Academic literature on the topic 'Smart city design and development and related analysis'

Purpose: This paper raises theoretical issues related to the functioning of cities that are determined as smart in order to find a better operational definition for further research. Design/methodology/approach: In search of the essence of the term, the paper refers to variety of definitions of smart city, and also to the theoretical models in operation enabling the measurement and comparison of indicators among urban areas in the different world locations. The analysis was performed on three rankings: Cities in Motion Index, Mercer Quality of Living, Arcadis The Sustainable Index. Findings: The conclusions indicate that the Smart City concept is connected with sustainable development more than to the quality of life. The city rankings concerning the highest life quality is completely different from the hierarchy of smart cities. Originality/value: The paper extends the definition of smart city and it may be valuable for researchers who develop the concept of smart city in their research.

Smart cities are the future development direction of cities and are a comprehensive expression of the development of the organic life body of cities. The organic life form of a smart city relates to viewing the city as an organic life self-organizing system based on the wholeness and systemic nature of the smart city life form itself, to construct a holistic spatial linkage of the functions and mechanisms of the city life system, and to enhance the overall vitality of the space. This study is based on the literature of “smart city” research in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, and the current situation and related themes of smart city research in China are discussed through co-word analysis and cluster analysis using software such as SPSS and VOSviewer, among which there are four themes in co-word cluster analysis, namely, intelligent technology supporting smart city research; research on the integration of the social system of a smart city; research on the top-level strategic design and planning and construction of a smart city; and research on the development, evaluation, and concrete practice of smart city construction. Four conclusions are drawn from the development of smart city research in China: Firstly, smart city research has attracted the attention of multiple disciplines, and the research themes are scattered and integrated across disciplinary systems. Secondly, smart city construction, development rules, and characteristics need to be further explored, and the problems, future trends, and policy support for the modernization of China’s cities and towns have been focused on engineering and technology, with a lack of practical research in non-technical areas such as humanities and ethics. Thirdly, the philosophical humanism and ecological ethics of smart cities need to be systematized, and their construction and development needs to be humanistic, systematic, and comprehensive, thus contributing to the sustainability, livability, ecology, and wisdom of future urban development. Fourthly, the development of the smart city system is supported by theories related to global cities and innovative cities, and the world city, a product of globalization, is undergoing a transformation into a digital and intelligent organic urban life form.

Purpose This paper investigates the potential contribution of smart city approaches and tools to sustainable urban development in the environment domain. Recent research has highlighted the need to explore the relation of smart and sustainable cities more systematically, focusing on practical applications that could enable a deeper understanding of the included domains, typologies and design concepts, and this paper aims to address this research gap. At the same time, it tries to identify whether these applications could contribute to the “zero vision” strategy, an extremely ambitious challenge within the field of smart cities. Design/methodology/approach This objective is pursued through an in-depth investigation of available open source and proprietary smart city applications related to environmental sustainability in urban environments. A total of 32 applications were detected through the Intelligent/Smart Cities Open Source (ICOS) community, a meta-repository for smart cities solutions. The applications are analyzed comparatively regarding (i) the environmental issue addressed, (ii) the associated mitigation strategies, (iii) the included innovation mechanism, (iv) the role of information and communication technologies and (v) the overall outcome. Findings The findings suggest that the smart and sustainable city landscape is extremely fragmented both on the policy and the technical levels. There is a host of unexplored opportunities toward smart sustainable development, many of which are still unknown. Similar findings are reached for all categories of environmental challenges in cities. Research limitations pertain to the analysis of a relatively small number of applications. The results can be used to inform policy making toward becoming more proactive and impactful both locally and globally. Given that smart city application market niches are also identified, they are also of special interest to developers, user communities and digital entrepreneurs. Originality/value The value added by this paper is two-fold. At the theoretical level, it offers a neat conceptual bridge between smart and sustainable cities debate. At the practical level, it identifies under-researched and under-exploited fields of smart city applications that could be opportunities to attain the “zero vision” objective.

Following the development of networking and mobile devices, the technology of managing the offline information online is being conducted widely. Also, as the social services have become much more active, users are registering and managing their personal information on online websites and sharing it with other users to acquire the information they need. For modern people living in a smart city, the planning of smarter services is required. The convergence of ET and IT or advanced scientific technologies such as AI or Big Data is often mentioned whenever the smart city is discussed. Nevertheless, smart services that could introduce smart solutions to conventional industries or change existing lifestyles should also be considered. Therefore, this paper discusses a service related to the convergence of the traditional clothing industry with IT and a service wherein CT is converged with systems that allow customers to participate in the design work and share the designs they have created. In other words, this study is a case study of CT and IT services in the clothing industry and is inclusive of an apparel shopping mall service that encourages customer participation in design, a customer-oriented editing user interface, and a copyright management system. The results show that both production method and production capacity largely affect the user interface of apparel platform services, with customer freedom significantly correlated with their functional roles. Moreover, the lead index is shown to be one of the factors restraining customer freedom. With this analysis, an apparel shopping mall wherein customers participate in the design work has been developed especially for clothes with more complex designs. The shopping mall emphasizes functionality from the perspective of customer use. At the same time, an online environment for an apparel service appropriate for the smart city has been implemented.

<p>The territories of many single-industry towns and smaller settlements with a oncedeveloped industry at the present stage of development do not satisfy the new needs of people. Without a carefully developed concept of development of these territories, the latter become zones of alienation. Weak attention to these objects leads to their degradation, the formation on their territory of storage areas, small and not always legal production, the concentration of questionable business. To date, there are three competing programs that claim to implement and implement in urban development practices: Smart City, Culture-led (leadership through intensive cultural development), Livable City (comfortable city). All of them can improve the quality of life of the main socio-demographic groups or simply contribute to the economic prosperity of cities. The content of the research area: the identification, analysis and resolution of the formation and development problems of the theory and practice of «smart cities» management as social and economic systems with the aim of revealing the stable links and regularities that determine the nature and content of these problems, the logic and mechanisms for their resolution. The project of socially responsible design of the «smart city» in the case of the monotown of Yurga, Kemerovo region, will contribute to the formation of practices of public discussion and the solution of issues related to the formation of a stable comfortable and safe urban environment.</p>

Considering the processes of social and climate change at the global level, more and more cities worldwide have reformatted development strategies to implement «smart» reforms to ensure sustainable development, increase energy production by expanding renewable resources, and improve waste management. Upgrading to a smart city means improving urban residents’ quality of life by providing cultural, economic, and social development opportunities in a healthy, safe, and inspiring environment. An analysis of the most effective initiatives within the concept of «smart» city, related to the development of «green» buildings with special emphasis on the concept of vertical landscaping. The detailed characteristic of positive effects from the installation of designs of a «green» cloth is given. Among the above advantages of implementing these technologies, reducing pollutant emissions, which are the greenhouse effect’s driving forces, and energy savings are the most significant. Based on the results of the analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of the concept of vertical landscaping, proposals for the development or improvement of strategies for sustainable development of urban areas with an emphasis on «green» and «smart» technologies.

Purpose The purpose of this paper was to identify the main necessary competences for smart cities’ development. From their inception until now, smart cities are striving to clarify their identity and become better, and thus, smarter. The whole process is in many ways similar to the journey of a child in his quest of growing into a smart adult, with the help of parents and support from educators. But it is not easy to tell how we, as citizens, through civic, educational and governance structures, raise smart cities. What competences do we need? This was the main question for the present essay, generated from several theoretical and practical experiences. Design/methodology/approach In this study, literature analysis, synthesis and theoretical inferences, for the smart city problematiques, and induction and exploratory qualitative analysis, for soft, civilizational competences, were used. Findings The main conclusion is that the literature still associates the smart city especially with its hard dimension, the highly developed and intelligent technologies, including information and communication technologies (ICTs), despite a growing number of studies dedicated to the soft, human and social capital component. The intangible, soft component – the human actor – plays an equally, if not even more important role, through mechanisms affecting all classical dimensions of smart cities (smart economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, living). Civilizational competences, soft skills or human-related characteristics of cities strongly influenced by culture (at national, regional, organizational and individual levels) are crucial for the development of smart and competitive cities. Civilizational competences are grouped into four categories: enterprise culture, discoursive culture, civic culture and daily culture. If we want to make our cities smart, we need to develop these competences – first define them, then identify their antecedents or influence factors and measure them. Research limitations/implications The study has several limits. First, the exploratory nature in itself, with many inductive and abductive suppositions that will need further testing. Second, the literature selection has a certain degree of subjectivity owing to the fact that besides the common, classical theory of smart cities, the authors were particularly interested in rather heterodox opinions about the subject, which lead them to the inclusion of singular or isolated points of view on narrower issues. Practical implications The findings of this exploratory conceptual essay could be used for further testing of hypotheses on the relationship between civilizational competences and smart cities’ development. Social implications Local and regional administrations could use the results to increase civil society’s involvement in the development of smart cities. Originality/value The study points out some new connections and relations for the smart city problematiques, and explicitly suggests relating the development of smart cities to the development of civilizational competences, as a complex category of factors going beyond the unique dimension of “people” or “human and social capital” from the smart cities literature. It is an exploratory outcome, generating new research hypotheses for the relationships between smart city development and culture-related factors grouped under the “cities” civilizational competences’ label.

Smart city construction is the inevitable product of scientific development and transformation of life by building digital cities, building the Internet of Things, and making city management systems simple and intelligent through cloud computing. Smart city is a new generation information technology. Make full use of the advanced form of urban informatization based on the next generation innovation of knowledge society in all walks of life in the city. Cloud computing is a new network application concept. The core concept of cloud computing is to take the Internet as the center, and provide fast and secure cloud computing services and data storage on the website, so that everyone who uses the Internet can use the huge computing resources and data center on the network. The role of smart city engineering infrastructure is to build the infrastructure of this platform, so that smart cities can operate effectively, such as deformation test of ferroelectric materials, particle suitability analysis of ferroelectric materials, etc., This research is oriented to the intelligent manufacturing of new infrastructures in smart cities and analyzes the performance of ferroelectric materials in construction, aiming to better grasp the performance of ferroelectric materials and provide constructive suggestions for smart manufacturing in smart cities. The article first understands and states the related concepts, related construction requirements, development status and problems that need to be solved for smart city smart manufacturing by consulting relevant materials; then, it discusses the ferroelectric materials involved in the construction, analyzes the data of piezoelectric properties, etc., which will help to give more clear guidance on the process of tooling design; finally, the application link of ferroelectric materials is tested, and the deformation of ferroelectric materials and this premise are discussed on the problem of intelligent manufacturing efficiency and intelligent manufacturing efficiency. The experimental results show that the maximum value in the group of smart manufacturing benefits is 559.37; the maximum value between groups is 172.35. For efficiency of smart manufacturing, the maximum value between groups reaches 187.07; the maximum value in groups is 286.35. Whether it is a significant analysis of smart manufacturing benefits or smart manufacturing efficiency, the experimental results are quite impressive.

In recent years, there has been significant focus on smart cities, on how they operate and develop, and on their technical and social challenges. The importance of infrastructure as a major pillar of support in cities, in addition to the rapid developments in smart city research, necessitate an up-to-date review of smart cities’ infrastructure issues and challenges. Traditionally, a majority of studies have focused on traffic control and management, transport network design, smart grid initiatives, IoT (Internet of Things) integration, big data, land use development, and how urbanization processes impact land use in the long run. The work presented herein proposes a novel review framework that analyzes how smart city infrastructure is related to the urbanization process while presenting developments in IoT sensor networks, big data analysis of the generated information, and green construction. A classification framework was proposed to give insights on new initiatives regarding smart city infrastructure through answering the following questions: (i) What are the various dimensions on which smart city infrastructure research focuses? (ii) What are the themes and classes associated with these dimensions? (iii) What are the main shortcomings in current approaches, and what would be a good research agenda for the future? A bibliometric analysis was conducted, presenting cluster maps that can be used to understand different research trends and refine further searches. A bibliographic analysis was then followed, presenting a review of the most relevant studies over the last five years. The method proposed serves to stress where future research into understanding smart systems, their implementation and functionality would be best directed. This research concluded that future research on the topic should conceptualize smart cities as an emergent socio-techno phenomenon.

In recent years, the world’s population living in cities has been rapidly increasing. Cities are transforming their infrastructure in a smarter and more efficient way so that sustainable development forms part of their long-term strategy. However, this transformation does not always result in expected benefits due to a variety of factors such as an absence of social acceptance, a lack of holistic design and the development of unilateral interventions. An analysis of the scientific literature related to the evaluation of the impact of smart city actions revealed a gap in the holistic methods for their assessment. To this end, an accurate evaluation of implemented smart solutions focusing on the energy domain is necessary in order to assess the expected and realized impact of each solution. This paper proposes a seven-step methodology for assessing the impact of smart city interventions and presents a use case for the city of Espoo. A number of major findings were the outcome of our research and development work, such as the need for a thorough analysis of the long-term vision of the city, a combined top-down and bottom-up approach and the ongoing cooperation between all stakeholders involved in urban planning and transformation, in which necessary Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are defined.

This study deals with finding a way to enable citizen-led urban innovation through technology while concentrating on various aspects of controversial city developments. Therefore the literature concerning this topic is first investigated and current online systems designed for citizens to engage in city development decisions explored. In addition, literature, approaches and systems related to conflict resolution are also presented and discussed. By means of applying multiple design cycles, including several user studies, an online platform for citizens to elaborate controversial ideas for the city together was developed. These design cycles were focused on first finding a suitable process to elaborate on ideas and find consent. The process implementing this is tested during two workshops that portray the procedure that would be realised on the platform. Findings after each workshop are used to revise the process. In order to design a user interface that could implement such a process first an expert focus group was asked to brainstorm solutions for multiple design questions. Considering this input two platform mock-ups were created and shown to participants to receive feedback. A final prototype of the online platform was then implemented and tested in a final user study. During this study participants elaborated an idea together to test the whole resulting product, while being able to use the online platform in an in the wild setting. In spite of discovering how dependent the usage of the platform is on its users, the feedback received for the general idea of using an online platform to elaborate on ideas and find consent was overall positive.

Electrical Systems Sustainable Agriculture in an Electrifed World – Cradle-to-Grave evaluation of different propulsion systems 1 Understanding the opportunities and challenges of self-driving, electric feld tractors using dynamic discrete-event simulation 9 Design and analysis of a magnetic-electrical power split gearbox for application in an agricultural vehicle 17 Development of a 3-speed gearbox in electric powertrain – Ground drive transmission for a commercial vehicle 23 Data Management Farmers’ expectations in Precision Farming Technologies – Transfarm 40 online survey 2019 31 Cyber Threats and Cyber Risks in Smart Farming 37 Automatic logging and situation-related evaluation of manufacturer independent machine data 47 Data insight and expert knowledge combined to maximize uptime 55 … ...

The X Ibero-American Conference on Applications and Usability of TVDI jAUTI 2021 is an organization of the Department of Electricity, Electronics and Telecommunications and the WiCOM-Energy Research Group of the University of the Armed Forces ESPE together with RedAUTI (Thematic Network on Applications and Usability of Interactive Digital Television). This year's edition was held from December 2 to 3, 2021 in the city of Sangolquí, Ecuador, taking place online. This book brings together 18 works presented on the design, development and experiences of applications for interactive digital television and related technologies (IPTV, Smart TV, Connected TV, and Web TV).

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

AbstractDesign for Excellence (DfEx) is the name given to an engineering process where a product is designed to meet a set of objective functions that cover its lifecycle. There are negative correlations between different objective functions in this set and issues related to technological complexity are added, since modern products typically fall into the category of smart connected mechatronic products. This context leads to complexity in terms of tackling the design process. Simultaneous engineering and PLM platforms can only partially handle such levels of complexity. To our knowledge, the subject of DfEx was treated in current researches from a limited perspective, which does not necessarily cover the complexity of the present-day context. In order to formulate a reliable DfEx framework, this research considers a strategy based on tools that manage in a systematic way the process of identifying the comprehensive set of barriers and conflicts that obstruct DfEx. This research highlights the level of complexity in setting up a reliable methodology to DfEx of modern, sophisticated mechatronic products. A set of guidelines to be placed at the foundation of an effective DfEx methodology is formulated with the support of TRIZ.

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to examine privacy and personal data-related issues arising from the smart city development. Based on recent smart city campaigns in Phuket involving closed-circuit television (CCTV) installation and digitally-tracking wristbands, the author finds that local actors’ privacy perceptions and data processing practices substantially deviate from the privacy views and practices required by the Thai Personal Data Protection Act. This deviation will potentially result in the lack of actual implementation or inevitable forced changes to the local community life just to meet the new legal standard. The global–local tension created by norms brought by visitors from various cultural backgrounds and the local tradition makes finding a common ground far more difficult. The case demonstrates the limitations of current legal approaches to embracing diverse societal views and interests, while also paving the possibility of a new way to understand privacy in smart cities and integrate this knowledge into their universal design.

Abstract Conservation Agriculture (CA) is an important component in addressing food insecurity, biodiversity degradation and water scarcity challenges. Its adoption in Africa has lagged behind other continents. One major area of need to enable the acceleration of the adoption of CA in Africa relates to building the necessary cross-sectoral institutional and human capacity across the education-research-extension-enterprise axis along the value chain. This study was conducted in order to contribute to the discussions about the need to create sustainable institutions: specifically, Conservation Agriculture Centres of Excellence (CA-CoEs) in Africa. The CA-CoEs model includes a stakeholder team, a shared facility or an entity that provides leadership, best practices, research, support and/or training in CA, with linkages to service providers along the value chain. This literature-based research involved systematic identification, collection, analysis and documentation of data to identify and address the unique roles these CA-CoEs play in the promotion and adoption of CA and their level of performance. It employed a CA quality assurance self-assessment tool to measure the performance of the CA-CoEs against predetermined performance descriptors. Although the CA-CoEs are facilitating and catalysing adoption of CA, their capacity in providing the CA-related programmes, training and research is not optimal. CA-CoE quality assurance of services can be helpful in identification and design of measures for addressing the challenges faced. To be impactful, CA-CoEs need well-coordinated, participatory and demand-driven CA-based agricultural practices, information services and knowledge for farmers and other stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), CA service providers and CA equipment manufacturers.

AbstractThe project BIM4EEB aims also to develop digital tools to support the design, procurement, installation, post-renovation operation, user feedback and profiling of building automation systems for HVAC. This helps supporting decision making, interaction with tenants and owners during the design, construction, and post-renovation operation phases. The development of the tools will be underpinned by a sound methodological approach. Work will include considerations of interoperability with Smart City technology of automation systems for HVAC. Specific objectives will be related to the development of the following software tools: A software component supporting the automatic generation of the layout for control systems emphasising on user preferences and including constraint checking of BAC-topologies against selected building codes. Data and information stored in BIM models are used to generate the initial recommendations and constraints and to deliver the final installation instructions. A software component allowing the seamless specification and evaluation of user comfort and systems performance. The underpinning information model will merge data sources from BIM (dimensional data) and BAC (factual data). An energy-refurbishment assessment tool, for bridging the gap between commercial simulators and the BIM management system. A user-profiling component allowing to compare expectations of tenants and owners regarding comfort and systems’ performance against monitored parameters. The results of this software component can be used in the pre- and post-renovation phases to update the content of BIM systems and thus to improve their accuracy and to reduce efforts for data acquisition and verification.

AbstractWith a significantly changing global climate and related impacts on our societies becoming increasingly visible, the call for a significant change of the energy production and consumption system gets increasing attention. Defined as energy transition, such change involves at least two dimensions: one technological and one social. Especially the latter is gaining importance because it is argued that the impact of technological innovation could be limited, if not harmful, if the technological would not be matched with social innovation. This refers to the emergence of decentralized energy systems at the local scale, and the increased involvement of non-state actors in shaping the transition, like civil society, business, and local public authorities. It includes new forms of governance, ranging from energy communities to the design of urban living labs. This work aims to provide the first insights for the further development of a theoretical framework in relation to governance and social innovation in the context of energy transition. It builds on a bibliometric quantitative analysis to explore the extent to which changes in energy governance are reflected in the scientific literature. Results indicate that energy governance issues have quite settled in the scientific literature across the world, but that social innovation is only a recently emerging topic. A snapshot interpretive analysis is then performed to get a better understanding of what types of energy governance and social innovations are addressed. These mostly refer to energy communities and organization types related to the use of renewable energies (e.g., cooperatives and public–private partnerships), as well as obstacles and opportunities that drive their implementation. A keyword analysis is used to get the first indications on the direction of the discussion. Generally, this seems rather heterogeneous, though most often it is related to urban development and cities, as well as in relation to the planning practice. Future research should extend and carry out further in-depth analysis of the preliminary insights outlined in this work.

AbstractThe concept of the Living Lab is closely connected to the priorities of the Europe 2020 strategy and of the Digital Agenda for Europe and is the subject of numerous user-centric open innovation programs and European projects supported by the European ENoLL Network. The chapter presents a new methodology, called Collaborative Urban Living Lab (CoULL), to support the Collaborative Decision-Making Processes to activate local innovation processes at the neighbourhood, city or landscape scale. Starting from the Quintuple Helix framework and the literature review on the Living Lab concept, its extension to the city and territorial context, and the related people-centred approaches have been discussed. The potentials to using them for putting open innovation into practice and developing innovative solutions for the cities have been shown. Nowadays, the built environments need to accelerate the transition to sustainable, climate-neutral, inclusive, resilient, healthy and smart prosperous. In the last few years, the Living Lab approaches have been promoted and used by local and international research and innovation agencies in collaboration with enterprises, NGOs and local governments to find solutions to the new issues. However, the Living Lab methodologies to guide the urban scale’s co-development solutions are few and need more accurate research and experimentations. In that direction, the CoULL methodology, tested in four different research projects (including the REPAiR project), has defined a suitable process for supporting the co-design, co-production and co-decision cycles of urban innovative and sustainable solutions.

Programs for the reconstruction of cities in the face of social, economic and environmental challenges of shaping urban areas. Purpose: The main aim of the study is to depict the characteristics of some of the most common concepts of urban reconstruction (compact city, sustainable city, smart city, as well as their hybrids), present practical aspects of the indicated urban policies and attempt to verify their implementation. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on the presentation of selected theoretical concepts. In the empirical part, the authors use the method of case studies, presenting the effects of municipal investments and practical obstacles occurring during their implementation. They form assessments based on current media reports, articles in specialist press, as well as statements made by residents. Findings: Contemporary cities are spaces of various challenges that become sources of conflicts as well as places of unmet needs and unfulfilled ambitions. Although the decisionmakers make their decisions in connection with these challenges, their interventions are not always effective. The concepts of a compact city, a smart city and a sustainable city serve as recipes for the problems of modern cities: both the short-term ones and those which require shaping a comprehensive policy for the development of cities and urban areas. However, cities are not always properly diagnosed, and local authorities often lack specialists who could consciously and skilfully propose an optimal therapy. Originality and value: The study presents an original analysis of selected case studies which relate to the shaping of the space of Polish cities. The study focuses on the challenges of shaping urban areas in relation to contemporary trends in city planning and design determined by the importance of such issues as the quality of life of residents, the quality of space, its democratisation and sustainability, the presence of art, closed circulation or the use of modern technology and creativity in the process of managing modern cities and their space.

Smart governance is one of the characteristics of smart cities, having its roots in e-government, in the principles of good governance, and in the assumptions of citizens' participation and involvement in public decision-making. This chapter aims to answer the question: “What smart governance practices are being implemented in smart cities” through an extensive literature review in the areas of e-government, good governance, smart cities and smart governance, and content analysis of the websites of seven smart cities: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Manchester, Singapore, and Stockholm. The objective was to identify the presence of factors related with e-participation; e-services; and public administration functioning on the cities' websites. The chapter ends with directions for future research and the conclusion that all the smart cities analyzed presented some factors related with smart governance, but with different levels of development and application.

Smart governance is one of the characteristics of smart cities, having its roots in e-government, in the principles of good governance, and in the assumptions of citizens' participation and involvement in public decision-making. This chapter aims to answer the question: “What smart governance practices are being implemented in smart cities” through an extensive literature review in the areas of e-government, good governance, smart cities and smart governance, and content analysis of the websites of seven smart cities: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Manchester, Singapore, and Stockholm. The objective was to identify the presence of factors related with e-participation; e-services; and public administration functioning on the cities' websites. The chapter ends with directions for future research and the conclusion that all the smart cities analyzed presented some factors related with smart governance, but with different levels of development and application.

Smart governance is one of the characteristics of smart cities, having its roots in e-government, in the principles of good governance, and in the assumptions of citizens' participation and involvement in public decision-making. This chapter aims to answer the question: “What smart governance practices are being implemented in smart cities” through an extensive literature review in the areas of e-government, good governance, smart cities and smart governance, and content analysis of the websites of seven smart cities: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Manchester, Singapore, and Stockholm. The objective was to identify the presence of factors related with e-participation; e-services; and public administration functioning on the cities' websites. The chapter ends with directions for future research and the conclusion that all the smart cities analyzed presented some factors related with smart governance, but with different levels of development and application.

Through the multiplicity of different actors, smart cities offer many physical and digital touchpoints where interactions with customers can occur for the creation and delivery of smart services. Integrating these touchpoints at different levels offers the potential to foster innovation and stimulate service creation by bringing together different resources. At present, however, service production and delivery in cities is mostly highly parcelled out and isolated by individual providers. A strong competitive spirit is particularly evident in the use of the multitude of data in smart cities, due to its high value when being transformed into valuable smart services. The isolated consideration of services can be one of the central weaknesses of today's cities, leading to a declining attractiveness as a place to stay and consume. Increasing online competition, related changing consumer behavior, and the COVID-19 pandemic are leading to a growing decoupling of work, leisure and shopping from physical locations and thus from the city as a place where services are provided. To strengthen the development of a city, it is necessary to attract customers back by making the experience attractive as a combination of different value contributions, e.g. integrating retail services with smart solutions for the search of nearby free parking spaces, toward an integrated customer experience in cities. Meanwhile it has been argued that customer experience in cities is more holistic than the experience in single service encounters, there is a lack in research in exploring how customer experience in cities can be conceptualized. In this work, we therefore present city experience as an integrative concept which bundles the experiences from various activities in the city toward a holistic customer experience. Following the Design Science Research process suggested by Peffers et al. (2007), examining smart service literature in the field of smart cities and 141 real-world smart city services from the perspective of their contribution to customer experience, we develop a conceptual model which depicts the central determinants of city experience. Our model deepens knowledge in the field of consumer-oriented value creation in smart cities providing an integrative perspective on customer experience, smart cities and smart services. We consider our insights significant for research, as our integrative framework deepens the understanding of a holistic customer experience as a solution to the above-described problems. It provides a basis to further theorize on customer experience in smart cities and on how to design and integrate smart services to create it. Further, our work can help practitioners involved in smart cities in the design of new smart services as well as the evaluation of existing services with respect to their contribution to the city experience. Accordingly, this integrative perspective on smart city services organizes the state of the art of smart service research in a novel way and enhances understanding on the role of smart services to contribute to an overall customer experience. By taking on this view, our research provides important perspectives and results that could significantly contribute to solving the ongoing challenges according to a city’s attractiveness and development.

ith the continuous development of technical means, information technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence have gradually become one of the core technical means of planning and design. Applying AI and big data to evaluate street space has also become one hot spot in recent years. However, there are few studies on the street space quality of Wuhan based on new technology, and especially there is almost no evaluation system that combines planning technology and information technology. This study employs big data, traditional planning data and current status survey data, combined with artificial intelligence, ArcGIS spatial analysis and spatial syntax and other analytical techniques, to propose a comprehensive system for evaluating street space quality. This paper selects an area in the central city of Wuhan for the case study on the quality evaluation system, and accordingly provides an analytic idea for the planning and construction of streets, so as to guide the implementation of street-related projects and planning.

Nowadays, the increasing density and expansion of urban areas make cities as complexes with massive activities. The new input of the upgrating urban functions brings uncertainty to the transformation of downtown. Previous to the urban design, to visualize and assess the land value, and evaluate the possible density of the urban development supported by the public transport, a GIS platform is required. During the project of urban renewal design for the 13 km2 area of downtown Baotou (China), our GIS work as advanced territorial analysis tools, helps to provide the technological support for the decision of the urban spatial plan. The overall project site has been divided into a 20x20m grid, and in each cell a specific value for each factor deems relevant for this design stage was assigned. The factors include topographical morphology (sun exposure, elevation, slope or flat terrain), the positive ones are the accessibility, proximity to public transport stops, to waterfront or park, to attractive places (cultural and commercial facilities), and so on. While the traffic congestion, pollution and noise are considered as Negative factors. For some important urban facilities like shopping mall, theater or symbolic buildings the calculation of “visibility” is also a crucial factor. This process allows us to derive new information from the existing data and to analyze complex spatial relationships. The public transport service provides great support for the future construction. Based on the capacity of public transport modals and the estimated frequency, the PTAL (Public Transport Accessibility Level) map, produced by GIS as well, reflects the acceptable passengers and hence shows the support to the density of the future development, the PTAL level is direct related to modal share and quantify the usage of private car. In this sense the 3D PTAL map can be regarded as the visualization of the city’s skyline. Vice versa, if the density estimated by PTAL could not meet the requirement of official plan the increase of certain capacity and frequency of public transport vehicles can be accordingly suggested. In a word, the maps of land value and development density could help the urban plan to utilize the land portion or find suitable locations for main urban attractors in a more reasonable way. In addition, in some cases the renewal design of some important urban areas requires the modification of traffic flows. Does the new project meet the necessary of urban livability in term of traffic generation? Or would it improve the organization of traffic flows? The traffic simulation could assess and visualize the effect. Our project for Piazza Santa Croce (Parma) demonstrates this solution.

We present several algorithms suited for the generation and analysis of structures used in manufacturing laminate electro-mechanical devices. These devices may be fabricated by a family of related manufacturing processes such as printed-circuit MEMS (PC-MEMS) smart composite microstructures (SCM), or lamina emergent mechanisms (LEM), which, by utilizing multi-material laminate composites, enables kinematic motion, component embedding, and monolithic fabrication of high-precision millimeter-scale features. The presented algorithms enable rapid generation of manufacturing features such as support structures and cut files, while facilitating integration with the user’s design intent and available material removal processes. An exemplar device is presented, which, though simple in concept, could not be manufactured without the aid of an expert designer to produce the same features generated by these algorithms.

Abstract In this paper, an overview of the performance analysis techniques and instrumentation adopted for the pioneer multi-MW WindFloat Atlantic project,the first exploiting commercial-scale semi-submersible floating wind devices, is presented. Initial results and how these will be exploited for the smart operation and maintenance planning of the floating foundations are discussed. The combined approach, novel for floating wind technology, is based on the use of modern component monitoring and control instrumentation, both installed on the floating platform and on the wind turbine, coupled to data analysis and visualization techniques. The data retrieved during operation on one of the three full-scale WindFloat devices deployed at sea are analyzed to confirm the validity of numerical expectations and derive insights for future development. The outcomes of the monitoring of planar and angular motions, especially in relation to design conditions, are presented. Post-processing and elaboration of field data is used to classify relevant information, which will be used for the refinement and calibration of the predictive algorithms that in turn will enable smart analytics and controller optimization. Although this is an on-going task, these methodologies will be combined to build a tailored Digital Twin of the device. In this way, a multi-disciplinary approach leading towardspossible extension of the project lifetime, minimization of operational expenses, and an increase in energy-based availability and electricity production, will be obtained. As such, this manuscript paves the way for the digitalization of the floating wind sector, with subsequent de-risking of this novel technology and related offshore interventions.

"As individual consumers, one of the most responsible actions we can take to protect the planet is to extend the life of the things we already use."Taking under advisement the indication of Rose Marcario, CEO of Patagonia, the Salewa Metro System project aims to analyse and understand which aesthetic, functional and technical characteristics must be integrated in a garment to ensure maximum longevity, counteracting the trend towards massive consumption of contemporary society. Today the textile and fashion industry is the least sustainable and most polluting among the entire industrial system, both considering the production side where "every phase of its production chain threatens our planet" (Shen, 2014), and that of consumption, which hardly adopts or induces habits that contribute to the cause of a more equitable fashion system. Starting from a stylistic and product analysis of the so-called "vintage" sector, the aesthetic and functional characteristics that allow a garment to remain desirable, regardless of the fashion cycles, have been defined. Quality, functionality, style and sustainability are critical factors both from an environmental and also a commercial point of view, if we consider the ever-increasing sensitivity of the market to issues related to the protection of the planet. In the hyper-connected contemporary society, the ever-increasing search for technologies and materials related to well-being and health, in contrast with an extremely tiring urban environment, have been analysed together with the latest growing fashion trends as “athleisure”, where the demand for stylistic freedom, comfort and sporting performance is central. The Salewa Metro System project is a collection of urban and sporty, convertible and multifunctional outerwear composed of three layers of fabric that can be coupled according to the conditions of the external environment. The technical analysis of the layering system, that is the technical garments with which mountaineers are equipped, has generated the guidelines for the development of a collection that starts from pure technical performance, smoothing out the most extreme accents (useful only in situations of extreme meteorological hostility) to then propose itself to an urban and low mountain market. The use of smart materials and nano textile technologies has made it possible to create a layered system of garments with different functions that can always guarantee the best conditions in which to make the human body work. Used correctly, a good sequence of layers provides protection from environmental atmospheric agents and pollutants, perfect skin transpiration as well as the conservation and dissipation of body heat. The project was carried out in collaboration with the Salewa sportswear company, and the garments are designed to remain intact as long as possible, prepared for care, repairs and replacement of parts. They remain aesthetically attractive in the long term thanks to the classic stylistic choices that can be modified according to the occasion. They are always upgradeable in performance: the individual textile components are always replaceable. They tolerate aging well, have a long-life cycle and hit the market objectives together with increasingly design inputs for a more sustainable fashion process.

The information revolution is radically transforming the very foundation of the ‘fossil city’. A ‘virtual’ macro-urbanism will intersect with an ‘actual’ micro-urbanism, physical and concrete, determining the form of the new urban environment. Within the binomial of macro- and micro- urbanism, urban morphology identifies an interesting socio-building scale that can serve as the basic strategy for sustainable city planning in the twenty-first century. Morphology thus becomes the necessary ‘plug-in’ for registering the different ‘networks’ that characterize the contemporary city – from IT and ‘smart’ devices to energy and environmental systems - translating these networks into building practices, into ‘fabrics’, for the physical city. At this purpose an Urban Design methodology has been developed in order to combine the Urban Morphology tools with those of Sustainability giving particular attention to the topics of the comfort outdoor and the passive environmental control systems. The methodology has then been applied in the Sant Adrià De Besos Waterfront Regeneration Project in Barcelona. Neighbourhood’s size, complexity and localisation, between the sea and a large area of brown fields at the northern gateway of the Catalan capital, has set up an interesting testing bench. A sequence of consecutive steps characterizes the methodology in which morphology, architecture and sustainability intersect one another within a single design process. References Gherri B. (2015) Assessment of Daylight Performance in Buildings: Methods and Design Strategies, (WIT Press, Boston). Gherri, B. (2016) ‘Environmental Analysis Towards Low Carbon Urban Retrofitting For Public Spaces’, Proceedings of HERITAGE 2016 – 5th International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development,Vol. 1, p. 499-508. Marat-Mendes, T. (2013) ‘Sustainability and the study of urban form’, Urban Morphology 17, 123-4. Maretto, M. (2014) ‘Sustainable Urbanism: the role of urban morphology’, Urban Morphology 18(2), 163-74. Maretto, M. (2013) Ecocities. Il progetto urbano tra morfologia e sostenibilità (Franco Angeli, Roma).

Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable participants in current city traffic. While in the past original equipment manufacturers (OEMs, in meanings of carmakers) mainly focused on passenger safety, nowadays strict legislation requirements call for the development of more effective pedestrian safety concepts. Considerations for constructive and technological road safety measures generally take place in a company-specific product development process, but mainly in phases, that do not allow for innovative products in terms of new solutions. Thus, the importance of early development phases as well as design process models, such as Pahl and Beitz, will be described here. Also the significance of the development design cases will be handled, as they can mainly influence the innovation degree of the resulting products. In the end an approach will be introduced, of how an analysis of product models regarding their possibilities for adequate evaluation can help, to support a safety-related development process by integrating suitable design methods and tools.

Background Smart digital twin cities digitally create virtual models of urban systems,It simulates the behavior of physical entities in a realistic environment with the help of data . And through virtual and real interactive feedback, data fusion analysis, decision iterative optimization and other means to design and build smart city platforms, Thus adding or extending new capabilities to smart city management.In conjunction with the trend towards AR glasses， paperless information design，the visual expression of information models, will be an important trend in the future, In demand for AR smart city related information reading, The right visual expression can assist managers in their exploration of the city's data.The key to AR information presentation is the presentation of the information, i.e. the way information is covered. Based on past research findings，There are two most conventional and operational ways to present，Fusion display and Overlay display. However, which one to use as the dominant form of presentation needs to be explored experimentally.Method In order to investigate which is more suitable for smart city data overlay, Fusion display or Overlay display. This experiment used Rhino 3D tools to build a 3D model of the city, The model contains three smart city operation scenarios: building equipment operation status, community power management system, and smart operation of business district，The content of the message is consistent in each scenario，while it is expressed through both Fusion display and Overlay display. Twenty identical questions and answers were set up for each comparison group's information presentation.The experiment will last for five weeks and the number of recruits will be 32, Recruiters are divided into groups A and B, each with sixteen members. The experiment required the subject to be able to read 12pt Arial regular characters without wearing glasses，Group A uses Fusion display, Group B uses Overlay display，Comparison of accuracy of information delivery and fatigue of information reading by subjects after test subjects have completed the same information questionnaire，The applicability of the interface was verified using the NASA- TLX scale. The specific experiments are as follows：(1)Information accuracy test session, this session is for the experimenter to wear the TOBII eye-movement instrument and conduct a 2 question visual expression test to ensure that the experimenter is familiar with the experimental process.(2) Cognitive experiment, the experimenter first read the questions carefully, after clarifying the questions, the experimenter picked up the tablet computer for AR overlay on the images, then the subject looked at the centre of the screen, received the "start" command, clicked on the centre of the screen and started reading to find information and complete the questions, a total of 5 groups of 20 questions, the experimenter recorded the time for each question.(3）Fatigue experiment, in this session, we ask the experimenter to test the fatigue of reading information in two types of visual information presentation: Fusion display and Overlay display，after the experimenter says "start", the experimenter will carry out a 10-minute information reading task of the same type of visual information presentation, read the information in the diagram The test is completed with multiple-choice questions. After reading the same type of visual expression, a five-minute break is taken and another visual expression reading task follows.(4）Interface usability questionnaires, in which the subjects are asked to evaluate the experimental interface according to their own circumstances, fill in an experimental research questionnaire and provide preferences and experimental suggestionsResultAt the end of the experiment, questionnaires, question completion schedules, eye-tracking point charts, thermograms, eye-beat charts and point analysis charts were collected from the AB group, and conclusions were generated through statistical analysis of the experimental data,The results are as follows：1) In terms of correctness data analysis, the Fusion display has a significantly lower correctness rate than the Overlay display2) In terms of completion efficiency, the Fusion display is significantly slower than the Overlay display in recognitionConclusion(1)Under the task-oriented experiment, users in the Fusion display were more focused on text.(2)Users who used the Fusion display f tended to search more in the central area.(3)Users' subjective feedback shows that fusion displays are preferred because they are more technological in nature(4)The range of eye movements of the subjects in the Fusion display is wider, while in the Overlay display, the trajectory of the subjects' eye movements is concentrated on the layer information. (5)The saturated color module has a higher number of user attentions

In response to the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the IDB Group Board of Governors endorsed the target of increasing climate-related financing in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) from 15% in 2015 to 30% of the IDB Groups combined total approvals by 2020. Currently, the IDB Group is on track to meet this commitment, as in 2018, it financed nearly US$5 billion in climate-change-related activities benefiting LAC, which accounted for 27% of total IDB Groups annual approvals. In 2019, the overall volume and proportion of climate finance in new IDBG approvals have increased to 29%. As the IDB continues to strive towards this goal by using its funds to ramp-up climate action, it also acknowledges that tackling climate change is an objective shared with the rest of the international community. For the past ten years, strategic partnerships have been forged with external sources of finance that are also looking to invest in low-carbon and climate-resilient development. Doing this has contributed to the Banks objective of mobilizing additional resources for climate action while also strengthening its position as a leading partner to accelerate climate innovation in many fields. From climate-smart technologies and resilient infrastructure to institutional reform and financial mechanisms, IDB's use of external sources of finance is helping countries in LAC advance toward meeting their international climate change commitments. This report collects a series of insights and lessons learned by the IDB in the preparation and implementation of projects with climate finance from four external sources: the Climate Investment Funds (CIF), the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It includes a systematic revision of their design and their progress on delivery, an assessment of broader impacts (scale-up, replication, and contributions to transformational change/paradigm shift), and a set of recommendations to optimize the access and use of these funds in future rounds of climate investment. The insights and lessons learned collected in this publication can inform the design of short and medium-term actions that support “green recovery” through the mobilization of investments that promote decarbonization.

The Sunshine Coast (unless otherwise specified, Sunshine Coast refers to the region which includes both Sunshine Coast and Noosa council areas) is a classic regional hotspot. In many respects, the Sunshine Coast has assets that make it the “Goldilocks” of Queensland hotspots: “the agility of the region and our collaborative nature is facilitated by the fact that we're not too big, not too small - 330,000 people” (Paddenburg, 2019); “We are in that perfect little bubble of just right of about everything” (Erbacher 2019). The Sunshine Coast has one of the fastest-growing economies in Australia. Its population is booming and its local governments are working together to establish world-class communications, transport and health infrastructure, while maintaining the integrity of the region’s much-lauded environment and lifestyle. As a result, the Sunshine Coast Council is regarded as a pioneer on smart city initiatives, while Noosa Shire Council has built a reputation for prioritising sustainable development. The region’s creative economy is growing at a faster rate that of the rest of the economy—in terms of job growth, earnings, incomes and business registrations. These gains, however, are not spread uniformly. Creative Services (that is, the advertising and marketing, architecture and design, and software and digital content sectors) are flourishing, while Cultural Production (music and performing arts, publishing and visual arts) is variable, with visual and performing arts growing while film, television and radio and publishing have low or no growth. The spirit of entrepreneurialism amongst many creatives in the Sunshine Coast was similar to what we witnessed in other hotspots: a spirit of not necessarily relying on institutions, seeking out alternative income sources, and leveraging networks. How public agencies can better harness that energy and entrepreneurialism could be a focus for ongoing strategy. There does seem to be a lower level of arts and culture funding going into the Sunshine Coast from governments than its population base and cultural and creative energy might suggest. Federal and state arts funding programs are under-delivering to the Sunshine Coast.