Academic literature on the topic 'Smallruminants'

China is the country with the largest number of domestic small ruminants in the world. Recently, the intensive and large-scale sheep/goat raising industry has developed rapidly, especially in nonpastoral regions. Frequent trading, allocation, and transportation result in the introduction and prevalence of new pathogens. Several new viral pathogens (peste des petits ruminants virus, caprine parainfluenza virus type 3, border disease virus, enzootic nasal tumor virus, caprine herpesvirus 1, enterovirus) have been circulating and identified in China, which has attracted extensive attention from both farmers and researchers. During the last decade, studies examining the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and vaccines for these emerging viruses have been conducted. In this review, we focus on the latest findings and research progress related to these newly identified viral pathogens in China, discuss the current situation and problems, and propose research directions and prevention strategies for different diseases in the future. Our aim is to provide comprehensive and valuable information for the prevention and control of these emerging viruses and highlight the importance of surveillance of emerging or re-emerging viruses.

Cob regarded as a waste product, constituting source of environmental pollution could be utilized as an energy source in feed formulation if properly processed and harnessed through fungal degradation. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the nutritive value of biodegraded corncob meal based diet using in vitro gas production technique. Aspergillus niger was isolated and sub-cultured to obtain a pure culture. Degraded corn cob meals(DCCM) of four dietary treatments were prepared to include: T (0% DCCM which served as 1 the control), T (15% DCCM), T (30% DCCM) and T (45% DCCM). Each diet sample 2 3 4 (200mg) was incubated in buffered rumen liquor for 48 hours and gas volume was estimated using established in vitro gas production models. Amount of gas volume produced was determined every 3 hours for 48 hours of incubation in buffered rumen fluid. After 48 hours ofincubation, methane gas produced was estimated and determined in triplicates. The proximate composition of Aspergillus niger biodegraded corn cob indicated that Aspergillus niger improved the nutritive value of the corn cob. Untreated corn cob meal was lower in nutritive values when compared with treated corncob meal with crude protein, crude fibre and ash values ranging from 6.88 to 9.78%, 32.68 to 26.37% and 2.87 to 2.88% respectively.The proximate composition of the dietary treatments showed that the crude protein varied from (11.67-12.67%), crude fibre (10.94-21.56%), ether extract (2.12-4.88%), ash (6.48- 9.44%) and nitrogen free extract (58.17-62.99%). Results obtained for volume of gas (35.960-72.770mL/200mgDM) produced in time “t” denoted by (b) were significantly different (P<0.05) across the dietary treatments. However, rate of gas production (0.0297- 0.0425mL/hr) and time between incubation and gas production (2.083-2.683hr) were not significantly different (P>0.05) across the dietary treatments. Cumulative gas volumeproduction at 24 hours were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by different inclusion levels of DCCM with values obtained ranging from T (15.33 ml/gDM) to T (35.33 ml/gDM). There 4 3 were significant differences (P<0.05) across the dietary treatments. The post estimated parameters ranging from metabolisable energy (4.96-7.74MJ/Kg DM), organic matter digestibility (37.98-58.03%), short chain fatty acids (0.31-0.78μmol), Methane estimate (3-8 ml/200mgDM) and Carbon dioxide estimate (10-30 ml/200mgDM). It can be concluded that 30% DCCM based diet had the potential of meeting the nutritional needs as smallruminant livestock feeds, if properly biodegraded and incorporated into feeds.

Goat dairies share many similarities with cowdairy operations, yet are also uniquely different incertain aspects. A dairy production veterinarian hasextensive knowledge that can be translated into smallruminant practice with a little background information.This article discusses ways in which goat and cow dairyoperations are both similar and different. This knowl¬edge will then allow a practitioner to develop a moreextensive goat dairy practice that meets the needs ofthe producer.

Le specie zootecniche costituiscono un elemento chiave della biodiversità agraria. In questa tesi si è contribuito al processo di caratterizzazione e conservazione del patrimonio genetico dei piccoli ruminanti tramite lo studio della demografia e struttura di popolazione, della diversità molecolare e dell’adattamento ambientale di diverse razze ovi-caprine. In questo contesto sono stati perseguiti cinque differenti obiettivi. In primo luogo, è stato sviluppato un algoritmo per la selezione di marcatori genetici in grado di identificare i soggetti ibridi originati dall’incrocio di pecora per muflone. Successivamente è stata analizzata da un punto di vista genetico la popolazione di capre ferali dell’isola di Montecristo e nonché l’impatto di diverse pratiche di gestione sul livello di inbreeding delle popolazioni caprine Italiane. Il focus sull’adattamento dei ruminanti a differenti ambienti climatici ha portato a un’approfondita revisione di metodologie ed approcci nonché all’identificazione di geni associati all’adattamento ambientale razze ovine locali Europee.
Livestock species constitute a key component of agricultural biodiversity. In this thesis a contribute to the process of characterization and conservation of small ruminants genetic resources was given with the study of the population history, structure, genetic diversity and environmental adaptation of sheep and goats local breeds. In this context, were addressed five specific goals. Firstly, the development of an algorithm for the selection of ancestry informative markers for the identification of feral x domestic sheep hybrids, secondly the assessment of molecular diversity, history and relationship of the feral goat of Montecristo, as well as the investigation of the impact of different management practices on genomic inbreeding on Italian goat populations. The focus on environmental adaptation allowed to carefully review methods and approaches for detecting adaptation in ruminants and, consequently, to detect genes associated to environmental adaptation in European local sheep breeds.