Academic literature on the topic 'SMART CITIES OF INDIA'

This paper aims to discuss the challenges of transforming ‘Traditional’ cities to ‘Smart Cities’ and the tools that can be used to transform ‘Traditional’ cities to ‘Smart’ cities in the Indian Context. In this context, this paper discusses the expectations and goals of the Smart City India Mission for the 100 Smart cities, the existing scenario of the ‘Traditional’ cities, the current status of the Smart cities in India and concludes that ‘Traditional’ cities can become ‘Smart’ by developing a base line scenario and developing a ‘Road Map’ to become ‘Smart’. The ‘Road Map’ must consist of the following four stages: Assessment, Vision, Project Plan and Metrics.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the effects of successful adoption of information technology (IT)-enabled services to be provided in the proposed smart cities of India from end-user-experience perspective.Design/methodology/approachThis paper has taken a sincere endeavor to understand to what extent the success of the smart cities depends on the users’ experience of the IT-enabled services, the backbone of smart cities, and how using IT-enabled services can improve the quality of the users’ lifestyle. Initially, few hypotheses have been developed from literature review, followed by structured questionnaires. Once the data were collected, they were analyzed using different statistical tools. This paper will be useful for the policymakers, specifically those who are involved in technology and IT-governance-related areas, in policymaking for the proposed smart cities in India.FindingsThis study tries to find how the IT-enabled services would transform the lives of residents both socially and technologically; to what extent the prospective citizens will be engaged to use the modern services; to what extent the threat of privacy and security issues affects the overall performance of the proposed smart cities of India; and how gaining trust of the citizens could help in successful adoption of IT services. This paper tries to find out few of these questions from the city residents’ perspective.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is undertaken keeping Indian smart cities in perspective. However, in India, the proposed smart cities are in different states. In fact, the respondents selected by the authors are not the true representatives of the whole population, which is spread covering all parts of India. This paper could have implications for policymakers in drafting the smart city policy in India especially from IT-governance and user-experience perspective.Practical implicationsAs this study discusses proposed smart cities of India from IT-enabled services and from the citizens’ perspective, it will have a huge practical implication once these smart cities become operational in India.Social implicationsThis study discusses the IT-enabled services expected to be provided to the citizens of the proposed smart cities of India. As the paper discusses about the citizens’ perspective and the proposed smart cities of India, it definitely has social implications especially since the study is related to the citizens of proposed smart cities of India.Originality/valueThe research reported in this manuscript is the outcome of in-depth study on proposed Indian smart cities especially from IT adoption and from users’ perspective. Very few studies have been carried out on proposed Indian smart cities from IT adoption perspective and how that could improve the lifestyle of the residents.

India is on the path of developing its smart cities at a faster pace in near future. But what constitutes a smart city and what is purpose of this focus remains to be explored. Through in depth literature review and grounded approach this paper, appraises the genesis of smart city to develop a better understanding of urban problems. It explores how smart cities intend to relate the infrastructure, operational functioning, planning through management, control and optimization to ensure equity, fairness for realizing better quality of city life. The paper also attempts to review how informed participation creates shared knowledge for democratic governance. Anticipated paradigm shifts that will occur in this area of research and the expected impacts in developing and planning smart cities in general and in particular the steps being taken in India in development of smart cities is delved into.

Purpose Smart cities are an attempt to recognize the pioneering projects designed to make the cities livable, sustainable, functional and viable. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate funding released by the government city wise and sources available for finance for the development of the smart cities. The impact of fund released by the government for the development of smart cities (Chandigarh, Karnal, Faridabad, Pune, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Delhi, Lucknow and Agra) in India has been studied in detail. Urbanization is a continuous process, which is taking place throughout the globe, especially in developing countries like India. Design/methodology/approach The research is descriptive in nature. The sources of funding for smart cities in India have been taken into consideration, and χ2 test of independence has been employed to study the impact of fund released by the government for smart city development in India by using IBM SPSS. Findings The total investment, area-based projects, pan-city initiatives and O&M costs for smart cities ranged between Rs 133,368 and Rs 203,979 lakh crores, Rs 105,621 and Rs 163,138 lakh crores, Rs 26,141 and Rs 38,840 lakh crores, and Rs 1,604 and Rs 1,999 lakh crores, respectively, in the year 2016 (for 60 smart cities) to 2017 (for 99 smart cities), which shows an increasing trend. The investment in retrofitting projects, redevelopment projects, greenfield projects and area-based projects ranged between Rs 94,419 and Rs 131,003 lakh crores, Rs 8,247 and Rs 23,119 lakh crores, Rs 2,955 and Rs 8,986 lakh crores, and Rs 105,621 and Rs 163,138 lakh crores, respectively, in the year 2016 (60 smart cities) to 2017 (99 smart cities), which shows the division of projects funding for smart city development in India. The funding released for smart city development such as other sources, loans from the financial institution, private investment, convergence, state government share funding and Central Government Funding ranged between Rs 14,828 and Rs 15,930 lakh crores, Rs 7,775 and Rs 9,795 lakh crores, Rs 30,858 and Rs 43,622 lakh crores, Rs 25,726 and Rs 43,088 lakh crores, Rs 27,260 and Rs 45,695 lakh crores, and Rs 29,207 and Rs 47,858 lakh crores, respectively, in the year 2016 (60 smart cities) to 2017 (99 smart cities), which reflects the different sources of funding for the development of smart cities in India. The χ2 test of independence has been applied, which shows that there is no impact of fund released by the government on cities for smart city development in India as the p-values of Chandigarh (0.213), Karnal (0.199), Faridabad (0.213), Pune (0.199), Chennai (0.213), Ahmadabad (0.199), Kanpur (0.199), Delhi (0.199), Kolkata, Lucknow (0.213) and Agra (0.199) are greater than 0.05. Research limitations/implications For the Smart Cities Mission to be financially sustainable, the right policy and institutional framework should be implemented for modernization and aggregation of government landholding. Consolidation of all the landholdings under the smart city project should be properly implemented, and the role of private sectors should be encouraged for public‒private partnership projects to make Smart City Mission more successful. Practical implications The benefits of smart cities development will help provide affordable, cleaner and greener housing infrastructure for all, especially the inclusive group of developers belonging to the lower middle-income strata of India, and the benefits will be replicated when adopted on a smaller scale in the rural part of the country. Originality/value The research paper is original and χ2 test has been used to study the impact of fund released by the government for smart city development in India.

In the recent past, there have been large emphasis on extraction of geospatial information from satellite imagery. The Geospatial information are being processed through geospatial technologies which are playing important roles in developing of smart cities, particularly in developing countries of the world like India. The study is based on the latest geospatial satellite imagery available for the multi-date, multi-stage, multi-sensor, and multi-resolution. In addition to this, the latest geospatial technologies have been used for digital image processing of remote sensing satellite imagery and the latest geographic information systems as 3-D GeoVisualisation, geospatial digital mapping and geospatial analysis for developing of smart cities in India. The Geospatial information obtained from RS and GPS systems have complex structure involving space, time and presentation. Such information helps in 3-Dimensional digital modelling for smart cities which involves of spatial and non-spatial information integration for geographic visualisation of smart cites in context to the real world. In other words, the geospatial database provides platform for the information visualisation which is also known as geovisualisation. So, as a result there have been an increasing research interest which are being directed to geospatial analysis, digital mapping, geovisualisation, monitoring and developing of smart cities using geospatial technologies. However, the present research has made an attempt for development of cities in real world scenario particulary to help local, regional and state level planners and policy makers to better understand and address issues attributed to cities using the geospatial information from satellite imagery for geovisualisation of Smart Cities in emerging and developing country, India.

In the recent past, there have been large emphasis on extraction of geospatial information from satellite imagery. The Geospatial information are being processed through geospatial technologies which are playing important roles in developing of smart cities, particularly in developing countries of the world like India. The study is based on the latest geospatial satellite imagery available for the multi-date, multi-stage, multi-sensor, and multi-resolution. In addition to this, the latest geospatial technologies have been used for digital image processing of remote sensing satellite imagery and the latest geographic information systems as 3-D GeoVisualisation, geospatial digital mapping and geospatial analysis for developing of smart cities in India. The Geospatial information obtained from RS and GPS systems have complex structure involving space, time and presentation. Such information helps in 3-Dimensional digital modelling for smart cities which involves of spatial and non-spatial information integration for geographic visualisation of smart cites in context to the real world. In other words, the geospatial database provides platform for the information visualisation which is also known as geovisualisation. So, as a result there have been an increasing research interest which are being directed to geospatial analysis, digital mapping, geovisualisation, monitoring and developing of smart cities using geospatial technologies. However, the present research has made an attempt for development of cities in real world scenario particulary to help local, regional and state level planners and policy makers to better understand and address issues attributed to cities using the geospatial information from satellite imagery for geovisualisation of Smart Cities in emerging and developing country, India.

Amid the speedy uptake of ‘smart cities’ worldwide, there is a lack of research focused on the South, which is concerning, considering the rate of urbanisation and the proliferation of smart cities in the Global South. In order to address this gap, this research focuses on the development of smart cities in India (home to one-fourth of the Global South population), with an ambitious plan to develop 100 smart cities through the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) introduced by the Government of India. By examining how policies influence the development of smart cities, and by focusing on the critical perspectives utilised in the implementation of smart cities in different contexts, the thesis demonstrates how smart city development is unfolding in India; not only conceptually, but also empirically, in terms of how, where and for whom are smart cities implemented from governance, planning, and urban design perspectives. The key findings demonstrate how the unfolding of smart city development in India contributes to the international theorisation of the smart city, especially in the Global South. This outlook of smart cities recognises the need to understand the mainstream and overlooked challenge of ‘informality’ in the cities of the Global South. The approach taken here confirms the implications of the current smart city initiatives on urban informality to display the socio-spatialities of the smart city development; thus, adding theoretical and empirical nuances to existing work primarily based on the one-size-fits-all smart city concept or digital technology in smart city implementation. Mixed methods, consisting of critical policy analysis of smart city documents and fieldwork case study investigation, including semi-structured interviews with diverse smart city stakeholders and site visits, draw out crucial distinctions between the imaginary and the ‘actually’ existing smart city and highlight the theoretical and empirical ‘uniqueness’ of smart cities in the Global South.

Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Tecnologias e Gestão da Construção apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutora.
O desenvolvimento sucessivo de Cidades Inteligentes pelo mundo, tem criado uma atitude negativa e prejudicial que resulta na dificuldade de atração de habitantes para estes espaços. As novas tecnologias não são suficientemente impulsionadoras para garantir uma taxa de adoção sustentável dentro destas novas cidades. O conceito de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas visam resolver esta questão tendo em conta aspectos relacionados na base da habitabilidade e da sustentabilidade. Enquanto o papel da arquitetura nas Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas é ainda mais importante do que Cidades Inteligentes, os princípios que se encontram subjacentes na sua concepção e, em última instância, no seu sucesso, não foram ainda sistematicamente estudados e avaliadas. Este trabalho sistematiza e valida as necessidades de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas e propõe um conjunto de princípios para a sua planificação, concepção e manutenção. As necessidades foram validadas com os casos de estudo da cidade de ‘Songdo City’ em Incheon, na Coreia do Sul, em Ulaanbaatar na Mongólia e em Minsk na Bielorrúsia. Com a definição dos princípios orientadores subjacentes à concepção de Cidades Inteligentes Climáticas, o quadro proposto permitirá que arquitetos, engenheiros, governos, e organizações internacionais afiram soluções a serem implementadas mundialmente. Estes princípios podem ser facilmente implementados em intervenções em cidades europeias, nas cidades emergentes e, em países subdesenvolvidos que estão sujeitos a um mau planeamento estratégico.
ABSTRACT: Successive deployments of Smart Cities around the world are hindered by the difficulty in attracting a critical mass of inhabitants. New technology is not enough as a driver to guarantee a sustained adoption rate within the new cities. The concept of Climate Smart City aims at solving this issue by putting aspects related to liveability and sustainability at the centre. While the role of architecture in Climate Smart Cities is even more important than in Smart Cities, the principles that underlie their design and, ultimately, their success, have never been systematically studied and assessed. This research work systematises and validates the needs of Climate Smart Cities and then proposes a framework of principles for their planning, design and maintenance. The needs are validated with field studies of Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Minsk, Belarus. By defining the guiding principles underlying the design of Climate Smart Cities, the proposed framework will also enable architects, engineers, decision-makers and, international organisations to benchmark the solutions to be implemented. These principles can be readily implemented in interventions planned for European cities, emerging cities and, underdeveloped cities subject to poorly strategic planning.
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This master’s thesis consists of two articles where the first article is theoretical and the second is the empirical study. Article I The purpose with this paper is to explore and illuminate how smart home and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and Quality of Life in elderly citizens and allow them to live longer in their home. The paper provides a brief introduction to health promotion and highlights the thesis theoretical framework and foundation of Aaron Antonovsky’s theory of Salutogenesis. In light of a growing elderly population worldwide, many nations are eager to search for new ways to meet this challenge. One of several possible solutions to this is smart homes and smart home technology. The papers concluding remarks is that even though there exists little empirical data in relation to achieved health benefits the literature shows that smart homes and smart home technology might contribute to enhance QoL in elderly citizens. Furthermore the paper is providing a proposal to a health promotional (salutogenic) framework and an example on how salutogenesis can be used in a practical and new way of thinking in relation to future development of smart homes and smart home technology. Article II The study’s primary objective is to examine in which ways smart homes and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and Quality of Life (QoL) in elderly citizens and allow them to live longer in their homes. In addition to this it aims to explore if such technology increases safety, independence and enhances social activity. Six in-depth interviews with elderly citizens living in a smart home make the basis of the result. The interview protocol included questions regarding QoL, smart homes and smart home technology, safety and security and independence. The interviews were recorded and the recordings were transcribed. To analyze the data material a content analysis  and systematical text condensation were used as inspiration. The results showed that there wasn’t a single factor that could contribute to an enhancement in QoL, but the totality of several. The study concludes that smart homes and smart home technology can contribute to enhance health and QoL in elderly citizens and master to live longer in their homes, but further investigation is needed in order to draw a final conclusion.
Denne masteroppgaven er skrevet i artikkelform og består av en teoretisk og en empirisk artikkel. Artikkel I Hensikten artikkelen er å utforske og belyse hvordan smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan være med på å forbedre helse og livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker. I tillegg til dette undersøkes det om denne teknologien kan bidra til å øke eldre menneskers muligheter for å bo lengre i sine egne hjem. Artikkelen gir en kort innføring i helsefremming, og belyser masteroppgavens teoretiske rammeverk og fundament i Aaron Antonovsky’s teori om Salutogenese. I lyset av en raskt voksende aldrende befolkning verden over, er mange nasjoner ivrige etter å søke nye metoder for å møte denne utfordringen. En av flere mulige løsninger til dette er smarthus og smarthusteknologi. Artikkelens avsluttende bemerkninger er at selv om det finnes lite empirisk data på dette feltet, viser litteraturen at smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan være med å bidra til en økning i livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker, dette gjennom en økt følelse selvstendighet, trygghet, sikkerhet og trivsel. Videre blir det foreslått et mulig helsefremmende salutogent rammeverk, og gitt et eksempel på hvordan salutogenese kan brukes i praksis og som kan være med på å bidra i utviklingen av fremtidige helsefremmende smarthus. Artikkel II Studien tar sikte på å undersøke på hvilken måte smarthus og smarthusteknologi bidrar til å forbedre helse og livskvalitet hos eldre mennesker og om denne teknologien bidrar til å øke deres muligheter til å bo lengre i sine hjem. Det undersøkes også om denne teknologien bidrar til økt sikkerhet, uavhengighet og sosial aktivitet blant eldre. Det ble gjennomført seks dybdeintervjuer med eldre beboere i et smarthus som danner det empiriske grunnlaget i studien. Intervjuguiden består av spørsmål som tar for seg livskvalitet (QoL), smarthus og smarthusteknologi, sikkerhet og uavhengighet. For å analysere datamaterialet har en innholdsanalyse og systematisk tekstkondensering vært en inspirasjon. Resultatene viser at det ikke var en enkelt faktor som bidro til å øke deres livskvalitet, men det totale av det Kampen Omsorg+ (KO+) tilbød. Smarthus og smarthusteknologi kan bidra til å øke helse og livskvaliteten og i tillegg bidra til at eldre mennesker kan leve lengre i sine hjem, men det er et behov for videre undersøkelser for å kunne trekke en avsluttende konklusjon.

Lo scopo della presente tesi è quello di analizzare lo stato dell’arte della Pianificazione Energetica Territoriale tenendo presenti le varie tecnologie disponibili con particolare riferimento a quelle “low carbon”, che includono le rinnovabili. Vengono esaminati i ruoli dei vari enti europei per la Pianificazione Energetica e il Piano d'Azione per l'Energia Sostenibile (PAES). Il primo esempio di “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon”, tipico del al panorama italiano come esempio scelto dei borghi antichi, è il Comune di Magliano in Toscana che ha una Convenzione di Ricerca con l’INGV dove è stata attuata un’importante riqualificazione energetico-architettonica in merito alle varie filiere nelle quali operare. Sono stati analizzati i dati sperimentali reali provenienti dal Comune stesso, includendo la Centrale a Biomasse della Azienda di Luigi Vivarelli e tutte le sue più recenti evoluzioni. Un altro esempio di sistemi “Smart Ancient Cities” e “Low Carbon” presentati nella tesi è lo studio realizzato nelle isole canarie, che grazie alle loro caratteristiche territoriali e alla posizione geografica sul mare, possono utilizzare al meglio le tecnologie previste dai bandi Europei Horizon 2020 “Smart Cities and Communities”. I risultati scientifici Smart e Low-Carbon sia compilativi che sperimentali ottenuti includono considerazioni sia energetiche che economiche attraverso l’analisi di preventivi reali, per le installazioni dei sistemi energetici, di cui si fornisce una stima della produzione mensile e annuale, ipotizzando un periodo di ammortamento.Le strategie per la riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, l’aumento delle FER e la diminuzione dei consumi, sono e saranno sempre più legate allo sviluppo di comuni e città intelligenti. Promuovere e sviluppare la sostenibilità, intraprendere opere di efficientamento energetico, agevolerà il passaggio alla nuova generazione tecnologica basata sulle FER, nel rispetto dell’ambiente.

There has been an exponential growth of cities in the last decade. Rural to urban migration are occurring at an unprecedented level. This is partly because cities serve as hubs of innovation offering numerous economic opportunities. However, this growth comes with its unique challenges some of which include strained mobility, pollution, growth of slums etc. The “smart cities” concept aims to address this with increased efficiency using a unique combination of data and technology in every aspect of the city. Even though it is believed that the smart cities concept inherently incorporates sustainability or ultimately leads to a more sustainable city, not all smart city concepts are aligned with sustainability targets. In this research, we provide a more holistic view studying the relationship between a “smart city” and a “sustainable city”. We conceptualised a framework to measure the connection between technology and environmental sustainability and categorised European cities based on this relationship. We provide a concise and clearer understanding of the drivers of the use of technology through the sharing economy to foster sustainability in cities by citizens. Using a weighting and meta-analysis of adoption theories, we laid the foundation for additional hypothesises which researchers can evaluate in future smart sustainable cities assessment studies and provided interesting insights for city councils and governments pushing for a citizen adoption of sustainable practices within their administrative boundaries. Lastly, we rank European capital cities based on how smart and sustainable they are using a composite index based on publicly available data. We also carried out a sensitivity analysis and validation study of our results.
En esta investigación, proporcionamos una visión más holística que estudia la relación entre una "ciudad inteligente" y una "ciudad sostenible". Conceptualizamos un marco para medir la conexión entre la tecnología y la sostenibilidad ambiental y categorizamos las ciudades europeas en función de esta relación. Proporcionamos una comprensión concisa y más clara de los impulsores del uso de la tecnología a través de la economía compartida para fomentar la sostenibilidad en las ciudades por parte de los ciudadanos. En esta investigación, proporcionamos una visión más holística que estudia la relación entre una "ciudad inteligente" y una "ciudad sostenible". Conceptualizamos un marco para medir la conexión entre la tecnología y la sostenibilidad ambiental y categorizamos las ciudades europeas en función de esta relación. Proporcionamos una comprensión concisa y más clara de los impulsores del uso de la tecnología a través de la economía compartida para fomentar la sostenibilidad en las ciudades por parte de los ciudadanos.

The aim of this work is to simplify access to information for citizens of the city of Brno and at the same time to innovate the way of communication between the citizen and his city. The problem is solved by creating a conversational agent - chatbot Kroko. Using artificial intelligence and a Czech language analyzer, the agent is able to understand and respond to a certain set of textual, natural language queries. The agent is available on the Messenger platform and has a knowledge base that includes data provided by the city council. After conducting an extensive user testing on a total of 76 citizens of the city, it turned out that up to 97\% of respondents like the idea of a city-oriented chatbot and can imagine using it regularly. The main finding of this work is that the general public can easily adopt and effectively use a chatbot. The results of this work motivate further development of practical applications of conversational agents.

La ville intelligente est un concept relativement nouveau qui pourrait devenir indispensable dans un avenir proche. Ce que nous considérons comme une idée fera partie de notre vie quotidienne. Le concept de ville intelligente diffère d'un continent à l'autre. alors que la vision américaine est davantage orientée vers la technologie, celle européenne est davantage orientée vers la collaboration. Malgré le fait que la ville intelligente ait plus d'une définition, toutes les définitions utilisées impliquent le développement, la durabilité, la résilience, l'amélioration, l'évolution et la qualité de vie. Pour nous concentrer sur les villes intelligentes et précisément sur les résultats et les résultats de ce concept relativement nouveau, nous devons rechercher le moyen le plus efficace et le plus efficient de gérer ces villes, et quoi de mieux que la gouvernance pour maintenir, évoluer et prospérer. La gouvernance peut être perçue de plusieurs manières, comme un processus entrepris par un gouvernement ou un processus lié aux ressources humaines, à des personnes intelligentes ou à la collaboration des parties prenantes. En ce qui concerne l’axe, les piliers ou les chapitres de la gouvernance, différents types de structures et de modèles de gouvernance peuvent être trouvés, ainsi que différents systèmes et outils de suivi permettant d’évaluer et de suivre les évolutions et les succès en matière de gouvernance. Malgré l'utilisation de terminologies différentes, les différents types de gouvernance partagent des concepts similaires, notamment une mission, une vision, une planification stratégique avec des objectifs intelligents, de meilleurs résultats, de meilleurs résultats, la participation, la transparence, la gestion et la reconnaissance. Tous ces concepts, une fois combinés, fournissent un cadre constitué de règles, de règlements et de procédures, ainsi que du processus de leur conception et de leur contrôle. Pour améliorer la gouvernance des villes intelligentes, le chercheur propose d'utiliser un outil d'auto-évaluation afin de fournir aux décideurs politiques un instrument efficace pour améliorer les résultats de la bonne gouvernance. L'outil d'évaluation proposé, la gouvernance des universités (University Governance Screening Card (UGSC)), a été créé par la Banque mondiale pour évaluer la gouvernance des universités. Cet outil sera adapté pour devenir la carte d'evaluation de la gouvernance de la ville intelligente (Smart City Governance Screening Card (SCGSC)) et testé sur une ville intelligente. Sur la base des résultats, le chercheur mettra à jour le SCGSC et proposera un plan d'action pour la ville intelligente sélectionnée afin d'améliorer sa gouvernance
Smart city is relatively a new concept, which might become indispensable in the near future. What we consider just an idea will become part of our daily life. The smart city concept differs between continents; while the American view is oriented more toward technology, the European one is more oriented toward collaboration. Despite the fact that smart city has more than one definition, all used definitions involve development, sustainability, resilience, improvement, evolution and quality of life. Focusing on smart cities and precisely on the outputs and outcomes of this relatively, new concept requires us to look for the most effective and efficient way to manage these cities, and what better than governance to sustain, evolve and thrive. Governance can be perceived in several ways, such as a process undertaken by a government or a process concerned with human resources, smart people or towards stakeholder collaboration. As for the governance axis, pillars or chapters, different types of governance structures and models can be found and with that comes different monitoring systems and tools that can evaluate and monitor governance developments and successes. Despite using different terminologies, the different types of governance share similar concepts, including, a clear mission, vision, strategic planning with smart objectives, better outputs, better outcomes, participation, transparency, management and recognition. All these concepts when combined provide a framework that is made up of rules and regulations and procedures, and the process of how they are designed and controlled. To improve the governance of smart cities, the researcher proposes the use of a self-assessment tool in order to provide policy and decision-makers, with an efficient instrument, with the aim of improving the outcome of applying good governance. The proposed assessment tool, the University Governance Screening Card (UGSC), was created by the World Bank to assess governance of universities. This tool will be adapted to become the Smart City Governance Screening Card (SCGSC) and tested on a smart city. Based on the findings, the researcher will update the SCGSC and will propose an action plan for the selected smart city to improve its governance

Our time is characterized by strong transformations that are visible in new social, economical, geopolitical arrangements and because of them there is a series of new issues and needs that only 10 years ago would have been imaginable. Urbanization is every day more consistent, it has characteristics and proportions never met before and it is forecasted that in 2050 the global population will reach the quote of 9 billion people and that 70% of population will live in cities. Smart cities are the solution found to contrast recent times' most urgent problems as the aforementioned urbanization, environmental pollution, and cities technology innovation. The objective of this thesis is to explain the concept of smart cities, making a deep analysis of all its aspects and hypothesizing a future development. At the beginning I will start with a definition and the history of this terminology, following with the analysis of the development of the first projects (first and second chapter). Secondly I will transfer this concept to the Chinese cities, making some concrete example of operation and distinguishing all main smart cities aspects: smart mobility, smart economy, smart environment, smart living, smart people and smart governance (third chapter). Lastly, the theme of surveillance and state control will be the object of the fourth chapter, with some consideration about possible further development in the future (conclusion).

2014 - 2015
One of the mega trends over the past century has been humanity’s move towards cities. Public Administration and Municipalities are facing a challenging task, to harmonize a sustainable urban development offering to people in city the best living conditions. Smart cities are now considered a winning urban strategy able to increase the quality of life by using technology in urban space, both improving the environmental quality and delivering better services to the citizens. Mobility is a key element to support this new approach in the growth of the cities. In fact, transport produces several negative impacts and problems for the quality of life in cities, such as, pollution, traffic and congestion. Therefore, Sustainable Mobility is one of the most promising topics in smart city, as it could produce high benefits for the quality of life of almost all the city stakeholders. The boldest and imminent challenge awaiting mobility in smart cities is the introduction of the electricity as energy vector instead of fossil fuels, concerning both the collective and the private transports. Electric public transport include electric city buses, trolleybuses, trams (or light rail), passenger trains and rapid transit (metro/subways/undergrounds, etc.). Even though railway systems are the most energy efficient than other transport modes, the enhancement of energy efficiency is an important issue to reduce their contributions to climate change further as well as to save and enlarge competition advantages involved. One key means for improving energy efficiency is to deploy advanced systems and innovative technologies. Additionally, electrification of the private road transport has emerged as a trend to support energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction targets. According to the International Energy Agency, in order to limit average global temperature increases to 2°C - the critical threshold that scientists say will prevent dangerous climate change -, by 2050, 21% of carbon reductions must come from the transport sector. Full electric vehicles (EVs) use electric motor and battery energy for propulsion, which has higher efficiency and lower operating cost compared to the conventional internal combustion engine vehicle. Today, there are more than 20 models offered by different brands covering different range of sizes, styles, prices and powertrains to suit the wider range of consumers as possible. The continuous development of lithium ion battery and of fast charging technology will be the major facilitators for EVs roll out in the very near future. However, the present EVs industry meets many technical limitations, such as high initial price, long battery recharge time, limited charging facilities and driving range. Although it is desirable a fast development from the start of electric mobility, its impact on the existing power grid must be assessed beforehand to see if it is necessary prior an adjustment of power infrastructure or/and the introduction of new services in the power grid. In fact, the interconnection of EVs on the power grid for charging their batteries potentially introduces negative impacts on grid operation: uncontrolled charging can significantly increase average load in the existing power systems, with problems in terms of reliability and overloads. If uncontrolled EV charging is added to the system, this can have effects both at the distribution and at the generation level. Controlled or smart charging will allow a much greater number of cars in the cities, avoiding local overload and allowing a faster EVs penetration without requiring an imminent improvement of the electricity generating and grid capacity. Smart charging might also allow load balancing both at sub-station and at the grid level, particularly with charging at peak wind supply times. This kind of use of EV battery capacity for storing electric energy may ease the integration of large scale intermittent electricity sources such as renewable energy sources. The proposed PhD Dissertation is developed in the context just described, mainly focusing the attention on the impact that electric mobility will have on the power systems and the effectiveness of solutions aimed to increase the reliability and resilience in the smart grid. In particular, it is addressed a scenario analysis regarding the electric vehicles charging management and some innovative solutions to increase energy efficiency in electrified transport systems. The first chapter emphasizes on the key aspects related to the sustainable mobility in the smart cities of the future. It provides a brief overview on the transport sector energy consumption expected in the next years. In particular, the chapter shows the significant contribution that the electrification of urban transport may provide to the sustainable mobility, and the serious concerns related to its impact on existing power systems. Chapter 2 proposes a solution method for an optimal generation rescheduling and load-shedding (GRLS) problem in microgrids in order to determine a stable equilibrium state following unexpected outages of generation or sudden increase in demand. The chapter mainly focuses on the mathematical formulation of the GRLS problem and the proposed solution algorithm. Finally, simulations results carried out by using a real case study data are presented and discussed. In Chapter 3, a simple and effective methodology is proposed to analyze data acquired during the fulfillment of the COSMO research project, and to identify typical load pattern for the EVs charging. The chapter also presents a novel scheduling problem formulation, flattening the demand load profile and minimizing the EVs charging costs, according to the electricity prices during the day. Finally, some simulations results are discussed, showing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Chapter 4 introduces some innovative solutions for energy efficiency in urban railway systems focusing, in particular, on energy storage systems and eco-drive operations in metro networks. The mathematical formulation of these optimization problems and the proposed solution algorithms are illustrated and discussed. The obtained results are part of the activity carried out in the SFERE research project. Finally, Chapter 5 ends the Dissertation with some concluding remarks and further developments of the proposed research activity. [edited by author]
Una delle grandi tendenze nel corso del secolo scorso è stata la concentrazione della popolazione nelle città. Attualmente, le Pubbliche Amministrazioni e i Comuni si trovano ad affrontare un compito impegnativo per armonizzare uno sviluppo urbano sostenibile e offrire agli abitanti delle città le migliori condizioni di vita. Le smart cities sono ormai considerate una strategia urbana vincente in grado di aumentare la qualità della vita utilizzando la tecnologia, sia per il miglioramento della qualità ambientale che per fornire servizi migliori ai cittadini. A tale scopo, la mobilità risulta essere un elemento chiave per sostenere questo nuovo approccio nella crescita delle città. Infatti, i sistemi di trasporto urbano producono diversi effetti negativi sulla qualità della vita urbana, come ad esempio, inquinamento, traffico e congestione. Pertanto, la mobilità sostenibile è uno degli argomenti più interessanti per le smart cities, in quanto in grado produrre elevati benefici per la qualità della vita di quasi tutte le parti interessate degli agglomerati urbani. La sfida più audace e imminente per la mobilità nelle smart cities del futuro è l'introduzione dell'elettricità come vettore energetico al posto dei combustibili fossili, per quanto riguarda sia il trasporto collettivo che quello privato. I mezzi per il trasporto pubblico comprendono autobus elettrici, filobus, tram, treni passeggeri e trasporto rapido (metropolitane, etc.). Anche se i sistemi di trasporto su ferro sono più efficienti rispetto ad altri modi di trasporto, l’incremento dell'efficienza energetica è un tema importante per ridurre ulteriormente il loro contributo alle emissioni inquinanti e al consumo di energia. Le più promettenti soluzioni per migliorarne l'efficienza energetica consistono nell’implementazione di sistemi avanzati per il recupero dell’energia di frenata e tecnologie di controllo innovative. D’altro canto, l'elettrificazione del trasporto individuale su strada è emersa come una tendenza finalizzata a sostenere gli obiettivi di efficienza energetica e di riduzione delle emissioni di CO2. Secondo l'Agenzia Internazionale per l'Energia, al fine di limitare, entro il 2050, l'aumento della temperatura media globale a 2 °C - la soglia critica che gli scienziati suggeriscono di non superare per evitare pericolosi cambiamenti climatici -, il 21% delle riduzioni di biossido di carbonio deve provenire dal settore trasporti. I veicoli elettrici (EV) utilizzano un motore elettrico e l'energia accumulata nelle batterie per la propulsione, in modo da avere una maggiore efficienza e minori costi operativi rispetto ai veicoli convenzionali con motore a combustione interna. Oggi, esistono in commercio più di 20 modelli offerti da diverse case produttrici che coprono una ampia gamma di modelli che differiscono per dimensione, stile, prezzo e motorizzazione in modo da soddisfare il maggior numero di consumatori possibile. Il continuo sviluppo delle batterie al litio e delle tecnologie di ricarica rapida saranno i principali fattori abilitanti per la diffusione degli EV in un futuro molto prossimo. Tuttavia, l'attuale industria dei veicoli elettrici incontra molte limitazioni tecnico-economiche, come elevati costi, autonomia e tempi di ricarica della batteria, capillarità delle infrastrutture di ricarica. Sebbene sia auspicabile un rapido sviluppo della mobilità elettrica, il suo impatto sulla rete elettrica esistente deve essere investigato a fondo per verificare la necessità di potenziamenti delle infrastrutture e/o l'introduzione di nuovi servizi nella rete elettrica. Infatti, l'interconnessione dei veicoli elettrici con la rete di distribuzione dell’energia necessaria per la ricarica delle batterie può causare effetti negativi sul normale funzionamento del sistema elettrico: una ricarica degli EV non controllata può aumentare significativamente il carico medio negli impianti esistenti, introducendo problemi di affidabilità e sovraccarico. La ricarica intelligente o controllata degli EV consente, invece, di gestire un numero molto maggiore di autovetture elettriche nelle città, riducendo le possibilità di sovraccarico locale e di velocizzare la penetrazione della mobilità elettrica senza che rendere necessari imminenti potenziamenti dei sistemi di produzione di energia elettrica e incrementi della capacità di rete. La ricarica intelligente, inoltre, può anche influire sul bilanciamento del carico sia a livello della sottostazione elettrica che a livello di rete di distribuzione, in particolare quando si verificano molte sessioni di ricarica nelle ore di punta. Infatti, l’utilizzo della capacità della batteria degli EV per l’accumulo di energia elettrica può facilitare l'integrazione su larga scala delle fonti di energia non programmabili, come quelle rinnovabili. Il lavoro di tesi si sviluppa nel contesto di riferimento appena descritto, focalizzando l'attenzione soprattutto sull'impatto che la mobilità elettrica ha sui sistemi elettrici e sull'efficacia di nuove soluzioni finalizzate all’incremento dell'affidabilità nelle smart grids. In particolare, viene proposta un'analisi di scenario per quanto riguarda la gestione intelligente delle ricariche dei veicoli elettrici e alcune soluzioni innovative per aumentare l'efficienza energetica nei sistemi di trasporto elettrificati. Il primo capitolo sottolinea gli aspetti chiave relativi alla mobilità sostenibile nelle smart cities del futuro e fornisce una breve panoramica sul consumo energetico del settore trasporti previsto nel prossimo futuro. In particolare, vengono evidenziate da un lato il significativo contributo che l'elettrificazione dei trasporti urbani può fornire alla causa della mobilità sostenibile, e dall’altro, le gravi preoccupazioni legate all’impatto sui sistemi elettrici esistenti di un notevole incremento della domanda. Il Capitolo 2 propone un metodo per la soluzione del problema congiunto di scheduling dei generatori e load shedding (GRLS) all’interno di microgrids portando in conto l’incertezza sia sulla domanda che lato generazione. Il fine è determinare un nuovo stato di equilibrio stabile in seguito a guasti, riduzione della generazione da fonte rinnovabile o improvviso aumento della domanda. Il capitolo si concentra principalmente sulla formulazione matematica del problema GRLS e sull'algoritmo di soluzione proposto. Infine, sono presentati e commentati i risultati di simulazione basati su un caso studio reale. Nel Capitolo 3, è proposta una metodologia semplice ed efficace per identificare profili di carico tipico relativi alla ricarica di veicoli elettrici: in particolare, l’analisi condotta si basa sull’analisi dei dati acquisiti durante lo svolgimento del progetto di ricerca COSMO. Il capitolo, inoltre, introduce una formulazione matematica del problema dello scheduling delle ricariche dei veicoli elettrici, che garantisce un appiattimento del profilo di carico e riduce allo stesso tempo il costo della ricarica per gli utenti. Infine, sono commentati i risultati delle simulazioni eseguite dimostrando l'efficacia della metodologia proposta. Il Capitolo 4 introduce alcune soluzioni innovative per l'efficienza energetica nei sistemi di trasporto urbani: l’attenzione viene posta, in particolare, sui sistemi di accumulo dell’energia e sulla condotta di guida Eco-Drive in reti metropolitane. In dettaglio, nel capitolo, vengono introdotti e commentati la formulazione matematica dei problemi di ottimizzazione proposti e i rispettivi algoritmi di soluzione. I risultati ottenuti fanno parte delle attività svolte nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca SFERE. Infine, il Capitolo 5 conclude la tesi con alcune osservazioni finali e con i possibili sviluppi dell'attività di ricerca proposta. [a cura dell'autore]
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AbstractIndian urban infrastructure is in the middle of a massive build-up. For several decades, Indian cities were caught between the demands of an exploding population and the need to provide infrastructure in terms of health, education, transport, and services to meet the core needs of the citizenry. With increasing prosperity and leveraging the strengths of one of the world’s largest and fast-growing economies, Indian policymakers seek to correct their previous underinvestment in city infrastructure. Smart City Mission, Swachh Bharat Mission, and Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation are some of the policy vehicles planned for a broad transformation of India’s urban agenda. This chapter highlights some of the policy initiatives focused on meeting the objectives of Smart Cities. These policy initiatives are expected to help address the current service delivery gap from an urban infrastructure standpoint. By incorporating technology, improving digital access, innovations in traffic management, investments in mobility solutions, and ensuring that the heritage of the Indian cities is maintained, India seeks to answer the challenge of urbanization of millions. These policy mechanisms and the lessons from their successes and failures constitute this chapter’s core. Indian urban infrastructure developments are unique globally, primarily because of the varying range of urbanization across the country, the contextual rationale and the evolving aspirations of the policymakers, and the devolution of developmental powers to local bodies. The Indian experience of implementing the Smart Cities objectives would be unique in the world, given the scale of the massive investments and the millions of citizens whose lives are impacted.

The notion of ‘smart cities’ is increasingly visible in discourses on the future of cities but Change is coming to transportation, whether we are ready for it or not. But how sustainable and digital innovation can unlock better people health and well-being, enhance safety and security and provide seamless mobility experiences. It can be argued that smartening the mobility infrastructure enables the citizens to make informed decisions, and this is indeed true- if done well, but it has a big “if.” This research engages with the key drivers of change and provides affirmative aspirations for mobility in the not-so-distant future in order to facilitate conversations about change. However, the development of possibilities (scenarios) for the government policies and business innovation is dependent on the advanced technology and socio-economic values, which are embedded in the context and culture. The research paper aims to visualize through foresight by design, plausible alternatives of sustainable future for passenger transport in Delhi to stimulate sustainable innovation developments for transportation and analyse the present innovative influences for smart mobility in Delhi to accelerate the adoption. The first part of the paper analyses how do urban planners use the discourse of smart cities and how it has defined in India then later suggest future scenario for the future which will empower users, changing mobility models and transforming eco-system where intelligent connectivity would unite varied rage of emerging technologies to enable smarter, healthier and more resilient and economically vibrant urban life. This research considers smart mobility by outlining current challenges, suggesting technological, infrastructural and policy solutions and distilling explorations of the future into a series of ‘user journeys.’ It seeks to answer if ‘branding of technology’ can be used as a tool to create a new identity for mobility of Delhi or ‘upgrade’ the existing situation. How can the context of Delhi be decoded to describe the perceptions of the people?

This brief distils best data practice recommendations through consideration of key issues involved in the use of technology for surveillance, fact-checking and coordinated control during crisis or emergency response in resource constrained urban contexts. We draw lessons from how data enabled technologies were used in urban COVID-19 response, as well as how standard implementation procedures were affected by the pandemic. Disease control is a long-standing consideration in building smart city architecture, while humanitarian actions are increasingly digitised. However, there are competing city visions being employed in COVID-19 response. This is symptomatic of a broader range of tech-based responses in other humanitarian contexts. These visions range from aspirations for technology driven, centralised and surveillance oriented urban regimes, to ‘frugal innovations’ by firms, consumers and city governments. Data ecosystems are not immune from gendered- and socio-political discrimination, and technology-based interventions can worsen existing inequalities, particularly in emergencies. Technology driven public health (PH) interventions thus raise concerns about 1) what types of technologies are appropriate, 2) whether they produce inclusive outcomes for economically and socially disadvantaged urban residents and 3) the balance between surveillance and control on one hand, and privacy and citizen autonomy on the other.

This brief distils best data practice recommendations through consideration of key issues involved in the use of technology for surveillance, fact-checking and coordinated control during crisis or emergency response in resource constrained urban contexts. We draw lessons from how data enabled technologies were used in urban COVID-19 response, as well as how standard implementation procedures were affected by the pandemic. Disease control is a long-standing consideration in building smart city architecture, while humanitarian actions are increasingly digitised. However, there are competing city visions being employed in COVID-19 response. This is symptomatic of a broader range of tech-based responses in other humanitarian contexts. These visions range from aspirations for technology driven, centralised and surveillance oriented urban regimes, to ‘frugal innovations’ by firms, consumers and city governments. Data ecosystems are not immune from gendered- and socio-political discrimination, and technology-based interventions can worsen existing inequalities, particularly in emergencies. Technology driven public health (PH) interventions thus raise concerns about 1) what types of technologies are appropriate, 2) whether they produce inclusive outcomes for economically and socially disadvantaged urban residents and 3) the balance between surveillance and control on one hand, and privacy and citizen autonomy on the other.

This brief distils best data practice recommendations through consideration of key issues involved in the use of technology for surveillance, fact-checking and coordinated control during crisis or emergency response in resource constrained urban contexts. We draw lessons from how data enabled technologies were used in urban COVID-19 response, as well as how standard implementation procedures were affected by the pandemic. Disease control is a long-standing consideration in building smart city architecture, while humanitarian actions are increasingly digitised. However, there are competing city visions being employed in COVID-19 response. This is symptomatic of a broader range of tech-based responses in other humanitarian contexts. These visions range from aspirations for technology driven, centralised and surveillance oriented urban regimes, to ‘frugal innovations’ by firms, consumers and city governments. Data ecosystems are not immune from gendered- and socio-political discrimination, and technology-based interventions can worsen existing inequalities, particularly in emergencies. Technology driven public health (PH) interventions thus raise concerns about 1) what types of technologies are appropriate, 2) whether they produce inclusive outcomes for economically and socially disadvantaged urban residents and 3) the balance between surveillance and control on one hand, and privacy and citizen autonomy on the other.

This document presents learning from the pilot to provide Community Embedded Decision Support Systems (CEDSS) delivered by the EU-funded Smart Data for Inclusive Cities. The pilot was conducted through a partnership of the Institute of Development Studies (IDS, UK); National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA, India), Samarthan-Centre for Development Support (India) and GRADE (Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo; Peru), in close collaboration with authorities of the Smart Cities Mission in Bhopal and community groups in the Banganga informal settlement between May and October 2021.

This report is an outcome of close collaboration between the Australia-Brazil Smart City Research and Practice Network's member institutions. The report focuses on understanding the smartness levels of the Brazilian capital cities through the lens of a smart city performance assessment framework. This report focuses on Brazilian cities to develop an evaluation model for smart cities and bring metrics that contribute to public managers seeking balance and smartness in the life of their cities. The smart city concept in this report concerns of smart economy, smart society, smart environment, smart governance, and smart technology domains that seek community-enabled technology and policy to deliver productivity, innovation, livability, well-being, sustainability, accessibility, and good governance and planning.