Journal articles: 'Smart bricks'

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Meoni, Andrea, Antonella D’Alessandro, Felice Saviano, Gian Piero Lignola, Fulvio Parisi, and Filippo Ubertini. "Strain Monitoring and Crack Detection in Masonry Walls under In-Plane Shear Loading Using Smart Bricks: First Results from Experimental Tests and Numerical Simulations." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 16, 2023): 2211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042211.

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A diffuse and continuous monitoring of the in-service structural response of buildings can allow for the early identification of the formation of cracks and collapse mechanisms before the occurrence of severe consequences. In the case of existing masonry constructions, the implementation of tailored Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems appears quite significant, given their well-known susceptibility to brittle failures. Recently, a new sensing technology based on smart bricks, i.e., piezoresistive brick-like sensors, was proposed in the literature for the SHM of masonry constructions. Smart bricks can be integrated within masonry to monitor strain and detect cracks. At present, the effectiveness of smart bricks has been proven in different structural settings. This paper contributes to the research by investigating the strain-sensitivity of smart bricks of standard dimensions when inserted in masonry walls subjected to in-plane shear loading. Real-scale masonry walls instrumented with smart bricks and displacement sensors were tested under diagonal compression, and numerical simulations were conducted to interpret the experimental results. At peak condition, numerical models provided comparable strain values to those of smart bricks, i.e., approximately equal to 10−4, with similar trends. Overall, the effectiveness of smart bricks in strain monitoring and crack detection is demonstrated.

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D’Alessandro, Antonella, Andrea Meoni, and Filippo Ubertini. "Stainless Steel Microfibers for Strain-Sensing Smart Clay Bricks." Journal of Sensors 2018 (August 5, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7431823.

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Life cycle monitoring of structural health of civil constructions is crucial to guarantee users’ safety. An optimal structural health monitoring system allows to automatically detect, locate, and quantify any damage in structural elements, thus anticipating major risks of local or global failures. Critical issues affecting traditional monitoring systems are sensors’ placement, hardware durability, and long-term reliability of the measurements. Indeed, sensors’ deployment is crucial for an effective investigation of the static and dynamic characteristics of the structural system, whereby durability and long-term stability of sensing systems are necessary for long-term monitoring. A very attractive solution to some of these challenges is developing sensors made of the same, or similar, material of the structure being monitored, allowing a spatially distributed and long-term reliable monitoring system, by the use of self-sensing construction materials. Within this context, the authors have recently proposed new “smart clay bricks” that are strain-sensing clay bricks aimed at embedding intelligent monitoring capabilities within structural masonry buildings. While previous work focused on smart bricks doped with titanium dioxide and using embedded point electrodes, this work proposes an enhanced version of smart bricks based on the addition of conductive micro stainless steel fibers that possess higher electrical conductivity and a more suitable fiber-like aspect ratio for the intended application, as well as plate copper electrodes deployed on top and bottom surfaces of the bricks. The paper thus presents preparation and experimental characterization of the new smart bricks. The influence of different amounts of fibers is investigated, allowing the identification of their optimal content to maximize the gauge factor of the bricks. Both electrical and electromechanical experimental tests were performed. Overall, the presented results demonstrate that the new smart bricks proposed in this paper possess enhanced strain-sensing capabilities and could be effectively utilized as sensors within structural masonry buildings.

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Sabah Abed, Musaab, Sa'ad Fahad Resan, and Sajid Kamil Zemam. "Developing Lightweight Clay Brick Units Using Waste Materials." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.20 (November 28, 2018): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.20.25939.

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The study aims to develop specific lightweight brick units using locally available clay of traditional burned brick units publically used in the south of Iraq using solid wastes. Throughout the study, chemically inaction and difficult to recycling wastes was considered, they were classified into Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and hardwood solid waste which is used to upgrade lightweight characteristic and maintenance required bricks' characteristics and to be introduced as a smart technical way to recycling solid waste. Solid waste is introduced as additive materials and firing fuel enhanced coefficient in the concept of its energy recovery useful in the production process. An experimental program was considered including five main series of samples, tested and analyzed in the scope of clay bricks units and in the scope of lightweight constructional related to aerated wall construction units. The verified compressive strengths and other properties of tested specimens were found to confirm bricks class C except for specimens of hardwood of 10% although it assigns less dry density (1.18 g/cm3). In general, as light weight bricks, the characteristics of developed units was found to be within the permitted limits of ASTM C 1389.

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Wang, Shiruo, Jiao Gao, Xiaomu Wang, Dan Wu, Yiting Pan, and Minmin Xu. "Historical and Physicochemical Analysis of the Clinker Bricks in the Smart Memorial Gymnasium of the Tiancizhuang Campus at Soochow University, China." Buildings 13, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010161.

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Clinker bricks were popular as a facade material in the United States between the 1890s and the 1930s. However, this material was unknown to Chinese builders and was seldom found in Chinese modern architecture from 1840 to 1949. The Smart Memorial Gymnasium built in the years 1934–1937 in the Tiancizhuang Campus of Soochow University (Suzhou, China) is one of the rare examples of a building featuring clinker bricks in modern China. Notably, those clinker bricks were not imported but locally manufactured. Despite the heritage significance of the Smart Memorial Gymnasium as part of a major historical and cultural site protected at the national level in China, the history and characteristics of those historical bricks have remained virtually unexplored. This study first provides a historical analysis of those bricks, giving insights into the general knowledge of this construction material around that time based on British and American historical sources from the 19th and 20th centuries, with a focus on historical treaties and documents. This analysis sheds light on the raw materials mixtures of clinker bricks, their manufacturing processes, and their architectural applications at the time. Moreover, this study presents a physicochemical analysis of the clinker bricks employed at Soochow University, focusing on the correlation between historical studies and physicochemical characteristics, as well as the materials’ characteristics that respond to the natural environment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and total immersion tests were employed to investigate the physicochemical properties of the bricks at various locations of the Smart Memorial Gymnasium facades. Our findings deepen the knowledge and understanding of clinker bricks transferred from the West to China in the early 20th century. Additionally, our results reveal the chemical composition and physical characteristics of different types of clinker bricks used in the Smart Memorial Gymnasium, outlining practical implications and future research directions. Overall, this study lays a foundation for the heritage recognition and conservation of Chinese clinker bricks.

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Errichiello, Luisa, and Tommasina Pianese. "Toward a theory on workplaces for smart workers." Facilities 38, no. 3/4 (October 26, 2019): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/f-11-2018-0137.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the main features of smart work centers (SWCs) and show how these innovative offices would support the implementation of smart working and related changes in workspaces (“bricks”), technologies (“bytes”) and organizational practices (“behaviors”). Design/methodology/approach In this study, scientific literature is combined with white papers and business reports and visits to 14 workplaces, including offices designed as SWCs, co-working spaces, one telecenter, one accelerator and one fab lab. Primary data were collected through interviews with managers and users and non-participant observation, whereas secondary data included web-sites, brochures, presentations, press releases and official documents. Findings The authors developed research propositions about how the design of spaces and the availability of technology within SWCs would support the “bricks” and “bytes” levers of smart working. More importantly, the authors assumed that this new type of workplace would sustain changes in employees’ behaviors and managers’ practices, thus helping to overcome several challenges traditionally associated with remote working. Research limitations/implications The exploratory nature of the research only provides preliminary information about the role of SWCs within smart working programs. Additional qualitative and quantitative empirical investigation is required. Practical implications This study provides valuable knowledge about how the design of corporate offices can be leveraged to sustain the implementation of smart working. Originality/value This study advances knowledge on workplaces by focusing on an innovative design of traditional offices (SWC). It also lays the foundations for future investigation aimed at testing the developed propositions.

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Downey, Austin, Antonella D’Alessandro, Simon Laflamme, and Filippo Ubertini. "Smart bricks for strain sensing and crack detection in masonry structures." Smart Materials and Structures 27, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 015009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/aa98c2.

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Yaqub, Rana Muhammad Shahid, Syed Farhan Gillani, Muhammad Murad, and Noor Sehar Ali. "Search Online and Purchase Offline: The Role of Instagram Marketing, Consumer Behavior and Webrooming in Building Brand Loyalty." Review of Applied Management and Social Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/ramss.v5i3.241.

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In Pakistan, consumers’ brand loyalty is changing due to emergence of advanced and modern marketing strategies. Therefore, the bricks and clicks businesses are facing allot of challenges because of deviating consumer behaviors in showrooming and webrooming modes. This study aims to explore webrooming as an appropriate strategy for developing brand loyalty for bricks and clicks businesses in Pakistan. The target population of this study was the consumers who purchased different online brands in Pakistan. The data was collected on a five-point Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed through Smart PLS 3.0. This research concludes that bricks and clicks businesses can utilize webrooming to develop brand loyalty by modifying consumer behavior through Instagram marketing. This contribution to the body of literature is remarkable as this area of research was not considered by any earlier studies in consumer behavior domains. The academic and marketing implications of this study are appropriate for developing strategies to modify consumer behavior for brand loyalty with Instagram marketing and webrooming.

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Gregorczuk, Helen. "Retail Analytics: Smart-Stores Saving Bricks and Mortar Retail or a Privacy Problem?" Law, Technology and Humans 4, no. 1 (May 24, 2022): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/lthj.2088.

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‘Bricks-and-mortar’ retailers are increasingly looking to retail analytics as a way of staying competitive with online counterparts. Retail analytics is a subset of big data analytics, and proponents contend that its use can provide a greater understanding of customer behaviours and patterns. To achieve this, retail analytics requires ‘smart-stores’ to collect and store as much data as possible about in-store customers, and to build detailed consumer profiles that can be used to sell products on an increasingly individualised basis. At the same time, enhanced efficiencies are gained by a better matching of staff resources and design of store layout that directly correspond to customer behaviours. The range of data collection and analysis technologies used in retail analytics is evolving and currently includes facial recognition software and video analytics, specially designed sensors, Bluetooth beacons, Wi-Fi data collections and point-of-sale systems, including loyalty cards. When these collection technologies are combined, a smart-store can, thus, resemble a sophisticated consumer surveillance system entailing numerous collectors and re-users of consumer-generated data. This article argues there is a disproportionate impact on privacy when compared to the benefits for retailers. It outlines the developing sphere of retail analytics and its manifestation through smart-stores. It considers some of the key privacy issues that emerge through retail analytics and the consequent surveillance and ‘datafication’ of everyday life. This includes the issue of whether collected data is personal information, the degree to which individuals can understand the multifaceted data collection processes of smart-stores, and the importance and weight to be attributed to privacy in any decision-making by stores in the uptake of various technologies.

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Liu, Xiaopeng, Zhang Chen, Guang Yang, Zongtao Zhang, and Yanfeng Gao. "Colorful Wall-Bricks with Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Enhanced Smart Indoor Humidity Control." ACS Omega 4, no. 9 (August 15, 2019): 13896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01588.

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AKBAR, NOREEN SHER, DHARMENDRA TRIPATHI, and O. ANWAR BÉG. "MODELING NANOPARTICLE GEOMETRY EFFECTS ON PERISTALTIC PUMPING OF MEDICAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC NANOFLUIDS WITH HEAT TRANSFER." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 06 (September 2016): 1650088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500883.

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Magnetic nanofluid technologies are emerging in numerous areas including medicine, lubrication (smart tribology), pharmacology, etc. In this paper, we examine heat diffusion in hydromagnetic nanofluids in a peristaltic system, motivated by applications in medical drug delivery systems and gastric magnetographic monitoring. The mathematical formulation encompasses momentum and heat conservation equations with appropriate boundary conditions for compliant walls. Sophisticated correlations are employed for thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles. The nonlinear boundary value problem is normalized with appropriate variables and closed-form solutions are derived for stream function, pressure gradient and temperature profile. Analytical solutions are evaluated numerically with MATHEMATICA symbolic software. Validation of computations is performed for the nonlinear moving boundary value problem via a Chebyschev spectral collocation method (CSM). A detailed study is performed for the influence of various nanoparticle geometries (bricks, cylinders and platelets). With greater magnetic field, flow velocity is enhanced for platelet nanoparticles whereas it is depressed for brick particles. Temperature is dramatically modified with nanoparticle geometry and greater thermal conductivity is achieved with brick-shaped nanoparticles in the fluid, with implications for optimized medical device systems.

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Rehse, Jana-Rebecca, Sharam Dadashnia, and Peter Fettke. "Business process management for Industry 4.0 – Three application cases in the DFKI-Smart-Lego-Factory." it - Information Technology 60, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/itit-2018-0006.

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Abstract The advent of Industry 4.0 is expected to dramatically change the manufacturing industry as we know it today. Highly standardized, rigid manufacturing processes need to become self-organizing and decentralized. This flexibility leads to new challenges to the management of smart factories in general and production planning and control in particular. In this contribution, we illustrate how established techniques from Business Process Management (BPM) hold great potential to conquer challenges in Industry 4.0. Therefore, we show three application cases based on the DFKI-Smart-Lego-Factory, a fully automated “smart factory” built out of LEGO® bricks, which demonstrates the potentials of BPM methodology for Industry 4.0 in an innovative, yet easily accessible way. For each application case (model-based management, process mining, prediction of manufacturing processes) in a smart factory, we describe the specific challenges of Industry 4.0, how BPM can be used to address these challenges, and, their realization within the DFKI-Smart-Lego-Factory.

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Yang, Yang, Xiangjia Li, Ming Chu, Haofan Sun, Jie Jin, Kunhao Yu, Qiming Wang, Qifa Zhou, and Yong Chen. "Electrically assisted 3D printing of nacre-inspired structures with self-sensing capability." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaau9490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau9490.

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Lightweight and strong structural materials attract much attention due to their strategic applications in sports, transportation, aerospace, and biomedical industries. Nacre exhibits high strength and toughness from the brick-and-mortar–like structure. Here, we present a route to build nacre-inspired hierarchical structures with complex three-dimensional (3D) shapes by electrically assisted 3D printing. Graphene nanoplatelets (GNs) are aligned by the electric field (433 V/cm) during 3D printing and act as bricks with the polymer matrix in between as mortar. The 3D-printed nacre with aligned GNs (2 weight %) shows lightweight property (1.06 g/cm3) while exhibiting comparable specific toughness and strength to the natural nacre. In addition, the 3D-printed lightweight smart armor with aligned GNs can sense its damage with a hesitated resistance change. This study highlights interesting possibilities for bioinspired structures, with integrated mechanical reinforcement and electrical self-sensing capabilities for biomedical applications, aerospace engineering, as well as military and sports armors.

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Vogt, Maximilian, Adrian Rips, and Claus Emmelmann. "Comparison of iPad Pro®’s LiDAR and TrueDepth Capabilities with an Industrial 3D Scanning Solution." Technologies 9, no. 2 (April 7, 2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies9020025.

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Today’s smart devices come equipped with powerful hard- and software-enabling professional use cases. The latest hardware by Apple utilizes LiDAR and TrueDepth, which offer the capability of 3D scanning. Devices equipped with these camera systems allow manufacturers to obtain 3D data from their customers at low costs, which potentially enables time-efficient mass customization and product differentiation strategies. However, the utilization is limited by the scanning accuracy. To determine the potential application of LiDAR and TrueDepth as a 3D scanning solution, in this paper an evaluation was performed. For this purpose, different Lego bricks were scanned with the technologies and an industrial 3D scanner. The results were compared according to shape and position tolerances. Even though the industrial 3D scanner consistently delivered more accurate results, the accuracy of the smart device technologies may already be sufficient, depending on the application.

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Stirbu, Vlad, and Petros Belimpasakis. "Panoramic Street-View Exploration using a Multi-Display Mobile Application." International Journal of Handheld Computing Research 4, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jhcr.2013010101.

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In this paper the authors experiment with multi-display mobile applications that can be used in an environment where multiple smart phones are co-located within the same physical space. Utilizing Remote User Interface interaction metaphor and the REST architectural style they propose a solution that follows the Remote Model-View-Controller model, in such a way that client devices do not need to have application specific software pre-installed. The authors demonstrate the system with the Panorama Bricks application, for displaying, in a multi-display expanded view, street-view style mirror-world panoramas, in a synchronized manner. The architecture proves that such enhanced application scenarios are possible to implement even today, utilizing off-the-shelf mobile smart phones. Their evaluations prove that responsiveness levels are high, even in scenarios where multiple objects are overlaid on top of the mirror-world panoramas.

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Meoni, Andrea, Antonella D'Alessandro, Nicola Cavalagli, Massimiliano Gioffré, and Filippo Ubertini. "Shaking table tests on a masonry building monitored using smart bricks: Damage detection and localization." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 48, no. 8 (April 11, 2019): 910–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3166.

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Willner-Giwerc, Sara, Chris Rogers, and Kristen Bethke Wendell. "The SymbIOTics System: Designing an Internet of Things Platform for Elementary School Students." International Journal of Designs for Learning 11, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/ijdl.v11i2.26719.

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We describe a LEGO-compatible Internet of Things Technology (IoT) designed to enable elementary school students to learn about IoT by building their own smart, connected products. The Internet of Things is any network of physical devices that can share information over the internet. Using small, Wi-Fi enabled microprocessors, Grove sensors, digital fabrication tools, LEGO bricks, and the LabVIEW programming interface; an IoT system was designed specifically for use in elementary school classrooms. This design case details the barriers to entry that exist for using the Internet of Things with young students, the design decisions made to lower those barriers to entry, and the results of a pilot study conducted using the developed technology with second-grade students.

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García-Macías, Enrique, and Filippo Ubertini. "Earthquake-induced damage detection and localization in masonry structures using smart bricks and Kriging strain reconstruction: A numerical study." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 48, no. 5 (December 21, 2018): 548–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3148.

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Lee, Yu-Lan, Yuan-Hsiou Chang, Jia-Lin Li, and Ching-Yuan Lin. "Using Intelligence Green Building Materials to Evaluate Color Change Performance." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 5630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145630.

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Environmental protection is an important issue in modern society. Most construction demolition wastes cannot be easily decomposed, thus occupying a lot of space in landfill. Reducing the demand for new resources is an efficient approach to decrease the environmental burden. Most green buildings are made from reused and recycled materials. Although there are a variety of green building materials available on the market, there is no material, as yet, with thermochromic functionality. This study used a form of face bricks, and six recovered materials, including wood chips, iron powder, fallen leaves, concrete, newspaper, and silt, to make smart green building materials. The modules were made in accordance with Taiwan’s green building material regulations. The discoloration efficiency of indoor and outdoor green building materials was tested, and the RGB (red, green, blue) values of the face bricks were measured by a color analyzer to observe the discoloration effect. The findings show that among the A, B, C, and D groups, Group D exhibited the optimal rate of change in color, and the rates of change in the six recycled waste materials of indoor Group D were wood chips > newspaper > fallen leaves > concrete > iron powder > silt, while the rates of change in the outdoor group were newspaper > wood chips > fallen leaves. This study successfully reused waste materials to reduce the environmental burden, achieve sustainable environmental protection, and ensure both the aesthetics and quality of the building materials. The results of this study can offer an alternative choice to architects or space designers when selecting green building materials.

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Meoni, A., A. D’Alessandro, and F. Ubertini. "Characterization of the strain-sensing behavior of smart bricks: A new theoretical model and its application for monitoring of masonry structural elements." Construction and Building Materials 250 (July 2020): 118907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118907.

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Meoni, A., A. D’Alessandro, R. Kruse, L. De Lorenzis, and F. Ubertini. "Strain field reconstruction and damage identification in masonry walls under in-plane loading using dense sensor networks of smart bricks: Experiments and simulations." Engineering Structures 239 (July 2021): 112199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112199.

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Treccani, D., J. Balado, A. Fernández, A. Adami, and L. Díaz-Vilariño. "A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FOR THE RECOGNITION OF URBAN GROUND PAVEMENTS IN HISTORICAL SITES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2022 (June 1, 2022): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2022-321-2022.

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Abstract. Urban management is a topic of great interest for local administrators, particularly because it is strongly connected to smart city issues and can have a great impact on making cities more sustainable. In particular, thinking about the management of the physical accessibility of cities, the possibility of automating data collection in urban areas is of great interest. Focusing then on historical centres and urban areas of cities and historical sites, it can be noted that their ground surfaces are generally characterised by the use of a multitude of different pavements. To strengthen the management of such urban areas, a comprehensive mapping of the different pavements can be very useful. In this paper, the survey of a historical city (Sabbioneta, in northern Italy) carried out with a Mobile Mapping System (MMS) was used as a starting point. The approach here presented exploit Deep Learning (DL) to classify the different pavings. Firstly, the points belonging to the ground surfaces of the point cloud were selected and the point cloud was rasterised. Then the raster images were used to perform a material classification using the Deep Learning approach, implementing U-Net coupled with ResNet 18. Five different classes of materials were identified, namely sampietrini, bricks, cobblestone, stone, asphalt. The average accuracy of the result is 94%.

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Ronconi, Ilaria, Roberta Salierno, Ling Liu, Andrea Giglio, Francesco Ripamonti, and Ingrid Paoletti. "Numerical and Experimental Validation of Active Vibration Control Logic Performance of a Hybrid Noise Control-Based Brick." Acoustics 4, no. 3 (August 28, 2022): 720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/acoustics4030043.

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The limitations of active noise control (ANC) in coping with low frequencies and of passive noise control (PNC) in coping with middle-high frequencies are objects of research that present the potentialities of hybrid noise control (HBC). It aims at combining both of the behaviours by broadening the range of absorbed frequencies. Among the several application fields, the AEC (architecture, engineering, and construction) market can take advantage for those applications in which the noise conditions are caused by sound sources that tune in a broad frequencies range. In this frame, the paper describes the numerical and experimental validation of the active behaviour of an under-development project of a hybrid noise control-based acoustic bricks. The latter intends to embed the potentialities of active vibrational noise control (AVC) and passive destructive interference (PDI) in a unique design of an easy-to-mount, 3D-printed, customisable smart acoustic blocks. Active vibration control, the object of this paper, is provided by a 5-mm thick aluminium circular plate with an attached piezoelectric patch. The vibration of the latter, depending on a specific control law, defines the vibration of the plate itself achieving an abatement of the reflection coefficient. Through mathematical modelling and tests in an impedance tube, the results show that the control logic can reach an average abatement of the reflection coefficient of 82% in the frequency range 144–1007 Hz.

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Alam, Md Ashraful, Ahanaf Tahmid, and Abu Nayeem. "EFFECTS OF EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BEADS ON THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF BRICK AGGREGATE CONCRETE." Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjce.v34.18817.

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Bangladesh's construction industry has grown significantly over the past two decades. The construction industry is progressing at a faster speed, which has raised the raw demand for building materials. Finding an alternative to natural aggregate in concrete casting as a partial replacement is a smart concept to protect natural resources. Our environment is severely harmed by the production of bricks. On the other hand, polystyrene, a common plastic packaging material, degrades to harm the environment and produces useless plastic waste. To conserve natural resources, it can be a good idea to use plastic trash as a partial replacement for natural aggregate in concrete casting. The addition of EPS to concrete offers a variety of benefits. These include reduced self-weight in structures, lighter weights during construction, and higher thermal resistance. In this experiment on the characteristics of concrete structure, expanded polystyrene beads have been used in place of coarse aggregate in this experiment. In various combinations (1:1:2), (1:1.5:3), and (1:2:4), EPS beads replace 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% of the volume of the course aggregate portion. The compressive strength, unit weight and splitting tensile strength of these mixes are all measured for the complete testing procedure. The optimal levels of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and unit weight of 12.65 MPa, 1.89 MPa, and 46.28 kg/m3 respectively, and the normal concrete's compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and unit weight of about 19.16 MPa, 2.05 MPa, and 12.24 kg/m3 are successfully developed in Grade M25 EPS-based concrete with a replacement percentage of 10%. The results indicate that EPS beads have the potential to produce lightweight concrete with a moderate strength grade that might be used in a wide range of applications.

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Amato, Ivan. "Smart as a Brick." Science News 137, no. 10 (March 10, 1990): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3974322.

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Schrank, Franz. "Sensor Integration Technologies for Internet of Things." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, S1 (October 1, 2015): S1—S34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-slide-3.

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Internet of things (IoT) will influence all areas from consumer to health care to building and home automation and to observation. IoT enables direct communication between objects via internet. The main functional blocks of IoT devices are sensing, data transmitting, processing and analysis and subsequent actuation. As a result such a system will consist of sensors, actuators, wireless connection, data processing, power management, energy harvesting, memory and software. A total market volume of almost 400 Bio US$ is predicted for 2024 whereof about 12Bio US$ are expected for IoT sensors (Yole2014)). The main challenges are to reduce footprint (e.g. wearables, swarm), reduce costs of system, improve reliability and provide better performance. For example the costs of today's smart sensor systems are in the 100–1000US$ range and for 2024 an ASP in the 1US$ $ level is expected (Yole2014). To enable this, a high level of integration is needed for the next generations of IoT sensors. This will on one hand reduce costs and form factor but also enable multi sensors devices. More than Moore integration of functions offers the potential to meet both performance and cost targets for mass-market adoption. In addition to SoC (System on Chip) and SiP (System in Package) heterogeneous 3D integrations will be key enablers. 3D integration with the main technology bricks like TSV (Through Silicon Via), RDL (Redistribution Layer), D2W (Die to Wafer) and W2W (Wafer to Wafer) stacking and embedding allows to combine different technologies - different CMOS notes, MEMS, photonics, etc. At the same time expensive single die packaging can be avoided. The presentation will focus on reviewing 3D integration technologies and their potential for IoT from the perspective of a sensor solution provider.

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Jerz, Jaroslav, František Simančík, Ján Španielka, Jozef Šebek, Jaroslav Kováčik, Peter Tobolka, Tomáš Dvorák, and Ľubomír Orovčík. "Energy Demand Reduction in Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings by Highly Efficient Aluminium Foam Heat Exchangers." Materials Science Forum 919 (April 2018): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.919.236.

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The capability periodically to store and release the latent heat of phase transition during melting and solidification of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) has been currently the main subject of interest with regard to cost reduction efforts for cooling, heating of interiors and Domestic Hot Water (DHW) necessary for the operation and maintenance of adequate thermal comfort in new modern as well as old renovated residential buildings. The main principle of PCMs facilities to reduce significantly the energy consumption in the building industry of the future is based on the ability of thermo-active heat exchangers to absorb and later to dissipate into the surroundings excessive heat which can be easily obtained from renewable sources (e.g. solar energy, geothermal heat, etc.) directly in a building or in its immediate vicinity. Smart interior tiling and furnishing systems can provide high energy efficiency by stabilizing the room temperature at a level ensuring sufficient thermal comfort basically governed by the thermal conductivity and heat exchange area between ceiling (respectively also wall and floor if necessary) heat exchangers (radiators) and the heat storage medium in the form of PCMs. Unfortunately, most conventional building materials, e.g. aerated concrete, bricks, gypsum, ceramic tiles, etc. are particularly characterized by very low thermal conductivity, which disadvantages them to be used for these purposes. However, highly porous metallic material such as aluminium foam prepared by powder metallurgy [10, 11] is on the contrary excellently heat conductive, which predisposes it to be used for light-weight design of supporting structure of very energy efficient indoor as well as outdoor thermo-active heat exchangers for building industry of the future. This contribution points to the possibility to apply aluminium foam for both the novel innovative roofing system to cover pitched roofs and the interior ceiling panels, with the minimum energy demands for maintaining the sufficient thermal comfort in future nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs).

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Aggarwal, Parv. "On de-risking and de-dollarizing intra-BRICS trade via smart contracts." BRICS Journal of Economics 4, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/2712-7508-2020-1-4-6.

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This study explores the existing systemic barriers to intra-BRICS national currency use (“de-dollarization”) in currency swaps and trade finance. The author examines the current de-dollarization initiatives, as well as the actual levels of de-dollarization in Russia’s intra-BRICS settlements (as a representative sample), to find gaps between de-dollarization goals and current initiatives and offers a near-term phased solution to overcome these gaps and de-risk trade within BRICS. It is found that 1) the New Development Bank’s Contingency Reserve Arrangement has built-in systemic barriers which are preventing direct currency swaps between BRICS member states; 2) the Euro is replacing the Dollar as Russia’s preferred settlement currency within BRICS, indicating a gap between Russian traders’ settlement currency choice and BRICS de-dollarization priorities; and, furthermore, 3) while payment and settlement systems are being integrated and FinTech applications are being explored, efforts to fundamentally address the systemic market factors preventing national settlement use are missing. A phased solution is proposed to address the fundamental market barriers to national currencies by using smart contracts to de-risk intra-BRICS trade. Specific mechanisms are outlined to promote trade contracts in national currency and reduce dependency on both the Dollar/Euro and Western institutions (such as the IMF and Western commodities markets), a high-level architecture is proposed, and implementation considerations are discussed.

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Balaji, Bharathan, Arka Bhattacharya, Gabriel Fierro, Jingkun Gao, Joshua Gluck, Dezhi Hong, Aslak Johansen, et al. "Brick : Metadata schema for portable smart building applications." Applied Energy 226 (September 2018): 1273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.091.

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Singh, Chingshubam Manimohon, Nasir Ahmed Khan, and Mayengbam Lalit Singh. "Role of Institutional Integration in Economic Integration: An Examination for India in the Framework of BRICS." FOCUS: Journal of International Business 9, no. 2 (2022): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17492/jpi.focus.v9i2.922204.

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Regionalism has been popular in the twentieth century since the post-war period. Article XXIV of GATT provides opportunities for many countries across the world to form regional economic integration. It has been witnessed that such integration yields greater trade openness and deepening of the relationships among the countries in the agreement. The present paper deals with the impact of successive summits on bilateral trade openness and the deepening of India with the members of BRICS. This paper employs sophisticated econometric tools such as Granger Causality tests to check whether institutional integration causes the economic integration of India with the other members of BRICS. Further, the paper also examines trade creation and diversion of intra BRICS trade using a partial equilibrium tool called SMART.

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Voelz, Alexander, Patrick Hafner, and Christine Strauss. "Expert Opinions on Smart Retailing Technologies and Their Impacts." Journal of Data Intelligence 3, no. 2 (May 2022): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/jdi3.2-5.

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The share of e-commerce has been rising uninterrupted for many years, but the largest share of sales is still achieved in stationary retail. Nevertheless, many retailers are forced to address the benefits that consumers have gotten used to through digital shopping experiences. Smart Retailing (SR) is seen as a possible solution for brick-and-mortar stores to answer the challenges created by the rise of e-commerce. This study aims to present the current state of research in SR and evaluate its potential to confront the challenges that have arisen in the industry. To do so, we built upon insights from previous works, in which we derived specific areas of impact that need to be considered when implementing those technologies. In this work, we substantiate our developed assessment with empirical data generated through the analysis of exploratory expert interviews. The \textit{gain of valuable data} and the \textit{personalization of the shopping experience} are confirmed among the positive impact factors. At the same time, \textit{privacy concerns} and \textit{customer acceptance risk} were the most discussed negative impact factors in the interviews. Finally, the interview findings were used to adapt the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to the specific context of SR. Overall, this work provides more profound insight into the essential factors that need to be considered by brick-and-mortar retailers to face the increasing pressure imposed by online competition.

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Cyman, D., E. Gromova, and E. Juchnevicius. "Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in BRICS and the European Union." BRICS Law Journal 8, no. 1 (April 11, 2021): 86–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2021-8-1-86-115.

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Global digitization and the emergence of Artificial Intelligence-based technologies pose challenges for all countries. The BRICS and European Union countries are no exception. BRICS as well as the European Union seek to strengthen their positions as leading actors on the world stage. At the present time, an essential means of doing so is for BRICS and the EU to implement smart policy and create suitable conditions for the development of digital technologies, including AI. For this reason, one of the most important tasks for BRICS and the EU is to develop an adequate approach to the regulation of AI-based technologies. This research paper is an analysis of the current approaches to the regulation of AI at the BRICS group level, in each of the BRICS countries, and in the European Union. The analysis is based on the application of comparative and formal juridical analysis of the legislation of the selected countries on AI and other digital technologies. The results of the analysis lead the authors to conclude that it is necessary to design ageneral approach to the regulation of these technologies for the BRICS countries similar to the approach chosen in the EU (the trustworthy approach) and to upgrade this legislation to achieve positive effects from digital transformation. The authors offer several suggestions for optimization of the provisions of the legislation, including designing a model legal act in the sphere of AI.

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Buder, Fabian, Anja Dieckmann, Holger Dietrich, and Julia Wieting. "Technologies Turning Future Brick-and-Mortar Stores into Data-Rich Environments." NIM Marketing Intelligence Review 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nimmir-2019-0008.

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AbstractVisitors of an online retailer’s website leave digital traces. Every click and each interaction on the website generate information about a customer while many traditional retailers tend to know very little about their customers. However, market incumbents need not watch this development in passive awe. Many technologies are already available that help brick-and-mortar stores gather more valuable information about their customers, allowing them to improve shopper experience, retain customers, and ultimately increase profits. If used in a smart, transparent and non-offending way, technologies like in-store cameras, smart sensors, virtual reality or augmented reality can make a physical store almost as data-rich as a website. Retailers can be enabled to track the customer journey, observe product interactions in front of shelfs, recognize customers and identify segments, detect emotional states automatically and understand their customers’ information needs and decision making processes. Virtual reality offers retailers environments for controlled experimentation so that they can employ A/B tests to optimize customer experience and turnover and do not fall behind online retailers. New technologies need to be introduced carefully and consider people’s needs for transparency and control.

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Sowmya, R., G. Naga Rama Devi, and M. Premkumar. "Design and Implementation of Brick Making Machine Integrated with Smart IoT Application." International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems 9, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.12785/ijcds/090311.

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Barletta, Vita Santa, Danilo Caivano, Giovanni Dimauro, Antonella Nannavecchia, and Michele Scalera. "Managing a Smart City Integrated Model through Smart Program Management." Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10020714.

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Context. A Smart city is intended as a city able to offer advanced integrated services, based on information and communication technology (ICT) technologies and intelligent (smart) use of urban infrastructures for improving the quality of life of its citizens. This goal is pursued by numerous cities worldwide, through smart projects that should contribute to the realization of an integrated vision capable of harmonizing the technologies used and the services developed in various application domains on which a Smart city operates. However, the current scenario is quite different. The projects carried out are independent of each other, often redundant in the services provided, unable to fully exploit the available technologies and reuse the results already obtained in previous projects. Each project is more like a silo than a brick that contributes to the creation of an integrated vision. Therefore, reference models and managerial practices are needed to bring together the efforts in progress towards a shared, integrated, and intelligent vision of a Smart city. Objective. Given these premises, the goal of this research work is to propose a Smart City Integrated Model together with a Smart Program Management approach for managing the interdependencies between project, strategy, and execution, and investigate the potential benefits that derive from using them. Method. Starting from a Smart city worldwide analysis, the Italian scenario was selected, and we carried out a retrospective analysis on a set of 378 projects belonging to nine different Italian Smart cities. Each project was evaluated according to three different perspectives: application domain transversality, technological depth, and interdependences. Results. The results obtained show that the current scenario is far from being considered “smart” and motivates the adoption of a Smart integrated model and Smart program management in the context of a Smart city. Conclusions. The development of a Smart city requires the use of Smart program management, which may significantly improve the level of integration between the application domain transversality and technological depth.

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Perumal, Selvan, Yeoh Rong Qing, and Mathivannan Jaganathan. "Factors influencing attitudes and intentions towards smart retail technology." International Journal of Data and Network Science 6, no. 2 (2022): 595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021.11.005.

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Today, the ever-changing technology development is bringing an impact to the Malaysian retail industry. Smart Retail Technology is one of the outcomes of Industry Revolution 4.0 to deepen integration between digital and physical characteristics that can serve extraordinary shopping experiences in brick-and-mortar stores. Smart retail technology is attaining greater attention in the information system literature. In this study, the researchers aimed to investigate the relationships between perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived enjoyment (PE), perceived risk (PR), attitudes (ATD) and behavioral intentions towards smart retail technology (BI). The 170 respondents were collected through an online survey and processed in the PLS-SEM data analysis. The results indicated that perceived ease of use is the main variable influencing people's acceptance of SRT, followed by perceived enjoyment. However, perceived usefulness and perceived risk performed insignificant roles to link with attitudes and behavioral intentions towards SRT. This study provided some insightful implications for both academicians and practitioners to understand the current situation of smart retail technology in developing countries, especially Malaysia.

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Hartini, Sri, and S. Nurul Hidayati. "Pengaruh Webrooming terhadap Confident, Smart Shopping Feeling, User-generated Content, dan Search Process Satisfaction." Jurnal Maksipreneur: Manajemen, Koperasi, dan Entrepreneurship 11, no. 1 (October 26, 2021): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.30588/jmp.v11i1.881.

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Recently, many people are switching from conventional shopping to digital shopping. even so, people feel that online shopping is less secure. Finally, many consumers search for information through the internet before shopping at brick and mortar stores. This study investigates how webrooming affects consumers’ experience and determines the effect of webrooming on consumer confidence, smart shopping feeling, user-generated content, and search process satisfaction in the beauty industry. The population in this study were all the beauty industry consumers who experience webrooming in the shopping process. The total sample used in this study was 166 people using purposive sampling. The result obtained from this study finds that webrooming has a significant and positive effect on confidence, smart shopping feeling, user-generated content. Both factors, confidence and smart shopping feeling subsequently significant and have a positive effect on search process satisfaction.

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Kembro, Joakim, and Andreas Norrman. "The transformation from manual to smart warehousing: an exploratory study with Swedish retailers." International Journal of Logistics Management 33, no. 5 (June 22, 2022): 107–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-11-2021-0525.

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PurposeTo meet customers' expectations on shorter lead times, high product availability, flexibility, and variation in delivery and return options, retailers have turned their attention to warehousing and are making big investments in technology. Currently, technology providers are pushing for smart warehousing, a new and under-researched phenomenon. This study aims to conceptualize the term and examine pathways toward implementing smart warehousing.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory survey was administered to 50 leading Swedish retailers in varying segments. A two-tailed t-test for equality of means was used to detect significant differences between current and future states.FindingsThe study found that future smart warehouses will be automated, autonomous, digital, and connected, but that retailers will follow different paths along this journey, driven by contextual trends, e.g. sales growth, wider product assortment, shorter lead-time offerings, and integration of brick-and-mortar and online stores. Interestingly, the study revealed that many of the retailers that aim to create smart warehouses in five years are not the retailers with the most developed technology today.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper operationalizes smart warehousing in two dimensions: degree of automation and degree of digitalization and connectivity of information platforms. Based on the findings, 16 theoretical propositions are put forth that, based on contextual factors, explain different pathways for retailers to implement smart warehousing.Practical implicationsThe empirical insights and theoretical discussions provide practically useful guidance, including outlined trends, for selecting and benchmarking automation and complementary technologies in warehouse operations.Originality/valueThis paper conceptualizes and operationalizes smart warehousing – an original approach. It is also one of the first to investigate the technological transformation in retail warehousing empirically, explaining how and why retailers choose different pathways toward smart warehousing.

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Dekoninck, Elies, and Francesca Barbaccia. "Streamlined Assessment to Assist in the Design of Internet-of-Things (IOT) Enabled Products: A Case Study of the Smart Fridge." Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, no. 1 (July 2019): 3721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.379.

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AbstractThis paper shows how designers of IoT-enabled products can assess the environmental impacts associated with the user behaviour and the service system around the product. High-quality secondary data and a user-behaviour survey were able to highlight critical aspects of a smart fridge's design. A streamlined LCA looked at just the in-use phase of the product within 4 PSS scenarios. The system included: the effects on the food waste; grocery shopping methods; fridge door openings; and how the users interact with the smart fridge features. The results show that a smart fridge as within a PSS can reduce the impact on the environment (GWP of 21,700 kg CO2-eq within the ‘average PSS scenario’ and GWP of 23,100 kg CO2-eq for the normal fridge with ‘typical scenario’). The product's increased emissions are counteracted by the reduction in GWP due to: reduction in food waste; and shifts from brick-and-mortar grocery shopping to e-commerce. Therefore some of the critical aspects of the product's design that are most influential on the environmental impact of an IoT fridge are: the design of the web-browsing capability; and the use-by date tracking system.

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Gromova, E., and T. Ivanc. "Regulatory Sandboxes (Experimental Legal Regimes) for Digital Innovations in BRICS." BRICS Law Journal 7, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 10–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2020-7-2-10-36.

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Step by step, new digital technologies are capturing different spheres of our life. The opportunities of their application are almost infinite, and potential is very promising. But digital innovations as a trend represent a challenge for every modern state. Especially for member-countries of the BRICS union who seek to become the world’s leading countries. For this reason, the most important task for the members of BRICS is to create adequate “smart” regulation, which offers alternative ways of regulatory impact on transforming business relations. Using the regulatory sandbox as an experimental legal regime is one of the ways to test the creation, production, and realization of digital innovation. Having been first applied in 2016 in the United Kingdom, nowadays this model is successfully implemented in such countries as Singapore, Australia, and the United Arab Emirates. Member-countries of BRICS are only beginning to adopt this unorthodox tool; in most of its countries the legal framework is ongoing now. The aim of this research is to analyze current legislation and legal framework on the regulatory sandboxes in BRICS countries, define features of national models, difficulties and further prospects of its usage. This research is based on the comparative and formal juridical analysis of legislation, draft laws, and research papers dedicated to regulatory sandboxes in BRICS. The authors identify different barriers and risks of using regulatory sandboxes for the digital innovations successfully and offer some ways to overcome these challenges, including the formulation of guidelines for operating regulatory sandboxes based on a balance of public and private interests. The authors conclude that it is necessary to update legislation on the regulatory sandboxes for reaching positive effect from the digital transformation and make several suggestions for optimization its provisions. The results achieved in research paper can be used both in the lawmaking process as well as the foundation for further scientific researches.

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Ardiyanto, Faizal, and Hermala Kusumadewi. "ANTESEDEN INTENSI BELANJA PENGGUNA APLIKASI/WEBSITE TOKO ONLINE DI YOGYAKARTA." Wahana 21, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35591/wahana.v21i2.151.

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In recent years, consumers are facilitated with online shop applications and websites. They are no longer needed to visit the “brick-and-mortar” shop to satisfy their needs and wants. Consumers can access the online shop as long as they smart phones are connected to internet network. Online shop also offers a great variety of products and services. This is an interesting topics to be discussed and researched. This reasearch is aimed to provide the evidence that there are positive affects among perceived security, ease of payment, trust in application/website, and online shopping intention. 450 respondents are participated in this research. Path analysis is used to examine the six hypotheses. The result shows that most of hypotheses are supported except H1b which states that perceived security positively affects online shopping intention. Keywords: online shop, smart phone, websites, perceived security, ease of payment, trust in application/website, online shopping intention, online consumers.

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Ardiyanto, Faizal, and Hermala Kusumadewi. "ANTESEDEN INTENSI BELANJA PENGGUNA APLIKASI/WEBSITE TOKO ONLINE DI YOGYAKARTA." Wahana 21, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35591/whn.v21i2.151.

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In recent years, consumers are facilitated with online shop applications and websites. They are no longer needed to visit the “brick-and-mortar” shop to satisfy their needs and wants. Consumers can access the online shop as long as they smart phones are connected to internet network. Online shop also offers a great variety of products and services. This is an interesting topics to be discussed and researched. This reasearch is aimed to provide the evidence that there are positive affects among perceived security, ease of payment, trust in application/website, and online shopping intention. 450 respondents are participated in this research. Path analysis is used to examine the six hypotheses. The result shows that most of hypotheses are supported except H1b which states that perceived security positively affects online shopping intention. Keywords: online shop, smart phone, websites, perceived security, ease of payment, trust in application/website, online shopping intention, online consumers.

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Frota de Albuquerque Landi, F., C. Fabiani, A. D’Alessandro, F. Ubertini, and A. L. Pisello. "Life cycle assessment of a novel fired smart clay brick monitoring system for masonry buildings." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 50 (March 2022): 101745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101745.

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Northfield, R. "Technology - Blog. Bizarre Tech - Building Brick Electric Waffle Maker; Petvation Smart Pet Door; The Hunting Game Box." Engineering & Technology 17, no. 7 (August 1, 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2022.0731.

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Medina, A., V. Modesto i Alapont, and P. del Villar-Guerra. "PALICC definition of ARDS. Don’t remove that brick from the wall and keep it smart and simple." Medicina Intensiva 40, no. 5 (June 2016): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2015.12.009.

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Medina, A., V. Modesto i Alapont, and P. del Villar-Guerra. "PALICC definition of ARDS. Don’t remove that brick from the wall and keep it smart and simple." Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) 40, no. 5 (June 2016): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medine.2015.12.003.

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Zakirova, Tatyana. "Application of innovative standards of “green” construction in Tatarstan on the example of Kazan." E3S Web of Conferences 274 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127401001.

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The article discusses the prospects for the application of innovative technologies in the theory and practice of urban planning on the example of Kazan. Market relations in recent decades in our country have created a number of acute problems of modern urban planning – the curtailment of long-term planning, the reduction of environmental control in the city and its environs, etc. It is necessary to refer to the Healthy Cities initiative of the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. The first steps in this direction have already been taken in Kazan. This is a project of the new business center of the Republic of Tatarstan «Smart City Kazan» and the first «smart house» built on the territory of the Technopolis Himgrad. In Kazan, there are prerequisites for the introduction of ecourban design methods. These are vast water areas of the Volga and Kazanka rivers, the banks of which have not yet been fully developed. This is a large square in the city center, which was vacated after moving the airport outside the city limits. For Kazan, it will also be useful to replace the decorative glass false facades, often found on brick buildings after reconstruction, with vertical «solar walls» of air thermal technology.

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Degli Esposti, Piergiorgio, and Giovanni Ciofalo. "El futuro de las ciudades digitales: retos, oportunidades y prospectivas." Barataria. Revista Castellano-Manchega de Ciencias Sociales, no. 27 (June 22, 2020): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20932/barataria.v0i27.539.

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El objetivo de esta contribución es definir y analizar el concepto de Smart City a la luz de las evoluciones tecnológicas que las ciudades contemporáneas incorporan progresivamente y de acuerdo a los principales aportes teóricos en el campo sociológico. El impacto de las tecnologías digitales está transformando gradualmente nuestras formas de relacionarnos dentro de varios contextos de referencia, no siendo menos importante la ciudad como lugar de producción y consumo. Vivimos cada vez más contextos híbridos, físicos y digitales en los que se forman caminos en diverso sentido derivados de la coexistencia en dos espacios, caminos que llevan a muchos a interpretar cómo el concepto de realidad en sí mismo se enriquece hoy por las oportunidades que ofrece el mundo digital (y viceversa), que fluyen en la dirección de la realidad aumentada, por un lado, y del brick and click, por el otro.

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Gonuguntla, Spandhana, Wei Chun Lim, Fong Yew Leong, Chi Kit Ao, Changhui Liu, and Siowling Soh. "Performing calculus: Asymmetric adaptive stimuli-responsive material for derivative control." Science Advances 7, no. 14 (March 2021): eabe5698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe5698.

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Materials (e.g., brick or wood) are generally perceived as unintelligent. Even the highly researched “smart” materials are only capable of extremely primitive analytical functions (e.g., simple logical operations). Here, a material is shown to have the ability to perform (i.e., without a computer), an advanced mathematical operation in calculus: the temporal derivative. It consists of a stimuli-responsive material coated asymmetrically with an adaptive impermeable layer. Its ability to analyze the derivative is shown by experiments, numerical modeling, and theory (i.e., scaling between derivative and response). This class of freestanding stimuli-responsive materials is demonstrated to serve effectively as a derivative controller for controlled delivery and self-regulation. Its fast response realizes the same designed functionality and efficiency as complex industrial derivative controllers widely used in manufacturing. These results illustrate the possibility to associate specifically designed materials directly with higher concepts of mathematics for the development of “intelligent” material-based systems.

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Bao, Barack Lujia. "Global Perspectives on Smart-Power Strategy in International Arena: Critical Discovery into Philosophy of Clausewitz and Sun Tzu from Strategic Implications." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 09–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2021.3.9.2.

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Within the military discipline, the doctrine from Carl von Clausewitz and Sun Tzu can be framed as the ones among the most influential strategy-based philosophical domains. Carl von Clausewitz’s theoretical framework of consolidation of all powers and strategic obliteration of all forces of the opponents and rivals seems not uncommon in analysing the scenarios of international power competition and contest. On the contrary, Sun Tzu (around 545B.C.-470B.C.), the ancestral Chinese military strategist during the Spring and Autumn Period, put forward the complete distinctive strategic conception of optimum winning without engaging in any fight, which meanwhile plays a more epistemologically productive, thought-provoking role in utilising smart power strategy in a complex, evolving international arena where hard power alone has been of no avail to keep a dominantly advantageous position. Sequentially, it is indispensable for strategists to conduct in-depth exploration into the role of smart power through abstractly inheriting the consequential philosophical implications from Sun Tzu and Clausewitz as a distinctive strategy-building element and eclectically and rationally combine, enliven and hierarchise their implicit ties with an authentic world matrix that it is hard to empirically theorise and accurately quantify. Through deductive-analysis approaches and case studies of the US (a dominant power in relative terms over the long run), China (the second-largest economic power thus far) and India (a rising power in BRICS), the primary purpose of this paper seeks to dialectically explore an implicit dyadic nexus between 1) the philosophical implications for Sun Tzu and those for Clausewitz and 2) the nature and implementation of smart power strategy ranging from the perspectives of historical origin and international context. It can be argued that the philosophical standpoint of smart power strategy bears historical merits that the principal arguments from Clausewitz and Sun Tzu somehow generated. This paper-based on existential research findings meanwhile prognosticates that the strategic implementation of smart-power strategy, which tends to be highlighted worldwide in the foreseeable future, will advance in a world of multipolarisation instead of bipolarity and strategic co-opetition (i.e. cooperation and competition combined) will grow as an alternative widespread international phenomenon and trajectory that complicates the magnetism, flexibility and unpredictability of how a broad definition of national strength would influence the international structure and international standing.

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Komal, Nayab, Qamar uz Zaman, Ghulam Yasin, Saba Nazir, Kamran Ashraf, Muhammad Waqas, Mubeen Ahmad, Ammara Batool, Imran Talib, and Yinglong Chen. "Carbon Storage Potential of Agroforestry System near Brick Kilns in Irrigated Agro-Ecosystem." Agriculture 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020295.

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The current study was conducted to estimate the carbon (C) storage status of agroforestry systems, via a non-destructive strategy. A total of 75 plots (0.405 ha each) were selected by adopting a lottery method of random sampling for C stock estimations for soil, trees and crops in the Mandi-Bahauddin district, Punjab, Pakistan. Results revealed that the existing number of trees in selected farm plots varied from 25 to 30 trees/ha. Total mean tree carbon stock ranged from 9.97 to 133 Mg C ha−1, between 5–10 km away from the brick kilns in the study area. The decreasing order in terms of carbon storage potential of trees was Eucalyptus camaldulensis > Syzygium cumin > Popolus ciliata > Acacia nilotica > Ziziphus manritiana > Citrus sinensis > Azadirachtta Indica > Delbergia sisso > Bambusa vulgaris > Melia azadarach > Morus alba. Average soil carbon pools ranged from 10.3–12.5 Mg C ha−1 in the study area. Meanwhile, maximum C stock for wheat (2.08 × 106 Mg C) and rice (1.97 × 106 Mg C) was recorded in the cultivated area of Tehsil Mandi-Bahauddin. The entire ecosystem of the study area had an estimated woody vegetation carbon stock of 68.5 Mg C ha−1 and a soil carbon stock of 10.7 Mg C ha−1. These results highlight that climate-smart agriculture has great potential to lock up more carbon and help in the reduction of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and can be further used in planning policies for executing tree planting agendas on cultivated lands and for planning future carbon sequestration ventures in Pakistan.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Smart bricks'

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