Academic literature on the topic 'Smallholder market access constraints'
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Journal articles on the topic "Smallholder market access constraints"
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Kongai, H., J. Mangisoni, G. Elepu, E. Chilembwe, and D. Makoka. "Smallholder orange farmer access to markets in Uganda." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.11.
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Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is a major dietary component globally, responsible for supplying nutrients and phytochemicals of biological and health influence such as minerals, vitamins, fiber, flavonoids, limonoids, and carotenoids and antioxidant. It accounts for more than 50% of the citrus fruits produced world-over. It is a popular fruit in sub-Saharan Africa, though its level of consumption per capita is by global standards very low. In Uganda, orange production is mostly concentrated in eastern and northern parts; mostly grown by small holder farmers who are plagued by a milliard of production and marketing constraints. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of institutional, infrastructural and socio-economic factors on smallholder access to orange markets in Uganda. The study was conducted in Kaberamaido, Kumi and Soroti Districts in eastern Uganda, using cross sectional data, during 2011-2012. Probit model results showed that the key institutional factor that affected smallholder access to markets was institutional belonging; the infrastructural factors entailed ownership of mobile phone and location of household; while age of household head, household size and output price constituted the socio-economic factors. Mobile phone, household size and age of household head elicited the highest effect on the probability for smallholder market access, and the magnitude of effect is shown by flexibilities of 0.5, -0.06 and 0.02, respectively. Tobit model estimates showed that market information, and household location constituted institutional and infrastructural factors affecting market access, respectively; while age of trees, output, output price and occupation of household head constituted the socio-economic factors. The critical factors that affect the extent of market access include location, market information, primary occupation of household head and quantity of output as shown by flexibilities of -0.6, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.03, respectively. Based on the Probit and Tobit model estimates, market information, mobile phone and quantity of outputs constitute critical institutional, infrastructural and socio-economic factors that affect smallholder market access. Therefore, opportunity for unlocking the potential for smallholders to access orange markets exists in boosting the level of output and facilitating linkage to markets.
Key words: Citrus sinensis, infrastructural, institutional
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Merkel, Roger. "Smallholder Livestock Commercialization." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.1952.
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The world’s population is expected to grow by over 30% by 2050, putting tremendous strain on agriculture to produce the estimated additional one billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to feed that population. Most of the population growth will occur in Africa and Asia where the majority of smallholder farms are located. Commercialization of smallholder farms can lead to increased productivity. Producer identified constraints to commercialization include infrastructure, poor knowledge of market prices, limited access to banking services and loan opportunities, and poor extension services, among others. To overcome these constraints will take actions by various sectors. Producer must become more market oriented and take advantage of current technologies to improve production. Government organizations should develop ways to build farmer capacity in market and production activities. Research institutes and universities must conduct research to drive innovation, help farmers to apply technologies, and develop means to enhance producer knowledge. Making loans and banking services available to farmers is a main role of the private sector. The private sector can also partner with producers on marketing and market access.
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Kyaw, Nyein, Soojung Ahn, and Sang Lee. "Analysis of the Factors Influencing Market Participation among Smallholder Rice Farmers in Magway Region, Central Dry Zone of Myanmar." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 4441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124441.
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Smallholder farmers face numerous constraints that restrict their access to markets and prevent them from taking advantage of market opportunities. This research aimed to examine the factors affecting the market participation of smallholder farmers and find ways to improve the income and livelihood of smallholder farmers, focusing on Myothit Township in Magway Region, Central Dry Zone of Myanmar. For the primary data, we surveyed 150 smallholder rice farmers which were selected using a random sampling technique. Using the Heckman two-stage selection model, we analyzed the factors influencing smallholder rice farmers’ decisions regarding participation in the agricultural market. This study revealed that the decision to participate in the rice market was dependent on different factors such as the household head age, education status, household size, total produce of rice, price of rice, household income, ownership of livestock, membership of farmer organization, access to roads, distance to market, access to extension services, and market information. The results of this study have implications as to what factors need to be addressed to encourage smallholder rice farmers to participate in the market. We suggest that Myanmar government and policymakers need to establish balanced policies for small-scale farmers and manage them in an appropriate way so that agricultural development can be induced, contributing to poverty reduction, food security, and economic development.
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Ngu, A., and N. H. A. Bahar. "The potential of timber-agroforestry to meet Sarawak’s forestry demand." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1053, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1053/1/012019.
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Abstract Many forest communities in Sarawak, and globally, practise some form of smallholder management system including agroforestry. Yet, agroforestry practitioners predominantly focus on non-timber crops as the major source of income while the timber output remains underutilized and understudied. Smallholder timber agroforestry systems, therefore, have huge potential to equitably meet the increasing demand for both timber and food while reducing the pressure on natural forests. We investigate the readiness of agroforestry smallholders in Sarawak to supply timber commercially, and the opportunities and challenges they face. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Sarawak forestry stakeholders including agroforestry farmers, timber industry actors, civil society organizations, academia, and government agencies. Descriptive statistics are used to analyse the data. Our results demonstrate that smallholders in Sarawak lack technical silvicultural and horticultural knowledge and formal timber market access, despite majority smallholders expressing interest in timber production. The underutilization of smallholder timber is linked with conservation and protection objectives. Legal constraints, limited capacity building and lack of market information were cited as major barriers for smallholders. Key recommendations to lower barriers for smallholder participation include provision of resources and an enabling legal framework that harmonizes agriculture and forestry demands while being inclusive of smallholders’ perspectives and realities.
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Adams, Abdulai. "Analysing the determinants, constraints and opportunities of smallholder farmers access to input markets: evidence from northern Ghana." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 56, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2020.01286.
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Smallholder farmers face multiple constraints in accessing input markets. This study seeks to understand the dynamics that influence input markets in northern Ghana and the opportunities that exist for smallholder farmers to increase their productivity and welfare. Using a random sample of 448 households, the study applied the probit and non-parametric methods in identifying the factors that influence farmers’ access to input markets and the key constraints faced by them. The results show that access to extension services, access to finance, distance to the nearest input market, and input source are significant factors that would be likely to influence farmers’ access to input markets. Lack of finance, poor road network, and low prices of output are the main critically ranked constraints limiting farmers’ access to input markets. Policy initiatives should be geared toward strengthening extension service delivery, farmer education on inputs, improving feeder roads, and encouraging private sector participation in input markets. Available opportunities to leverage on and improve farmers’ access to input markets include the governments’ input subsidy programmes, existing large-scale agricultural projects, private agricultural companies with contract farming models, and extensive network of input dealers and aggregators in the communities. These findings are relevant for farmers, input dealers and policy makers working to improve farmers’ access to input markets.
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Annor, Baah Prince, Akwasi Mensah-Bonsu, and John Baptist D. Jatoe. "Compliance with GLOBALGAP standards among smallholder pineapple farmers in Akuapem-South, Ghana." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 6, no. 1 (May 16, 2016): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-05-2013-0017.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the adherence, constraints and key factors associated with smallholder pineapple farmers’ compliance with Global working group for Good Agricultural Practice (GLOBALGAP) standards in the Akuapem-South Municipal area, Ghana. It utilizes the modeling of socio-economic, farm, market and institutional factors influencing smallholder farmers’ compliance with GLOBALGAP standards. This paper aims to enhance smallholder farmers’ compliance with food safety standards in particular GLOBALGAP so they can continue to participate in international food trade. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses mainly primary data solicited from 150 randomly selected smallholder farmers. Descriptive statistics are employed in estimating compliant farmers’ rate of adherence with standards requirements and identifying constraints of farmers while a probit regression model is used to determine the factors influencing GLOBALGAP compliance decision of farmers. Findings – Findings of the study show that compliant farmers’ rate of adherence with the standard is about 90 percent and this is below the minor musts compliance criteria of 95 percent. The results also indicate that lack of access to farm credits, high cost of farm inputs and high cost of labor are the major constraints to GLOBALGAP compliance. Factors found to positively influence farmers’ compliance decision are number of pineapple farms, access to off-farm income, access to market information and extension services. However, compliance is negatively influenced by age. Research limitations/implications – Majority of Ghanaian smallholder pineapple farmers are not GLOBALGAP certified. The study was limited to Akuapem-South because most farmers produce pineapple for the export market and are certified under the Option II GLOBALGAP group certification. Originality/value – This paper brings to bear issues confronting food safety standards compliance among smallholder farmers in developing countries, particularly Ghana.
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Branca, Giacomo, Luca Cacchiarelli, Valentina D’Amico, Laifolo Dakishoni, Esther Lupafya, Mufunanji Magalasi, Chiara Perelli, and Alessandro Sorrentino. "Cereal-Legume Value Chain Analysis: A Case of Smallholder Production in Selected Areas of Malawi." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 1217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121217.
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This article analyses the cereal-legume value chain in Malawi through a comprehensive VC Map, a SWOT exercise and a policy analysis. VC participation entails a number of challenges for smallholders. Limited access to land, technology and inputs, inadequate knowledge of market functioning, insufficient access to credit and extension services, combined with more general problems of poor infrastructures, often prevent smallholder farmers from accessing profitable market opportunities. The effectiveness of national policies (e.g., public extension service support, inputs subsidy system) oriented to increase smallholders’ market access is often constrained by inadequate financial capacity, an inefficient public extension services system and limited involvement of privates in the extension services scheme. VC interventions should distinguish between VC-ready farmers, namely those provided with the minimum conditions of external and internal factors, and non-value-chain-ready farmers. Market-based interventions (e.g., enhancing VC coordination) are needed for enhancing market access of value-chain-ready farmers. Conversely, while non-market-based interventions (e.g., investments in basic infrastructure, increasing extension services, credit and inputs access) prove necessary to build the minimum asset thresholds for non-value-chain-ready farmers’ participation in the market. A smallholder-friendly VC development relies on the role played by VC actors and the need to harmonise and improve existing policies to remove inadequacies, conflicts and overlaps in the various institutions charged with implementation.
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Ddamulira, G., O. Isaac, M. Kiryowa, R. Akullo, M. Ajero, M. Logoose, A. Otim, et al. "Practices and constraints of tomato production among smallholder farmers in Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 02 (March 24, 2021): 17560–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.97.19905.
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Tomato(Solanum esculentum)is one of the most promising vegetables whose production is being intensified in Uganda. However, tomato yields remain low due to several constraints. The study aimed at identifying production and marketing practices, and constraints affecting tomato productivity in major tomato growing areas of Uganda. A survey was conducted in eight major tomato producing districts using a questionnaire to guide interviews for 240 farmers and 16 key informants. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results revealed that tomato production in Uganda is dominated by males who grow them on 0.68 acres of land on average. Mosttomatofarmers (78.4%) use mono cropping system with varietiesAsilla F1 (35.3%), Tengeru97(21.1%), Rambo (18.1%), NovelaF1(17.7%) and Riogrande (10.3%) dominating. The choice of tomato varieties used by farmers mainly depend on yield potential, pest and disease tolerance and market preference attributes such as long shelf life. In the study area, tomato is mainly fertilized using foliar fertilizers, followed by Diammonium phosphate and cattle manure. The key pests affecting tomato include caterpillars, thrips, worms and whitefly, while bacterial wilt, blight, leaf spots and viral infections are the major diseases. Majority (95.7%) of farmers use chemical sprays(pesticides and fungicides)and 4.3% of farmers used other control methods. The other methods of pest and disease control included rogueing, hand picking, ash, organic extracts, urine and frequent weeding. Average tomato yield was 4,846.3 kg/acre lower than the potential yield of 6000kg/acre. Thirty five percent of farmers market their tomato individually on-farm, 32.8% sell in rural markets, while 32.2% send to the nearest urban markets. The study revealed intensive chemical use accounting for 20% of the production costs, high seed costs (11%) and drought (10%) as the major production constraints impeding tomato production; and price fluctuations, low prices, high transport costs, post-harvest loss on farm, and poor market access as the major marketing constraints. The research findings will aid in the development of new market-oriented, highly productive tomato varieties with improved access to seed and designing initiatives to address production and marketing constraints, which will eventually enhance tomato production.
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Bold, Tessa, Selene Ghisolfi, Frances Nsonzi, and Jakob Svensson. "Market Access and Quality Upgrading: Evidence from Four Field Experiments." American Economic Review 112, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 2518–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20210122.
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Smallholder farming in many developing countries is characterized by low productivity and low-quality output. Low quality limits the price farmers can command and their potential income. We conduct a series of experiments among maize farmers in Uganda to shed light on the barriers to quality upgrading and to study its potential. We find that the causal return to quality is zero. Providing access to a market where quality is paid a market premium led to an increase in farm productivity and income from farming. Our findings reveal the importance of demand-side constraints in limiting rural income and productivity growth. (JEL C93, L14, L15, L22, O13, Q12, Q13)
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Wawire, Amos W., Sabina M. Wangia, and Julius J. Okello. "Determinants of Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Agriculture: The Case of Kenya Agricultural Commodity Exchange in Bungoma County, Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 3 (February 13, 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n3p128.
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Access to markets by Smallholder farmers has conventionally been constrained by lack of market information. Efforts to strengthen access of farmers to markets has triggered the mushrooming of several projects that embrace ICT tools in promoting access to competitive market information. Nevertheless, most farmers still lack access to accurate market information, such as existing commodity prices. This study examines the determinants of the use of ICT tools among smallholder farmers for agricultural transactions. The study uses Kenya Agricultural Commodity Exchange (KACE), one of the ICT-based marketing platform, as the case study. The objectives of the research are to determine the factors that influence access to agricultural information, and establishing factors that determine the intensity of use of ICT tools in accessing agricultural information. Survey was conducted among 136 smallholder farmers in Bungoma County. Both purposive, and multi-stage sampling were used to obtain the sample for this research. The study finds that several farmer characteristics, farm and capital endowment factors affect the use of ICT tools, particularly mobile phones. Gender, age, literacy level, affordability, perceived importance, mobile ownership and group membership were found to be significant in influencing the decision to use KACE ICT tools and the intensity of use of these tools for agricultural transaction activities. The study further recommends for policies that support the expansion of ICT projects, training on their applications and sensitization on the use of these platforms. The study suggests for policies to address gender disparities on access and use of ICT tools for agricultural transaction.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Smallholder market access constraints"
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Raphela, Maropeng Gilmore Matthias. "Smallholder farmers in Ekurhuleni : the challenges and constraints of access to agricultural markets." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97292.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is substantial evidence supported by literature that many smallholder farmers can benefit from agricultural markets and commercialisation. This research examines the challenges and constraints that smallholder farmers have to deal with in the study area and what needs to be done to overcome the barriers to market access. An argument was made that identification of these barriers could lead to the necessary interventions and assist in institutional innovation to alleviate market constraints and challenges faced by smallholder farmers. The qualitative approach was deemed appropriate and entailed the face to face method in the collection of data through the use of structured questionnaires. Smallholder farmers in Tembisa, involved in the production and marketing of specific agricultural commodities were visited to investigate the challenges and constraints facing them. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality’s database of smallholder farmers was used to access the smallholder farmers involved in the production of selected vegetables in Tembisa. The study revealed that access to land, access to agricultural inputs, access to credit, market information, infrastructure and farmer support services were barriers to market participation. The lack or limited access to these resources will affect the manner in which smallholder farmers benefit from the opportunities available in the agricultural markets in respect of the quality and quantity of the agricultural produce. Whilst the fresh produce market and supermarkets in the area have extended a hand of cooperation and business relationship with smallholder farmers, there is currently no formal existing relationship since they are unable to exploit those opportunities due to their inability to comply with the required standards set by the market. Most of their produce is sold at the farm gate, local community and to the hawkers. It is expected that addressing such barriers may create enabling conditions that would encourage smallholder farmers to access and participate more effectively in markets. Such efforts could improve the ability of smallholder farmers to become part of the mainstream or commercial agricultural economy. Some barriers and constraints require direct intervention by government and policy makers have to institute agricultural policy reforms to incorporate smallholder farmers within large scale agriculture.
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Nakhumwa, Candida. "Smallholder market access : the case of groundnut sector in Malawi." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2015. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/18144/.
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This thesis focussed on assessing smallholder groundnut farmers and traders’ access to markets through quality improvement and also, determine the socio-economic factors that influence groundnut farmers when deciding to adopt quality management techniques and the extent/or level of involvement. The following research questions were tested: whether Malawi smallholder groundnut farmers have poor or limited access to markets; whether smallholder farmers face unequal bargaining relations with traders due perhaps to lack of competition in trading channels; whether belonging to a farmer organisation provides a framework whereby the prospects of higher prices could lead to higher quality regulated by the association? Qualitative analysis was used to map out the main processes, key actors and relationships within the various groundnut value chains. Price spread method was used to assess market efficiency in price for the various groundnut market channels. Finally, a Selective Tobit model was used to assess factors that influence smallholder farmers to adopt technologies on quality management and decide the extent of adoption. The study results indicated that smallholder farmers manage to sell all their groundnuts brought to the market. This means that smallholder farmers do not really have problems accessing the markets. However, there is a limited availability of structured groundnut markets that offer premium price as an incentive for farmers to invest in quality management. Another important finding is that belonging to an organised farmer organisation enabled smallholder farmers to access better agricultural services such as research, extension and quality certified seed. However, it was not enough to persuade the farmers to venture into collective marketing. The results suggest that the provision of economic incentives such as premium prices persuaded farmers to engage in collective action and also invest in quality management. There is convergence of prices for less quality sensitive regional markets and quality sensitive EU markets. As such, exporters have no incentive to invest more in quality management targeting EU markets. Selective Tobit model results showed that farmers value most profitability-related variables such as land allocated, structured markets and prices when deciding level of involvement in quality management. The study results also indicate that groundnut market in Malawi is efficient in price as demonstrated by the Market Efficiency Index of greater than one. Gross margin analysis also indicated that, on average, groundnuts producers have good returns to labour if compared to the current national minimum wage rate of US$1.2 per day.
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Edirisinghe, Jagath Chaminda. "Technology Adoption,Efficiency and Market Access of Smallholder Dairy Producers in Sri Lanka : A Bayesian Perspective." Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533784.
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Rangoato, Phakisho Mangawa Amagolo. "Market access productivity of smallholder maize farmers in Lepelle Nkumpi Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2217.
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Thesis (M.Sc. Agric. (Agricultural Economics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2018Agriculture is the backbone and a very important sector of the South African economy. This is because it provides food and employment to a lot of people in the country especially those living in the rural areas. Smallholder farmers also play an important role in livelihood creation and also alleviation of poverty among the population in Limpopo province, but despite this, their productivity is low. A decline in agricultural productivity reduces market access resulting from low quality and quantity of produce by smallholder farmers which invariably affect their accessibility to market. This study therefore examined the determinants of market access and productivity among smallholder maize farmers in Lepelle-Nkumpi municipality using the Probit model and Cobb Douglass production functions. While the Probit regression model was used to analyse the effect of socioeconomic characteristics of smallholder maize farmers on market access, the Cobb Douglass production function was used to examine the determinants of productivity among the farmers in the study area. The results of the Probit regression analysis indicated that farm size, hired labour and maize produced per hectare had positive significant influence on probability of farmers accessing markets. Farm size and maize produced per hectare were statistically significant at 1% and hired labour was statistically significant at 5%. The results of Cobb Douglas Production Function indicated that the elasticities of market access, farm experience, fertilizers, capital and membership of association were significant and positive. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that farmers should be provided with market infrastructure and marketing information services. This will help the farmers in a way that the transaction cost will be minimised and farmers will not incur more cost when they participate in the markets. Farmers in the study area indicated that transportation cost is the major challenge facing them. This is because of the poor conditions of roads in the study area. Therefore, the study recommends that there should be inputs subsidy that helps farmers to improve their productivity.
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Makhura, M. T. "Overcoming transaction costs barriers to market participation of smallholder farmers in the Northern Province of South Africa." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27659.
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The objective of this study is to investigate the role of transaction costs in determining market participation of smallholder farmers. It is expected that the identification of these transaction cost factors could assist in the formulation of policy interventions and/or institutional innovations to alleviate constraints on market participation and improve the ability of these small-scale farmers to become part of the commercial agricultural economy. Transaction costs differ between households due to asymmetries in access to assets, market information, extension services and remunerative markets. The study particularly investigated the factors contributing to different levels of transaction costs amongst households. The main hypothesis of the study is that small-scale farmers facing lower transaction costs will participate more in agricultural markets. Transaction costs reflect the character of the market, but are mainly embedded in the characteristics of individual households and their economic environment. In order to test the hypothesis, selectivity models identifying and testing significant factors related to market participation are applied to a survey of 157 farming households in the Northern Province. These households take part in the markets for horticulture, livestock, maize and other field crops. The selectivity models used involve two-step estimation similar to the Heckman's two-stage procedure. The study reveals that access to assets and market information in combination with particular household characteristics are important determinants of market participation. Among the assets of a household, a reasonably sized area of arable land tends to encourage participation in all markets, apart from the market for other field crops market. Ownership of livestock tends to stimulate livestock selling and also the level of maize sales. Ownership of arable land and livestock contribute to the economies of scale of production, which leads to lower transaction costs per unit output sold. Non-farm earnings only alleviate variable transaction costs in horticultural markets, but not in other field crops markets. Pensions discourage participation in high value commodities markets since they are viewed as alternative cash income. Indicators enhancing the role of information access include proximity to markets and contacts with the extension service. Proximity to markets reduces variable transaction costs in horticultural markets and fixed transaction costs in livestock markets. The study shows that every kilometre closer in proximity to markets, the horticultural sales increase by R152. Proximity and contact with extension services discourage participation in other field crops markets. Good road conditions reduce transaction costs for livestock and other field crops. The study also shows that in spite of bad road conditions some horticulture farmers still manage to market most of their products. A larger sized household tends to increase the transaction costs in marketing all commodities except for the other field crops. Female farmers tend to participate more in livestock markets as they own small livestock and poultry that are easy to sell, and keep livestock for livelihood purposes rather than for social status. On the other hand, female farmers appear to be constrained in their participation in horticultural markets, ostensibly due to problems of access to irrigation resources and cultural and legal perceptions. Older farmers with enough social capital are willing to sell, but in horticulture and maize they tend to sell lower quantities. The study raises issues which, when attended to, might reduce the transaction costs, particularly by enhancing access to information and providing endowments to farming households. Some constraints require direct policy measures, such as policies dealing with land reform, extension services, education and legal reforms, and then there are those that require indirect intervention and private sector involvement such as road networks and market availability.Dissertation (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2002.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
Unrestricted
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Zwane, Meshack Thulane. "School feeding programmes as a mechanism to improve market access for smallholder farmers in rural areas of South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50838.
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It is widely postulated that school feeding programmes that use locally-produced food, specifically from within the boundaries of a community or district, can bring about additional welfare for the children involved and also for local smallholders and small processors. In countries such as Brazil, Thailand, India, Ghana, Kenya and Mali, the school feeding programmes have played a pivotal role in reducing hunger and malnutrition of children, as well as boosting domestic food production through local production. The Brazilian example of sourcing locally-produced food for school feeding programmes confirms that it is feasible to link food production, school meals, nutrition education and community participation.
The primary aim of this dissertation was to investigate the current role of school feeding programmes as a vehicle for improving market access for smallholders in South Africa. Moreover, the aim is to establish whether the school feeding programmes, especially in rural schools of South Africa, have become an important market for smallholders. The study was conducted in the Jozini Local Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) – an area highlighted in the National Development Plan as an area with vast untapped agricultural potential and where there should be greater support for public–private partnership. Two questionnaires were administered, namely farm household questionnaires and school questionnaires, to assess smallholder capacity and procurement strategies used by the schools. Key informants included officials of the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) at district level, the Department of Agriculture, smallholder farmers, and agricultural extension officers, as well as the school principals and current service providers. It is obvious that the majority of vegetables required by the NSNP can be sourced in large quantities from smallholder farmers and are available throughout the year (April to September). These vegetables are produced mainly on small plots of land measuring less than one hectare because of the lack of market access and the intensive care required. However, maize and rice (major products in demand by NSNP in the study area) cannot be sourced directly because the school requires a processed product; it might be difficult for farmers to undertake such value addition since there are no small local processors in Jozini. In cases where local production is not sufficient or unavailable, consideration should be given to procuring foodstuff from local supermarkets or wholesalers. Even though farmers have the ability to produce food items for the NSNP market, the study area is still constrained by a lack of access to agro-processing and value addition facilities, transport, post-harvest storage and production inputs.
Findings revealed that the NSNP market does have the potential to be a reliable and stable market, but currently, the NSNP implementation and procurement modality is based on a contracted service provider/middleman. In its current state of implementation, the NSNP does not facilitate smallholder inclusion in the NSNP supply chain. Smallholder farmers in the study area have not participated directly in the school feeding supply chain. Only three (2.8 %) of the local smallholder farmers have sold foodstuffs directly to NSNP, while 97.2 % have not delivered any agricultural produce to the programme. As a result, expected outcomes are not yet realised because the current model of procurement in the study area does not engage with farmers directly. That being the case, in order to facilitate smallholder inclusion in NSNP supply chain, the study recommends the introduction of a decentralised procurement system, together with a new menu recommending more local foods and a centralised payment system to avoid corruption at school level.
The study also shows that the choice of a procurement model depends on the duties carried out by the middlemen and the farmer’s cooperative. For instance, the middleman approach reduces the administration work of the NSNP. It also covers factors, such as the placing of orders, processing of invoices and transportation of produce, which the farmers might not be able to cover. However, this approach does not ensure engagement with farmers directly, and the supply chain is too long. A farmers’ group approach is ideal as it engages smallholder farmers directly through farmers’ cooperatives. Further, the study recommends that farmers should organise themselves into a marketing and distribution cooperative in order to meet volume and distribution requirements of the NSNP.
This study concluded that the government – through its partnership with the private sector – could play a key role in the development of the local economy by assisting smallholder farmers to supply local institutional markets, such as schools. The NSNP project is strategically positioned to address these needs. More creativity is needed for projects, such as the NSNP, to impact on the lives of beneficiary communities. In addition, structural hindrances should be removed to facilitate more economic activity in previously disadvantaged communities. This could potentially reduce the scourge of unemployment in communities and also enhance nutrition, as well as the quality of education in South Africa.Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MScAgric
Unrestricted
Books on the topic "Smallholder market access constraints"
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Zeller, Manfred. Market access by smallholder farmers in Malawi: Implications for technology adoption, agricultural productivity, and crop income. Washington, D.C: Food Consumption and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, 1997.
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Achilles, Costales, ed. Scale and access issues affecting smallholder hog producers in an expanding peri-urban market: Southern Luzon, Philippines. Washington, D.C: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2006.
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EU regulation of access to labour markets: A case study of EU constraints on member state competences. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2012.
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Agarwal, Bina. Food Security, Productivity, and Gender Inequality. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.002.
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This chapter examines the relationship between gender inequality and food security, with a particular focus on women as food producers, consumers, and family food managers. The discussion is set against the backdrop of rising and volatile food prices, the vulnerabilities created by regional concentrations of food production, imports and exports, the feminization of agriculture, and the projected effect of climate change on crop yields. The chapter outlines the constraints women face as farmers, in terms of their access to land, credit, production inputs, technology, and markets. It argues that there is substantial potential for increasing agricultural output by helping women farmers overcome these production constraints and so bridging the productivity differentials between them and male farmers. This becomes even more of an imperative, given the feminization of agriculture. The chapter spells out the mechanisms, especially institutional, for overcoming the constraints and the inequalities women face as producers, consumers, and home food managers. Institutionally, a group approach to farming could, for instance, enable women and other small holders to enhance their access to land and inputs, benefit from economies of scale, and increase their bargaining power. Other innovative solutions discussed here include the creation of Public Land Banks that would empower the smallholder, and the establishment of agricultural resource centers that would cater especially to small-scale women farmers.
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Strengthening smallholder producers' skills and market access. FAO and IFPRI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4060/cb6534en.
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Nelson, Rebecca, and Richard Coe. Agroecological Intensification of Smallholder Farming. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.006.
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The smallholder farmers who cultivate many of the planet’s diverse production systems are faced with numerous challenges, including poverty, shrinking farm sizes, degrading natural resources, and climate variability and change. Efforts to improve the performance of smallholder farming systems focus on improving access to input and output markets, improving farm resource use efficiency, and improving resources invested in smallholder farming. In order to support market-oriented production and self-provisioning, there is a need for greater focus on agroecological intensification (AEI) of smallholder production systems. This chapter provides an overview of some of the research frontiers supporting AEI. Market-oriented and agroecological approaches may or may not conflict, and more effort should be made to ensure that they are mutually reinforcing. To be reliable, value chains must be founded on sound production ecology. Agroecological options may be limited if farmers cannot participate in markets that support investment in the intensification and diversification of these systems. Because options must be adapted to farmers’ heterogeneous and dynamic contexts, successful AEI will require that specifics be optimized locally. Researchers must therefore understand and communicate relevant agroecological principles, and farmers and intermediaries must develop their capacity to adapt the principles to local needs and realities.
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Brutscher, Philipp-Bastian, and Debora Revoltella. Infrastructure Investment in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0017.
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Using new estimates of infrastructure investment in Europe, this chapter documents a sharp fall in infrastructure investment activities in recent years, with government investment and investments targeted at transport infrastructure being most affected. The chapter discusses a broad range of reasons for the poor investment performance, including budget consolidation efforts—in particular, at the sub-sovereign level—low commercial returns to investment and, in certain market segments, access to finance constraints. The chapter concludes with a description of the role of the European Investment Bank in stimulating more infrastructure investment through its financing activities, its technical advisory assistance, and its input to regulatory and structural reform in Europe.
Book chapters on the topic "Smallholder market access constraints"
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Obi, Ajuruchukwu, and Peter Pote. "Technical constraints to market access for crop and livestock farmers in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape province." In Unlocking markets to smallholders, 91–112. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-168-2_4.
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Njagi, Timothy, and Yukichi Mano. "Toward a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Farm Mechanization in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme." In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 63–73. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_5.
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AbstractGovernments in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have made concerted efforts to improve farmers’ adoption of modern technologies in their farm operations to realize a rice Green Revolution, improve food security, and alleviate poverty. However, smallholder farmers’ access to farm mechanization in SSA remains constrained due to supply-side and demand-side challenges. On the supply side, the market for agricultural machinery services is often underdeveloped. On the demand side, the smallholders with inadequate knowledge of improved rice cultivation practices have limited demand for mechanized services despite increasing wage rates. This study analyzes the mechanization process of rice farmers in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kenya. The Mwea Irrigation Scheme is the most advanced rice production area in SSA, with farmers familiar with improved rice cultivation practices, well-functioning input credit markets, and millers adopting modern milling technologies, enabling local rice to compete with imported Asian rice. Analyzing original data collected in 2011, 2016, and 2018, we found that most farmers in Mwea implemented rotavation using tractor services provided by farmers’ cooperatives, while they implemented leveling using draft animals. Non-cooperative members reduced tractor use and adopted draft animals to implement both harrowing and leveling, implying the importance of a well-developed mechanization service market.
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Steidle, Mildred, and Gerald A. Herrmann. "Group Certification: Market Access for Smallholder Agriculture." In Natural Resource Management in Transition, 639–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14877-9_34.
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van Tilburg, Aad, Litha Magingxa, Emma V. Kambewa, Herman D. van Schalkwyk, and Alemu Zeruhin Gudeta. "Smallholder market access and governance in supply chains." In Unlocking markets to smallholders, 219–41. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-168-2_10.
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Sah, Uma, S. K. Chaturvedi, G. P. Dixit, N. P. Singh, and P. Gaur. "Organized Farmers Towards Chickpea Seed Self-Sufficiency in Bundelkhand Region of India." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 113–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_8.
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AbstractSmallholder partner farmers under TL-III project were organized into four registered Farmers’ Seed Societies for addressing the challenge of constrained availability of quality seed of improved chickpea varieties in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh state, India. These seed societies formed in Banda, Hamirpur and Chitrakoot districts contributed towards strengthening the formal seed system of chickpea by contributing 21.8 tons of chickpea seed (FS/TL) of recommended varieties (kabuli: Ujjawal, Shubhra; Desi: JG 14, JG 16 and JAKI 9218) and marketed it to institutionalized seed chains. More than 1500 partner farmers directly received the improved seed through farmers ‘seed societies while 1788 non-partner farmers received it indirectly through social networks. The interventions boosted chickpea productivity from 0.78 to 1.19 t/ha in the project villages. The efforts of the farmers’ societies to strengthen the informal seed system through farmer-to-farmer horizontal diffusion resulted in area enhancement under the introduced chickpea varieties up to 68% in the project villages while putting in place a system for supply of improved chickpea seed which can be replicated in other districts in India.
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Grwambi, B., P. Ingenbleek, A. Obi, R. A. Schipper, and H. C. M. van Trijp. "8. Towards achieving sustainable market access by South African smallholder deciduous fruit producers: the road ahead." In Quality and innovation in food chains, 161–86. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-825-4_8.
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Lipumba, Nguyuru H. I. "Domestic Supply Constraints versus Market Access: International Trade and Economic Development in Tanzania." In Developing Countries and the Global Trading System, 316–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20417-5_16.
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Akpo, Essegbemon, Chris O. Ojiewo, Issoufou Kapran, Lucky O. Omoigui, Agathe Diama, and Rajeev K. Varshney. "Innovation Platform for Catalyzing Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties to Smallholder Farmers." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 199–205. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_14.
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AbstractInnovation platform resolves systemic problems and unlock opportunities for farmers and other stakeholders along commodity value chains. It brokers change in a wide variety of areas involving technological barriers for increased on-farm genetic gains, financial services and privileges for smooth running of seed business and other farming activities, social change and gender equality in society, new commodity market opportunities, increased interactions between stakeholders, e-services for increased crop productivity and production, sustainability of seed production and delivery systems through a variety of stakeholders for various seed classes.
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Obi, A., P. Pote, and J. Chianu. "Market Access: Components, Interactions, and Implications in Smallholder Agriculture in the Former Homeland Area of South Africa." In Innovations as Key to the Green Revolution in Africa, 1161–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2543-2_118.
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Chichaybelu, Mekasha, Nigusie Girma, Asnake Fikre, Bekele Gemechu, Tiruaynet Mekuriaw, Tesfaye Geleta, Wubishet Chiche, Jean-Claude Rubyogo, Essegbemon Akpo, and Chris O. Ojiewo. "Enhancing Chickpea Production and Productivity Through Stakeholders’ Innovation Platform Approach in Ethiopia." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 97–111. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_7.
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AbstractChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third important food legume both in area and production after common beans and faba beans in Ethiopia. However, the productivity of the crop was very low compared to the potential as a result of non-use of improved varieties and technologies generated by the research system. To enhance the use of the improved and associated research technologies a National Chickpea Stakeholders Innovation Platform was established in 2013 with the objective of bringing together various stakeholders acting on the value chain in order to identify major challenges and find solutions that would be implemented through synergetic efforts. The platform identified seed shortage as a major bottleneck in the sector. This issue has been addressed through establishing farmers’ seed producer associations with the help of R&D partners and currently they are the major suppliers nationwide. Side by side, the platform strengthened the extension effort and triggered dissemination of improved technologies to a large number of farmers. As a result, productivity of the crop by model farmers increased by fourfold and the national productivity has been doubled to 2 ton ha−1 in the last decade. The platform also worked on improving access to market and recently chickpea joined the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange market. Cognizant of the huge development potential of the crop, the platform is striving to further strengthen the intervention and reap opportunities.
Conference papers on the topic "Smallholder market access constraints"
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LaVoice, Kelly, Daniel Hickey, and Mark Williams. "Pain Points and Solutions: Bringing Data for Startups to Campus." In Charleston Library Conference. Purdue Univeristy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317163.
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Entrepreneurship is growing as a cross- and inter-disciplinary area of focus for higher education. From patent and tech transfer offices to business, science, and engineering programs, the demand for entrepreneurship resources and support delivered via libraries is booming. Building library collections to help patrons design, launch, and run successful businesses is challenging: Market research and private equity/venture capital resources arrive at premium prices. Increasingly, these resources must interoperate with software used to clean, analyze, and visualize data. This data is often difficult to find and deploy. Restrictive, corporate-style licenses reflect that new vendors are not yet acclimated to the academic market’s access requirements and licensing constraints. This paper will share a framework for how to understand entrepreneurship in higher education and explain the types of information commonly requested by users. Such information often exists in disciplinary silos, emphasizing the importance of collaborative collection development across subject lines. The authors will explore the unique challenges to building collections that serve patrons developing new ventures. This includes collaborating with external stakeholders to fund resources that have not been traditionally purchased by libraries. Strategies for licensing data and other e-resources in this space will be discussed, including the central complications arising from universities as incubators for for-profit startups. The authors will suggest best practices for building relationships with stakeholders, developing relevant collections and services, and marketing these resources to support communities.
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Wright, Leah, and Trevor Townsend. "SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AS IT RELATES TO TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IN SIDS: A CASE STUDY IN TRINIDAD." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/cpyi3065.
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The objective of this research was to analyse the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the travel behaviour of Trinidadians. Many studies have shown that a relationship exists between the socio-economic and sociodemographic characteristics of an individual and their travel patterns. A better understanding of this relationship can influence transportation policy decisions and therefore, aid in improvement to the overall transportation structure. This understanding of travel behaviour is of particular importance in developing countries and SIDS, where there is limited geographical space, economic constraints and an influx of competitive unregulated paratransit modes into the transportation system. Trinidad, like other developing countries and SIDS, has a public transportation system that is dominated by paratransit modes. More notably, there is increasing penetration of illegally operated paratransit modes, that are aggressively competing in the market and gaining a lot of traction. Data was collected in January 2018 using a revealed preference survey of commuters’ work-based tours in, Trincity, a middle-income housing area with good highway and public transportation access. Results showed that income, age, distance from workplace and gender all affect the likelihood of public transport usage as a primary mode of a work tour and there were gender-based differences in the incidence of walking as part of the tour. Additionally, although most public transportation users considered the government bus service as the safest and illegal paratransit services as the least safe, the usage of such services was more than five times that of the bus. The research points to important service and policy actions which need to be taken to encourage and support shifts to more sustainable modes.
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Stauffer, Jean-Michel. "Standard MEMS Capacitive Accelerometers for Harsh Environment." In CANEUS 2006: MNT for Aerospace Applications. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/caneus2006-11070.
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Many markets have already successfully introduced MEMS based products in a very large panel of applications. When looking carefully at the market implantation, it is very interesting to see that benefits of this technology go well beyond the obvious size advantage. Size and weight but also performance, power consumption, parallel manufacturing capability and cost or reliability are common arguments in favour of this family of products. Nowadays, standard MEMS technologies give access to a broad range of unexpected new applications opportunities by always pushing the products at their limits, mainly in term of environmental constraints. Great potentials have been demonstrated and have engendered development alliance to improve the performances of the products in so called harsh environments: Imagine the utilization of an accelerometer in oil and gas prospecting applications. They must provide precise measurements in a very high or cold temperature environment, in a world of extreme vibrations and must potentially endure very high shocks. The objective of this presentation is to review actual results and current limitations when using MEMS sensors in harsh environments (temperature, shock, vibration, environment, security). The conjunction of material and technologies (standard Si, SiC or SOI), advanced micromachining techniques and advanced assembly techniques are the key to provide robust sensors. Within a large portfolio of examples, the following applications will be presented and developed in more details: • Accelerometers surviving shock levels up to 20’000g with minimum impact on specification. • Very robust MEMS sensors used between −120°C and +180°C. MEMS sensors in harsh environment are already a reality and various products are already available off the shelf and supplied with high volume opportunities.
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Hintersteiner, Jason D. "The Application of Axiomatic Design to Complex Wi-Fi Systems." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50998.
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Axiomatic Design is a technique that has been applied to multiple disciplines for enabling design, analysis, and troubleshooting of complex systems. In this paper, the principles of Axiomatic Design are applied to Wi-Fi networking. Wi-Fi is the information backbone for numerous applications, including Internet connectivity, video surveillance, data collection and inventory tracking in manufacturing and warehouse environments, patient location and health status monitoring in assisted living and hospital environments, along with numerous others. A Wi-Fi system consists of multiple access points working in tandem to provide seamless, high-speed, and high-quality wireless coverage to one or more wireless client devices. To implement such a network effectively, the Wi-Fi engineer must understand and control the interactions between multiple engineering disciplines, most notably information technology, network engineering, radio frequency physics, antenna design, and materials science. Technology development in this field is fast-paced, with new standards and capabilities being introduced into the market every couple of years. Additionally, the customer expectations (i.e. requirements) are changing as well once the Wi-Fi network is installed, as data demands from new types of devices like smartphones, tablets, and network appliances are introduced long after the original network was implemented. This paper shows that there are three primary functional requirements for a Wi-Fi network, namely client usage type, coverage area, and client capacity. When designing, implementing, or troubleshooting a Wi-Fi network, there are four primary design parameters that can be controlled, namely AP antenna / model, location, channel, and transmission power. Axiomatic Design demonstrates that these four design parameters are coupled, and thus cannot be manipulated independently. Nevertheless, by effectively implementing Axiomatic Design techniques to define a set of best practices, these four key parameters can be decoupled and properly linked back to the requirements and constraints of the system to simplify the design, implementation, and troubleshooting of a Wi-Fi network.
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Alsuwailem, Majed. "The Road to Zero Routine Gas Flaring: A Case Study from Saudi Arabia." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21182-ms.
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Abstract Gas is envisaged as the fuel of choice in the power sector and is ideal for helping to transition toward clean, sustainable, and affordable energy access. As vital as gas is for electricity generation, the petrochemical industry, the transportation sector, and heating, many oil operators either flare or vent associated gas, a by-product of oil extraction, at the wellhead or gathering stations. Gas flaring releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. It occurs for various reasons, including infrastructure and financial constraints to capture the gas, inadequate regulatory frameworks, or binding contractual rights. The World Bank estimated the amount of flared natural gas in the oil and gas industry reached 5.1 trillion cubic feet (tcf) in 2018 (World Bank 2018). The amount of energy lost due to flaring or venting this gas is equivalent to more than 770 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh). It releases more than 310 million tonnes of carbon equivalent. Many countries and oil operators have managed to mitigate gas flaring and venting across their oil and gas value chains due to these troubling statistics. One such example is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Before 1975, the Saudi oil and gas industry flared or vented over 4 billion standard cubic feet (SCF) of associated gas, a by-product of oil extraction. The flaring intensity would have increased had it not been for the construction of Saudi Arabia’s Master Gas System (MGS). The Kingdom’s gas flaring mitigation process is a successful case study of how governments and oil operators can collaborate to eliminate gas flaring by developing a domestic market for gas and enhancing the value of natural gas resources. It also demonstrates the successful transition that the kingdom had in the past five decades to achieve zero flaring through technology deployment and advancing the "reduce" component of the circular carbon economy. This paper discusses Saudi Arabia’s progress in gas flaring, the measures the government has taken thus far, and how operators have adapted to them. It also identifies many lessons learned and technological solutions that could be scaled up on a national or a corporate level to reduce gas flaring towards achieving zero routine flaring targets, especially in cases where the state owns hydrocarbon assets and leases them to private operators.
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Raj, Rengalakshmi, Thamizoli Perumal, and Venkataraman Balaji. "MobiMOOC – A Practical Learning Tool to Promote Corporate Literacy for Effective Functioning of Farmer Producer Organizations." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.2639.
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Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood to more than 70% of rural households in India. Of the total farmers, 87% are small-holders with less than two hectares of land. Yet they play an imperative role in agriculture development and poverty reduction. They face constraints to adopt technologies, access credit services, buy inputs, get market links and achieve economies of scale. As a mitigation measure, in the recent past, Indian government has adopted the development of the Farmer Producer Organization (FPO) to collectivize farmers with the core objectives of doubling farmers income by reducing production costs, improving productivity, strengthening participation in the value-chain and foster business principles. As on date 10,000 FPOs are formed in India with an average 700 to 1000 shareholders and registered under the company’s act. However, there have been gaps and challenges in securing the active participation of the shareholders in contributing to the business. The recent impact study conducted in the state of Maharashtra pointed out that FPOs resulted in rising in price realization among 22% of members and 28% accessed inputs at a lesser cost. Although results are encouraging, promoting the participation of all members in business transactions is crucial to the growth of the company. The main barriers are limited understanding among shareholders about their roles, responsibilities, rights, operational structure, and governance of the organization. Members perceive the FPO as one more collective and thus they miss connecting the corporate dimension in their organization. Thus, promoting continuous learning among shareholders and leaders about the above-listed issues is necessary for their active participation in the company activities and achieving a successful business. // Against this backdrop, a corporate literacy course was designed and piloted using the MobiMOOC digital tool with 24 FPOs from five districts, having an average shareholder base of 1035, in Tamil Nadu, India. Contents are prepared based on the learner's needs assessment conducted and categorized into blocks, divided into units and chunks. The contents were disseminated to farmers as voice calls on simple mobile phones with options of retrieving (IVRS) and listening when convenient to individual farmers. In this paper we will discuss the experiences of pedagogy adopted, design and dissemination of contents, feedback of learners on how it supported in gaining and knowledge on FPOs, and how they practiced the learning in their FPOs businesses and its impacts. The paper will also touch upon the scope for replication of the learnings.
Reports on the topic "Smallholder market access constraints"
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Casaburi, Lorenzo, Rachel Glennerster, Tavneet Suri, and Sullay Kamara. Providing collateral and improving product market access for smallholder farmers: A randomized evaluation of inventory credit in Sierra Leone. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/ow31180.
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Morgan, Miranda, and Alastair Stewart. Making Market Systems Work for Women Farmers in Tajikistan: A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in Tajikistan. Oxfam GB, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5372.
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Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. In Tajikistan, the Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) programme has been implemented in five districts of Khatlon Province by Oxfam in partnership with local public organizations, League of Women Lawyers of Tajikistan (LWL) and Neksigol Mushovir. The GEM programme in Tajikistan sought to directly improve the livelihoods of an estimated 3,000 smallholder farmers (60 percent women) in fruit and vegetable value chains through improved production skills, resilience to climate risks, access to market opportunities and greater engagement with market players, and strengthened ability to influence private sector and government actors. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also to changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.
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Morgan, Miranda, Alastair Stewart, and Simone Lombardini. Making Market Systems Work for Women Farmers in Zambia: A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets programme in the Copperbelt region of Zambia. Oxfam GB, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5389.
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Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. In Zambia, the GEM programme has been implemented in four districts of the Copperbelt Province in coordination with implementing partners Heifer Programmes International and the Sustainable Agricultural Programme (SAP). The GEM programme in the Copperbelt seeks to directly improve the livelihoods of an estimated 4,000 smallholder farmers (75 percent women) in the dairy and soya value chains through improved production skills, resilience to climate risks, access to market opportunities, greater engagement with market players and strengthened ability to influence private sector and government actors. The evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme might have contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also to changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme.
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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan, and Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.
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Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.
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Strachan, Anna Louise. Potential Private Sector Involvement in Supporting Refugee Livelihoods and Self-reliance in Uganda: Annotated Bibliography. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.072.
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There is some evidence of the private sector playing a role in supporting refugee livelihoods and self-reliance in Uganda during the period 2016-2020. However, a number of evaluations and research reports highlight the potential for greater private sector involvement, if existing constraints are addressed. Key lessons identified in the literature include the need for more research, especially on market potential, to address the existing knowledge gaps on the role the private sector can play in supporting refugee livelihoods and self-reliance in Uganda. The literature notes that limited access to capital, as well as appropriate financing schemes, are key constraints to the growth of the agribusiness sector. Furthermore, access to natural resources required for agri-business, such as land and water needs to receive more attention from NGOs and donors. The evidence also shows that there is a need for guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian adaptations of market systems development programming. The literature also notes that local actors should be involved in the design and assessment of investment opportunities and risk of interventions to increase project impact.
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Osidoma, Japhet, and Ashiru Mohammed Kinkwa. Creatively Improving Agricultural Practices and Productivity: Pro Resilience Action (PROACT) project, Nigeria. Oxfam, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7260.
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Since April 2016, The European Union and the Oxfam Pro-Resilience Action Project in Kebbi and Adamawa States, Nigeria, have supported poor smallholder rural farmers to improve their agricultural productivity. The project has a specific focus on increasing crop yields per hectare for better land usage, as well as ensuring farmers possess the skills they need to maintain good agricultural practices, such as inputs utilization and climate mitigation strategies, as well as an information-sharing system on weather and market prices. The project uses a Farmer Field School model that continues to serve as a viable platform for rural farmers to access hands-on skills and basic modern farming knowledge and techniques. The case studies presented here demonstrate a significant increase in farmers’ productivity, income and resilience. This approach should be emulated by governments and private sector players to achieve impact at scale in Nigeria’s agricultural sector, which is the country’s top non-oil revenue stream.
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Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab, Abu Sonchoy, Muhammad Meki, and Simon Quinn. Virtual Migration through Online Freelancing: Evidence from Bangladesh. Digital Pathways at Oxford, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2021/03.
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Youth unemployment is a major issue in many developing countries, particularly in locations not well connected with large urban markets. A limited number of available job opportunities in urban centres may reduce the benefit of policies that encourage rural–urban migration. In this project, we investigated the feasibility of ‘virtual migration’, by training rural youth in Bangladesh to become online freelancers, enabling them to export their labour services to a global online marketplace. We did this by setting up a ‘freelancing incubator’, which provided the necessary workspace and infrastructure – specifically, high-speed internet connectivity and computers. Close mentoring was also provided to participants to assist in navigating the competitive online marketplace. We show the exciting potential of online work for improving the incomes of poor youth in developing countries. We also highlight the constraints to this type of work: financing constraints for the high training cost, access to the necessary work infrastructure, and soft skills requirements to succeed in the market. We also shed light on some promising possibilities for innovative financial contracts and for ‘freelancing incubators’ or ‘virtual exporting companies’ to assist students in their sourcing of work and skills development.
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Price, Roz. Private Sector Investment in the Clean Energy Sector in the Pacific Islands. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.132.
Full textAbstract:
Most Pacific small island developing states (SIDS) have ambitious renewable energy targets which call for huge investment, a significant part of which is expected to come from the private sector (IFC, 2021). Although there are around 40 renewable energy projects across the Pacific SIDS either already operating, under construction, or planned for commissioning in the next decade, they are still heavily reliant on imported fuel. Given the huge funding gap in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate objectives in developing countries, private financing has been advocated for as the solution for the shortfall, as it has a large pool of capital available and catalytic properties that could effectively scale-up the “reach” and the scope of influence of public financing (Samuwai, 2021). Private sector partners are particularly critical to supporting SIDS as they often struggle to access international capital markets due to their high debt levels, lack of creditworthiness or small market size (UN-OHRLLS, 2022). However, there is still a general lack of private sector financing in the renewable energy sector in the Pacific SIDS (PIFS, 2018; Samuwai, 2021). Whether private finance mobilisation for clean energy is realistic at the scales needed in the Pacific SIDS is not answered clearly in the literature, although much of it is based on the assumption that there is no real alternative to private sector investment. This rapid review hence explores some of the key drivers, constraints and opportunities to the mobilisation and scale-up of this private sector investment.