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Journal articles on the topic 'Smallholder farmer'
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1
Aiba, Aksen, J. C. Loing, B. Rorimpandey, and L. S. Kalangi. "ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHA PETERNAK SAPI POTONG DI KECAMATAN WEDA SELATAN KABUPATEN HALMAHERA TENGAH." ZOOTEC 38, no. 1 (January 8, 2018): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.38.1.2018.18622.
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ABSTRACT INCOME ANALYSIS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS FOR BEEF CATTLE IN SOUTH WEDA DISTRICT OF CENTRAL HALMAHERA REGENCY. Objective of this study was to evaluate the income and factors affecting income of smallholder farmer of beef cattle on the high land and low land at South Weda district of Central Halmahera regency. Samples of these smallholder farmers were defined by purposive method based on high population of beef cattle. Quantitative data were analyzed by multiple regression model. Results showed that the average production costs were IDR 37,310,606.00 on high land location and IDR 25,597,372.00 on low land location. The average output of smallholder farmers from beef cattle were IDR 56,397,059.00 on high land location and IDR 38,475,000.00 on low land location. Therefore, their incomes were IDR 19,086,453.00/year on high land location and IDR 12,877,628.00/year on low land location. Result of multiple regression analysis showed that beef cattle stock variable (animal value at end of year) affected on the smallholder farmer income of beef cattle, while education and age of smallholders did not affect on their income at South Weda district of Central Halmahera regency. Key words: Smallholder farmer income, South Weda district Central Halmahera regency.
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Esekhade, T. U., S. O. Idoko, Chioma U. Abolo, and S. Igberase. "Sustainability of rubber agroforestry strategies in boosting smallholders’ resilience to cope with the realities of new global challenges." E3S Web of Conferences 305 (2021): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130502004.
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In the face of a global pandemic, the ever-present threat of climate change and the highly unstable economic and social global systems the resource poor smallholder farmer is increasingly finding it harder to meet with the daily challenges of sustaining the livelihood of the farmer and his family. This paper is a review of the challenges of smallholder’s rubber farmers, strategies adopted to build the resilience of the farmers and technological adaptations to sustain the resilience of the smallholder’s rubber farmers in Nigeria. The work looked at the manipulation of space or spacing techniques in rubber-based agroforestry systems, mixed farming in rubber production, cropping patterns, soil nutrient and weed management methods and socioeconomic benefits to the rubber smallholders. The results indicated that RBAF systems helped resource poor rural farmers increase family food supply, improved income and reduced the gestation period of rubber leading to improved livelihood. This results will help in attracting more smallholders to rubber plantation establishment, leading to increased national rubber production for local and international markets and increase industrial development in rubber and rubber related products.
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Silvert, Colby, John Diaz, Laura Warner, and Willis Ochieng. "To work alone or with peers: Exploring smallholder coffee farmers’ perceptions influencing collective actions." Advancements in Agricultural Development 2, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37433/aad.v2i2.95.
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This study examines how smallholder coffee farmers’ perceptions may influence their engagement in peer mobilization and collective action. Forty smallholder coffee farmers were interviewed in the Central Highlands region of Peru using a closed-ended instrument. The sample of smallholder farmers was achieved using purposive and snowball sampling methods. Quantitative data on farmers’ attitudes and aspirations regarding working with peers, autonomy, and external support as well as knowledge, skills, and behaviors pertinent to collective actions were collected and analyzed using descriptive and correlational procedures. Key findings indicate farmers perceive a need for external support, feel there are benefits of collective actions, and aspire to work with their peers. Based on the findings, it is recommended that practitioners and farmer group leaders focus training efforts on building smallholders’ knowledge and skills in mobilization, encourage peer association/collective action as a source of external support, and target knowledgeable, skilled and confident farmers to lead collective actions. This study has implications to bolster support for farmer-to-farmer extension and technical assistance systems and inform the identification of leader farmers.
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Indrawirawan, B. Suwignyo, and T. A. Kusumastuti. "Smallholder planning for Bali cattle fattening in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 951, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/951/1/012020.
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Abstract This study aims to analyse enterprise budgeting and the factors that affect the smallholder Bali cattle fattening income in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The total respondents were 46 farmers include 11 farmers at Bali cattle fattening enterprise six-month period and 35 farmers at fattening enterprise nine-month period. Respondents were selected using a purposive method. The data of the research was collected using interviews with questionnaires. Analysis of economic potential as follows net income and return to labour and management used enterprise budgeting analysis. The factors that affect the income of farmers using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the 6- and 9-month fattening period of the smallholder Bali cattle fattening have net income of IDR 23,122,086 / farmer/period and IDR 11,926,657/farmer/period. In addition, it provides returns to labour and management of IDR 27,428,173/farmer/period and IDR 15,111,982/farmer/period. The number of feeder cattle and non-formal education dummy partially and significantly influence (P<0.01) income smallholders. Smallholder Bali cattle fattening enterprise is a potential business alternative to generate income for rural communities.
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Nurliza, Nurliza, and Fauyan. "Behavioral Changes of Independent Palm Smallholders Farmers through Farmer Institution." Jurnal Penyuluhan 17, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.25015/17202131699.
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Farmer institutions along with regulatory, normative, and cultural cognitive aspects have important roles in social cohesion to achieve the food security of independent palm smallholder farmer households. However, some dysfunctionalities and external challenges affect the structure of their institutions. This paper aims to find ways to change the behavior of independent palm smallholder farmers by identifying the internal and external factors of their behaviors in their institutions. The data were collected from 100 smallholders in West Kalimantan using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results indicate that the internal factors do not influence farmers’ behavior because of lack of social influences on their relationships, exceptional characteristics of the region, and a mismatch between perceived risk sources and risk management strategies. Meanwhile, the external factors (the surrounding environment, institutional information, the extension roles, ISPO, reward, and family encouragement) show positive influences on farmers' behavior. Therefore, to optimize the behavioral changes of independent palm smallholders in their institutions, knowledge exchange is necessary through formal or informal communication networks. Also, they need to have the connections with institutional buyers and potential agro-processing entrepreneurs and the connection with appropriate formal saving schemes, and financial products in their value chains.
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Sita, Kralawi, Sunarru Samsi Hariadi, and Subejo Subejo. "The Role of Tea Farmer Group in Tea Smallholder Downstream Supply Chain Cooperatives in West Java Province, Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1059.
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West Java Province is the center of the largest tea producer in Indonesia, includes its tea smallholders. The existence of tea farmer groups as main actor on tea agribusiness plays important and strategic role in realizing sustainability business unit for tea smallholder downstream supply chain. This study aims to: (1) describes the role of tea farmer groups on tea smallholder downstream supply chain; 2) describes the development of tea smallholder downstream supply chain cooperatives. The main method of this study used a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected by in depth interview and focus group discussion (FGD). Data sources were analyzed by used analysis triangulation. The results shown that a few active tea farmer groups in West Java, can successful run the role of group as a business unit in downstream supply chain that has changed its member’s behavior in tea selling activity, improved the member’s income, improved the value added of tea smallholder product, improved the transfer of simple processing technology of tea production, encouraged the local tea product creation, improved tea promotion with government support, and built network in market. In develop sustainability tea supply chain cooperatives, tea farmer groups together joint in tea farmer group association (Gapoktan) to built own factory and village unit cooperative (Koperasi), built network and make a partnerships with government, private plantation, tea factories, and stores. The challenges of tea farmers groups in downstream supply chain are capital, tea prices, and policy that pro tea smallholder. So, sustainable assistance and extension to tea farmer groups important needed. Keywords: role, tea farmer group, downstream, supply chain, cooperative
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Mustikaningrum, Dhina. "Strengthening Farmer Organization for Smallholder Farmers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1131, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1131/1/012001.
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Abstract One of Smallholder farmers face various obstacles in developing their farming business including access to capital one of the efforts to answer the challenge is to strengthen farmer organizations. In Tuban, there is a HIPPA or Water User Farmers Association that is able to provide capital for farmers and contribute to Village Income. This study aims to analyze strategies to strengthen HIPPA Sekar Padi in Bandungrejo Village to increase capital loans for farmer and village income. The method used in this study is SWOT analysis based on the results of processing organizational documents and in-depth interviews with HIPPA administrators and farmers. The main strategy to strengthen HIPPA to contribute to village income and provide capital for farmers is reduce fuel and electricity consumption and ensure that the Tuban Regency Government accelerates the construction of flood prevention infrastructure. Through changing the electricity tariff class from business to industry, HIPPA can contribute 35-45 million rupiah to village income in dry season and more than 100 million rupiah to increase capital for famers. In the rainy season, HIPPA relies heavily on government policies to control floods. By increasing capital for farmers, it is hoped that it can help farmer access production facilities. By additional village income, the village government can build basic infrastructure and increasing social funds, so that the welfare of the smallholder farmers as part of SDG’s indicator can be improved.
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Devkota, Rachana, Helen Hambly Odame, John Fitzsimons, Roshan Pudasaini, and Manish N. Raizada. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Picture-Based Agricultural Extension Lessons Developed Using Participatory Testing and Editing with Smallholder Women Farmers in Nepal." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 9699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229699.
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Printed pictures are traditional forms of agricultural extension for smallholder farmers. They receive historical academic criticism but remain inexpensive, do not require technical skills (unlike smartphones), and bypass language/literacy barriers. Here, a comprehensive participatory pipeline is described that included 56 Nepalese women farmer editors to develop 100 picture-based lessons. Thereafter, the Theory of Planned Behavior is used as a framework to evaluate 20 diverse lessons using quantitative and qualitative data (Nvivo-11) collected from four groups, focusing on low-literacy women: the women farmer editors (n = 56); smallholder field testers who had prior exposure to extension agents and the actual innovations (control group, n = 120), and those who did not (test group, n = 60); expert stakeholders (extension agents/scientists, n = 25). The expected comprehension difference between farmer groups was non-substantive, suggesting that the participatory editing/testing approaches were effective. There were surprising findings compared to the academic literature: smallholders comprehended the pictures without the help of extension agents, perhaps because of the participatory approaches used; children assisted their mothers to understand caption-based lessons; the farmers preferred printed pictures compared to advanced information and communication technologies (ICTs); and the resource-poor farmers were willing to pay for the printed materials, sufficient to make them cost-neutral/scalable. These findings have implications for smallholder farmers beyond Nepal.
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Wangu, James, Ellen Mangnus, and A. C. M. (Guus) van Westen. "Recognizing Determinants to Smallholders’ Market Orientation and Marketing Arrangements: Building on a Case of Dairy Farming in Rural Kenya." Land 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060572.
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Smallholder commercialization is central to international development policy and practice. As a result, several arrangements to foster market linkages are being implemented. Especially popular are farmers’ organizations, which are believed to be owned, controlled, and financed by smallholders. As such, their design is considered inclusive given every household in a community is theoretically allowed to become a member, and the governance and management structure encourage participatory decision-making. However, even in the context in which farmers’ organizations are actively promoted, a notable proportion of smallholders may not be able to engage in market-oriented production or may opt for the existing alternative marketing arrangements, as dictated by individual households’ socioeconomic characteristics. Focusing on the case of smallholder farming in Olenguruone, Nakuru county, Kenya, where a donor funded dairy farmers’ cooperative marketing arrangement is promoted alongside existing marketing opportunities, the present research investigated the factors that determine smallholders’ commercial farming orientation and marketing arrangements. It employed a case study approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods for a more complete empirical inquiry. The findings demonstrate that irrespective of the external support provided through marketing opportunities such as farmer organizations, smallholders’ engagement in commercial farming and marketing is dictated by the socioeconomic attributes and market perceptions that are heterogeneous among households in a smallholder community.
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Nwafor, Christopher Ugochukwu, Abiodun A. Ogundeji, and Carlu van der Westhuizen. "Adoption of ICT-Based Information Sources and Market Participation among Smallholder Livestock Farmers in South Africa." Agriculture 10, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10020044.
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The study explored the contribution of information and communication technology (ICT)-based information sources to market participation among smallholder livestock farmers. Use of ICTs is considered paramount for providing smallholder farmers with required market information, and also to reduce market asymmetries. A double hurdle regression was utilized to analyze data collected from 150 smallholder livestock farmers in the study area. The results show that while use of ICT-based market information sources significantly influenced market participation, the effect of using ICT-based information sources on the intensity of market participation was not significant. Other variables shown to influence both market participation and the intensity of market participation were age, additional income and membership of farmer cooperatives. This suggests the need to consider other associated factors in the application and design of interventions that utilize ICT-based information sources to achieve market engagement among smallholders.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Azher, Sosheel Solomon Godfrey, Ryan H. L. Ip, Chipo Kachiwala, Håvard Hovdhaugen, Liveness J. Banda, Moses Limuwa, Peter C. Wynn, Tormod Ådnøy, and Lars Olav Eik. "Diversity of Sources of Income for Smallholder Farming Communities in Malawi: Importance for Improved Livelihood." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 9599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179599.
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Agriculture is vital to global food production. Around 550 million smallholding households produce most of the world’s food, and many rely on livestock rearing for a living. Smallholder farms must survive and thrive to maintain and increase food production. Baseline information is vital for further extension service interventions. The goal of this Malawian study was to collect quantitative baseline data on crop and livestock production, agriproduct sales, and other indicators through a household survey, and to compare the efficacy (in terms of income) of using the concept of “Lead and Follow” farmer training programs. The baseline study survey was carried out in 44 sections of 11 extension planning areas from Malawi’s five districts (Dowa, Kasungu, Mchinji, Mzimba, and Rumphi). In total, 1131 smallholder households were interviewed. Crop production, livestock farming, and providing casual labor for others were all identified as significant sources of income for smallholders, implying that all agriproducts (the whole-farm approach) is equally important for improving smallholder livelihoods. On the one hand, the whole-farm approach should improve smallholders’ resilience regarding climate change and poverty. Lower agriproduct sales, on the other hand, indicated that links to the market were frequently poor but an increased market focus should help smallholders sell their produce at a fair margin. In terms of best practices adoption, both Lead and Follow farmers adopted similar farm practices (crops and livestock) to increase income. In general, no significant difference in income was calculated from many farm enterprises for both Lead and Follow farmers. However, the income from pigs and firewood was significantly higher for Follow farmers than for Lead farmers. Lead farmers reported significantly higher off-farm income sources. Significant changes are proposed to the “Lead farmer extension approach”.
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Alibu, Simon, Morish Obura, James Ekebu, Doreen Nampamya, Jimmy Lamo, Godfrey Asea, and Tae-Seon Park. "Modest Ag-Extension and Access to Seeds of Aromatic Rice Can Boost Returns of Smallholder Farmers in Uganda, A Case Study." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081172.
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Limited farmer access to quality seeds of improved varieties and knowledge gaps in good agronomic practices are the major factors limiting rice productivity among smallholder farmers in Uganda. Promoting high yielding aromatic rice varieties alongside good agronomic practices can unlock commercial opportunities for smallholder farmers in rice cultivation, given that 80% of rice consumers in Uganda prefer aromatic rice, which is in short supply. This case study highlights a project’s achievements to accelerate the adoption of improved aromatic rice varieties among smallholder farmers in Uganda. This project supported a few selected farmers with the seed of a new aromatic rice variety, NARORICE-1, and equipped them with agronomic skills to raise their yields from an average of 3.1 to 4.1 t/ha. Line transplanting was identified as a crucial technology to increase rice yields among smallholders. Costly and inaccessible crop-enhancing inputs such as seeds and fertilizers, and an unfair distribution of irrigation water were the two main obstacles farmers face in rice production. Farmers valued NARORICE-1 for its aroma, high yield, and early maturity. The project’s training of a community seed producer improved farmers’ access to NARORICE-1 seeds, increasing its adoption by 20% in two years. NARORICE-1 is much more in demand than any other variety and attracts a better price, making it an ideal innovation for increasing productivity and farmer’s incomes. An effective seed system and continuous farmer training are vital for accelerating impact.
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Mugabo, Josaphat Rusisiro, Eric Tollens, Jonas Nwankwo Chianu, and Bernard Vanlauwe. "Mineral fertilizer use in land-scarce conditions: Case of Rwanda." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 690–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0066.
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AbstractThis study was undertaken to investigate the use of mineral fertilizer by smallholder farmers in order to understand the set of factors influencing the decisions of smallholder farmers to use fertilizers in land-scarce conditions. Using descriptive analysis and the Cragg’s double-hurdle model, the study identified and analyzed factors that determine smallholder farmer adoption of mineral fertilizers and those that affect the intensity of household mineral fertilizer use. From factors that only influence the decision of smallholder farmers to use mineral fertilizers, distance to fertilizer market and livestock affects it negatively; while farmer association membership, landholding per capita, access to extension services and the size of household affect it positively. The variable “domestic assets” which is a proxy variable for smallholder farmers’ wealth affects only the intensity of use of mineral fertilizers. Literacy of head of household, share of potatoes sold and extension services have an effect on the probability of adoption and intensity of mineral fertilizer use. Improving smallholder farmers’ access to information (extension services and education) and increasing mineral fertilizer profitability through improving agricultural commodity markets are essential for raising both the adoption of mineral fertilizers and the extent of mineral fertilizer use among smallholder farmers in Rwanda.
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Kativhu, Simbarashe, Marizvikuru M. Mwale, and Jethro Zuwarimwe. "Agricultural resilience under increasing water security threats: insights for smallholder farming in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Water Practice and Technology 15, no. 4 (July 24, 2020): 849–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2020.068.
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Abstract Smallholder farmers in South Africa are facing increased pressure to manage water use due to growing scarcity and environmental water demand. This prompts the need to build resilient irrigation systems particularly for smallholder farmers. Building resilience is more pertinent in Limpopo province, where crop and animal production is hampered by water scarcity. Currently, there is an array of generic adaptation strategies for attaining resilient irrigation schemes in South Africa and beyond. However, the effectiveness and feasibility of these resilience measures at farm level, particularly among smallholders in marginalised areas, are not well researched in Limpopo Province. The current paper draws lessons from adaptation mechanisms in Southern Africa, indicates areas that require further studies and recommends ways for enhancing smallholder resilience against water scarcity. The article contributes to efforts for enhancing water security and fulfil the targets set in sustainable development goal 2 of zero hunger, South Africa Vision 2030, and the government's food security mandate, particularly through suggesting ways for enhancing smallholder farmer resilience and water security.
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Atik, Umar, Rofikoh Rokhim, and Nurul Rusdayanti. "Social intervention in improving smallholders welfare in realizing eco-friendly palm oil plantations." E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 05007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021105007.
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The Indonesian government continues to strive to increase the production, productivity, and quality of oil palm. Several studies on the welfare impact have shown that some smallholders benefit greatly in terms of income. Meanwhile, there are challenges to improve the welfare of smallholders, such as financial and knowledge barriers. Therefore, this article aims to identify social interventions’ contribution to improving farmer welfare and realizing environmentally friendly oil palm plantations. Social intervention can be interpreted as an effort to help in the form of planned changes to individuals, groups, and communities, which can come from government, corporate, third parties, communities, and individuals. This article contributes to define and gather social intervention perspective in improving smallholder welfare. The study employs a method approach combining literature review and descriptive analysis. These social intervention approaches, ideally embedded in a community strategy developed by the stakeholders in palm oil practice, have the potential to improving smallholder’s welfare in realizing eco-friendly palm oil plantations. To complement previous researches, this research is important because it is specific to enhance smallholder welfare through social intervention approach. Social intervention can be a form of law intervention, financial scheme and support, community programs, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs. Through that can help palm oil farmers, especially smallholders, to increase productivity while paying attention to environmental sustainability.
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Asawo, L. O., A. Aseey, and J. R. Chandi. "Influence of Farmer Capacity Building in Financial Resource Mobilization on Performance of Smallholder Irrigation Projects in Migori County, Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 11 (October 15, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n11p54.
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The study examined influence of farmer capacity building in financial resource mobilization on performance of smallholder irrigation projects in Migori County, Kenya. The study adopted pragmatism as its philosophy, and used cross sectional and correlation research design. The target population was 2,815, and comprised farmers from fifteen smallholder irrigation projects that receive water from River Kuja through Lower Kuja Project. The sample size was 341 farmers. The study used systematic random sampling to draw the sample, used questionnaire to collect data, and analyzed data using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that farmer capacity building in financial resource mobilization has a significant influence on performance of smallholder irrigation projects (r = 801, R2 = 0.641, F (5, 331) = 118.405, 0.000 < p < 0.05). Therefore, the study concluded that financial resource mobilization is a critical factor in performance of smallholder irrigation projects in Migori County. Consequently, the study recommends that Migori County Government educate farmers in smallholder irrigation projects on loan facilities by financial institutions. Further, the study recommends that Migori County develop a framework to assist farmers in smallholder irrigation projects to qualify for loans facilities operated by financial institutions.
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Zhu, Bing, and André Habisch. "Smallholder farmers’ engagement in non-certified organic farming: a case from Southern China." British Food Journal 122, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 465–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2018-0395.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influences of smallholder farmers’ motivations, opportunities and abilities on their satisfactions of non-certified organic farming practices in Southern China based on the motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) model. Design/methodology/approach The sample covers 314 smallholders from Nanning region in Southern China who have engaged in non-certified organic farming. Judgmental and convenient sampling are applied to collect data. Data analysis consists of confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling and mediation test. Findings The results show opportunity as dominant impact factor of smallholder farmers’ satisfaction followed by motivation and ability. Also, their commitment to further non-certified organic farming is positively influenced by their satisfactory level. Mediation test reveals that satisfaction partially mediates the relationships between motivation, ability and commitment. Research limitations/implications First, due to the limited sample size in a single region, the findings cannot represent even Southern Chinese farmers as an entirety. Second, the study only limited itself in the scope of the MOA model. Practical implications Apart from providing updated empirical results for existing studies, this study also highlights the importance of farmer association, supporting scheme as well as the relevant training for the smallholder farmers to size the opportunities, promote their motivations and strengthen their abilities. Originality/value As little attention has been given to small-scale farmer who are involved in organic farming practice in China, this paper presents findings based on the MOA framework.
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Mapiye, Obvious, Godswill Makombe, Annelin Molotsi, Kennedy Dzama, and Cletos Mapiye. "Towards a Revolutionized Agricultural Extension System for the Sustainability of Smallholder Livestock Production in Developing Countries: The Potential Role of ICTs." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 5868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115868.
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The creation of commercialization opportunities for smallholder farmers has taken primacy on the development agenda of many developing countries. Invariably, most of the smallholders are less productive than commercial farmers and continue to lag in commercialization. Apart from the various multifaceted challenges which smallholder farmers face, limited access to extension services stands as the underlying constraint to their sustainability. Across Africa and Asia, public extension is envisioned as a fundamental part of the process of transforming smallholder farmers because it is their major source of agricultural information. Extension continues to be deployed using different approaches which are evolving. For many decades, various authors have reported the importance of the approaches that effectively revitalize extension systems and have attempted to fit them into various typologies. However, there is a widespread concern over the inefficiency of these extension approaches in driving the sustainability of smallholder farming agenda. Further, most of the approaches that attempted to revolutionize extension have been developed and brought into the field in rapid succession, but with little or no impact at the farmer level. This paper explores the theory and application of agricultural extension approaches and argues the potential of transforming them using digital technologies. The adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as mobile phones and the internet which are envisaged to revolutionize existing extension systems and contribute towards the sustainability of smallholder farming systems is recommended.
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Zantsi, S., and T. Nkunjana. "A review of possibilities for using animal tracking devices to mitigate stock theft in smallholder livestock farming systems in rural South Africa." South African Journal of Agricultural Extension (SAJAE) 49, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 162–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3221/2021/v49n1a10784.
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Stock theft is among the major challenges faced by livestock farmers in South Africa. It has severe consequences especially for smallholder farmers, who collectively own a large share of the South African livestock herds but individually keep small herds. In recent years, technological improvements and innovations have made it possible to track livestock movements by using GPS animal tracking devices. Low-cost GPS has been developed and used elsewhere and in the local commercial sector. Given the well-known role of extension, i.e. information and technology dissemination, the possibility that smallholders adopt GPS animal tracking devices should be evaluated. However, very few studies have made a case for using this technology in curbing stock theft among smallholder farmers. This review therefore addresses the likelihood that smallholder livestock farmers in South Africa adopt GPS animal tracking devices to mitigate the impact of stock theft. Using a semi-systematic and a snowball literature review approach, we consulted and reviewed the relevant literature and official statistics relating to stock theft and smallholder livestock farming. Results from the reviewed literature suggest that the likelihood of GPS animal tracking device adoption by smallholders will depend on a) the awareness about the devices and how they work, b) the acuteness of stock theft for a farmer and how livestock contributes the farmer’s livelihood, and c) the income level, access to mobile phones and risk behaviour of farmers. Our literature findings identify areas for future research and may help agricultural extension personnel with future research topics.
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Runtunuwu, Prince Charles Heston. "Analysis of Macroeconomic Indicators on the Farmer Exchange Rate of North Maluku Province: A Case Study of Smallholder Plantation Subsector." Society 8, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/society.v8i2.235.
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This study aims to determine the effect of production, land area, and labor on the Farmer Exchange Rate of the smallholder plantation crops subsector individually or partially and the effect of production, land area, and labor simultaneously on the Farmer Exchange Rate in North Maluku Province in 2014 -2018. The object of this study was the farmers of North Maluku Province because the agricultural sector plays an important role and contributes greatly to the economy in North Maluku Province. This study was conducted in January-May 2020. The data collected and processed in this study are data within 5 years. The population in this study was all data on the Farmer Exchange Rate, agricultural production, agricultural land area, and labor in North Maluku Province in 2014-2018. The data used in this study were secondary data obtained from the Central Agency on Statistics of North Maluku Province in 2020 and other literature related to this study. The test tool used is multiple linear regression analysis, and the analytical tool used was IBM SPSS Statistics 16.0 software. The results showed that partially production did not affect the Farmer Exchange Rate of smallholder plantation crops in North Maluku province. Partially, land areas affect the Farmer Exchange Rate of smallholder plantation crops in North Maluku province. Individually or partially, the labor did not affect the Farmer Exchange Rate of smallholder plantation crops in North Maluku province. Simultaneously or overall, production, land area, and labor affect the Farmer Exchange Rate of smallholder plantation crops in North Maluku province, it can be said that it will affect the farmer welfare.
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Mutengwa, Charles Samuel, Pearson Mnkeni, and Aleck Kondwakwenda. "Climate-Smart Agriculture and Food Security in Southern Africa: A Review of the Vulnerability of Smallholder Agriculture and Food Security to Climate Change." Sustainability 15, no. 4 (February 5, 2023): 2882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15042882.
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Southern Africa is facing chronic food insecurity mainly because of the multistressor context in which agriculture is practiced in this region. Climate-change-related constraints are fueling food shortages for marginalized rural communities. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been recognized as a key strategy for mitigating the effects of climate change. However, there has been a minimal level of adoption of CSA among smallholder farmers in southern Africa. Factors contributing to the limited adoption of CSA include poor access to resources by smallholder farmers, poverty, poor infrastructure, and an inadequate level of farmer advisory and resource service provision. These are the same factors that have resulted in the increased vulnerability of smallholder farmers to climate shocks in southern Africa. Currently, there are a limited number of reviews that simultaneously address the impacts of climate change and CSA on southern Africa’s smallholder agricultural sector. The current review synthesizes information on the contribution of smallholder agriculture to food security in southern Africa, highlighting the vulnerability of smallholder agriculture to climate shocks and the effect of CSA activities practiced in the region. To come up with this writeup, we reviewed information from reliable, published journal articles, institutional reports, and our knowledge of agricultural systems in southern Africa. The adoption of CSA agriculture can be enhanced by the advancement of favorable policies by national governments. This includes adequate participation from smallholders, particularly women, in governance via bottom-up policymaking.
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Hung Anh, Nguyen, Wolfgang Bokelmann, Ngo Thi Thuan, Do Thi Nga, and Nguyen Van Minh. "Smallholders’ Preferences for Different Contract Farming Models: Empirical Evidence from Sustainable Certified Coffee Production in Vietnam." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 3799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143799.
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Contract farming is considered as institutional arrangements that manage the coordination of production and distribution between smallholder farmers and agro-industrial firms. Under the market reforms and industrialization process, contract farming links smallholder farmers to a better market through effective farming management and high-quality products. Despite the many benefits attributed to participation, the existing literature addresses the main issues that result in the opposing attitudes and motivations toward contract farming. This study therefore aims to analyze factors that influence the choices of smallholder farmers for different contract faming models using multinomial logistic (MNL) regression. Different contract attributes and socio-economic characteristics of farmer households are used as endogenous variables in the MNL model. Based on a research sample of 183 smallholder farmers involved in certified coffee production in Dak Lak province, Vietnam, the study revealed that there are different typologies of production contract including the informal model, intermediary model, and nucleus estate model. Significant factors that affect smallholders’ preferences for different contract farming models are gender, farm size, the provision of inputs, price option, technical assistance, delivery schedule, and monitoring. Main issues that induce failures of contract farming are farmer’s overdependence and the monopolistic power of industrial coffee firms in the nucleus estate model, as well as the information asymmetry in the informal model. In addition, a cost-benefit analysis symbolizes the role of the cooperative in the intermediary model, which is essential for augmenting win-win outcomes for smallholder farmers and industrial coffee firms.
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den Besten, Nadja I., Saket Pande, and Hubert H. G. Savenije. "A socio-hydrological comparative assessment explaining regional variances in suicide rate amongst farmers in Maharashtra, India." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 373 (May 12, 2016): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-373-115-2016.
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Abstract. Maharashtra is one of the states in India that has witnessed one of the highest rates of farmer suicides as proportion of total number of suicides. Most of the farmer suicides in Maharashtra are from semi-arid divisions such as Marathwada where cotton has been historically grown. Other dominant crops produced include cereals, pulses, oilseeds and sugarcane. Cotton (fibers), oilseeds and sugarcane providing highest value addition per unit cultivated area and cereals and pulses the least. Hence it is not surprising that smallholders take risks growing high value crops without “visualising” the risks it entails such as those corresponding to price and weather shocks.We deploy recently developed smallholder socio-hydrology modelling framework to understand the underlying dynamics of the crisis. It couples the dynamics of six main variables that are most relevant at the scale of a smallholder: water storage capacity (root zone storage and other ways of water storage), capital, livestock, soil fertility and fodder biomass. The hydroclimatic variability is accounted for at sub-annual scale and influences the socio-hydrology at annual scale. The model incorporates rule-based adaptation mechanisms (e.g., adjusting expenditures on food and fertilizers, selling livestocks) of smallholders when they face adverse conditions, such as high variability in rainfall or in agricultural prices. The model is applied to two adjoining divisions of Maharashtra: Marathwada and Desh. The former is the division with relatively higher farmer suicide rates than the latter. Diverse spatial data sets of precipitation, potential evaporation, soil, agricultural census based farm inputs, cropping pattern and prices are used to understand the dynamics of small farmers in these divisions, and to attribute farmer distress rates to soil types, hydroclimatic variability and crops grown.Comparative socio-hydrologic assessment across the two regions confirms existing narratives: low (soil) water storage capacities, no irrigation and poor access to alternative sources of incomes are to blame for the crisis, suggesting that smart indigenous solutions such as rain-water harvesting and better integration of smallholder systems to efficient agricultural supply chains are needed to tackle this development challenge.
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Bahta, Yonas T., Henry Jordaan, and Gunda Sabastain. "Agricultural Management Practices and Factors Affecting Technical Efficiency in Zimbabwe Maize Farming." Agriculture 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10030078.
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Integrating best management practices and improving the technical efficiency of smallholder maize farmers is critical in raising overall agricultural output. However, there is not much information, besides marginalization and high rehabilitation and maintenance costs, which adequately explains why productivity of smallholder irrigation farmers drop at very high rates. Therefore, this study measured technical efficiency, identified factors affecting technical efficiency, and identified best management practices adopted by smallholder maize irrigation farmers at Tokwane-Ngundu (Zimbabwe). The Data Envelopment Analysis, Double Bootstrap Approach in a Principal Component Regression was used. Primary data were gathered using a questionnaire. Empirical results revealed that the mean technical efficiency of the respondents was 77%, which indicated a potential for them to increase their efficiency by 30%. The factors that increased technical efficiency included human capital, extension contacts and compliance with best management practices. The policy implication of this study is the need for robust group incentive schemes to promote farmer-to-farmer skills transfer to boost the technical efficiency of smallholder maize irrigation farmers in Zimbabwe.
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Hutapea, Ronald, Meity A. Tulalo, Roosganda Elizabeth, and Jantje G. Kindangen. "Acceleration of smallholder plantation development through the development of farmers economic institutions in North Sulawesi." E3S Web of Conferences 361 (2022): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236102023.
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The agricultural sector in North Sulawesi is about 50-60% of smallholder plantation areas with an area of 413,000 ha, and approximately 97% of its managers are farmers located in one area. There are nine plantation crops that are generally managed by independent farmers with an average land ownership of 1.2 ha/family farmers. Farm management of each commodity is more dominant conventionally and monoculture. The financial value per unit of farming of various commodities is still low due to several factors, such as sales transactions and the acquisition of production equipment is still carried out individually. Based on the above background, an analysis of the acceleration of smallholder plantation development is carried out through the development of farmer economic institutions in North Sulawesi. This paper aims to see the importance of building a developed and independent farmer economic institution for the acceleration of smallholder plantation development. The data used is secondary data and the results of the research were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The result of this study show that a developed and independent farmer economic institution in each village will greatly help farmers to guarantee the development of commercial farming and farmers income more adequately.
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Maspaitella, Marcus, Elena Garnevska, Muhammad I. Siddique, and Nicola Shadbolt. "Towards high value markets: a case study of smallholder vegetable farmers in Indonesia." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0011.
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The expansion of modern markets has significant implications for agriculture in many developing countries that provides both opportunities and challenges for smallholder farmers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse key determinants affecting farmers’ participation in high value markets, compared to traditional market. Face to face interviews based on a questionnaire were conducted with a sample of 126 smallholder vegetable farmers in the Manokwari region. Binary logistic regression and bivariate correlation analysis were used in this study. The results suggested that age, education level, vegetables cultivated area and membership in farmer groups/cooperatives were the key determinants that had significant effects on the smallholder farmers’ decision about marketing channel participation. In addition, the income generated from vegetable farming was positively correlated to high value market participation. Some implications that need to be prioritized in agricultural development strategies include improving technical innovations and empowering collective actions through cooperatives or farmer groups.
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Prasetia, Hafiizh, Firman Zulpikar, Jeverson Renyaan, Muhammad Safaat, and Ary Mauliva Hada Putri. "The Impact of Covid 19 on Seaweed Smallholder Farmers in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia." Omni-Akuatika 18, S1 (May 10, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.oa.2022.18.s1.986.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the seaweed industry and business. The export-import trade is the most severely impacted sector, mainly the raw material export of seaweed. The purpose of this study was to determine how smallholder farmers in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, can survive under adverse conditions and maintain their businesses during a pandemic. The research was conducted through a combination of field surveys and in-depth interviews with respondents. Interviews were performed using a variety of instruments, including questionnaires and cameras. According to the study's findings, smallholder farmers are impacted by a decline in prices and demand. Smallholder farmers in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, are attempting to adapt or adjust their operations to maintain profitability. Seaweed farmers make significant savings and cut their spending in the event of a pandemic. What is intriguing is that respondents did not reduce their spending on food. Instead, they prioritize reducing tertiary needs. Additionally, the same holder farmer borrows from collectors, borrows from the bank, and works side jobs. Thus, seaweed farmers are relatively unaffected by this pandemic and recover more quickly than other types of fishery businesses.Keywords: Covid 19, seaweed, smallholder farmer, Nusa Tenggara Barat
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Osewe, Maurice, Aijun Liu, and Tim Njagi. "Farmer-Led Irrigation and Its Impacts on Smallholder Farmers’ Crop Income: Evidence from Southern Tanzania." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5 (February 26, 2020): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051512.
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Irrigation projects in sub-Saharan Africa are mostly unsustainable because of lack of maintenance by their users or government planners. By contrast, evidence shows that the smallholder farmers are developing and expanding the irrigated land, using their initiatives. Farmer-led irrigation, a revolutionary agricultural intensification approach, is already in progress with the magnitude to significantly transform the living standards of smallholder farmers. However, a rigorous assessment of its impact on household welfare to ascertain this is lacking. This paper bridges this gap by assessing factors influencing the adoption of this particular approach as well as its effects on the farmers’ per capita net crop income. Our data set consists of 608 smallholder farmers in Southern Tanzania and used propensity score matching to estimate the effects of adoption on the per capita net crop income. Our results indicate that the uptake of farmer-led irrigation practices is influenced by drought experience, water user group membership, farmer organization membership, and government extension, as well as the sex of the household head. Further, there was a positive and significant effect on the adopters’ per capita net crop income, thus encouraging the need to promote farmer-led irrigation as a complement to externally promoted innovations in achieving sustainable food security. This study, therefore, recommends that the government should support the farmers’ initiative by improving roads, removing market barriers, and helping farmers who have not yet taken up the initiative. Also, the government should enact regulations to make sure farmer-led irrigation initiatives do not harm the eco-environment such as protecting domestic water users. Finally, the government should leverage microservices to the farmers such as promoting affordable and appropriate credit facilities. It is necessary to continue pursuing this vein of research to gain information regarding the definite impact of the farmer-led irrigation on household welfare.
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Tchuwa, Frank, Kate Wellard, John Morton, Daimon Kambewa, Daniso Mkweu, and Wezi Mhango. "From Learning Plot to Main Field: Scaling-Out Soil Health Innovations in Malawi." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031532.
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Farmer-centred approaches are applied to engage smallholder farmers in agricultural research and development with the purpose of identifying and scaling out context specific innovations. Understanding the underlying processes that influence the decision of smallholder farmers to scale-out innovations is, therefore, paramount to effective farmer-led research and development programmes. This study analysed how smallholder farmers in rural Malawi were involved in evaluating soil health management options as well as how they scaled-out the lessons from the learning plots to their main farms. Data were collected through observations and face-to-face interviews in 109 learning plots and 197 main fields managed by farmers who participated in interventions that applied farmer-centred approaches. The findings reveal that farmers’ capacity to engage in systematic experimentation depended on their knowledge of basic research principles and their social capital (bridging and bonding). Farmers observing and interacting in the learning plots formed different perceptions about the performance of the tested options. The variations in the perceptions were associated with biophysical (plot characteristics) and socioeconomic factors (time of planting). Likewise, variations were observed in the way farmers scaled-out the tested options. Whilst some farmers integrated many different options (>3), others applied few options in their main fields (<3). The majority of farmers adapted the options to suit their contexts. Farmers’ decision to scale-out options was associated with their perceived benefits of the options, gender, and wealth status. The study findings have implications for research and development programmes that use farmer-centred approaches to push for adoption of blanket recommendations.
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Moussa, Sangaré. "How to Restore Forest Areas in a Smallholder Agriculture-Dominated Country?" Journal of Management and Sustainability 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v7n1p40.
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This study deals with ways of addressing more effectively the problems of forest restoration in a smallholder agriculture-dominated area like the southwest Côte d’Ivoire. An empirical estimation based on a probit model is used to analyze the farmer decisions concerning their eventual participation to the national program of forest development based on a policy of large-scale reforestation.The results show that the main explicative variables of smallholders’ adhesion to this project are agricultural training, ethnic group, access to credit, the age of the head of household and the household’s residence area. Contrary to all expectations, some variables such as literacy, out-farm income, and the status of landowner and whole-time farmer do not explain the decision of smallholder.
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Beharielal, Tashiana, Joyce Thamaga-Chitja, and Stefan Schmidt. "Socioeconomic Characteristics Associated with Farming Practices, Food Safety and Security in the Production of Fresh Produce—A Case Study including Small-Scale Farmers in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 10590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710590.
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Farmer practices may influence the microbial quality and safety of fresh produce. The increasing demands to create ready-to-eat (RTE) fresh produce while providing potential niche markets for smallholder farmers might be contributing to increased numbers of fresh produce-associated foodborne disease outbreaks. This study determined the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and farmer hygiene practices of farmers using open-ended questionnaires and key informant interviews. Additionally, the relationships between farmer socioeconomic characteristics and hygiene practices were statistically analyzed. The semi-organic smallholder farmer population and the farmworkers of the organic farm were female-dominated. Tertiary education was a predominant characteristic in the organic and semi-conventional workforces. While the semi-organic and semi-conventional farms relied on a combination of ‘store-bought’ synthetic and composted organic fertilizers, the organic farm owner only used composted organic fertilizer. The irrigation water sources varied amongst the farm types. However, most of the semi-organic farmers did not pre-treat irrigation water prior to use. The irrigation water source and fertilizer type selected by farmers varied and might affect the microbial quality and safety of fresh produce. Socioeconomic factors such as gender and education may influence farmer hygiene practices. These characteristics should therefore be considered when planning farmer support interventions.
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Appiah-Twumasi, Mark, Samuel A. Donkoh, and Isaac Gershon Kodwo Ansah. "Farmer innovations in financing smallholder maize production in Northern Ghana." Agricultural Finance Review 80, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 421–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2019-0059.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore smallholder agricultural financing in Ghana’s Northern region by identifying farmers’ preferred traditional and innovative financing methods and estimating the determinants of use of innovative financing methods. Design/methodology/approach This paper presented a list of documented traditional financing methods to farmers during in-depth interviews and employed descriptive statistics to summarize choice and amounts sourced from traditional methods. Two questions from the survey revealed a felt need for extra financing sources for credit-rationed farmers. Farmers with positive responses to either or both questions were classified as “users of innovative financing”. The authors then used a probit model to examine factors that influence decisions to use innovative financing method. Findings Farmers’ own savings, reinvesting past season’s profits and financing maize production with income from other commercial crops were the most popular traditional methods. The authors found complementary relations between formal and informal lending systems in the rural financial market. Smallholders also took farm and non-farm “by-day” jobs to raise income for farm investment and/or joined Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLAs) specifically to take advantage of possible credit opportunities. These two latter methods were operationalized in this study as innovative agricultural financing. The results show that access to credit, social capital and market participation increased the likelihood of using innovative financing methods. Alternatively, farmer group membership, diversity in crop production and being a household head diminished the likelihood of innovative financing use. Practical implications The activities of VSLAs can be regulated and expanded to spread its benefits to more farmers. Also, creating avenues for dry season labour market participation in the region could enable farmers raise capital for farm investment. Originality/value This study explores existing practices and farmer innovations to agricultural financing and, by so doing, deviates from the vast literature focussing mainly on microcredit provisioning as the main model of smallholder agricultural financing in Africa.
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Chisasa, Joseph, and Daniel Makina. "Trends In Credit To Smallholder Farmers In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2012): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i7.7064.
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Access to credit for smallholder farmers remains a challenge in most developing countries. This paper examines the trend and pattern of bank credit to smallholder farmers in South Africa, both before and after the attainment of democratic government. The analysis of the trend and pattern of bank credit to smallholder farmers was conducted within the confines of the same agricultural sector, across all economy sectors and in relation to GDP. Our analyses show that bank credit to smallholder farmers is (and continues to be) a small fraction of total credit to the private sector and is a very small proportion of GDP. The smallholder farmer sector is observed to face the same constraints to credit as SMEs, a category of enterprises to which they also belong. In light of the importance of agriculture, in general, and smallholder farmers, in particular, to South Africas poverty alleviation and food security drive, our results have important policy implications.
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Agyekumhene, Christopher, Jasper R. de Vries, Annemarie van Paassen, Marc Schut, and Phil MacNaghten. "Making Smallholder Value Chain Partnerships Inclusive: Exploring Digital Farm Monitoring through Farmer Friendly Smartphone Platforms." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 4, 2020): 4580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114580.
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Value chain partnerships face difficulties achieving inclusive relations, often leading to unsustainable collaboration. Improving information flow between actors has been argued to contribute positively to a sense of inclusion in such partnership arrangements. Smallholders however usually lack the capability to use advanced communication technologies such as smartphones which offer a means for elaborate forms of information exchange. This study explores to what extent co-designing smartphone platforms with smallholders for farm monitoring contributes to smallholder ability to communicate, and how this influences smallholder sense of inclusion. The study uses an Action Design Research approach in engaging smallholders in Ghana, through multi-stakeholder and focus group discussions, in a reflexive co-design process. The research finds that co-designing a platform interface was significant in improving farmer ability to comprehend and use smartphone based platforms for communicating farm conditions and their needs with value chain partners. Farmers were however skeptical of making demands based on the platform due to their lack of power and mistrust of other actors. This highlights a need for adjusting the social and political dimensions of partnership interactions, in tandem with the advancement of digital tools, in order to effectively facilitate a sense of inclusiveness in partnerships.
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Kongai, H., J. Mangisoni, G. Elepu, E. Chilembwe, and D. Makoka. "Smallholder orange farmer access to markets in Uganda." African Crop Science Journal 28, no. 2 (July 27, 2020): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i2.11.
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Orange (Citrus sinensis L.) is a major dietary component globally, responsible for supplying nutrients and phytochemicals of biological and health influence such as minerals, vitamins, fiber, flavonoids, limonoids, and carotenoids and antioxidant. It accounts for more than 50% of the citrus fruits produced world-over. It is a popular fruit in sub-Saharan Africa, though its level of consumption per capita is by global standards very low. In Uganda, orange production is mostly concentrated in eastern and northern parts; mostly grown by small holder farmers who are plagued by a milliard of production and marketing constraints. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of institutional, infrastructural and socio-economic factors on smallholder access to orange markets in Uganda. The study was conducted in Kaberamaido, Kumi and Soroti Districts in eastern Uganda, using cross sectional data, during 2011-2012. Probit model results showed that the key institutional factor that affected smallholder access to markets was institutional belonging; the infrastructural factors entailed ownership of mobile phone and location of household; while age of household head, household size and output price constituted the socio-economic factors. Mobile phone, household size and age of household head elicited the highest effect on the probability for smallholder market access, and the magnitude of effect is shown by flexibilities of 0.5, -0.06 and 0.02, respectively. Tobit model estimates showed that market information, and household location constituted institutional and infrastructural factors affecting market access, respectively; while age of trees, output, output price and occupation of household head constituted the socio-economic factors. The critical factors that affect the extent of market access include location, market information, primary occupation of household head and quantity of output as shown by flexibilities of -0.6, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.03, respectively. Based on the Probit and Tobit model estimates, market information, mobile phone and quantity of outputs constitute critical institutional, infrastructural and socio-economic factors that affect smallholder market access. Therefore, opportunity for unlocking the potential for smallholders to access orange markets exists in boosting the level of output and facilitating linkage to markets.
Key words: Citrus sinensis, infrastructural, institutional
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Mutunga, Isaac Mutwiri. "Exploring the Effect of Mobile Phone on Smallholder Farmers’ Livelihood." Jurnal Komunikasi Islam 7, no. 2 (July 19, 2018): 173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/jki.2017.7.2.173-208.
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This article is based on a sequential exploratory mixed method research which carried in-depth interviews, content analysis, semi-structured participant observation, and administered a survey to 422 smallholder farmers in Machakos County in Kenya. The study was premised on combined concepts of information needs assessment (INAM), Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), and ICT4D value chain analysis models to explore the effect of mobile phones on smallholder farmers’ livelihoods. The study found out that mobile phones are not used by smallholder farmers’ in the same way and therefore its effect on their livelihood is not uniform. On the one hand, mobile phone has negligible effect on subsistence smallholder farmers on-farm activities, and on the other hand, mobile phone usage has huge impact on market-oriented smallholder farming because it improves the relationships and interactions between the farmer and other rural livelihoods stakeholders.
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Wulandari, S., F. Djufry, and R. S. Hartati. "Agricultural Innovation System Development to Support Environmental Management Implementation in Coffee Smallholder Plantation." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012065.
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Abstract Climate change significantly impacts coffee production and quality. On the other side, the coffee plantation is dominated by smallholder plantations with limited capabilities. Farmers have implemented Climate-Smart Agriculture by improving the cultivation system. However, the level of technology adoption at the farmer level is not optimal due to the capacity and resources of farmers and the technology dissemination support system. This study aims to analyze the environmental management implementation in coffee smallholder plantations and design an Agricultural Innovation System to accelerate its implementation. The study was carried out in the Robusta coffee development area in Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu Province. The analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. Environmental management in coffee smallholder plantations is related to water management, soil management, and integrated pest diseases management. The application of CSA practices is limited to a few farmers. Smallholder plantations have limited resources, weak risk management, limited access to finance and technology. Farmer organizations, networks, and social capital management have not been developed optimally. Hence the Agricultural Innovation System for supporting environmental management implementation on coffee plantations becomes strategic. The system consists of research and education, agribusiness, bridging system, and innovation ecosystem as a supporting environment.
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Mumba, Moses, and Abdi-Khalil Edriss. "Determinants and Change in Total Factor Productivity of Smallholder Maize Production in Southern Zambia." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p170.
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Smallholder maize production in Zambia has been characterised by low productivity despite concerted efforts at improving the situation as is evident in budgetary allocations to programmes such as the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP). The study assessed if there was a change in total factor productivity (TFP) in smallholder maize production in Southern Province of Zambia between the 2010/11 and 2013/14 agricultural seasons. Using a balanced panel of 778 smallholder farmers, a Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to estimate the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) in measuring the productivity change in maize production. The change in TFP was further decomposed into its components, efficiency change (EC) and technical change (TC) so as to understand more on the change in productivity. It was found that over the period of study, the mean EC was 0.8734, implying that technical efficiency (TE) had declined by 12.7 % with the mean TFP of 0.9401, indicating that over the study period TFP had fallen by 5.99 %. The results further showed that the age of the farmer, education of the farmer, household size, membership to a farmer organization, ownership of cattle, access to credit, and drought stress were significant (ρ<0.05) factors in explaining TFP. In light of the findings, some recommendations were made for policy including the need to facilitate farmers’ access to credit, sensitize farmers on the benefits of belonging to farmer organizations, on ownership of livestock such as cattle and for massive investment in irrigation infrastructure.
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MASHURI, Mashuri, Zulkarnain ZULKARNAIN, Zulfadil ZULFADIL, and Suwondo SUWONDO. "Green Investment Model for Smallholder Oil Palm Plantation in Bengkalis Riau." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 12, no. 7 (December 1, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.7(55).03.
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The level of smallholder oil palm productivity in the Bengkalis Regency is still low. From 2014 to 2018, the productivity level was between 1.3 tons/ha to 2.8 tons/ha. This study aims to design an investment model to enable farmers to obtain maximum and sustainable production results. The analysis used in this study was a prospective analysis. The results showed that there were eight factors identified that caused smallholder oil palm production to be unsatisfactory, such as the price of fresh fruit bunches, land fertility, use of fertilizers, labor, farmer education, farmer group interaction, conservation techniques, and use of superior seeds. The interaction between factors is an investment model that farmers need to consider before investing.
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Abdul-Rahaman, Awal, and Awudu Abdulai. "Farmer groups, collective marketing and smallholder farm performance in rural Ghana." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 10, no. 5 (July 9, 2020): 511–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-07-2019-0095.
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PurposeRapid transformation of agrifood value chains because of population growth, urbanization, rising consumer incomes and increased demand for food quality and safety has resulted in the need for smallholder farmers to coordinate horizontally through group formation and collective marketing to improve farm performance in developing countries. This paper aims to examine the factors that influence farmer group membership and collective marketing decisions and their impacts on smallholder farm performance in rural Ghana.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from a recent survey of 447 rice farmers in rural Ghana, an endogenous switching regression model is employed to account for selection bias arising from both observable and unobservable farmer attributes.FindingsThe data reveal that group members and collective marketing participants obtained higher prices and also incurred lower input costs. The econometric estimates show that age, access to credit, mobile phone ownership, distance to market and road status are the main drivers of group membership and collective marketing decisions. The authors also find positive and significant impacts of farmer group membership and collective marketing on farm net revenues.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings from this study suggest that government and donor support for the formation of farmer groups during implementation of agriculture and value chain interventions should as well incorporate strategies to facilitate collective marketing.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to examine the role farmer groups and collective marketing play in improving smallholder farm performance.
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Suprehatin, Suprehatin. "Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption by Smallholder Farmers in Developing Countries: Perspective and Prospect for Indonesia." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian 40, no. 1 (May 10, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jp3.v40n1.2021.p21-30.
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<p class="BodyA">The role of agricultural technology is important in developing countries. However, in many cases the adoption rate of modern agricultural technology by smallholder farmers is low. Therefore, a better understanding of agricultural technology adoption determinants is important as a major component of agricultural growth. This paper is a review and synthesize of the literature related to potential factors that may constrain or encourage smallholder farmer adoption of new agricultural technologies. The determinant factors influencing smallholder farmer adoption of new technologies in developing countries vary from study to study based on contextual applicability and specific local condition. There are four major typologies of determinant factors are identified to help explain low adoption rates of particular agricultural technology in developing countries which are technology attributes, farmer or farm household characteristics, farm characteristics and institutional factors. Future policy recommendations on adoption decision should consider all those four important factors to provide better understanding of new agricultural technology adoption by smallholder farmers, resulting in improved livelihoods for smallholders.</p><p class="BodyA">Keywords: Agricultural, technology, adoption, farmer</p><p class="BodyA"> </p><p class="BodyA"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong>DETERMINAN ADOPSI TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN OLEH PETANI KECIL DI NEGARA BERKEMBANG: PERSPEKTIF DAN PROSPEK UNTUK INDONESIA</strong></p><p class="BodyA">Peran teknologi pertanian sangat penting di negara berkembang. Meskipun demikian, tingkat adopsi teknologi pertanian baru oleh petani kecil masih rendah. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman terhadap faktor-faktor yang menentukan keputusan petani dalam mengadopsi teknologi sangat penting untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan sektor pertanian. Tulisan ini adalah hasil sintesis terhadap beberapa literatur ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan faktor penghambat atau pendorong petani kecil dalam mengadopsi teknologi pertanian. Faktor yang memengaruhi petani kecil mengadopsi teknologi pertanian di negara berkembang berbeda antarstudi berdasarkan kebutuhan dan kondisi lokal tertentu. Empat kelompok utama faktor penentu yang dapat menjelaskan rendahnya adopsi teknologi di negara berkembang yaitu atribut teknologi, karakteristik petani, usaha tani, dan faktor kelembagaan. Rekomendasi kebijakan terkait keputusan adopsi teknologi seharusnya mempertimbangkan keempat kelompok faktor tersebut untuk dapat memahami lebih baik adopsi teknologi baru oleh petani kecil guna meningkatkan kesejahteraannya.</p><p class="BodyA">Kata kunci: Pertanian, teknologi, adopsi, petani</p>
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Chazovachii, Bernard. "DETERMINANTS OF CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE DISSEMINATION STRATEGIES IN CHIREDZI, ZIMBABWE." JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55190/fduv4368.
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The purpose of this article is to identify determinants of Climate-Smart Agriculture dissemination among different categories of smallholder farmers. It notes that climatic change is a global phenomenon that requires stakeholders to exercise their minds, as a collective, to find long-lasting solutions. Although the potential of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is acknowledged in academia and among development agencies, it remains unclear whether smallholder farmers would be willing to adopt the initiative. Whereas CSA has been hailed as a way of cushioning smallholder famers from the vagaries of climate change, determinants of its dissemination are unclear to smallholder farmers. This article draws data from the smallholder farmer in Chiredzi, Zimbabwe; and it finds that categories in technology adoption are characterised by different levels of risks that farmers are keen to take, human capital, resource endowment and entitlements, reliability, and accessibility of the strategy and its geographical coverage in terms of space and time. Therefore, the article concludes that the uptake of the strategy is influenced by both extension officers’ and smallholder farmers’ capacity and capability to adopt and diffuse. The article recommends that a people-centered approach to strategy dissemination is pivotal for sustainable CSA uptake among smallholder farmers. Keywords: Climate-Smart Agriculture, Diffusion of Innovation Theory, Extension officer, Smallholder farming
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Bush, R. D., J. R. Young, S. Suon, M. S. Ngim, and P. A. Windsor. "Forage growing as an incentive to improve smallholder beef production in Cambodia." Animal Production Science 54, no. 10 (2014): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14136.
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A major challenge for large ruminant improvement projects in developing countries is smallholder farmer engagement that promotes the value of knowledge in informed decision making. Most large ruminant smallholder farmers in Cambodia are considered to be livestock keepers and will become livestock producers only if they recognise the production and financial benefits from improved health and management practices. The benefits of growing and feeding five introduced forage species was investigated as a potential entry point for smallholder farmer engagement in southern Cambodia. The mean chemical composition, digestibility and estimated metabolisable energy (ME; MJ/kg DM) of introduced forages at 30 days after first harvest were comparable to published values. An initial establishment of 52 fodder plots covering 2.6 ha in 2008 expanded to 1306 plots covering 45 ha, including non-project farmers from surrounding areas. The establishment of forage plots in high-intervention project villages provided an improvement in average daily liveweight gain of cattle and saved farmers up to 2 h labour per day. This strategy provided a platform for increased uptake and adoption of livestock health and production interventions.
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Sokoastri, Valentina, Doni Setiadi, Arif Rakhman Hakim, Andre Dani Mawardhi, and M. Lukman Fadli. "Smallholders Oil Palm: Problems and Solutions." Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan 7, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22500/sodality.v7i3.27221.
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Forty percent of the total oil palm plantation area in Indonesia belong to the smallholder palm oil plantations. The productivity of smallholder oil palm plantations is still relatively low, only around 2-3 tons of CPO/ha/year under PBN dan PBS. The aim of this study is to identify internal dan external constraints that cause low productivity of smallholder oil palm dan the recommended solutions. This research was taken in Sanggau dan Sintang Regencies which are the largest areas of smallholder palm oil plantation in West Borneo. Data obtained were analyzed by SWOT. The results showed that there were four main strategies to increase productivity dan solve problems on oil palm plantation in Sanggau dan Sintang Regencies, namely, 1) intensifying technical training of oil palm cultivation to increase the farmers’ knowledge dan capabilities, 2) increasing the role dan ability of farmer institutions both farmer groups dan ‘koperasi’ in establishing cooperation with stakeholders dan in marketing fresh fruit bunch (FFB), 3) escalating the awareness dan understanding of farmers in using digital information technology to support their business activities on oil palm, dan 4) strengthening the government protection against middlemen.
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Merkel, Roger. "Smallholder Livestock Commercialization." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (October 10, 2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.1952.
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The world’s population is expected to grow by over 30% by 2050, putting tremendous strain on agriculture to produce the estimated additional one billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to feed that population. Most of the population growth will occur in Africa and Asia where the majority of smallholder farms are located. Commercialization of smallholder farms can lead to increased productivity. Producer identified constraints to commercialization include infrastructure, poor knowledge of market prices, limited access to banking services and loan opportunities, and poor extension services, among others. To overcome these constraints will take actions by various sectors. Producer must become more market oriented and take advantage of current technologies to improve production. Government organizations should develop ways to build farmer capacity in market and production activities. Research institutes and universities must conduct research to drive innovation, help farmers to apply technologies, and develop means to enhance producer knowledge. Making loans and banking services available to farmers is a main role of the private sector. The private sector can also partner with producers on marketing and market access.
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Ishak, Andi, Erpan Ramon, Zul Efendi, Wahyuni Amelia Wulandari, Harwi Kusnadi, Emlan Fauzi, and Yudi Sastro. "The Role of Social Capital in Developing Smallholders’ Beef Cattle in Bengkulu." Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan 8, no. 3 (April 5, 2021): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22500/8202034481.
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The government continues developing the smallholder beef cattle through various programs to reduce beef imports and increase farmers’ income. This research aims to describe the role of social capital at the farmer group level in the development of smallholder beef cattle in Bengkulu. The research was conducted from August to December in 2020 with an in-depth interview method involving 3 farmer groups receiving beef cattle aid from the Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health of Bengkulu Province. The identification of social capital (norms, trusts, and networks) that affects the development of livestock populations and increases the capacity of farmer groups is analyzed descriptively using an interactive model. The results show that social capital has an important role in developing the capacity of the farmer groups to manage livestock aid, namely (1) the norm of raising livestock with a profit sharing system causes an increase farmer group’s livestock population, (2) the trust of farmer groups members is influenced by social ties and the role of farmer group leader, and (3) a good network of cooperation within farmer groups increases social capital and livestock population.
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KILELU, CATHERINE W., LAURENS KLERKX, and CEES LEEUWIS. "SUPPORTING SMALLHOLDER COMMERCIALISATION BY ENHANCING INTEGRATED COORDINATION IN AGRIFOOD VALUE CHAINS: EXPERIENCES WITH DAIRY HUBS IN KENYA." Experimental Agriculture 53, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000375.
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SUMMARYRecent literature suggests that to make value chains in changing agrifood systems in sub-Saharan Africa more inclusive, intermediary institutions should foster coordination. The hub concept has been applied as such an intermediary institution that coordinates advisory services, input supply and smallholder access to markets. This study unravels hub coordination in smallholder dairy in Kenya, conceptualising the hub as a mix between a broker of relationships, a one-stop-shop for services and a cluster of producers and service providers, enabling horizontal coordination (between smallholders) and vertical coordination (between smallholders and value chain actors and service providers). Findings indicate that, in resolving challenges that limit smallholders’ integration in value chains, synergies emerged as the hub combined different types of horizontal and vertical coordination. This was done by simultaneously organising clusters of farmers and input and service providers (clustering role) and actively facilitating delivery (broker and one-stop-shop role), where the hub structure stimulated the matching of demand (better articulation) to supply (better organised access). However, tensions emerged in the combination of horizontal and vertical coordination as farmer organisations as hub operators had to balance a role as an honest broker between farmers with the intent of enhancing collective action and as a business-oriented entity which resulted in the exclusion of some farmers who cannot deliver the quantity and quality required to minimise coordination costs. Given these tensions and capacity problems of farmers’ organisations, complementary intermediary arrangements may be necessary to fulfil some coordination roles.
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Quansah, Charles, Ronald Osei Mensah, and Isaac Yeboah. "Coping and Adaptation Strategies by Small-Scale Farmers in the Pru district of Ghana: Legal Orders Imposed by State and Non-State Actors." Technium Social Sciences Journal 31 (May 9, 2022): 311–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v31i1.6377.
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The Pru district has been affected by large-scale land acquisition activities as most smallholder farmers have been affected. However, this study teased out the coping and the adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to mitigate the effects of large-scale land acquisition in the Pru district in the Bono East Region of Ghana. The study employed a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) approach, where farming households and smallholder farmers were interviewed. Focus group discussions were also conducted to solicit data from farmer-based associations to help in the attainment of the objectives of the study. Primary and secondary sources of data were employed in the study. The qualitative data was analyzed thematically. The study found out that smallholder farmers cope and adapt to a situation differently as most cope with the re-location of farms too far places by leaving the house early and reducing the number of days of visit as smallholder farmers bought motorbikes as their adaptive strategies. The study revealed that smallholder farmers engaged in fishing activities, keeping backyard gardening and depending on family and friends for support as a coping and adaptation strategy.
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Nyaplue-Daywhea, C., JK Ahiakpa, OA Mensah, F. Annor-Frempong, and S. Adjei-Nsiah. "Mobile phone-assisted agricultural extension services: User competency and usage frequency in eastern Ghana." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21, no. 105 (December 24, 2021): 18886–911. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.105.20335.
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Adoption studies have mainly focused on econometric and quantitative modelling that usually assume smallholder farmers competently adopt agricultural technologies. This study provides novel insights on user competency and frequency of usage of mobile telephony for agricultural extension services among smallholder farmers and agricultural extension agents (AEAs) and key factors that impede the adoption process. The study examined users’ competencies and mobile phone usage frequency for access and delivery of agricultural extension services in Eastern Ghana. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 95 AEAs and 330 smallholder farmers in five districts of the Eastern region of Ghana and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyse the data. Results showed substantial differences between AEAs and smallholder farmers’ competency in the use of mobile phones for agricultural extension services. Socio-demographic characteristics of smallholder farmers and AEAs correlated with usage frequency of mobile phones for access to extension services and delivery. Educational level, amount of weekly expenditure of money on mobile phone use, mobile phone network quality, income level, and age of both AEAs and smallholder farmers had positive and significant correlations with frequency of usage of mobile phones. User competency differentially impacts the frequency of mobile phone use in agricultural extension services between AEAs and smallholders. High call tariffs and access to recharge cards are major challenges in using mobile phones for agricultural extension in the study areas. The study shows components of the adoption theory of compatibility, and complexity where an innovation fits within the socio-cultural framework and perceived difficulty of use. Thus, the frequent use of voice calls is indicative of early stages of the diffusion process and may diversify into other applications in the future. Farmer-based organisations should be resourced to support training of farmers to use mobile phones to improve access to agricultural information dissemination. Integrating voice-based agricultural information services (IVRs) into the current SMS-based agricultural extension services in Ghana could potentially boost extension service delivery to smallholder farmers in the Eastern region and across the country. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture may partner with key stakeholders and mobile service providers to offer hands-on capacity building to smallholder farmers and AEAs in video calling/conferencing, multimedia service, and social media to enhance their competencies for improved agricultural extension services.
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Serote, Batizi, Salmina Mokgehle, Christian Du Plooy, Sylvester Mpandeli, Luxon Nhamo, and Grany Senyolo. "Factors Influencing the Adoption of Climate-Smart Irrigation Technologies for Sustainable Crop Productivity by Smallholder Farmers in Arid Areas of South Africa." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121222.
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The adoption of climate-smart irrigation technologies amongst smallholder farmers generally remains low beside their role in combating food and nutrition security in a society and in climate change adaptation strategies. This study identified the factors influencing smallholder farmers’ decision to adopt Climate Smart Irrigation Technologies (CSIT) in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Data were collected through the completion of a face-to-face structured questionnaire by 100 smallholder farmers selected through convenience and purposive sampling. A probit regression and OLS model were used to identify factors that influence the smallholder farmer’s decision to adopt CSIT and the level of adoption. The results indicated that only 46% of the smallholder farmers adopted climate-smart irrigation technologies and suggested that adoption is influenced positively by factors such as gender, age, district, farm size, staple food production and knowledge on CSIT. There is an urgent need for related stakeholders to transform the smallholder farmer subsector through improved extension services, training, adopting resilient crop varieties, promoting underutilized and nutrient-dense crops adapted to harsh local conditions, and other interventions. This should be done by promoting awareness to smallholder farmers regarding these interventions and new technologies that have the potential to improve rural livelihoods and enhance resilience and adaptation.