model that this organization can use to better understand what factors influence big data projects. Also, the organization's current status against those factors. Finally, what enhancements are needed in the organization's current capabilities for optimal management of factors influencing an upcoming big data project. However, big data applications are vast and cover many sectors, and while most of the factors influencing big data projects are common across sectors, there are some factors that are related to the specific circumstances of each sector. Therefore, this research will focus on one sector only, which is the smart city sector, and its generalizability to other sectors is discussed at the end of the research. In this research, literature review and experts feedback were used to identify the most critical factors influencing big data projects, with focus on smart city. Then, the HDM methodology was used to elicit experts' judgment to identify the relative importance of those factors. In addition, experts' feedback was used to identify possible statuses an organization might have regarding each factor. Finally, a case study of four projects related to the City of Portland, Oregon, was conducted to demonstrate the practicality and value of the research model. The research findings indicated that there are complicated internal and external, sometimes competing, factors affecting big data projects. The research identified 18 factors as being among the most important factors affecting smart-city-related big data projects. Those factors are grouped into four perspectives: people, technology, legal, and organization. Furthermore, the case study demonstrated how the model could pinpoint shortcomings in a city's capabilities before the project start, and how to address those shortcomings to increase chances of a successful big data project.

The main topic of this doctoral thesis is the co-benefit concept, here applied as an assessment paradigm to innovative urban projects. In this research, a co-benefit is defined as any positive impact or effect, regardless of the intentionality, exceeding the primary project goal. More specifically, because the projects here analyzed are those aiming at (re)developing smart and sustainable energy districts, CO2 emission reduction and energy savings are considered the twin primary goals. To investigate the applicability of the assessment paradigm, the work focuses both on methodological and operative issues, each developed in a single research. The general topic and the four papers are summarized in chapter 1 “Introduction and research papers presentation”, also including a brief overview of complementary research activities, and then further developed in as many chapters. The core of the work starts with two general investigations concerning (i) the co-benefits identification and classification under the smart-city perspective, and (ii) the application to them of the most suitable monetization techniques. Then, it concludes with two instances of investigative fieldwork into co-benefits, about (iii) the marginal implicit value of energy performance in residential properties, and (iv) the priorities declared by houseowners as they consider a deep-energy retrofit. To identify and classify the co-benefits, with respect to the various project activities, it is necessary to establish a common lexicon among the various expressions and definitions employed by projects. This phase is also needed to define the boundaries of the investigation, as well as the reference scale, and to avoid double counting. In chapter 2 “Overview and taxonomy of co-benefits based on European experiences”, I propose a classification rooted in practical experiences reported by projects dealing with the implementation of green neighborhoods and urban renewable-energy systems. Due to the vastness and diversity of urban projects labeled as smart, sustainable, or both, it was also necessary to identify a subset of them having similar characteristics, here named Smart and Sustainable Energy-District Projects (SSEDPs). Thus, the focus was on 36 finished or still-running SSEDPs funded by the European Union (EU) within two relevant initiatives: “Concerto” and “Smart Cities and Communities”. The anticipated or already experienced co-benefits were extracted by accessing official sources (e.g., websites, reports) and reviewing them with respect to the specialized literature, obtaining 156 different expressions referring to positive impacts. After a thorough and iterative comparison by a group of experts, a short list of 19 key urban co-benefits is extracted. Finally, to show how relevant is the contribution of these projects to improving the quality of life of citizens and urban competitiveness, a smart-city-based taxonomy is elaborated, by sorting the co-benefits into seven groupings: smart natural environment, smart services, smart community, smart governance, smart economy, smart built environment, and smart mobility. Chapter 3 “Economic assessment methodologies” faces the issue of providing an overview of suitable methodologies for economic assessment, and of creating a framework for evaluating the key urban co-benefits recognized by EU-funded SSEDPs. The aim is to explore the feasibility of a co-benefit approach to a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) being applied to the decision-making framework by quantifying, in monetary terms, all the positive effects (benefits or inflow), as well as the negatives (costs or outflow). Due to the specificity of some co-benefits, besides direct-market value, non-market techniques have been identified as applicable to price them. Such techniques investigate consumers’ preferences starting from individual purchasing habits (revealed preferences) or asking them directly about their preferences (stated preferences). It showed that, for a minority of co-benefits, even the monetization of the human capital should be assessed to complete the whole picture. As a result, looking at the reference literature and involving a multidisciplinary team of experts, an “assessment menu” is developed, suggesting indicators and techniques. The menu also includes some estimated values reported by other studies, examples of practical application in similar contexts, and techniques or approaches suggested by analogy to the reference literature. The chapter 4 “A hedonic price model of energy performance of buildings” is tested in the city of Bolzano. This estimation technique identifies price factors (transactions or asking prices) according to the premise that an asset’s price is determined both by the intrinsic characteristics of the good being sold and extrinsic ones. The research constitutes the first attempt at breaking down the local residential property price and including, among the relevant factors, internal characteristics such as the energy performance certificate (EPC) class. By accessing a specialized real-estate website, 1,130 selling advertisements are collected, then geolocated, and analyzed by using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The aim was to test the presence of spatial autocorrelation, and to eventually correct the estimation based on the ordinary least-squares (OLS) method. In fact, a neglected consideration of spatial relationships, in the presence of spatial dependence would lead to biased results. After a careful refinement of the sample, the evaluation of the marginal contribution of EPC class in the determination of the asking price has been estimated in a 6.3% price premium, moving from lowest class (G) to middle classes (C or D), and a 9.5% when reaching the highest classes (A or B), ceteris paribus. Finally, the OLS-regression result is confirmed, after checking for spatial autocorrelation and testing the Spatial Lag model (the GIS software ArcMap and GeoDa were used). In chapter 5 “A multiple benefits approach to understanding citizen priorities for deep-energy retrofitting”, the focus shifts from a specific co-benefit to a specific target group. Here, priorities declared by houseowners approaching a deep-energy retrofit are shown and weighted, adopting a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method. According to the test-phase results, a decision tree with five criteria and 15 subcriteria has been designed: four in “thermal and hygrometric comfort”; three in “design and architectural quality”, “acoustic comfort”, and “economic benefits”; and two in “sustainability”. Then, a pool of ten experts in the field of energy refurbishment and building works (selected among those working in South Tyrol) has been interviewed by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, which enables evaluation of qualitative criteria through pairwise comparison. The “Super Decisions” software was used, which is specifically designed to support the data collection and results’ validation of AHP. Not surprisingly, the “economic-benefits” side plays a relevant role (38% of the global importance). However, a cross-sector analysis of expected benefits dealing with better health and well-being of occupants reveals that they cover 41% of the overall motivation. These points should be carefully considered not only in the design phase of a private project but also in the communication strategies and within each participatory phase of any project where the decision-maker (private or public) differs from the occupant. The thesis culminates with chapter 6 “Conclusions”, where achieved results of all the four previously described investigations are briefly summarized and further developments are proposed as an impetus for deeper investigations or cross-cutting research.
Il tema principale di questa tesi di dottorato è costituito dal concetto di “co-beneficio” (in inglese co-benefit), qui inteso come un paradigma di valutazione di progetti urbani innovativi. In questa ricerca, il co-beneficio è definito come un qualsiasi impatto o effetto po-sitivo che ecceda l'obiettivo primario del progetto, indipendentemente dalla intenzionalità o meno con cui esso si manifesta. Nello specifico, poiché i progetti qui analizzati sono volti alla creazione di distretti energetici intelligenti e sostenibili (in inglese Smart and Sustainable Energy District Projects – SSEDPs) o alla rigenerazione di quartieri esistenti, il loro obiettivo primario può essere considerato duplice: riduzione delle emissioni di CO2 e raggiungimento di risparmi energetici. Per studiare l'applicabilità del paradigma di valutazione, il lavoro di tesi si concentra sia su questioni metodologiche che operative, ognuna sviluppata in una singola ricerca. Il tema generale e le quattro ricerche specifiche sono riassunti nel capitolo 1 "Introduzione e presentazione dei research papers", che offre inoltre un breve excursus su attività di ricerca complementari. Poi, le quattro ricerche sono sviluppate in altrettanti capitoli della tesi. Il nucleo del lavoro si apre con due indagini generali relative a (i) identificazione co-benefici e loro classificazione in una logica di smart city, e (ii) definizione delle più opportune tecniche di monetizzazione a loro applicabili. Da qui il lavoro procede con due attività di investigazione e analisi sul campo dei co-benefici, ovvero (iii) determinazione del valore marginale implicito della prestazione energetica nel prezzo di offerta degli immobili residenziali, e (iv) pesatura dei benefici attesi dichiarati dai proprietari immobiliari nel commissionare una ristrutturazione energetica radicale (in inglese deep energy retrofit) della propria residenza. Per identificare e classificare i co-benefici, in relazione alle differenti attività di progetto, è stato necessario stabilire un lessico comune tra le varie espressioni e definizioni rintracciabili in diversi contesti. Si è reso inoltre necessario, nella fase preliminare, definire i confini della ricerca, così come la dimensione di riferimento, per evitare un doppio conteggio dello stesso co-beneficio. Nel capitolo 2 "Descrizione e tassonomia dei co-benefici sulla base delle esperienze europee", si propone una classificazione fondata sulle evidenze riportate dai progetti riguardanti la realizzazione di quartieri sostenibili e di sistemi energetici urbani con integrazione di fonti energetiche rinnovabili. Data la vastità e diversità dei progetti urbani definiti smart, sostenibili, o da entrambe i termini, è stato necessario individuare un sottoinsieme di progetti con caratteristiche simili ed equiparabili. Ad essi è stata attribuita la dicitura di Smart and Sustainable Energy District Projects – SSEDPs. In tal modo, l'attenzione della ricerca si è concentrata su 36 SSEDPs, alcuni già conclusi, altri ancora in esecuzione, finanziati dall’Unione Europea (UE) all’interno di due importanti iniziative: "Concerto" e "Smart Cities and Communities". I co-benefici, attesi o già riscontrati, sono stati ottenuti accedendo alle fonti ufficiali (quali siti web e report) e incrociandoli rispetto alla letteratura specializzata di settore. Si sono così ottenute 156 diverse espressioni riferibili agli impatti positivi. Dopo un confronto approfondito e iterativo condotto da un gruppo di esperti, si è giunti alla formulazione di una lista sintetica di 19 co-benefici urbani di preminente interesse. Infine, per mostrare quanto rilevante sia il contributo di questi progetti al miglioramento della qualità della vita dei cittadini e della competitività urbana, è stata elaborata una tassonomia dei co-benefici basata sulle sette dimensioni della smart city (ambiente naturale, servizi, comunità, governance, economia, ambiente costruito, mobilità). Il capitolo 3 "Metodologie di valutazione economica" affronta il problema di fornire una panoramica di quali possano essere le metodologie adeguate per la valutazione economica dei co-benefici, e di creare un quadro di riferimento applicabile ai principali co-be-nefici urbani evidenziati dagli SSEDPs finanziati dalla UE. L'obiettivo è quello di esplorare la fattibilità di un approccio allargato, incorporante i co-benefici, nella formulazione di ana-lisi costi-benefici (in inglese Cost-Benefit Analysis - CBA), e pertanto di offrire al quadro decisionale una quantificazione monetaria di tutti gli effetti positivi e negativi. A causa della specificità di alcuni co-benefici, oltre alla identificazione diretta del valore di mercato, sono state ipotizzate le tecniche non di mercato strategicamente applicabili per la definizione del loro valore. Tali tecniche permettono di indagare le preferenze dei consumatori a partire da singole abitudini di acquisto (preferenze rivelate) o chiedendo loro diretta-mente di esprimersi sulle preferenze (preferenze dichiarate). Per una minoranza di co-benefici, anche una monetizzazione del valore del capitale umano dovrebbe essere inclusa per completare l'intero quadro. Come risultato, ancora una volta riferendosi alla letteratura scientifica specializzata e coinvolgendo un team multidisciplinare di esperti nel dibattito, è stato possibile sviluppare un "menù di valutazione", suggerendo indicatori e tecniche applicabili ai progetti esaminati. Il menù comprende anche alcuni valori stimati riportati da altri studi, esempi di applicazione pratica in contesti simili, e le tecniche o approcci suggeriti per analogia alla letteratura di riferimento. Nel capitolo 4 "Un modello di prezzo edonico per l’analisi della prestazione energetica negli edifici" è testato nella città di Bolzano. Questa tecnica di stima individua i fattori determinanti il prezzo dell’immobile (applicabile alle transazioni quanto ai prezzi di offerta, come in questo caso) in base alla premessa che esso sia determinato da caratteristiche intrinseche del bene stesso posto in vendita e da caratteristiche estrinseche. La ricerca costituisce un primo tentativo di scomporre il prezzo di offerta degli immobili residenziali di Bolzano comprendendo tra i fattori rilevanti intrinseci anche la classe riportata dall'attestato di certificazione energetica (in inglese Energy performance certificate - EPC). Ac-cedendo a un portale internet immobiliare specializzato, sono stati raccolti 1.130 annunci, successivamente geolocalizzati e analizzati utilizzando sistemi informativi geografici (in inglese Geographic Information System - GIS). Lo scopo di questo passaggio, aggiuntivo rispetto ad un classico modello edonico, è stato quello di verificare la presenza di auto-correlazione spaziale, ed eventualmente correggere la stima ottenuta sulla base del metodo dei minimi quadrati (in inglese Ordinary Least Squares - OLS). Questo poiché, come evidenziato dalla letteratura, una non considerazione delle relazioni spaziali, in presenza di forte dipendenza spaziale, porterebbe a risultati distorti della stima. Dopo un attento affinamento del campione, il contributo marginale della classe energetica nella determinazione del prezzo di offerta, prendendo come base di riferimento gli immobili in classe peggiore (G), è stato stimato in un aumento del 6,3% per le classi medie (C o D), e del 9,5% per le classi più elevate (A o B), ceteris paribus. Infine, il risultato del modello di regressione dei minimi quadrati è stato confermato, dopo averlo verificato nella componente di autocorrelazione spaziale testando il modello spatial-Lag (per queste fasi sono stati utilizzati i software GIS ArcMap e GeoDa). Nel capitolo 5 "Un approccio basato sui benefici multipli per la comprensione delle priorità dei cittadini nelle ristrutturazioni energetiche", l'attenzione è stata spostata dall’analisi di un co-beneficio specifico a quella di un target specifico. Qui, le priorità dichiarate dai proprietari di immobili residenziali che si approcciano ad un deep energy retrofit della propria abitazione sono espresse e ponderate adottando un metodo di analisi di decisone multi-criteri (in inglese Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis - MCDA). Sulla base dei risultati di una prima fase test, è stato disegnato un albero del processo decisionale articolato in cinque criteri e 15 sotto-criteri, così suddivisi: quattro in "comfort termico e igrometrico"; tre in "design e qualità architettonica", "comfort acustico", "benefici economici"; due in "sostenibilità". Successivamente, un gruppo di dieci esperti nel campo della ristrutturazione energetica e nel settore dell’edilizia residenziale (selezionati tra quelli attivi in Alto Adige), è stato intervistato applicando la tecnica dell’Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), che con-sente la valutazione di criteri qualitativi attraverso il confronto a coppie. In questo studio è stato utilizzato il software "Superdecision", che è specificamente progettato per suppor-tare la raccolta dei dati e la validazione dei risultati AHP. Dai risultati ottenuti emerge, come era intuibile dato il contesto normativo attuale, che la dimensione dei "benefici economici" gioca un ruolo considerevole nella scelta (38% della rilevanza globale). Tuttavia, un'analisi trasversale dei benefici attesi che coinvolgono aspetti della salute e del benessere degli occupanti rivela che questi coprono il 41% della motivazione complessiva. Lo studio evidenzia quindi come tali punti debbano essere attentamente considerati non solo in fase di redazione dei singoli progetti, ma anche nelle strategie di comunicazione e all'interno di ciascuna fase di partecipazione nel caso di progetti nei quali il decisore (pubblico o privato) non corrisponda all'occupante. La tesi termina con il capitolo 6 "Conclusioni", dove sonno riepilogati i percorsi delle quattro indagini precedentemente descritte e sono brevemente riassunti i risultati. Sono inoltre evidenziati possibili sviluppi futuri, proposti come un impulso per indagini più approfondite o per ricerche trasversali.

Parque Científico y Tecnológico (PACYT, Science and Technology Park) is a large-scale R+D project that seems to be framed in a Smart City plan for Concepción, Chile, which the media has presented as “the Chilean Silicon Valley” (Araus, 2015; Tele13, 2019) and promises to bring not only research and development opportunities for the city but also thousands of direct and indirect jobs (Estudio Interdiseño, 2018; la Tercera, 2015) carried out by PACYT Corporation. Nonetheless, voices have raised to question the construction of the 91 hectares initiative, and some of them have even organized in citizen groups targeting the creation of the urban complex, which actively share information contesting the PACYT through social media, and coordinate activities to protest and spread the word. This is the study case to be analyzed in the present research, which aims to explore and understand, on the one hand, the reasons that have led to the organization of citizens contesting the PACYT project, and on the other hand, the way the project has been advertised and developed in relationship to the city's inhabitants. It intends to make a novel contribution to the field of Urban Studies, both in the areas of Critical Smart Urbanism and Postcolonial Studies, which in this case collide in Latin America, part of the Global South, while opening a discussion around the topic of citizens contesting urban developments with a Smart City background, where few incursions have been made and more specifically in the Latin American context, where the Smart City seems to have a particular interpretation. With that in mind, the current research tries to dig into an under-studied territory, and in doing so, it plans to bring to the table the relevance of studying the approach and way of developing Smart Cities’ ideas in Latin American, and to put focus on what city’s inhabitants have to say about those developments and what their interests are, using the lenses of the right to the city and the understandings coming from urban social movements and conflicts. In that sense, the research outputs are to question the form in which Smart City projects are being implemented in Latin America and to find possible guidelines to incorporate the city’s inhabitants in the development of them elsewhere, with that in mind, future research can be supported by this investigation, which encourages further studies both in the described fields and territory. To do so, the current investigation explores and unwrap theories regarding the mentioned fields and focuses on analyzing the case making use of mixed methods research, by executing qualitative and quantitative methodological tools to reach relevant data that helps to answer the research inquiries. In that sense, the results show that it can be confirmed that the nature of the PACYT, i.e. its R+D purposes and origins linked to a Smart City plan to transform the city into smartness, does not play a relevant role in the development of the conflict that has emerged between the PACYT management, and the people opposed to its construction, but several aspects explain the urban social conflict and that will be explored in the present work.

Acknowledgment.

First of all, I would like to thank all the interviewees that decided to share their thoughts in the present study, as well as to all the people that participated in the survey; without your contribution, it would have not been possible for me to reach my research goals and to count on with the rich material I have. On the other hand, I want to thank people from academia, such as my peers, who have given me advice and stamina, to my tutor, who has contributed with his wisdom, and to my mentor at university, who has kept me on track and provided me with valuable insights. I am grateful to these people for helping me with my willpower and effectiveness. Finally, I need to thank those surrounding me, like my family for supporting me from the distance, my partner for being here to contain and take care of me, and my dog for always being around me and spreading his love and joy.

Submitted by Mariana Brandão (marianabrandao@globo.com) on 2017-12-04T15:25:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017.Mariana Brandao Cavalheiro_Tese.pdf: 79871762 bytes, checksum: a853438e2692cc3ee64c7fb1f7686206 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-12-04T15:57:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017.Mariana Brandao Cavalheiro_Tese.pdf: 79871762 bytes, checksum: a853438e2692cc3ee64c7fb1f7686206 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T18:41:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017.Mariana Brandao Cavalheiro_Tese.pdf: 79871762 bytes, checksum: a853438e2692cc3ee64c7fb1f7686206 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-18
O rápido aumento da população urbana apresenta novos desafios para a administração de cidades em todo o mundo. No entanto, com a adoção generalizada de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC), um número crescente de iniciativas estão sendo implementadas para aliviar essa tensão ao tentar transformar os centros urbanos em cidades inteligentes. Paralelamente ao conceito de cidades inteligentes, uma variação específica deste conceito emergiu no setor de turismo, cunhado na ideia de destinos turísticos inteligentes (DTI). Com base na experiência de Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brasil), esta pesquisa explora algumas questões cruciais ao processo de transformação de um destino turístico em inteligente. De fato, os principais destinos turísticos estão implementando cada vez mais as TIC para enriquecer as experiências dos turistas e, como resultado, melhorar a competitividade do destino. Apesar do crescente número de iniciativas de DTI em diferentes países, a literatura existente permanece incipiente sobre esse fenômeno crescente. Assim, o primeiro artigo desta tese propõe um modelo teórico – o Smart Destinantion Development Model - visando indicar um caminho estratégico que um destino turístico deveria seguir para se tornar inteligente. Ao discutir a ideia de DTI, argumentamos que, além de aumentar a competitividade do destino, um projeto de DTI deve basear-se em um paradigma sustentável para criar valor público para a comunidade local. O segundo trabalho, desenvolvido sob a perspectiva da teoria Ator-Rede, está focado em investigar o processo de implementação do projeto de cidade inteligente de Armação dos Búzios, denominado Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Além disso, essa pesquisa também tentou entender o papel do contexto na implementação de um projeto de cidade inteligente. Nossas descobertas revelam que o projeto da cidade inteligente estudado foi principalmente motivado pela regulação pública e decisões, que caracterizamos como de cima para baixo, praticadas através das interações de seus participantes Após reconhecer o papel dos atores envolvidos no projeto CIB, bem como suas motivações, o terceiro artigo analisou o mesmo projeto usando o modelo SDDM. Desta forma, o artigo III visa investigar se, no processo de implementação do projeto da cidade inteligente, Armação dos Búzios também buscou se tornar um DTI. Nossos resultados mostraram que, apesar das oportunidades que surgiram com a infraestrutura tecnológica trazida pelo projeto da cidade inteligente, o setor de turismo de Armação dos Búzios não conseguiu se tornar mais eficiente. Assim, o último artigo provou que as TIC não irão atuar por si só para melhorar a experiência dos turistas. Na verdade, há uma cadeia de valor turístico muito complexa que precisa ser organizada e envolvida com uma visão estratégica comum, antes que a tecnologia se torne útil para aumentar a competitividade do destino turístico.
The rapid increase in urban population poses significant challenges to the administration of cities throughout the world. However, with the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT), a growing number of initiatives are being implemented to alleviate such strain by attempting to transform urban centers into Smart Cities. Parallel to the concept of Smart City, a specific variation of this concept is emerging in the Tourism sector, which regards the idea of Smart Tourism Destinations (STD). Drawing upon Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brazil) experience, this research explores some key issues to be addressed in the process of transforming a tourism destination into a smart one. In fact, mainstream tourism destinations are increasingly implementing ICTs to enrich tourists' experiences and, as a result, improve the competitiveness of the tourism destination. Despite the growing number of STD initiatives in different countries, the extant literature remains silent on this growing phenomenon. As such, the first article of this thesis proposes a theoretical model – The Smart Destination Development Model – aimed at indicating a strategic path that a tourism destination should follow to become a smart one. By discussing the idea of STD, we argue that besides enhancing the destination competitiveness, an STD project should be grounded on a sustainable paradigm in order to create public value for the hosting community. The second paper, developed under the Actor-Network theory perspective, is focused on investigating the implementation process of the smart city project that took place in Armação dos Búzios, named Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Additionally, this research also attempted to understand the role of context in the implementation of a smart city project. Our findings reveal that the smart city project studied was primarily motivated by public regulation and mainstream decisions we characterized as top-down decisions implemented through interactions of project participants. After acknowledging the role of actors involved the CIB project, as well as their motivations, the third article has studied the same project using the SDDM. In this way, article III aims at investigating if in the process of implementing the smart city project, Armação dos Búzios also sought to become a STD. Our results have shown that, despite the opportunities that emerged with the technological infrastructure brought by the smart city project, the tourism sector of Armação dos Búzios was not able to become more efficient. Thus, the last paper has proven that ICT will not act by itself in improving the tourists’ experience. In fact, there is a very complex touristic value chain that needs to be organized, and be engaged with a common strategic vision, before technology becomes useful to increase the tourism destination competitiveness.

Increased urbanisation against the backdrop of limited resources is complicating city planning and management of functions including public safety. The smart city concept can help, but most previous smart city systems have focused on utilising automated sensors and analysing quantitative data. In developing nations, using the ubiquitous mobile phone as an enabler for crowdsourcing of qualitative public safety reports, from the public, is a more viable option due to limited resources and infrastructure limitations. However, there is no specific best method for the analysis of qualitative text reports for a smart city in a developing nation. The aim of this study, therefore, is the development of a model for enabling the analysis of unstructured natural language text for use in a public safety smart city project. Following the guidelines of the design science paradigm, the resulting model was developed through the inductive review of related literature, assessed and refined by observations of a crowdsourcing prototype and conversational analysis with industry experts and academics. The content analysis technique was applied to the public safety reports obtained from the prototype via computer assisted qualitative data analysis software. This has resulted in the development of a hierarchical ontology which forms an additional output of this research project. Thus, this study has shown how municipalities or local government can use CAQDAS and content analysis techniques to prepare large quantities of text data for use in a smart city.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how processes of subjectification constitute the empowered citizen/patient in the discourses on smart cities. Descriptions of smartphone apps which use environmental sensor data are analysed through discourse analytic approach to governmentality. More specifically the thesis investigates the empowered citizen in relation to responsibilisation and relations to knowledge and power. The study finds that the citizen-subject is responsibilised and the relations knowledge are reformulated and redistribute responsibility. Data and the derived knowledge is represented as a form of empowerment. The citizen-subject is constituted as a manager of their own health, and a catalysts for changing the environment. Emphasising the importance of data and putting the user at the heart of data collecting further contributes to the responsibilisation. However, as the information from the data streams is transferable it also redistributes responsibility in the network of individuals who have access to it. The way of knowing the self and the environment is augmented to include a codified interface, which conditions the relationship. A distributed network of sensors allows the citizen-subject is able to simultaneously read the environment in multiple locations. Relations in knowledge production are also found to be altered.

Recently, the ‘Smart City’ label has emerged as a popular umbrella term for numerous projects around the world that claim to offer an enhanced urban experience, often provided in collaboration with international companies through private-public partnerships. As smart cities pledge to create long-term economic sustainability and progressive form of urban entrepreneurialism, it is getting important to highlight risks such as the reduced role of the public sector, technological dominance and data privacy.In contrast to more a conventional, long-term, holistic master planning, a technologically pre-determined form of Smart City endangers the emancipator usage of public spaces as spaces of diversity, creativity, inclusive citizen participation and urban sustainability.This research approaches the concept of Smart Cities as a future category and, thus, targets to develop a comprehensive visual analysis based on architectural representations in the form of computer-generated images (CGI’s). The Quayside project, a notable and widely criticized urban development project, by Sidewalk Toronto, a cooperation between Waterfront Toronto and Sidewalk Labs which is a sister subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., has been selected as Smart City case study as. Visual analysis was conducted by using the theoretical frame advocating ‘Coordinating Smart Cities’ in contrast to ‘Prescriptive Smart Cities’ by Richard Sennett. In addition to Sennett’s concept of ‘Incomplete Form’, Jan Gehl’s ‘Twelve Quality Criteria’ was used as coding categories to elaborate the content analysis which was followed by semiological and compositional interpretations. Visuals have been investigated in three sequential sets and analyzed focusing on time-based comparative frequency counts for sets of visuals. Concentrating on how future public spaces are illustrated, the study aims to uncover and to discuss how Smart Cities are being imagined and advertised.

The monograph examines the world practices of introducing smart technologies into the urban environment, including the experience of Bulgaria, India, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Turkey. The need to ensure the harmonious development of a modern city has actualized the search for new ideas and ways to solve urban problems. A concept called "Smart City" has become one of the most popular in the last decade in many countries. Ambitious projects for urban infrastructure development have begun to be implemented based on the widespread use of the achievements of information and communication and other modern technologies. In this monograph, the authors have discussed contemporary theoretical and practical developments in the concept of "smart city" formation and implementation. The authors believe that the successful formation of "smart cities" as centers of innovative creativity and human capital development significantly affects the achievement of the most important goals of the digital economy. The monograph is of interest to state and municipal officials, specialists in the field of management and public relations, as well as university professors, students, and all other persons interested in the development of the "smart city" concept.

O título Planejamento urbano e regional: aspectos humanos e socioambientais representa uma importante análise nas relações humanas nos grandes centros urbanos, visto que o recrudescimento das populações urbanas acaba desafiando a convivência humana; mostrando muitas vezes condições sub-humanas com falta de infraestrutura adequada e acessível. O planejamento urbano passa pela adoção de uma nova conscientização da população de como gerir o crescimento urbano, sendo responsabilidade de todos os envolvidos: sociedade, poder público e setor privado. O encarecimento e supervalorização dos centros urbanos colidem com o poder aquisitivo de uma parcela considerável da população. Não é por acaso que segundo dados da Organização das nações Unidas (ONU), mais de 100 milhões de vidas em todo o mundo não possuem um local para viver, trabalhar e educar seus filhos. A ONU vem, inclusive, incentivando projetos preocupados com cidades mais humanas e justas, denominado smart city. Pais e mães de família vêm sendo forçados a residir em lotes clandestinos nas periferias das cidades sem o mínimo de infraestrutura digna e necessária para a saúde humana no quesito bem-estar. Se não fosse o suficiente, ainda existe a problemática ocasionada pelo custo dos novos empreendimentos que oneram os valores imobiliários, nesse ponto tornando-se importante a adoção de novas tecnologias e materiais de construção de modo a possibilitar novos projetos arquitetônicos acessíveis à população mais carente. O volume II de Planejamento urbano e regional: aspectos humanos e socioambientais tem como missão apresentar a contribuição de pesquisadores e pesquisadoras de diversos lugares, formação e conhecimentos para instigar nos leitores/leitoras que se possa conhecer o que se tem feito pela melhoria das cidades e inspirar novos cientistas engajados com o desenvolvimento sustentável. É com olhar apaixonado pelo conhecimento e pela troca de ideias e pensamentos que esse livro irá contribuir de forma democrática para que o leitor/leitora possa apreciar e também desenvolver suas próprias ideias e teses para que juntos possamos deixar as futuras gerações cidades mais bem preparadas, dignas e também com olhar humano no social. Possa-se assim construir uma nova mentalidade quanto ao conceito denominado planejamento urbano e regional. Boa leitura! Ariston da Silva Melo Júnior

Smart cities are not just a trend; they have become a tendency of development of living and social environment. Green energy, coexistence with the nature, better and technologically supported living environment are the foundation of Smart cities. Smart cities are broader and more complex social projects to change the life we live. One of the elements of the Smart cities project is also "smart education". Strong impetus for development of Smart cities has to come from development of Smart Education environment. In Smart Cities, the need for educating all citizens is the basic element of the very development of Smart Cities. Only continually educated (lifelong learners) citizens will be able to make this step. Today's education and its organization and implementation are not sufficient for the future of smart cities. The development of smart education encompasses the use of different educational technologies and access to IoT technology in education. Creating a new technological environment IoT provides new approaches to education of all regardless of age. The current educational approaches will not be able to support the needs of education. ICT infrastructure is changing which will directly affect the existing approaches and technology in education . The future of education is smart education. Are we ready for new changes? What are the options and what are the mistakes? This paper discusses the notion and the characteristics of Smart education on the example of Smart cities of the future. Are we ready for new changes? What are the options and what are the mistakes? This paper discusses the notion and the characteristics of Smart education on the example of Smart cities of the future.

Cities are currently undergoing a transformation into the Smart concept, like Smartphones or SmartTV. Many initiatives are being developed in the framework of the Smart Cities projects, however, there is a lack of consistent indicators and methodologies to assess, finance, prioritize and implement this kind of projects. Smart Cities projects are classified according to six axes: Government, Mobility, Environment, Economy, People and Living. (Giffinger, 2007) The main objective of this research is to develop an evaluation model in relation to the mobility concept as one of the six axes of the Smart City classification and apply it to the Spanish cities. The evaluation was carried out in the 62 cities that made up in September 2015 the Spanish Network of Smart Cities (RECI- Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes). This research is part of a larger project about Smart Cities’ evaluation (+CITIES), the project evaluates RECI’s cities in all the axes. The analysis was carried out taking into account sociodemographic indicators such as the size of the city or the municipal budget per inhabitant. The mobility’s evaluation in those cities has been focused in: sustainability mobility urban plans and measures to reduce the number of vehicles. The 62 cities from the RECI have been evaluated according to their degree of progress in several Smart Cities’ initiatives related to smart mobility. The applied methodology has been specifically made for this project. The grading scale has different ranks depending on the deployment level of smart cities’ initiatives.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3485

There is evidence to show that Chinese companies, with some state credit backing, are selling digital surveillance technologies to developing countries, which are then sometimes used in authoritarian practices. However, there is little direct evidence to show that surveillance technologies sold by Chinese companies have more authoritarian potential than the technologies sold by non-Chinese companies. Some researchers define “surveillance technologies” as including any form of digital infrastructure. There is data to show that developing country governments are contracting Chinese companies to build digital infrastructures. Other researchers define “surveillance technologies” as smart city projects. It is estimated that in 2019, Chinese smart city technologies have been purchased in over 100 countries worldwide. Other researchers look at more specific elements of smart cities: There are estimates that the “AI surveillance” components of smart cities have been purchased in 47-65 countries worldwide, and the “data integration” security platforms in at least 80 countries. None of these figures imply anything about how these technologies are used. The “dual use” nature of these technologies means that they can have both legitimate civilian and public safety uses as well as authoritarian control uses. There is evidence of some governments in Africa using Chinese surveillance technologies to spy on political opponents and arrest protesters. Some authors say that some Chinese smart city projects are actually not very effective, but still provide governments with a “security aesthetic”. Research also shows that Chinese smart city technologies have been sold mostly to illiberal regimes. However, in the wider context, there is also ample evidence of non-Chinese surveillance technologies contributing to authoritarian control in developing countries. There is also evidence that UK companies sell surveillance technologies to mostly illiberal regimes. Some reports consulted for this rapid review imply that Chinese surveillance technologies are more likely to be used for authoritarian control than those sold by non-Chinese companies. This analysis is largely based on circumstantial rather than direct evidence. They rely on prior judgements, which are themselves subject to ongoing enquiry in the literature: Almost all of the reports consulted for this rapid review say that the most important factor determining whether governments in developing countries will deploy a particular technology for repressive purposes is the quality of governance in the country. No reports were found in the literature reviewed of Chinese state pressure on developing countries to adopt surveillance technologies, and there were some anecdotal reports of officials in developing countries saying they did not come under any pressure to buy from Chinese companies.

The strategic use of digital technologies can enable smart cities to provide more accessible and better quality urban services for citizens, businesses, and governments. This working paper offers an analytical framework to assess, design, and implement smart city concepts that apply digital technologies tailored to specific contexts. It is intended to guide smart city practitioners and decision-makers in developing Asia to enhance their advisory services, project planning and implementation, and stakeholder engagement efforts.